CĐ2 - BTNT

Bin son v ging dy : Thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T : 01689 186
186 513
CHUYN 2:
PHNG PHP BO TON NGUYN T
I. Phng php bo ton nguyn t

1. Ni dung phng php bo ton nguyn t
- C s ca phng php bo ton nguyn t l nh lut bo ton nguyn t : Trong phn ng
ha hc, cc nguyn t c bo ton.
- H qu ca ca nh lut bo ton nguyn t : Trong phn ng ha hc, tng s mol ca mt
nguyn t tham gia phn ng bng tng s mol nguyn t to thnh sau phn ng.
V d : t chy hon ton 6 gam axit axetic cn va V lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy hp th
ht vo bnh ng NaOH d, thy khi lng bnh tng m gam. Tnh V v m ?
Cc hng t duy tnh V v m :
* Hng 1 : Da vo s mol ca axit axetic (CH3COOH) v phng trnh phn ng tnh s mol
ca O2 cn dng, s mol CO2 v s mol H2O to thnh. T suy ra th tch O2 v khi lng bnh
NaOH tng.
6
= 0,1 mol.
Theo gi thit : n CH3COOH =
60
Phng trnh phn ng :
o
t
CH3COOH + 2O2
2CO2 + 2H2O
mol:
0,1 0,2
0,2 0,2
Theo phng trnh v gi thit, ta c :
VO2 (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lt

m bnh NaOH tang = m CO2 + m H2O = 0,2.44 + 0,2.18 = 12,4 gam
* Hng 2 : Da vo h qu ca nh lut bo ton nguyn t v s mol axit CH3COOH (0,1 mol)
tnh s mol CO2 v s mol H2O to thnh; s mol O2 tham gia phn ng. T suy ra th tch O2
v khi lng bnh NaOH tng.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C v H, ta c :
n CO2 = 2n CH3COOH = 2.0,1 = 0,2
n CO2 = 0,2
2n H2O = 4n CH3COOH = 4.0,1 = 0,4 n H2O = 0,2

p dng bo ton nguyn t O, ta c :
2 nCH3COOH + 2 nO2 = 2 nCO2 + n H2O nO2 = 0,2 mol.
{
{ {
1
424
3
0,1
0,2
0,2
Suy ra :
VO2 (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lt

m bnh NaOH tang = m CO2 + m H2O = 0,2.44 + 0,2.18 = 12,4 gam
- Phng php bo ton nguyn t l phng php gii bi tp ha hc s dng h qu ca
nh lut bo ton nguyn t.
Pht hnh ti nh sch Khang Vit (71 inh Tin Hong P.aKao Q.1 TP.HCM) Thng 10 2013
Bin son v ging dy : Thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T : 01689 186 513
2. u im ca phng php bo ton nguyn t

a. Xt cc hng gii bi tp sau :
Cu 25 M 231: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro c khi lng l m gam i
qua ng s ng bt niken nung nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 trong dung
dch NH3 thu c 12 gam kt ta. Kh i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v
cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton kh Z c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 4,5 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V
l:
A. 11,2.
B. 13,44.
C. 5,60.
D. 8,96.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A nm 2007)
Hng dn gii
Cch 1 : Phng php thng thng Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng
Theo gi thit ta suy ra Y gm H2 d, C2H2 d, C2H4 v C2H6.
S mol ca cc cht :
16
12
nC2H 4 = nBr2 =
= 0,1 mol; nC2 H2 d = nC2Ag2 =
= 0,05 mol;
160
240
nCO2
4,5
2,24
n H2 O =
= 0,25 mol; nCO2 =
= 0,1 mol nC2 H6 =
= 0,05 mol.
18
22,4
2
Phng trnh phn ng :
o
mol:
Ni, t
C2H2 + H2
C2H4
0,1 0,1
0,1
mol:
Ni, t
C2H2 + 2H2
C2H6
0,05 0,1
0,05
mol:
t
C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3
C2Ag2 + 2NH4NO3
0,05
0,05
(1)
(2)
o
C2H6 +
mol:
0,05
7
Ni, t o
O2
2CO2 + 3H2O
2
0,1 0,15
o
Ni, t
2H2 + O2
2H2O
mol:
0,1
(0,25 0,15) = 0,1
Theo cc phn ng ta thy :
n
n
H2
(3)
(4)
(5)
= n H2 (1) + n H2 (2) + n H2 (5) = 0,3 mol;
C2 H 2
= n C2H2 (1) + n C2H 2 (2) + n C2H2 (3) = 0,2 mol.
VX = VC2H2 + VH2 = 0,5.22,4 = 11,2 lt

Cch 2 : S dng phng php bo ton nguyn t
n C2H2 d = n C2Ag2 = 0,05 mol; n C 2H4 = n Br2 = 0,1 mol; n H2O = 0,25 mol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi H, ta c :
2n H2 + 2n C2H2 ban au = 2 nC2 H2 d + 4 n C2H 4 + 2 n H2O
{
{
123
0,05
0,1
0,25
n(H2 , C2 H2 ban au ) = 0,5 mol V(H2 , C2 H2 ban au) ktc = 11,2 lt

2
b. Nhn xt :
Vi cch 1 : Vit nhiu phn ng, mi lin quan v s mol ca cc cht c tnh ton da trn
phn ng. Tuy d hiu nhng phi trnh by di dng, mt nhiu thi gian, ch ph hp vi hnh
thc thi t lun trc y.
Vi cch 2 : Mi lin quan v s mol ca cc cht c tnh ton trc tip da vo s bo ton
cc nguyn t nn khng phi vit phng trnh phn ng.
c. Kt lun :
So snh 2 cch gii trn, ta thy : Phng php bo ton nguyn t c u im l trong qu
trnh lm bi tp hc sinh khng phi vit phng trnh phn ng, tnh ton n gin da vo s
bo ton nguyn t v cho kt qu nhanh hn so vi vic tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng.
Nh vy : Nu s dng phng php bo ton nguyn t mt cch hiu qu th c th tng ng
k tc lm bi so vi vic s dng phng php thng thng.
3. Phm vi p dng :
Phng php bo ton nguyn t c th gii quyt c nhiu dng bi tp lin quan n phn
ng trong ha v c cng nh trong ha hu c.
Mt s dng bi tp thng dng bo ton nguyn t l :
+Ion Al3+, Zn2+ tc dng vi dung dch kim (NaOH, Ba(OH)2,...).
+ Kh CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim.
+ Tnh s mol HNO3, H2SO4 tham gia phn ng.
+ t chy hp cht, thng l hp cht hu c.
+ Thy phn khng hon ton peptit.
4. Bng tnh nhanh s mol nguyn t, nhm nguyn t trong phn ng
T v d trn ta thy : C th tnh nhanh s mol nguyn t, nhm nguyn t nh sau :
S mol nguyn t X hoc nhm nguyn t X = s nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t X trong
n cht, hp cht s mol cht .
Cht
Bng tnh nhanh s mol nguyn t, nhm nguyn t

S mol cht
S mol nguyn t, nhm nguyn t
Ba(OH)2
n Ba(OH )
H2SO4
n H SO
2
Fe2(SO4)3
Al2O3
n Fe
2 (SO 4 )3
n Al O
2
CxHyOzNt
nCx Hy Oz N t
nBa2+ = n Ba(OH)2 ; nOH = 2n Ba(OH)2

n H + = 2n H2 SO4 ; n SO 2 = n H2 SO4
4
n Fe3+ = 2n Fe2 (SO4 )3 ; n SO 2 = 3nFe2 (SO4 )3

4
nAl3+ = 2nAl2O3 ; nO2 = 3n Al2O3

nC = x.n Cx Hy Oz N t ; n H = y.n Cx HyOz N t ;
n O = z.n Cx Hy Oz Nt ; n N = t.n Cx HyOz Nt .
Ala-Ala-Ala
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val
n Ala Ala Ala
n Ala = 3n AlaAla Ala
n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val nAla = 2n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val ;

nGly = 2n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val .
i vi cc cht khc ta tnh tng t.
II. Phn dng bi tp v cc v d minh ha

1. Dng 1: Tnh lng cht trong phn ng
Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : Lp s phn ng biu din qu trnh chuyn ha gia cc cht, thy r bn
cht ha hc ca bi ton.
- Bc 2 : Nhn dng nhanh phng php gii bi tp : Khi gp bi tp m gia lng cht
cn tnh v lng cht bi cho u c cha cng 1 nguyn t hay mt nhm nguyn t th ta
nn dng phng php bo ton nguyn t.
- Bc 3 : Xc nh p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi nguyn t, nhm nguyn t no.
- Bc 4 : Thit lp phng trnh bo ton nguyn t. Ngoi ra, kt hp vi cc gi thit khc
lp cc phng trnh ton hc c lin quan. T suy ra lng cht cn tnh.
PS :
- Trong phng php bo ton nguyn t, nu xc nh sai hoc thiu cc cht cha nguyn t
m ta s dng tnh lng cht th bo ton nguyn t khng cn ng na.
Cc v d minh ha
a. Phn ng mt giai on
V d 1: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi cc in cc bng than ch, thu c m kilogam Al catot
v 89,6 m3 (ktc) hn hp kh X anot. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 16,7. Cho 1,12 lt X (ktc)
phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 1,5 gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 115,2.
B. 82,8 .
C. 144,0.
D. 104,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Bc 1 : Lp s phn ng :
Trong phn ng in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi cc in cc lm bng than ch (C), Al sinh ra
catot, O2 sinh ra anot v nh vy anot s b O2 oxi ha thnh CO, CO2, ngoi ra vn c th cn O2
d.
S phn ng :
Al2 O3
pnc
Al
(catot)
(CO 2 , CO, O 2 )
(anot)
CO2 + CaCO3 CaCO3 + H2O

Bc 2 : Nhn dng nhanh phng php gii bi tp
Bi tp yu cu tnh khi lng ca Al khi in phn nng chy oxit Al2O3, trong khi li cho
thng qua thng tin v s mol ca CO2, CO, O2. Nhn thy : Gia hn hp (CO, CO2, O2) v Al2O3
u c cha nguyn t O; Gia Al v Al2O3 u c nguyn t Al. y l du hiu chng t bi tp
ny s s dng phng php bo ton nguyn t.
Bc 3 : Xc nh p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi nguyn t, nhm nguyn t no
Da vo gi thit tnh c s mol ca CO2, CO, O2. T tnh c s mol ca Al2O3 da vo
bo ton nguyn t O. Bit c s mol ca Al2O3 s tnh c s mol ca Al da vo bo ton
nguyn t Al.
Bc 4 : Thit lp phng trnh bo ton nguyn t. T suy ra lng cht cn tnh.
Theo gi thit, ta c :
89,6
n X = nCO2 + n O2 + n CO =
= 4 kmol (1)
22,4
4
MX =
44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28n CO

n CO2 + n O2 + n CO
= 16,7.2 = 33, 4
44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28nCO = 33, 4.4 = 133,6 kg (2)
nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
1,5
0,015
= 0,015 mol %nCO2 trong hon hp X =
.100% = 30%.
100
0,05
n CO2 trong X = 30%.4 = 1,2 kmol (3)
Thay (3) vo (1), (2), ta c h hai phng trnh hai n. Gii h phng trnh ta c :
n O2 = 0,6 kmol; n CO = 2,2 kmol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v Al, ta c :
5,8
3n Al2O3 = n{
n Al2O3 =
kmol
CO + 2 n CO2 + 2 n O2
{
{
11,6
3
2,2
1,2
0,6
m Al = 27.
= 104,4 kg
3
n Al = 2n Al O
n = 11,6 kmol
2 3
Al
3
V d 2: t 5,6 gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c hn hp cht rn X. Cho ton b X tc dng vi
dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha m gam
mui. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 18,0.
B. 22,4.
C. 15,6.
D. 24,2.
Hng dn gii
V dung dch HNO3 d nn Fe phn ng ht, mui st to thnh l Fe(NO3)3.
Gia lng cht cn tnh l khi lng Fe(NO3)3 v lng cht bit l Fe u c nguyn t
Fe, nn p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe, ta c :
nFe(NO3 )3 = n Fe = 0,1 mol m Fe(NO3 )3 = 24,2 gam

V d 3: Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng a
mol/l, thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,032.
B. 0,048.
C. 0,06.
D. 0,04.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2007)
V n CO2 > n BaCO3
{ {
0,12
Hng dn gii
nn phn ng cn to ra c mui Ba(HCO3 )2 v BaCO3.
0,08
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi C v Ba, ta c kt qu sau :

n CO2 = n BaCO3 + 2n Ba(HCO3 )2
2n Ba(OH )2 n CO2 = n BaCO3
n
=
n
+
n
Ba(OH)
BaCO
Ba(HCO
)
2
3
3 2
T kt qu trn, ta c :
0,1
2 n Ba(OH)2 nCO2 = n BaCO3 n Ba(OH)2 = 0,1 a = [Ba(OH)2 ] =
= 0,04M
1
424
3 { {
2,5
?
0,12
0,08
V d 4: Hp th hon ton V lt CO2 (ktc) vo bnh ng 200 ml dung dch X gm NaOH 1M v

Na2CO3 0,5M, thu c dung dch Y. Kt tinh dung dch Y (ch lm bay hi nc) thu c 19,9
gam cht rn khan. Gi tr V l:
A. 2,24.
B. 3,36.
C. 5,6.
D. 1,12.
( thi th i hc ln 5 THPT Chuyn i hc SPHN, nm hc 2011 2012)
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Na ta thy :
nNa trong Y = nNa trong X = n NaOH + 2 n Na2CO3 = 0,4 mol.
{
123
0,2.1
0,2.0,5
Nu trong dung dch Y ch c Na2CO3 th s mol Na2CO3 l 0,2 mol, khi khi lng cht rn
l 21,2 gam; nu Y ch cha NaHCO3 th s mol NaHCO3 l 0,4 mol, khi khi lng cht rn l
33,6; cn nu Y cha c hai mui th khi lng cht rn thuc khong (21,2 ; 33,6). Trn thc t
khi lng cht rn ch l 19,9 gam nn xy ra trng hp NaOH d. Nh vy cht rn gm NaOH
d v Na2CO3.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c :
40n NaOH d + 106n Na2CO3 = 19,9 n NaOH d = 0,1
n
+
2n
=
0,4
NaOH
d
Na
CO
n Na2CO3 = 0,15
2
3
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
nCO2 = nNa2CO3 trong Y n Na2CO3 trong X = 0,05 VCO2 (ktc) = 0,05.22,4 = 1,12 lt
14243 14243
0,15
0,1
V d 5: Cho 200 ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M, lng kt ta
thu c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l:
A. 1,2.
B. 1,8.
C. 2,4.
D. 2.
V nAl3+ > n Al(OH)3
{ 123
0,3
Hng dn gii
nn cn mt phn ion nhm nm trong dung dch sau phn ng.
0,2
Phn ng c th xy ra theo hai hng khc nhau :
AlCl3
+ dd NaOH
(1)
NaCl
Al(OH)3 + dd
AlCl3 d
NaCl
Al(OH)3 + dd
Na[Al(OH)4 ]
Theo hng (1) : AlCl3 d, nn lng NaOH dng trong trng hp ny l t nht.
Theo hng (2) : AlCl3 chuyn ht vo kt ta Al(OH)3, sau kt ta b ha tan mt phn.
Trng hp ny lng NaOH dng nhiu nht. Vy ta phi tnh lng NaOH theo hng (2).
(2)
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Al v bo ton nhm OH , ta c kt qu sau :

n Al3+ = n Al(OH )3 + n[Al(OH)4 ]
4n Al3+ n OH = n Al(OH)3
n
= 3n Al(OH) + 4n
OH
[Al(OH) 4 ]
3
T kt qu trn, ta c :
4 nAl3+ nOH = n Al(OH)3 n OH = 1 mol nNaOH = 1 mol Vdd NaOH = 1: 0,5 = 2M

{ { 123
0,3
0,2
PS : bi ny, nu ch ni Gi tr ca V l : ... th phn ng c th xy ra theo hng (1)

hoc (2). Khi s c hai gi tr ca V tha mn l V(min) ng vi hng (1) v V(max) ng vi
hng (2).
V d 6: Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110 ml dung dch
KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X
th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 32,20.
B. 24,15.
C. 17,71.
D. 16,10.
Hng dn gii
Bn cht phn ng :
Zn 2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH [Zn(OH)4 ]2
Trng hp phn ng ca Zn2+ v OH c hin tng ha tan mt phn kt ta, p dng bo

ton nguyn t Zn v nhm OH , ta c kt qu sau :
n Zn2+ = n Zn(OH)2 + n[Zn(OH)4 ]2
4n Zn2+ n OH = 2n Zn(OH)2
n OH = 2n Zn(OH)2 + 4n[Zn(OH )4 ]2
Cho 110 ml KOH 2M (0,22 mol) vo dung dch X (TN1), thu c 3a gam Zn(OH)2. Cho 140
ml dung dch KOH 2M (0,28 mol) vo dung dch X (TN2), thu c 2a gam kt ta. Chng t
trng hp (TN2) kt ta b ha tan mt phn. TN1 kt ta c th b ha tan mt phn hoc
cha b ha tan.
Nu TN1 kt ta cha b ha tan, p dng bo ton nhm OH TN1; bo ton nhm OH v

Zn TN2, ta c :
2n Zn(OH)2 = n KOH
4n ZnSO4 n KOH = 2n Zn(OH )2
3a
2. 99 = 0,22
a = 3,63
2a
n ZnSO4 = 0,1067
4n
+ 0,28
ZnSO4 = 2.
99
Trng hp ny khng tha mn v TN1 : 2 n ZnSO4 < n KOH nn kt ta b ha tan.

{ {
0,1067
0,22
Vy TN1 kt ta b ha tan mt phn, ta c :

3a
4n ZnSO4 0,22 = 2. 99 n ZnSO4 = 0,1
m ZnSO4 = 16,1 gam
2a
a
=
2,97
4n
0,28 = 2.
ZnSO4
99
V d 7: Ha tan ht hn hp cha 10 gam CaCO3 v 17,4 gam FeCO3 bng dung dch HNO3
long, nng. S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng l:
A. 0,8 mol.
B. 0,5 mol.
C. 0,7 mol.
D. 0,2 mol.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th, nm hc 2011 2012)
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
o
t
FeCO3 + CaCO3 + HNO3
Fe(NO3)3 + Ca(NO3)2 + NO + CO2 + H2O
p dng bo ton nguyn t Ca, Fe v bo ton electron, ta tnh c s mol ca Ca(NO3)2,
Fe(NO3)3 v NO. Sau p dng bo ton nguyn t N, ta tnh c s mol ca HNO3 :
nCa(NO3 )2 = nCaCO3 = 0,1

n NO = 0,05 mol
nFe(NO3 )3 = n FeCO3 = 0,15 n HNO3 = 2 nCa(NO3 )2 + 3 nFe(NO3 )3 + nNO = 0,7 mol

1
424
3
1
424
3 {
0,05
0,1
0,15
3n NO = n FeCO3 = 0,15
V d 8: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,18 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S bng dung dch HNO3 va
thu c dung dch X ch cha mui sunfat v V lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr
ca V l:
A. 44,8 lt.
B. 22,4 lt.
C. 26,88 lt.
D. 33,6 lt.
( thi th i hc ln 3 THPT Chuyn Nguyn Hu H Ni, nm hc 2010 2011)
Hng dn gii
V phn ng ch to ra mui sunfat nn suy ra trong X c hai mui l CuSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.
S phn ng :
Cu 2 S HNO3 CuSO 4
+ NO + H 2 O
FeS2
Fe 2 (SO4 )3
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu, Fe, S, ta c :
HNO3
2CuSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3
Cu2S + 2FeS2
0,18 0,09
mol: 0,09 0,18
p dng bo ton electron cho phn ng ca FeS2 v Cu2S vi HNO3, ta c :
15 n FeS2 + 10 n Cu2S = 3n{

NO n NO = 1,2 mol VNO (ktc) = 26,88 lt
{
{
0,18
0,09
V d 9: X l hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h, cng dy ng ng. t chy ht 2,8 gam X cn

6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d c m gam kt ta. Gi
tr m l:
A. 30 gam.
B. 20 gam.
C. 25 gam.
D. 15 gam.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng t chy hai hirocacbon trong X :
o
t
Cx H y + O2
CO2 + H 2 O
(1)
p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O cho phn ng (1), ta c :

m X + m O2 = 44n CO2 + 18n H2O
{
2,8 {
44n CO2 + 18n H2O = 12,4 n H2 O = 0,2
0,3.32
2
n
2n
n
2n
n
0,6
=
+
+
=
O
CO
H
O
CO
H
O
n CO2 = 0,2
{2
2
2
2
2
0,3
8
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,2 mol m CaCO3 = 0,2.100 = 20 gam

V d 10: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O2 ( ktc),
thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 8,96.
B. 11,2.
C. 6,72.
D. 4,48.
Hng dn gii
Cng thc phn t ca axit cacboxylic n chc c dng l CxHyO2.
S phn ng :
CxHyO2 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(1)
p dng bo ton nguyn t O cho phn ng (1), ta c :
2 n CxH yO2 + 2 n O2 = 2 n CO2 + n H2O n O2 = 0,3 mol VO2 (ktc) = 6,72 lt
{
{ {
123
0,1
0,3
0,2
V d 11: Hn hp X gm axit axetic, axit fomic v axit oxalic. Khi cho m gam X tc dng vi
NaHCO3 (d) th thu c 15,68 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam X cn
8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 35,2 gam CO2 v y mol H2O. Gi tr ca y l:
A. 0,3.
B. 0,8.
C. 0,2.
D. 0,6.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, hn hp X gm CH3COOH, HCOOH, HOOC COOH.
Phn ng ca X vi NaHCO3 :
COOH + NaHCO3 COONa + CO2 + H2O (1)
mol:
0,7
0,7
Theo (1) v bo ton O trong hn hp X, ta c :
n COOH = n CO2 = 0,7 mol n O trong axit = n O trong n h om COOH = 2n COOH = 1, 4 mol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t O trong phn ng t chy hn hp X, ta c :
nO trong axit + 2 n O2 = 2 nCO2 + nH2O n H2O = 0,6 mol

{
{ {
1
424
3
1,4
0,4
0,8
V d 12: Tripeptit X v tetrapeptit Y u mch h. Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp gm X v Y

ch to ra mt amino axit duy nht c cng thc H2NCnH2nCOOH. t chy 0,05 mol Y trong oxi
d, thu c N2 v 36,3 gam hn hp gm CO2, H2O. t chy 0,01 mol X trong oxi d, cho sn
phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thu c m gam kt ta. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon
ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,55.
B. 17,73.
C. 23,64.
D. 11,82.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, suy ra : Amino axit to nn X, Y l amino axit no, mch h, c mt nhm
COOH v mt nhm NH2.
t cng thc phn t ca amino axit l CaH2a+1O2N.
X l tripeptit to ra t amino axit trn c cng thc l C3aH6a-1O4N3.
Y l tetrapeptit to ra t amino axit trn c cng thc l C4aH8a-2O5N4.
p dng bo ton nguyn t C, H trong phn ng t chy Y, ta c :

n CO2 = 4a.n
Y = 0,2a; n H 2 O = (4a 1)n
Y = 0,05(4a 1)
{
{
0,05
0,05
Mt khc, theo gi thit khi t chy Y thu c :

m CO2 + m H2 O = 36,3 0,2a.44 + 0,05(4a 1)18 = 36,3 a = 3
Vi a = 3 th cng thc phn t ca X l C9H17O4N3.
p dng bo ton nguyn t C trong phn ng t chy X v bo ton nguyn t Ba khi hp thu
sn phm chy ca X vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, ta c :
n BaCO3 = n CO2 = 9 n X = 0,09 m BaCO3 = 0,09.197 = 17, 73 gam
{
0,01
PS : Cch thit lp cng thc ca X, Y :

X l tripeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (3CaH2a+1O2N 2H2O) = C3aH6a-1O4N3;
Y l tetrapeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (4CaH2a+1O2N 3H2O) = C4aH8a-2O5N4.
V d 13: Thy phn ht m gam tetrapeptit Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala (mch h) thu c hn hp gm
28,48 gam Ala, 32 gam Ala-Ala v 27,72 gam Ala-Ala-Ala. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 90,6.
B. 111,74.
C. 81,54.
D. 66,44.
Hng dn gii
Ala (alanin) l tn thng gi ca amino axit CH3 CH(NH2) COOH (M = 89).
S phn ng :
Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala + H2O Ala + Ala-Ala + Ala-Ala-Ala
mol:
0,32
0,2
0,12
p dng bo ton nhm Ala, ta c :
4n Ala Ala Ala Ala = n Ala + 2 n Ala Ala + 3n Ala Ala Ala n Ala Ala Ala Ala = 0,27 mol.
{
123
14243
0,32
0,2
0,12
m Ala AlaAla Ala = (4.89 3.18).0,27 = 81,54 gam

PS :
S hnh thnh lin kt peptit :
H2NCH(R)COOH + HNHCH(R)COOH H2NCH(R)CONHCH(R)COOH + H2O
Nh vy mi mt lin kt peptit hnh thnh th s ng thi gii phng 1 phn t H2O.
Suy ra :
32
27, 72
= 0,2 mol ; n Ala Ala Ala =
= 0,12 mol .
2.89 18
3.89 2.18
y l dng bi tp mi xut hin t nm 2011 v cn c th xut hin trong cc thi nhng
nm tip theo. Trc , ta ch gp nhng bi tp p dng bo ton nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn
t v c nh NO 3 , OH , SO 4 2 ,...
n Ala Ala =
10 Pht hnh ti nh sch Khang Vit (71 inh Tin Hong P.aKao Q.1 TP.HCM) Thng 10 2013
b. Phn ng xy ra nhiu giai on

V d 14: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 (dung dch X) vi in cc tr sau thi gian ngng
in phn th thy khi lng X gim. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 500 ml dung
dch BaCl2 0,3M to kt ta trng. Cho bit khi lng ring dung dch CuSO4 l 1,25 g/ml; sau
in phn lng H2O bay hi khng ng k. Nng mol/lt v nng phn trm ca dung dch
CuSO4 trc in phn l:
A. 0,35M, 8%.
B. 0,52, 10%.
C. 0,75M, 9,6%.
D. 0,49M, 12%.
Hng dn gii
Khi in phn dung dch CuSO4, ion SO 42 khng b in phn, nn mol SO 42 trc v sau
in phn khng i.
p dng bo ton gc SO 42 v nguyn t Ba, ta c :
n CuSO4 = n BaSO4 = n BaCl2 = 0,5.0,3 = 0,15 mol.
Vy nng mol/lt v nng phn trm ca CuSO4 trc in phn l :

0,15
0,15.160
[CuSO 4 ] =
= 0,75M ; C%CuSO4 =
.100% = 9,6%
0,2
200.1,25
V d 15: Cho hn hp X gm 0,3 mol Fe, 0,15 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol Fe3O4 tc dng ht vi dung
dch H2SO4 long thu c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc
kt ta em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn Z. Tnh m.
A. 70.
B. 72.
C. 65.
D. 75.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
Fe
FeSO 4
Fe(OH)2 + O2 , t o
+ dd H 2 SO4
+ dd NaOH
Fe2O3
Fe2 O3 Fe2 (SO4 )3
123
Fe(OH)
Fe O
H SO d
3
Z
3 4
2
4
424
14243
1
3
X
p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :

n Fe trong Z = n Fe trong X 2 n Fe2O3 trong Z = n Fe + 2 n Fe2O3 + 3n Fe3O4
{
{
14243 {
?
0,3
0,15
0,1
n Fe2O3 trong Z = 0,45 mol m Z = m Fe2O3 trong Z = 72 gam

V d 16: Nung hn hp gm 11,2 gam Fe; 6,4 gam Cu v 19,5 gam Zn vi mt lng d lu
hunh n khi phn ng hon ton. Sn phm ca phn ng tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu
c kh B. Th tch dung dch Pb(NO3)2 20% (d = 1,1 g/ml) ti thiu cn dng hp th ht kh
B l
A. 752,27 ml.
B. 902,73 ml.
C. 1053,18 ml.
D. 910,25 ml
Hng dn gii
Khi cho Fe, Cu, Zn phn ng vi S d th sn phm thu c l FeS, CuS, ZnS. Trong cc cht
sn phm ch c FeS v ZnS phn ng c vi HCl, CuS khng phn ng. V vy ta khng cn
quan tm n lng Cu ban u.
S phn ng :
Zn + S, t o ZnS + dd HCl
+ dd Pb(NO3 )2
H 2 S
PbS

{
Fe
FeS
B
11
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t Pb, S, Fe, Zn, ta c :

11,2 19,5
n Pb(NO3 )2 = n PbS = n H2S = n (FeS, ZnS) = n Fe + n Zn =
+
= 0,5 mol
56
65
0,5.331
Vdd Pb(NO3 )2 =
= 752,27 ml
1,1.20%
PS : Ta c n =
m mdd .C % V .d .C %
M .n
=
=
V =
M
M
M
d .C %
(n : s mol, M : khi lng mol, m : khi lng cht tan, mdd : khi lng dung dch, d :
khi lng ring ca dung dch, V : th tch ca dung dch, C% : nng phn trm ca dung
dch.)
V d 17: Cho 13,5 gam hn hp X gm Fe v Zn vo 200 ml dung dch Z cha CuCl2 v FeCl3.
Phn ng xong thu c cht rn B nguyn cht v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d thu c kt ta D v dung dch E. Sc CO2 n d vo dung dch E, lc kt ta em
nung n khi lng khng i thu c 8,1 gam cht rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe
v Zn trong X ln lt l:
A. 50,85; 49,15.
B. 30,85; 69,15.
C. 51,85; 48,15.
D. 49,85; 50,15.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta thy : Cht rn B l Cu, dung dch Y c mui ZnCl2, FeCl2 v c th cn CuCl2
d.
S phn ng :
FeCl 2
Na2 ZnO2 CO2
Fe dd (CuCl2 , FeCl3 )
dd NaOH d
to
ZnCl 2
Zn(OH)2
ZnO

Zn
NaOH
d
{
14243
CuCl
424
X
E
1
32
Y
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Zn, ta c :

8,1
6,5
n Zn = n ZnO =
= 0,1 mol %m Zn =
.100% = 48,15% ; %m Fe = 51,85%
81
13,5
V d 18: Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Fe2O3 vo dung dch axit
H2SO4 long (d), thu c 2,24 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch Y. Cho lng d dung dch NaOH vo
dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr nh nht ca m l:
A. 54,0.
B. 59,1.
C. 60,8.
D. 57,4.
( thi tuyn sinh cao ng nm 2011)
Hng dn gii
Nu Fe ch phn ng vi H th s mol H2 to ra phi l 0,2 mol, trn thc t ch l 0,1. Suy ra
bn cht phn ng l Fe tc dng c vi H+ v vi mui st(III) sinh ra to ra st(II). Nh vy
mui st(II) sinh ra t Fe v mt t phn mui st(III).
p dng bo ton electron, ta c :
2 n Fe = 2 nH2 + nFe3+ phan ng nFe3+ phan ng = 0,2 mol.
{
{ 14243
0,2
+
0,1
Vy dung dch Y gm cc cation Fe3+ v Fe2+ :

nFe3+ = 2 n Fe2 O3 n Fe3+ phan ng = 0,2 mol ; nFe2+ = n Fe ban au + n Fe3+ phan ng = 0,4 mol.
{ 14243
1
424
3 14243
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
Theo bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :

n Fe(OH )2 = n Fe2+ = 0,4 mol
m ket tua (min) = 0,4.90 + 0,2.107 = 57,4 gam
n Fe(OH )3 = n Fe3+ = 0,2 mol

PS : ni Gi tr nh nht ca m l : ... v Fe(OH)2 trong hn hp c th tip tc tc dng
vi O2 v H2O to thnh Fe(OH)3 lm cho khi lng kt ta tng ln.
V d 19: Ha tan hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp gm Al v Al4C3 vo dung dch KOH (d), thu c
a mol hn hp kh v dung dch X. Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch X, lng kt ta thu c l
46,8 gam. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,60.
B. 0,55.
C. 0,45.
D. 0,40.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
H 2
CH 4
Al
Al 4C3
4
1
24
3
dd KOH
0,3 mol
K[Al(OH)4 ] CO2
Al(OH)3
14243
KOH d
14
0,6 mol
4244
3
dd X
Theo s phn ng ta thy : Hn hp kh X l CH4 v H2; 46,8 gam kt ta l Al(OH)3 ng

vi s mol l 0,6 mol.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t Al, ta c :
n Al + n Al4C3 = 0,3
n Al = 0,2
n Al + 4n Al4C3 = n Al(OH)3 = 0,6 n Al4C3 = 0,1

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C v bo ton electron, ta c :
n CH 4 = 3n Al 4C3 = 3.0,1 n CH4 = 0,3
a = n CH4 + n H2 = 0,6 mol
2n H2 = 3n Al = 3.0,2
n H2 = 0,3
13
V d 20: Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d)
thu c dung dch Y, cht rn Z v 3,36 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch Y, thu
c 39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 48,3.
B. 57,0.
C. 45,6.
D. 36,7.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
0
H2
+3
Al 2 O3
+ 83
Fe3 O 4 t o 0 + (H
Fe
0
0
Al
Al d
+1
O + NaOH)
+3
NaAlO2
CO2
Al(OH)3
NaOH d
T s phn ng, ta thy : Cht kh l Al, cht oxi ha l Fe3O4 v H2O trong dung dch
NaOH; sn phm kh ca H2O l H2 (0,15 mol). Trong phn ng ton b qu trnh phn ng, s oxi
8
ha ca Fe gim t + v 0, ca H gim t +1 v 0, ca Al tng t 0 ln +3. Kt ta thu c l
3
Al(OH)3 vi khi lng l 39 gam ng vi 0,5 mol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Al v bo ton electron, ta c :
n Al = n Al(OH )3 = 0,5
n Al = 0,5
m = m Al + m Fe3O4 = 48,3 gam

3 n Al = 8n Fe3O4 + 2 n H2
{ 123
=
n
0,15
{
{
{
Fe
O
3 4
0,5
0,5.27
0,15.232
0,15
?
V d 21: Nung 2,23 gam hn hp X gm cc kim loi Fe, Al, Zn, Mg trong oxi, sau mt thi gian
thu c 2,71 gam hn hp Y. Ha tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HNO3 (d), thu c 0,672 lt
kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). S mol HNO3 phn ng l
A. 0,12.
B. 0,14.
C. 0,16.
D. 0,18.
Hng dn gii
Thay cc kim loi bng kim loi M. S phn ng :
+5
+ n 2
+n
+2
+ H N O3
M
M 2 O n
M(NO3 )n + N O + H 2 O
M d
+ O2
Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c :

0,48
m X + m O2 = m Y m O2 = 0,48 gam n O2 =
= 0,015 mol.
{ { {
32
2,23
2,71
?
Cch 1 : Tnh s mol HNO3 theo s mol N

Theo bo ton electron, ta c : n NO tao muoi = n electron trao oi = 4 n O2 + 3 n NO = 0,15 mol.
{
3
{
0,015
0,03
Theo bo ton nguyn t N, ta c : n HNO3 = n NO tao muoi + n NO = 0,15 + 0,03 = 0,18 mol
3
Cch 2 : Tnh s mol HNO3 theo s mol H

Ion H+ tham gia vo 2 phn ng :
4H+ + NO3 + 3e NO + 2H2O

2H+ + O2
Suy ra :
H2O
n H + = 4n NO3 = 4n NO = 4.0,03 = 0,12

n HNO3 = n H+ = 0,18 mol
n H + = 2n O2 = 4n O2 = 4.0,015 = 0,06
V d 22: Hn hp X gm 0,5 mol C2H4 v 0,7 mol H2. Nung nng hn hp X c Ni xc tc mt
thi gian, thu c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton hn hp Y c bao nhiu mol H2O ?
A. 1,2.
B. 1,7.
C. 0,9.
D. 0,6.
Hng dn gii
t chy hn hp Y cng chnh l t chy hn hp X (theo bo ton nguyn t v khi lng).
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi H, ta c :
2 n H2O = 4 nC2 H4 + 2 n H2 n H2O = 1,7 mol

{
{
{
?
0,5
0,7
V d 23: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO, C2H2 v H2 i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau

mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y (gm kh v hi). t chy hon ton Y cn dng va 0,07
mol O2, sinh ra 0,055 mol CO2 v 0,81 gam H2O. Phn trm th tch ca HCHO trong X l
A. 25,00%.
B. 75,00%.
C. 66,67%.
D. 33,33%.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Chuyn i hc Vinh, nm hc 2012 2013)
Hng dn gii
bi ny, nu ch yu cu tnh s mol ca HCHO th ch cn s dng bo ton nguyn t O
l . Nhng yu cu tnh phn trm v th tch ca HCHO nn phi tnh c s mol ca tng
cht (1) hoc phi tnh c s mol ca HCHO v tng s mol ca ba cht (2).
Nu theo hng (1) ta phi p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi c O, C, H.
Ta c :
nHCHO + 2 nO = 2 nCO + n H O
2
{2
{2 {
nHCHO = 0,015
0,07
0,055
0,045
nC2 H2 = 0,02 %VHCHO = 33,33%

nHCHO + 2n C2H2 = n{
CO2
0,055
nH2 = 0,01
2n
2n
2n
2
n
+
+
=
HCHO
C
H
H
H
O
2 2
2
2
{
0,045
Nu theo hng (2) ta ch cn p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v H.
Ta c :
n HCHO + 2 n O2 = 2 n CO2 + n H2O
{
{ {
0,07
0,055
0,045
n HCHO = 0,015
%VHCHO = 33,33%
n (HCHO, C2 H2 , H2 ) = 0,045
H2 O
2n HCHO + 2n C2H2 + 2n H2 = 2 n{
0,045
15
V d 24: Oxi ho 2,3 gam ancol etylic bng CuO un nng thu c 3,3 gam hn hp X gm
anehit, axit, ancol d v nc. Hn hp ny tc dng vi Na sinh ra 0,84 lt H2 ( ktc). Hiu sut
phn ng oxi ho ancol l:
A. 25%.
B. 50%.
C. 75%.
D. 90%.
( thi th ln 2 Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th, nm hc 2009 2010
Hng dn gii
Cch 1 : Gii theo phng php thng thng - Tnh ton theo phn ng
Khi lng hn hp X tng ln so vi khi lng ancol ban u l do lng O trong CuO phn
ng chuyn vo H2O v CH3COOH.
Theo gi thit ta c :
n CuO phan ng = n O phan ng =
3,3 2,3
0,84
= 0,0625 mol; n H =
= 0,0375 mol.
2
16
22, 4
Gi s mol ca ancol tham gia phn ng l x, y v s mol ancol d l z.

Phng trnh phn ng :
CH3CH2OH + CuO CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
(1)
mol:
x
x
x
x
CH3CH2OH + 2CuO CH3COOH + H2O + 2Cu

(2)
mol:
y
2y
y
y
2CH3CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2ONa + H2

(3)
mol:
z
0,5z
2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COOH + H2

(4)
mol:
y
0,5y
2H2O + 2Na 2NaOH + H2

(5)
mol: (x + y)
0,5(x+y)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng v gi thit, ta c :

n C2H5OH = x + y + z = 0,05
x = 0,0125
n H2 = 0,5y + 0,5z + (0,5x + 0,5y) = 0,0375 y = 0,025
z = 0,0125
n CuO = x + 2y = 0,0625
Vy hiu sut phn ng oxi ha ancol l : H =
0,05 0,0125
.100 = 75%
0,05
Cch 2: p dng bo ton nguyn t

S phn ng :
CH 3COOH
CH 3COONa
C
H
OH
d
o
2 5
CuO, t
Na
C2 H 5ONa + H 2
C2 H 5OH
(1)
(2)
{
1424
3
HOH
NaOH
0,0375 mol
0,05 mol
CH 3CHO
144244
3
3,3 gam
Bn cht phn ng (1) l C2H5OH b oxi ha bi CuO, khi lng hn hp sau phn ng tng
ln l do O trong CuO chuyn vo H2O v CH3COOH. phn ng (2), CH3COOH, C2H5OH d,
H2O c nguyn t H linh ng trong nhm -OH nn tham gia phn ng th Na, CH3CHO khng
tham gia phn ng ny.
Theo gi thit ta c :
n CuO phan ng = n O phan ng =
3,3 2,3
0,84
= 0,0625 mol; n H =
= 0,0375 mol.
2
16
22, 4
Theo bo ton nguyn t O trong CuO phn ng v H trong nhm OH, ta c :
= 0,0625
nHOH + nCH3COOH = nO
CuO phan ng
144444244444
3
bao toan nguyen to O

nC2H5OH d = 0,0125.
+
+
=
=
n
n
n
2n
0,075
HOH
CH 3COOH
C2 H 5OH d
H2
42444444
3
144444
bao toan nguye n to H trong n h om OH
Vy hiu sut phn ng oxi ha ancol l : H =
0,05 0,0125
.100 = 75%
0,05
2. Dng 2 : Tm cng thc hp cht

Ngoi vic s dng tnh lng cht trong phn ng, phng php bo ton nguyn t cn
c dng vo vic tm cng thc ca cc hp cht (thng l hp cht hu c).
Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : Da vo gi thit xc nh xem hp cht c cha nhng nguyn t no. i vi
hp cht hu c, khi t chy thng sinh ra CO2 v H2O nn cha th xc nh c ngay hp
cht c oxi hay khng tr khi bi cho bit.
- Bc 2 : S dng bo ton nguyn t tnh s mol cc nguyn t trong hp cht, s dng
bo ton khi lng kim xem hp cht c oxi hay khng. T suy ra cng thc n gin nht,
cng thc phn t hoc c th tm ngay c s lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht
suy ra cng thc phn t.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: t chy hon ton 20 ml hi hp cht hu c X (ch gm C, H, O) cn va 110 ml kh
O2 thu c 160 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Dn Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c (d), cn li 80 ml
kh Z. Bit cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C4H8O2.
B. C4H10O.
C. C3H8O.
D. C4H8O.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch H2SO4 c rt ho nc, nn khi dn Y qua dung dch ny th nc b gi li, kh cn
li thot ra l CO2. Vy VCO2 = 80 ml, VH2O = 80 ml.
i vi cc cht kh v hi (o cng iu kin nhit v p sut) th t l th tch bng t l
s mol. Nn c th p dng bo ton nguyn t theo th tch ca cc cht.
t cng thc phn t ca X l CxHyOz. S phn ng :
CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O
ml:
20 110 80 80
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H, O, ta c :
20x = 80
x = 4
y = 8 X la C 4 H 8O
20y = 80.2
20z + 110.2 = 80.2 + 80 z = 1
17
V d 2: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (lng d). Hn hp kh thu

c sau khi hi H2O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho
hn hp kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht trn bit
cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O2 chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N2.
A. C2H6.
B. C2H4.
C. C3H8.
D. C2H2.
Hng dn gii
VCO = 2 lt; VO
2
= 0,5 lt; VN = 16 lt VO
2
ban au
= 4 lt.
S phn ng :
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d
lt:
1
4
2
a
0,5
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O, ta c :
x = 2
x = 2
y = 6
y = 2a
4.2 = 2.2 + a + 0,5.2 a = 3
Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C2 H 6

V d 3: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X cn 6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy hp th
ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 thy c 19,7 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng dung dch
gim 5,5 gam. Lc b kt ta, un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta na. CTPT ca X
l:
A. C2H6.
B. C2H6O.
C. C2H6O2.
D. C4H12O2.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
BaCO3
1
424
3
0,1 mol
CO
0 ,3 mol
Cx H y Oz
2
1
424
3
H 2O
O2
{
Ba(OH)2
t
BaCO3 + CO 2
Ba(HCO3 )2
14243
1
424
3
0,05 mol
0,05 mol
Theo bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :

nC trong X = nCO2 = n BaCO3 + 2 nBa(HCO3 )2 = 0,2 mol.
{
1424
3
0,1
0,05
m dd giam = m BaCO3 (m CO2 + m H2O ) m H2O = 5,4 gam nH2O = 0,3 mol.
1
424
3 123 { {
5,5
19,7
0,2.44
p dng bo ton nguyn t H, ta c :

n H trong X = 2n H2O = 2.0,3 = 0,6 mol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O, ta c :
n O trong X + 2 n O2 = 2 n CO2 + n H2O n O trong X = 0,1 mol.
{
{ {
1
424
3
?
0,3
0,2
0,3
T l s mol ca cc nguyn t trong X l :

n C : n H : n O = 0,2 : 0,6 : 0,1 = 2 : 6 :1 Cng thc n gin nht ca X l C2H6O.
t cng thc phn t ca X l (C2H6O)n hay C2nH6nOn.
2.2n 6n + 2
0 n 1 n = 1.
bt bo ha ca X l X =
2
Vy C2 H 6O chnh l cng thc phn t ca X.
PS : i vi nhng dng bi tp : t chy (oxi ha) hon ton mt hp cht hu c X. Cho
ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 th :
+ Khi lng bnh tng = mCO2 + mH 2O .
+ Khi lng dung dch tng = (mCO2 + mH 2O ) mket tua .
+ Khi lng dung dch gim = mket tua (mCO2 + mH 2O ) .
V d 4: t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X bng mt lng khng kh (cha 80% th tch
N2, cn li l O2) va , ch thu c 0,15 mol CO2; 0,175 mol H2O v 0,975 mol N2. Cng thc
phn t ca X l
A. C2H7N.
B. C9H21N.
C. C3H9N.
D. C3H7N.
Hng dn gii
n C = n CO2 = 0,15 mol; n H = 2n H2O = 2.0,175 = 0,35 mol.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O trong phn ng t chy X, ta c :
2 n O2 khong kh = 2 n CO2 + n H2O n O2 khong kh = 0,2375 mol.
{ {
1424
3
?
0,15
0,175
Trong khng kh, N2 chim 80% v th tch, cn li l O2 nn :

n N2 khong kh = 4n O2 khong kh = 4.0,2375 = 0,95 mol.
Suy ra : nN trong hchc = 2( n N2 n N2 khong kh ) = 0,05 mol.
123 1424
3
0,975
0,95
T l mol ca cc nguyn t trong X l :

n C : n H : n N = 0,15 : 0,35 : 0,05 = 3 : 7 :1.
Dng bt bo ha chng minh c C3 H 7N chnh l cng thc phn t ca X.
PS : Vi bi tp ny ta c th lm nhanh bng cch tnh t l mol C v H ri cn c vo p n
suy ra kt qu.
19
V d 5 : Ha hi 8,64 gam hn hp gm mt axit no, n chc, mch h X v mt axit no, a chc

Y (c mch cacbon h, khng phn nhnh) thu c mt th tch hi bng th tch ca 2,8 gam N2
(o trong cng iu kin nhit , p sut). t chy hon ton 8,64 gam hn hp hai axit trn thu
c 11,44 gam CO2. Phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp ban u l
A. 72,22%.
B. 65,15%.
C. 27,78%.
D. 35,25%.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit : Y l axit no, a chc, mch h, khng phn nhnh. Suy ra : Y l axit no, mch
h, trong phn t c 2 nhm COOH (v nu Y c t 3 nhm COOH tr ln th phi c mch
nhnh).
t cng thc phn t ca X l CnH2nO2 v Y l CmH2m-2O4.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :
2,8
= 0,1
(1) n Cn H2 nO2 + n Cm H2 m2O4 = n N2 =
n Cn H2 nO2 = 0,04
28
(2) (14n + 32).n Cn H2 nO2 + (14m + 62).n Cm H2 m2O4 = 8,64 n Cm H2 m2 O4 = 0,06
0,04n + 0,06m = 0,26

(3) n.n C H O + m.n C H O = n CO = 11,44 = 0,26
n 2n 2
m 2 m 2 4
2
22,4
X : C2 H 4O 2
n = 2
12.0,04
%C2 H 4O 2 =
.100 = 27, 78%
8, 64
m = 3 Y : C3 H 4 O 4
PS : Th (3) vo (2) c phng trnh 32n Cn H2 nO2 + 62n C m H2 m2O4 = 5 (4). Kt hp (1) vi (4) tm
c s mol ca X v Y.
V d 6: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai este ng phn cn dng 27,44 lt kh O2,
thu c 23,52 lt kh CO2 v 18,9 gam H2O. Nu cho m gam X tc dng ht vi 400 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng th thu c 27,9 gam cht rn khan, trong c a mol
mui Y v b mol mui Z (MY < MZ). Cc th tch kh u o iu kin tiu chun. T l a : b l
A. 2 : 3.
B. 4 : 3 .
C. 3 : 2.
D. 3 : 5.
Hng dn gii
tm cng thc phn t ca hai este trong X ta c th lm nh sau :
23,52
18,9
= 1,05 mol; n H2O =
= 1,05 mol .
Theo gi thit : nCO2 =
22,4
18
Suy ra hai este l este no, n chc c cng thc phn t l CnH2nO2.
Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m X + m O2 = m CO2 + m H2O m X = 25, 9 gam.
{ { {
1,225.32
1,05.44
18,9
m X = (14n + 32)n X = 25,9 n.n X = 1,05 n = 3
nCO2 = n.n X = 1,05

n X = 0,35
n X = 0,35
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3.

n CO2
nNaOH = 0,4 mol, n(HCOOC2H5 va CH3COOCH3 ) =
= 0,35 mol.
3
Suy ra : Cht rn gm a mol HCOONa (Y), b mol CH3COONa (Z) v 0,05 mol NaOH d.
Vy ta c :
a + b = 0,35
a = 0,2
a:b = 4:3
68a + 82b + 0,05.40 = 27,9 b = 0,15

V d 7: t chy hon ton 2,76 gam hn hp X gm CxHyCOOH, CxHyCOOCH3, CH3OH thu
c 2,688 lt CO2 (ktc) v 1,8 gam H2O. Mt khc, cho 2,76 gam X phn ng va vi 30 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c 0,96 gam CH3OH. Cng thc ca CxHyCOOH l:
A. C2H5COOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. C2H3COOH.
D. C3H5COOH.
Hng dn gii
t gc CxHy l R.
2,76 m C m H 2,76 12n CO2 2nH2O

=
= 0,07
16
16
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O, Na v bo ton gc CH3- , ta c :
S mol O trong X l : nO =
2n RCOOH + 2n RCOOCH3 + nCH3OH ban au = 0,07

n
= 0,01
RCOOH
nRCOOCH3 = 0,02
nRCOOH + nRCOOCH3 = n RCOONa = nNaOH = 0,03
nRCOOCH3 + nCH3OH ban au = n CH3OH sau phan ng = 0,03 nCH3OH ban au = 0,01
0, 01(R + 45) + 0,02(R + 59) + 0,01.32 = 2,76 R = 27 (C2 H3 ).
Vy CxHyCOOH l CH 2 = CH COOH
V d 8: Cho 100 ml dung dch amino axit X nng 0,4M tc dng va vi 80 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M, thu c dung dch cha 5 gam mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. NH2C3H6COOH.
B. NH2C3H5(COOH)2.
C. (NH2)2C4H7COOH.
D. NH2C2H4COOH.
Do n X : n NaOH
Hng dn gii
= 1:1, suy ra X ch c mt nhm COOH, X c cng thc l (H2N)nRCOOH.
Ta c :
n( H2N)n RCOONa = n NaOH = 0,04

24443
1444
R = 42
bao toan nguyen to Na
X la H 2 NC3 H 6 COOH
n =1
5
M
=
= 125
(H2 N)n RCOONa 0,04
21
III. Bi tp p dng
1. Bi tp c li gii
Bi tp dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
Cu 1: Cho hn hp X gm 0,15 mol Fe, 0,075 mol Fe2O3 v 0,05 mol Fe3O4 tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl long, thu c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch Y tc dng ht vi dung dch KOH d, lc
kt ta em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn Z. Gi tr ca
m l :
A. 36.
B. 72.
C. 65.
D. 75.
Cu 2: Cho 1,56 gam hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 phn ng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c V
lt kh H2 (ktc) v dung dch X. Nh t t dung dch NH3 n d vo dung dch X thu c kt
ta, lc ht lng kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i thu c 2,04 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca V
l :
A. 0,672.
B. 0,224.
C. 0,448.
D. 1,344.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng nm 2010)
Cu 3: Cho V lt hn hp kh gm H2S v SO2 tc dng vi dung dch brom d. Thm dung dch
BaCl2 d vo hn hp trn th thu c 2,33 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,112 lt.
B. 2,24 lt.
C. 1,12 lt.
D. 0,224 lt.
Cu 4: Cho hn hp Fe v FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c 2,464 lt hn hp kh
(ktc). Dn hn hp kh ny qua dung dch Pb(NO3)2 d, sinh ra 23,9 gam kt ta en. Phn trm
khi lng ca Fe v FeS trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 94,02% v 5,98%.
B. 5,98% v 94,02%.
C. 25% v 75%.
D. 75% v 25%.
Cu 5: Cho hn hp X gm SO2 v O2 theo t l s mol 1:1 i qua V2O5 xc tc, un nng thu
c hn hp Y c khi lng 19,2 gam. Ho tan Y vo nc sau thm Ba(NO3)2 d thu c
37,28 gam kt ta. Hiu sut phn ng gia SO2 v O2 l :
A. 40%.
B. 75%.
C. 80%.
D. 60%.
Cu 6: Ha tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam Fe v 2,4 gam Mg bng dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu
c dung dch Y. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo Y thu c kt ta Z. Nung Z trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i, thu c m gam cht rn. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 24.
B. 20.
C. 36.
D. 18.
Cu 7: em 11,2 gam Fe ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c mt hn hp gm Fe v
cc oxit. Ha tan hon ton hn hp trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d thu c 3,36 lt kh
SO2 (ktc). S mol H2SO4 tham gia phn ng l :
A. 0,4 mol.
B. 0,3 mol.
C. 0,5 mol.
D. 0,45 mol.
Cu 8: Cho 6 lt hn hp CO2 v N2 (ktc) i qua dung dch KOH to ra 2,07 gam K2CO3 v 6 gam
KHCO3. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca CO2 trong hn hp l :
A. 42%.
B. 56%.
C. 28%.
D. 50%.
Cu 9: Dng kh CO kh hon ton 2,88 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 thu c 2,24
gam cht rn. Mt khc, ha tan ht 2,88 gam X cn va 100 ml dung dch HCl, kt thc th
nghim thu c 224 ml kh (ktc). Nng mol/lt ca dung dch HCl l :
A. 1.
B. 0,5.
C. 1,6.
D. 0,8.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT Chuyn i hc SPHN, nm hc 2011 2012)
Cu 10: Hn hp X gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, CuO. Ly 46,7 gam X kh ha hon ton bng H2 th
thu c 9 gam H2O. Cng ly 46,7 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, ri c cn dung dch
sau phn ng th thu c khi lng mui khan thu c l
A. 64,95 gam.
B. 82,2 gam.
C. 74,2 gam.
D. 96,8 gam.
Cu 11: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H2SO4 0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung
dch Y c pH l :
A. 1.
B. 6.
C. 7.
D. 2.
Cu 12: Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 nng x mol/l,
thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M
vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 1,2.
B. 0,8.
C. 0,9.
D. 1,0.
Cu 13: Ho tan hon ton hn hp m gam hn hp gm FeS2 v Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ),
thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) vi tng khi lng l 72 gam. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 80.
B. 20.
C. 60.
D. 40.
Cu 14: un nng m gam hn hp Cu v Fe c t l khi lng tng ng 7 : 3 vi mt lng
dung dch HNO3. Khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 0,75m gam cht rn, dung dch X v 5,6 lt
hn hp kh (ktc) gm NO v NO2 (khng c sn phm kh khc ca N+5). Bit lng HNO3
phn ng l 44,1 gam. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 44,8.
B. 40,5.
C. 33,6.
D. 50,4.
Cu 15*: Hp th ht V lt kh CO2 vo dung dch cha 0,42 mol Ca(OH)2 thu c a gam kt
ta. Tch ly kt ta, sau thm tip 0,6V lt kh CO2 na, thu thm 0,2a gam kt ta. Th tch
cc kh o ktc. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 7,84 lt.
B. 5,60 lt.
C. 6,72 lt.
D. 8,40 lt.
Cu 16: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C2H2 , C3H6, C6H6 cn va ng V lt
khng kh (ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c a
gam kt ta. Bit khng kh gm c 20% oxi v 80% nit theo th tch. Biu thc lin h gia
m vi V v a l
V a
2V a
V a
V 2a
B. m =
C. m =
D. m =
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ .
28 25
25 28
25 28
28 25
Cu 17: Cho 0,5 lt hn hp gm hirocacbon v kh cacbonic vo 2,5 lt oxi (ly d) ri t. Th
tch ca hn hp thu c sau khi t l 3,4 lt. Cho hn hp qua thit b lm lnh, th tch hn hp
kh cn li 1,8 lt v cho li qua dung dch KOH ch cn 0,5 lt kh. Th tch cc kh c o trong
cng iu kin. Tn gi ca hirocacbon l :
A. propan.
B. xiclobutan.
C. propen.
D. xiclopropan.
A. m =
23
Cu 18: Cho 224,00 lt metan (ktc) qua h quang c V lt hn hp A (ktc) cha 12% C2H2;
10% CH4; 78% H2 (v th tch). Gi s ch xy ra 2 phn ng :
2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2
(1)
(2)
CH4 C + 2H2
Gi tr ca V l :
A. 407,27.
B. 448,00.
C. 520,18.
D. 472,64.
Cu 19: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai ancol, thu c 13,44 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
15,3 gam H2O. Mt khc, cho m gam X tc dng vi Na (d), thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 (ktc). Gi
tr ca m l
A. 12,9.
B. 15,3.
C. 12,3.
D. 16,9.
Cu 20*: Hn hp X gm 0,01 mol HCOONa v a mol mui natri ca hai axit no, n chc, mch
h l ng ng lin tip. t chy hon ton hn hp X, cho sn phm kh v hi ln lt qua bnh
1 ng H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng KOH thy khi lng bnh 2 tng nhiu hn bnh mt l 3,51 gam.
Phn cht rn cn li sau khi t chy X c khi lng l 2,65 gam. Cng thc phn t ca hai
mui natri l :
A. C2H5COONa v C3H7COONa.
B. C3H7COONa v C4H9COONa.
C. CH3COONa v C2H5COONa.
D. CH3COONa v C3H7COONa.
Cu 21: Cho 0,1 mol CH3COOH vo cc cha 30 ml dung dch ROH 20% (d =1,2 g/ml, R l mt
kim loi kim). C cn dung dch sau phn ng, ri t chy hon ton cht rn khan cn li. Sau
khi t chy th cn li 9,54 gam cht rn v c m gam hn hp gm CO2, hi nc bay ra. Gi tr
ca m l :
A. 10,02.
B. 9,3.
C. 7,54.
D. 8,26.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Chuyn KHTN, nm hc 2011 2012)
Cu 22*: Cho 2,76 gam cht hu c X gm C, H, O tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va sau
chng kh th phn bay hi ch c nc v cn li 2 mui ca Na c khi lng 4,44 gam. Nung
nng 2 mui ny trong oxi d, phn ng hon ton thu c 2,464 lt CO2 (ktc); 3,18 gam Na2CO3
v 0,9 gam H2O. Bit cng thc phn t ca X trng vi cng thc n gin nht. Cho 2,76 gam X
tc dng vi 80 ml dung dch KOH 1M, c cn dung dch thu c m gam cht rn. m c gi tr l :
A. 6,88.
B. 6,52.
C. 7,24.
D. 6,16.
Cu 23: un nng m gam hn hp X gm cc cht c cng mt loi nhm chc vi 600 ml dung
dch NaOH 1,15M, thu c dung dch Y cha mui ca mt axit cacboxylic n chc v 15,4 gam
hi Z gm cc ancol. Cho ton b Z tc dng vi Na d, thu c 5,04 lt kh H2 (ktc). C cn
dung dch Y, nung nng cht rn thu c vi CaO cho n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu
c 7,2 gam mt cht kh. Gi tr ca m l
A. 40,60.
B. 22,60.
C. 34,30.
D. 34,51.
Cu 24: Cho X l hexapeptit Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val v Y l tetrapeptit Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu. Thy
phn hon ton m gam hn hp gm X v Y thu c 4 amino axit, trong c 30 gam glyxin v
28,48 gam alanin. Gi tr ca m l
A. 77,6.
B. 83,2.
C. 87,4.
D. 73,4.
Cu 25*: Cho V lt CO2 (ktc) hp th ht trong dung dch cha 0,2 mol Ba(OH)2 v 0,1 mol
NaOH. Sau phn ng hon ton thu kt ta v dung dch cha 21,35 gam mui. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 7,84.
B. 8,96.
C. 6,72.
D. 7,84 hoc 6,72.
Cu 26: Ha tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M
vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th cng thu
c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,125.
B. 12,375.
C. 22,540.
D. 17,710.
Cu 27*: Cho 500 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo V ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1M; sau khi cc
phn ng kt thc thu c 12,045 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 75.
B. 150.
C. 300.
D. 200.
Cu 28: Ha tan 14 gam hn hp Cu, Fe3O4 vo dung dch HCl, sau phn ng cn d 2,16 gam
hn hp cht rn v dung dch X. Cho X tc dng vi AgNO3 d thu c bao nhiu gam kt ta ?
A. 45,92.
B. 12,96.
C. 58,88.
D. 47,4.
Cu 29: Cho 8,96 lt hn hp 2 kh H2 v CO (ktc) i qua ng s ng 0,2 mol Al2O3 v 0,3 mol
CuO nung nng n phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn X. X phn ng va trong 0,5 lt dung
dch HNO3 c nng aM (sn phm kh l kh NO duy nht). Gi tr ca a l
A. 2,00.
B. 2,80.
C. 3,67.
D. 4,00.
Cu 30: Ha tan ht 10,24 gam Cu bng 200 ml dung dch HNO3 3M c dung dch A. Thm 400
ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch A. Lc b kt ta, c cn dung dch ri nung cht rn n
khi lng khng i thu c 26,44 gam cht rn. S mol HNO3 phn ng vi Cu l :
A. 0,48 mol.
B. 0,58 mol.
C. 0,56 mol.
D. 0,4 mol.
2. Bi tp ch c p n
Cu 31: in phn nng chy Al2O3 khi ti anot thot ra mt hn hp kh gm O2 10%; CO
20% v CO2 70%. Tng th tch kh l 6,72 m3 (ti nhit 819oC v p sut 2,0 atm). Tnh khi
lng Al thu c ti catot?
A. 2,16 kg.
B. 5,40 kg.
C. 4,86 kg.
D. 4,32 kg.
Cu 32: Cho m gam hn hp Al, Fe vo 300 ml dung dch HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,5M, thu c dung
dch X v 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn cho vo dung dch X thu c
kt ta c khi lng ln nht ?
A. 300 ml.
B. 500 ml.
C. 400 ml.
D. 600 ml.
Cu 33: Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng hon ton
vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M va
phn ng ht vi Y l :
A. 90 ml.
B. 57 ml.
C. 75 ml.
D. 50 ml.
Cu 34: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 tan va ht trong 700 ml dung dch
HCl 1M thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc
kt ta v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Y. Khi lng Y l :
A. 16 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 8 gam.
D. 24 gam.
25
Cu 35: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt
ta trn l :
A. 0,35.
B. 0,25.
C. 0,45.
D. 0,05.
Cu 36: Hn hp Z gm c Al v Al4C3. Nu cho hn hp Z tc dng vi H2O thu c 31,2 gam
Al(OH)3. Nu cho hn hp Z tc dng vi dung dch HCl, ngi ta thu c mt mui duy nht v
20,16 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Khi lng ca Al v Al4C3 trong Z l :
A. 14,4 gam v 10,8 gam.
B. 10,8 gam v 14,0 gam.
C. 10,8 gam v 14,4 gam.
D. 5,4 gam v 7,2 gam.
Cu 37: Ha tan ht mt lng Na vo dung dch HCl 10% thu c 46,88 gam dung dch gm
NaCl v NaOH v 1,568 lt H2 (ktc). Nng % NaCl trong dung dch thu c l :
A. 14,97.
B. 12,48.
C. 12,68.
D. 15,38.
Cu 38: Ha tan m gam hn hp gm K v Ca vo nc thu c dung dch A v 5,6 lt H2 (ktc).
Hp th 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch A thu c 10 gam kt ta v dung dch B. C cn
dung dch B thu c 22,5 gam cht rn khan gm hai cht c cng khi lng mol. Gi tr ca m
l :
A. 12,85 gam.
B. 16,75 gam.
C. 10,85 gam.
D. 14,80 gam.
Cu 39: Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch gm K2 CO3 0,2M v KOH x
mol/lt , sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi
dung dch BaCl2 (d), thu c 11,82 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 1,0.
B. 1,2.
C. 1,4.
D. 1,6.
Cu 40: Cho 3,36 lt kh CO2 vo 200,0 ml dung dch cha NaOH xM v Na2CO3 0,4M thu c
dung dch X cha 19,98 gam cht tan. Xc nh nng mol/l ca NaOH trong dung dch ?
A. 0,70M.
B. 0,75M.
C. 0,60M.
D. 0,50M.
Cu 41: Hp th ht V lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp cha ng thi Ba(OH)2
1M v KOH 1M, thu c 19,7 gam kt ta v dung dch X. Cho KOH d vo dung dch X li thy
xut hin thm m gam kt ta na. Gi tr ca V v m ln lt l :
A. 17,92 v 39,4.
B. 17,92 v 19,7.
C. 17,92 v 137,9.
D. 15,58 v 39,4.
Cu 42*: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Ba, BaO, Ba(OH)2 c cng s mol vo nc thu c 500
ml dung dch Y v V lt H2 (ktc). Hp th 3,6V lt CO2 (ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch Y thu c
37,824 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 41,49 gam.
B. 36,88 gam.
C. 32,27 gam.
D. 46,10 gam.
Cu 43*: Trong mt cc nc c ho tan a mol Ca(HCO3)2 v b mol Mg(HCO3)2. lm mm
nc trong cc cn dng V lt nc vi trong, nng pM. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b, p l :
A. V = (a +2b)/p.
B. V = (a + b)/2p.
C. V = (a + b)/p.
D. V = (a + b)p.
Cu 44: Cho m gam Al4C3 phn ng va ht vi lng dung dch c 0,03 mol HCl, c dung dch
X. Mt khc cho m gam Al4C3 k trn phn ng va ht vi dung dch c 0,04 mol KOH c
dung dch Y. Trn ln ton b X v Y k trn vi nhau c hn hp Z cha bao nhiu mol mui
nhm ?
A. 0,025 mol.
B. 0,01 mol.
C. 0,04 mol.
D. 0,08 mol.
Cu 45*: Ho tan ht m gam Al2(SO4)3 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 360 ml dung dch NaOH
1M vo X, thu c 2a gam kt ta. Mc khc, nu cho 400 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo X, cng
thu c a gam kt ta. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, gi tr ca m l:
A. 18,81.
B. 15,39.
C. 20,52.
D. 19,665.
Cu 46*: Cho 240 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp AlCl3 a mol/l v
Al2(SO4)3 2a mol/l thu c 51,3 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,12.
B. 0,16 .
C. 0,15.
D. 0,2.
Cu 47*: Ha tan 30 gam hn hp gm Al, Zn, Mg trong dung dch HNO3 d. Sau phn ng thu
c hn hp kh gm 0,1 mol NO, 0,1 mol N2O v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c 127
gam cht rn. S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng l bao nhiu ?
A. 1,7.
B. 1,4.
C. 1,9.
D. 1,8.
Cu 48: t nng mt hn hp gm Al v 16 gam Fe2O3 (trong iu kin khng c khng kh) n
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng va vi V ml dung dch
NaOH 1M sinh ra 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 150.
B. 100.
C. 200.
D. 300.
Cu 49: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton X trong 400 ml dung dch
HCl 2M thy thot ra 2,24 lt H2 v cn li 2,8 gam st (duy nht) cha tan. Hy cho bit nu cho
ton b hn hp X vo dung dch HNO3 c, nng d thu c bao nhiu lt kh NO2 ?
A. 4,48 lt.
B. 10,08 lt.
C. 16,8 lt.
D. 20,16 lt.
Cu 50*: Ho tan hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm Fe3O4 v FeS2 trong 63 gam HNO3, thu
c 1,568 lt NO2 (ktc). Dung dch thu c cho tc dng va vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH
2M, lc kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 9,76 gam cht rn. Nng % ca
dung dch HNO3 c gi tr l :
A. 47,2%.
B. 46,2%.
C. 46,6%.
D. 44,2%.
( thi HSG Tnh Thi Bnh, nm hc 2011 2012)
Cu 51: Kh hon ton m gam FexOy bng CO thu c 8,4 gam kim loi Fe v kh CO2. Hp th
hon ton kh CO2 v 500 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,35M th thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, cho dung
dch Na2SO4 d vo dung dch sau phn ng thu c 5,825 gam kt ta trng. Cng thc ca oxit
l :
A. FeO hoc Fe2O3.
B. Fe2O3 hoc Fe3O4.
C. Fe3O4.
D. FeO hoc Fe3O4.
Cu 52: Cho 2,56 gam Cu vo bnh cha 25,2 gam dung dch HNO3 60% n khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton. Thm tip 210 ml dung dch KOH 1M vo bnh. Phn ng xong, c cn bnh phn ng,
nung cht rn thu c ti khi lng khng i c 20,76 gam cht rn. Tnh s mol HNO3 tham
gia phn ng ha tan ng.
A. 0,12 mol.
B. 0,1 mol.
C. 0,15 mol.
D. 0,08 mol.
Cu 53: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X (C, H, N) bng lng khng kh va (gm
1/5 th tch O2, cn li l N2) c kh CO2 , H2O v N2. Cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng
dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy c 39,4 gam kt ta, khi lng dung dch gim i 24,3 gam. Kh thot
ra khi bnh c th tch 34,72 lt (ktc). Bit d X O 2 < 2. CTPT ca X l :
A. C2H7N.
B. C2H8N.
C. C2H7N2.
D. C2H4N2.
27
Cu 54: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A. Sn phm thu c hp th hon ton vo 200 ml
dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,2M thy thu c 3 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta, cn li phn dung dch thy
khi lng tng ln so vi ban u l 0,28 gam. Hirocacbon trn c CTPT l :
A. C5H12.
B. C2H6.
C. C3H8 .
D. C4H10.
Cu 55: Cho 400 ml mt hn hp gm nit v mt hirocacbon vo 900 ml oxi (d) ri t. Th
tch hn hp thu c sau khi t l 1,4 lt. Sau khi cho nc ngng t cn 800 ml hn hp, ngi
ta cho li qua dung dch KOH thy cn 400 ml kh. Cc th tch kh u o cng iu kin nhit
, p sut. Cng thc phn t ca cht hu c l :
A. C3H8.
B. C2H4.
C. C2H2.
D. C2H6.
Cu 56: t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng
kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 9,9 gam nc.
Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l :
A. 70,0 lt.
B. 78,4 lt.
C. 84,0 lt.
D. 56,0 lt.
Cu 57: t chy 2 gam hirocacbon A (kh trong iu kin thng) c CO2 v 2 gam H2O. Mt
khc 2,7 gam A tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d c m gam kt ta. Gi tr m l :
A. 8,05 gam.
B. 7,35 gam.
C. 16,1 gam.
D. 24 gam.
Cu 58: un nng m gam hn hp X gm C2H2, C2H4 v H2 vi xc tc Ni n phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp Y (c t khi so vi hiro bng 8). t chy hon ton
cng lng hn hp X trn, ri cho sn phm chy hp th hon ton trong dung dch nc vi
trong d th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 20 gam.
B. 40 gam.
C. 30 gam.
D. 50 gam.
( thi HSG Tnh Thi Bnh, nm hc 2009 2010)
Cu 59: t chy hon ton 3 lt hn hp X gm 2 anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng cn
va 10,5 lt O2 (cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Hirat ha hon ton
X trong iu kin thch hp thu c hn hp ancol Y, trong khi lng ancol bc hai bng 6/13
ln tng khi lng cc ancol bc mt. Phn trm khi lng ca ancol bc mt (c s nguyn t
cacbon ln hn) trong Y l
A. 46,43%.
B. 31,58%.
C. 10,88%.
D. 7,89%.
Cu 60: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anken X thu c CO2 v hi nc. Hp th hon ton sn
phm bng 100 gam dung dch NaOH 21,62% thu c dung dch mi trong nng ca NaOH
ch cn 5%. Cng thc phn t ng ca X l :
A. C2H4.
B. C3H6.
C. C4H8.
D. C5H10.
Cu 61: Cho hn hp A gm 1 anken v 2 ankan l ng ng lin tip vo mt bnh c dung tch
5,6 lt cha O2 0oC v 2 atm. Bt tia la in t chy ht hirocacbon, sau a bnh v
273oC th p sut trong bnh l p. Nu cho kh trong bnh sau phn ng ln lt i qua bnh 1 ng
dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng dung dch NaOH thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 3,6 gam, bnh 2
tng 7,92 gam. Tnh p bit dung tch bnh thay i khng ng k.
A. 3,04.
B. 4,8.
C. 5,0.
D. 5,2.
Cu 62: t chy hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol etilenglicol v 0,2 mol ancol X cn dng 0,95
mol kh oxi. Sau phn ng thu c 0,8 mol kh CO2 v 1,1 mol H2O. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
B. C3H5(OH)3.
C. C3H5OH.
D. C3H7OH.
A. C3H6(OH)2.
Cu 63: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H2 i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi phn

ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm hai cht hu c. t chy ht Y th thu c 11,7
gam H2O v 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H2 trong X l:
A. 65,00%.
B. 46,15%.
C. 35,00%.
D. 53,85%.
Cu 64: Cho a mol hn hp X gm HCHO, OHC CHO v H2 i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y gm kh v hi. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, sinh ra 8,1
gam nc. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,3.
B. 0,25.
C. 0,45.
D. 0,5.
Cu 65: t chy hon ton 1 mol hn hp X gm 1 ancol n chc v mt anehit n chc cn
76,16 lt O2 (ktc) to ra 54 gam H2O. T khi hi ca X i vi H2 l :
A. 32,4.
B. 36,5.
C. 28,9.
D. 25,4.
Cu 66: Hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit axetic. Cho m gam X phn ng
ht vi dung dch NaHCO3 thu c 1,344 lt CO2 (ktc). t chy hon ton m gam X cn 2,016
lt O2 (ktc), thu c 4,84 gam CO2 v a gam H2O. Gi tr ca a l
A. 1,62.
B. 1,80.
C. 3,60.
D. 1,44.
Cu 67: t chy hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp gm axit acrylic, vinyl axetat, metyl acrylat v axit
oleic, ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d). Sau phn ng thu c 18
gam kt ta v dung dch X. Khi lng X so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u thay
i nh th no ?
A. Tng 2,70 gam.
B. Gim 7,74 gam. C. Tng 7,92 gam.
D. Gim 7,38 gam.
Cu 68: Hn hp X gm 1 mol aminoaxit no, mch h v 1 mol amin no, mch h. X c kh nng
phn ng ti a vi 2 mol HCl hoc 2 mol NaOH. t chy hon ton X thu c 6 mol CO2, x
mol H2O v y mol N2. Cc gi tr x, y tng ng l
A. 8 v 1,0.
B. 8 v 1,5.
C. 7 v 1,0.
D. 7 v 1,5.
Cu 69*: Hn hp X gm 2 amino axit no (ch c nhm chc COOH v NH2 trong phn t),
trong t l m O : m N = 80 : 21. tc dng va vi 3,83 gam hn hp X cn 30 ml dung dch
HCl 1M. Mt khc, t chy hon ton 3,83 gam hn hp X cn 3,192 lt O2 (ktc). Dn ton b
sn phm chy (CO2, H2O v N2) vo nc vi trong d th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 20 gam.
B. 13 gam.
C. 10 gam.
D. 15 gam.
Cu 70*: Tripeptit M v tetrapeptit Q u c to ra t mt amino axit X mch h, phn t c
mt nhm -NH2. Phn trm khi lng ca N trong X l 18,667%. Thu phn khng hon ton m
gam hn hp M, Q (t l mol 1 : 1) trong mi trng axit thu c 0,945 gam M; 4,62 gam ipeptit
v 3,75 gam X. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,389.
B. 58,725.
C. 5,580.
D. 9,315.
29
Phn tch v hng dn gii

1A
2A
3D
11A
12A
13D
21D
22B
23A
31C
32D
33C
41A
42B
43A
51D
52A
53A
61B
62B
63B
Cu 1:
S phn ng :
4B
14D
24A
34D
44B
54A
64C
5C
15C
25A
35C
45A
55D
65D
6A
16D
26A
36C
46C
56A
66D
7D
17A
27B
37A
47C
57A
67D
8C
18A
28C
38A
48D
58B
68C
9A
19B
29D
39C
49C
59D
69B
10C
20A
30C
40D
50B
60A
70A
Fe
FeCl2
Fe(OH)2 + O2 , to
+ dd HCl
+ dd KOH
FeCl3
Fe2 O3
Fe2 O3
123
Fe(OH)3
Fe O
HCl d
Z
3 4
424
1424
3
1
3
Y
Ta thy, hn hp cht rn X v cht rn Z (Fe2O3) u cha nguyn t Fe. Mt khc, s mol

ca cc oxit trong X u bit, nn p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe ta s tnh c s mol ca
Fe2O3 trong Z.
Ta c :
n Fe trong Z = n Fe trong X 2 n Fe2O3 trong Z = n Fe + 2 n Fe2O3 + 3n Fe3O4 n Fe2O3 trong Z = 0,225 mol.
{
{
14243 {
?
0,15
0,075
0,05
Vy khi lng cht rn Z l : m Z = m Fe2O3 trong Z = 0,225.160 = 36 gam

Cu 2:
S phn ng :
H2
Al
Al O3
1
4224
3
dd HCl
1,56 gam
AlCl3
dd NH3
to
Al 2O3
Al(OH)3
123
HCl d
0,02 mol
Cht rn thu c sau phn ng l Al2 O3.
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t Al, ta c :
27n Al + 102n Al2O3 = 1,56
n Al = 0,02
n Al + 2n Al2O3 = 2 n Al2O3 thu c = 0,04

14243
n Al2O3 = 0,01
0,02
3 n{
Al = 2 n H 2 n H 2 = 0,03 mol VH 2 (ktc) = 0,03.22,4 = 0,672 lt
{
0,02
Cu 3:
S phn ng :
H2 S dd Br2 H2 SO4 dd BaCl2 d
BaSO4
HBr
SO2
Ta c : n(H2S, SO2 ) = n BaSO4 = 0,01 mol V(H2S, SO2 ) ktc = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt
1442443
bao toan nguyen to S
Cu 4:
S phn ng :
Fe
H 2
+ dd Pb(NO3 )2
+ dd HCl
PbS
{
0,1 mol
FeS
H 2S
1
424
3
0,11 mol
Hn hp kh thu c gm H2 v H2S. Cho hn hp kh ny phn ng vi Pb(NO3)2 th ch c

H2S phn ng to kt ta PbS.
Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi S, ta c :
n H2S + n H2 = 0,11
n FeS = n H2S = 0,1
n FeS = n H2S = n PbS = 0,1 n H2 = 0,01

2n Fe = 2 n H2 n Fe = 0,01 mol.
{
0,01
Vy phn trm v khi lng ca FeS v Fe trong hn hp l :

0,1.88
%FeS =
.100% = 94,02% ; %Fe = (100 94,02)% = 5,98%
0,1.88 + 0,01.56
Cu 5:
S phn ng :
SO2 t o , V2O5 (SO2 ,O 2 ) d H2O H 2SO3 Ba(NO3 )2
BaSO 4
SO3
O2
{
H 2SO4
14
42443
X
Trong hai axit H2SO3 v H2SO4 th ch c H2SO4 phn ng to kt ta vi Ba(NO3)2.

Theo gi thit v bo ton khi lng ( m X = m Y ), ta c :
n O2 : n SO2 = 1:1
n O = 0,2
2
32n O2 + 64n SO2 = 19,2 n SO2 = 0,2

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi S, ta c :
37,28
nSO2 phan ng = nSO3 = nH2SO4 = n BaSO4 =
= 0,16 mol.
22,4
Vy hiu sut phn ng tng hp SO3 t SO2 v O2 l :
n SO2 phan ng
0,16
H=
.100% =
.100% = 80%
n SO2 ban au
0,2
31
PS : Phn ng tng hp SO3 :

2SO2
+ O2
to , V O
2 5
T l mol phn ng l :
Nu
2SO3
nSO
nO
2
1
nSO 2
< th O2 d, khi hiu sut phn ng tnh theo SO2 v ngc li.
nO
1
2
Cu 6:
S phn ng :
2+
2+
Fe(OH)2
Fe2 O3
Fe H2SO4 loang d Fe , Mg
NaOH d
O2 , to
2
Mg
H , SO4
MgO
Mg(OH)2
Sau tt c cc phn ng, cht rn thu c gm MgO v Fe2O3.

p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, Mg, ta c :
2n Fe2 O3 = n{
Fe
n Fe O = 0,1
0,2
2 3
m chat ran = m Fe2O3 + m MgO = 20 gam
123 {
Mg
nMgO = n{
n MgO = 0,1
0,1.40
0,1.160
0,1
Cu 7:
S phn ng :
Fe
+ O2
+ H2 SO4 ac
Fe
Fe2 (SO4 )3 + SO2

{
123
0,2 mol
Fex O y
0,15 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe v S, ta c :
n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 0,1
2n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = n Fe = 0,2
n H2SO4 = 3n Fe2 (SO4 )3 + n SO2 n H2SO4 = 3 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 + n SO2 = 0,45

{
1
424
3 {
0,15
0,15
0,1
Cu 8:
Ta c : nCO2 = nK2CO3 + nKHCO3 = 0,075 mol %n CO2 =
144424443
0,075.22,4
.100% = 28%
6
bao toan nguyen to C
Cu 9:
S phn ng :
Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 + HCl mui + H2 + H2O
(1)
Ta thy : Sau phn ng, O trong oxit chuyn ht vo H2O; H trong HCl chuyn ht vo
H2O v H2. Do p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v H, ta c :
2,88 2,24
n
=
n
=
= 0,04
H
O
O
trong
X
2
16
n HCl = 0,1 mol CM dd HCl = 1M
n
=
2
n
+
2n
HCl
H
H
O
2
{2
0,01
Cu 10:
Kh hon ton hn hp X bng H2 hay cho X tc dng vi HCl d th O trong X (thc cht l
trong cc oxit) u chuyn ht vo H2O.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v H, ta c :
n O trong X = n H2O = 0,5
n HCl = 2n H2 O = 1
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m
HCl = m muoi + m H2 O m muoi = 74,2 gam
{X + m
{
{ {
46,7
1.36,5
0,5.18
Cu 11:
p dng bo ton nguyn t H, ta c :
n H + ban au = n{
HCl + 2 n H2 SO4 = 0,5
{
0,25.1
0,25.0,5
n H+ trong Y = n H+ ban au n H+ phan ng = 0,025
1
424
3 1424
3
H2 = 0,475
n H + phan ng = 2 n{
0,5
0,475
0,2375
+
Vy nng H v pH ca dung dch Y l :
0,025
[H+ ] =
= 0,1M pH = lg[H + ] = 1
0,25
Cu 12:
T gi thit, ta nhn thy bn cht ca phn ng l : Cho (150 + 175) ml dung dch KOH 1,2M
vo dung dch AlCl3 x mol/lt, thu c (4,68 + 2,34) gam Al(OH)3 kt ta.
V nOH trong KOH > nOH trong Al(OH) nn suy ra phn ng cn to ra c mui tan K[Al(OH)4].
3
Cch 1 : S dng bo ton nguyn t i vi K, Al, Cl

Ta c :
(1) n
KOH = n KCl + n K[Al(OH)4 ]
{
0,39
3n AlCl3 + n K[Al(OH )4 ] = 0,39

(2) n AlCl3 = n Al(OH)3 + n K[Al(OH)4 ]
123
n AlCl3 n K[Al(OH )4 ] = 0,09

0,09
(3) 3n AlCl3 = n KCl

T h trn ta suy ra :
n AlCl3 = 0,12
0,12
[AlCl3 ] =
= 1,2M
0,1
n K[Al(OH )4 ] = 0,03
PS : Thay (3) vo (1) ta c h hai phng trnh hai n l n AlCl 3 v nK [Al (OH )4 ] .
Cch 2 : S dng bo ton nguyn t Al v nhm OH
Ta c :
n KOH = 3n Al(OH )3 + 4n K[Al(OH)4 ]
{
123
0,39
nK[Al(OH)4 ] = 0,03
0,09
[AlCl3 ] = 1, 2M
Al(OH )3 + n K[Al(OH)4 ]
n AlCl3 = 0,12
n AlCl3 = n123
0,09
33
Cch 3 : S dng biu thc kt hp gia bo ton nguyn t Al v nhm OH

Ta c :
4 nAlCl3 nKOH = n Al(OH)3 n AlCl3 = 0,12 [AlCl3 ] = 1,2M

{ { 123
0,39
0,09
PS : Nh vy, vn l s dng bo ton nguyn t, nhng vic la chn s dng bo ton

nguyn t i vi nhng nguyn t, nhm nguyn t no l iu ht sc quan trng. V iu s
quyt nh n tc tnh ton trong qu trnh lm bi.
Cu 13:
Theo gi thit suy ra : Trong X c hai mui l CuSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu, Fe, S, ta c :
HNO3
2CuSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3
Cu2S + 2FeS2
mol:
x 2x
2x
x
t s mol ca Cu2S l x mol. Theo s phn ng v gi thit, ta c :
160 n CuSO4 + 400 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 72 720x = 72 x = 0,1 mol.
{
1
424
3
2x
Vy khi lng hn hp ban u l :
m = m Cu2S + m FeS2 = 0,1.160 + 0,2.120 = 40 gam

Cu 14:
Theo gi thit, suy ra : Trong hn hp kim loi c 0,7m gam Cu v 0,3m gam Fe.
Sau phn ng vi dung dch HNO3, khi lng cht rn cn li l 0,75m > 0,7m. Suy ra Fe cn
d 0,05m gam v Cu cha phn ng, mui st to ra l Fe(NO3)2.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i Fe v N, ta c :
0,25m
n
=
n
=
Fe(NO
)
Fe
pha
n
n
g
3 2
0,25m
56
0,7 = 2.
+ 0,25 m = 50,4 gam
n
=
2n
+
n
56
HNO
Fe(NO
)
(NO,
NO
)
3 2
2
{3
1
424
3
0,25
0,7
Cu 15 :
Phng trnh phn ng :
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
Theo gi thit : Hp th ht V lt kh CO2 vo dung dch cha 0,42 mol Ca(OH)2 (1) thu c
a gam kt ta. Tch ly kt ta, sau thm tip 0,6V lt kh CO2 na (2), thu thm 0,2a gam kt
ta.
Suy ra : trng hp (1) Ca(OH)2 d, CO2 chuyn ht vo kt ta. trng hp (2) kt ta b
0,6Va
ha tan mt phn (nu kt ta khng b ha tan th lng kt s tng
= 0,6a gam ), CO2 mt
V
phn chuyn vo kt ta, phn cn li nm trong Ca(HCO3)2.
Tng s mol CO2 phn ng l
1,6V
1,2a
, tng s mol CaCO3 to ra l :
.
100
22,4
(1), ta c : nCO2 = nCaCO3
V
a
=
(*)
22,4 100
Tng hp (1) v (2), ta c :
2n Ca(OH)2 nCO2 = nCaCO3 2.0,42
1,6V 1,2a
=
(**)
22,4 100
T (*) v (**), ta c :
a
V
22,4 = 100
1,6V
1,2a
2.0,42
=
22, 4 100
V = 6,72
a = 30
Cu 16:
S mol O2 tham gia phn ng t chy l :
1
1 V
nO2 = n khong kh = .
5
5 22,4
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C, ta c :
a
n C = n CO2 = n CaCO3 =
100
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O, ta c :
2n O2 = 2n CO2 + n H2O
Thay mol O2 v mol CO2 vo phng trnh bo ton O, ta c :
V a
V a
n H2 O =
n H = 2n H2O =
.
56 50
28 25
Vy khi lng hn hp X l :
a
V a
2a V
m = 12.
+
=
+
100 1
28
25
123
424
3 25 28
mC
mH
Cu 17:
Theo gi thit, ta c : VH2O = 1,6 lt, VCO2 = 1,3 lt, VO2 d = 0,5 lt.
S phn ng :
(CxHy + CO2) + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d
lt:
a
b
2,5
1,3
1,6
0,5
Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H, O, ta c :
a + b = 0,5
b = 0,1
ax + b = 1,3
a = 0,4
ay = 1,6.2
x = 3
2b + 2,5.2 = 1,3.2 + 1,6.1 + 0,5.2 y = 8
Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C3 H8
Cu 18:
S phn ng :
ho quang ien
CH 4
{C2 H 2 (12%); H 2 (78%); CH 4 d (10%) } + C
144444444244444444
3
hon hp A
35
Gi s th tch ca hn hp l 100V th th tch ca C2H2; CH4; H2 trong hn hp A ln lt l

12V; 10V; 78V.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi H ta c :
4 VCH4 ban au = 2 VC2H2 + 4 VCH 4 d + 2 VH2 V = 4,0727 VA = 100V = 407,27 lt

{
{
123
1424
3
224
12 V
10V
78V
Cu 19:
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H, O, ta c :
n C trong ancol = n CO2 = 0,6
m ancol = m C + m H + m O = 15,3 gam

n H trong ancol = 2n H2O = 1, 7
{ { {
1,7
0,6.12
0,4.16
n O trong ancol = n OH = 2n H2 = 0,4
Cu 20:
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai axit no, n chc, mch h l Cn H 2n O2 th mui natri
ca hai axit l Cn H 2 n1O 2 Na.
Theo bo ton nguyn t Na, C, H, ta c :
nHCOONa + nC H O2 Na = 2 n Na2CO3
n 2 n1
424
3
123
1
n Cn H2 n1O2 Na = 0,04
0,01
0,025
n
+
n
=
n
+
n.n
n CO2 = 0,04n 0,015

CO2
Na2 CO3
HCOONa
Cn H 2 n 1O 2 Na
4
24
3
12
3 1
0,01
0,025
n H2O = 0,04n 0,015
2n H2O = n HCOONa + (2n 1).nC n H2n1O2 Na

1
424
3
0,01
Theo gi thit, ta thy :
m CO2 m H2O = 3,51 44(0,04n 0,015) 18(0,04n 0,015) = 3,51 n = 3,75.

Vy cng thc ca hai mui l C2 H 5COONa va C3H 7COONa
Cu 21:
Sau tt c cc phn ng, R trong ROH chuyn ht vo R2CO3.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi R, ta c :
30.1,2.20%
9,54
n ROH = 2n R2CO3
= 2.
R = 23 (Na)
R + 17
2R + 60
Vi l Na, ta c : n ROH = 0,18 mol; n R 2CO3 = 0,09 mol.
S phn ng :
ROH
{
CH 3COOH
14243
H 2O
{
0,1
0,18 mol
(1)
0,1 mol
CH 3COOR co can, O2 , t o
R 2 CO3 +
(2)
123
ROH d
0,09 mol
CO2
H 2 O
1
424
3
m gam

2 n CH3COOH = n R2CO3 + nCO2
424
3 { {
1
nCO2 = 0,11
0,09
?
0,1
n
= 0,19
CH 3 COOH + n
ROH = 2 n H 2 O (1) + 2 n H 2 O (2)
4 n
123
123 H2O (2)
1
4
24
3 {
0,18
0,1
?
0,1
m = m CO2 + m H2O (2) = 8,26 gam

Cu 22:
Theo gi thit suy ra : X l este ca phenol.
S phn ng :
X
{
CO2
123
0,11 mol
O2 , t o
2 muoi Na
Na2 CO3 +
(2)
14243
1
424
3
O
H
4,44 gam
0,03 mol
1223
0,05 mol
NaOH, t o
(1)
2,76 gam
H2O
Bi tp ny c hai phn ng : (1) : X + NaOH; (2) : 2 mui Na + O2.
Bo ton nguyn t Na : n NaOH = 2n Na2CO3 = 2.0,03 = 0,06 mol.
Bo ton nguyn t C : ntrong X = nCO2 + n Na2CO3 = 0,14 mol.
{ 123
0,11
0,03
Bo ton khi lng cho phn ng (1) :

m + m NaOH = m muoi + m H2O (1) m H2O (1) = 0,72 n H2 O (1) = 0,04 mol.
{X 12
3 { 123
2,76
0,06.40
4,44
Bo ton nguyn t H :
nH trong X + n NaOH = 2 n H2 O (1) + 2 n H2 O (2) n Htrong X = 0,12 mol.
{
123
123
0,06
0,04
0,05
Bo ton khi lng trong phn t X :

m m C m H 2,76 0,14.12 0,12
n O trong X = X
=
= 0,06 mol
16
16
T l s mol cc nguyn t trong X :
n C : n H : n O = 0,14 : 0,12 : 0,06 = 7 : 6 : 3 CTGN cua X la C 7 H 6 O3 .
V cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht nn cng thc phn t ca X l
C7H6O3. Cng thc cu to ca X l HCOOC6H4OH (c 3 ng phn o, m, p).
Phn ng ca X vi ung dch KOH :
HCOOC6H4OH + 3KOH HCOOK + C6H4(OK)2 + 2H2O
mol:
0,02
0,08 (d)
0,04
Theo bo ton khi lng suy ra : m muoi = 2,76 + 0,08.56 0,04.18 = 6,52 gam
37
Cu 23:
Theo gi thit suy ra X gm cc este.
Thy phn este :
o
t
R C O + NaOH
O
Nung ROONa vi NaOH trong CaO
R C ONa + OH
O
CaO, t
RCOONa + NaOH
RH + Na2CO3
Ta c :
(1)
(2)
n
OH (ancol ) = 2n H2 = 0,45
1442443
n RCOONa = 0,45
bao toan H trong n h om OH
n NaOH phan ng = 0,45

n NaOH phan ng = n RCOONa = n OH (ancol)
42444444
3
144444
theo phan ng (1)
n NaOH d = 0,24
n
RCOONa + n NaOH d = n NaOH ban au = 0,69
2444443
144444
bao toan nguyen to Na
V n RCOONa > n NaOH d nn s mol RH c tnh theo mol NaOH d :
nRH = n NaOH d = 0,24 M RH =
7,2
= 30 R = 29 (C2 H5 ).
0,24
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m X + m NaOH phan ng = m C2H5COONa + m ancol m X = 40,6 gam

{
{
14243 14243
?
0,45.40
15,4
0,45.96
Cu 24:
t n X = n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val = x mol; n Y = nGly-Ala-Gly-Glu = y mol.
M X = 2 M Ala + 2 MGly + 2 M Val 5M H2O = 472; M Y = M Ala + 2 M Gly + MGlu 3M H2O = 332.
{
{
{
{
{ {
{
{
89
117
75
18
89
75
147
18
Theo bo ton nhm Gly v nhm Ala, ta c :

28,48
= 0,32
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
n Ala = 2 n
144
42444
3 14243
89
x = 0,12
x
y
30
y = 0,08
n = 2 n
= 0,4
Gly
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + 2 n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
144
42444
3
14243 75
x
y
Suy ra : m = m X + m Y = 83,2 gam

{
{
0,12.472
0,08.332
Cu 25:
Trong dung dch mui, nu cn Ba2+ th khng th cn CO32 . Vy dung dch mui c th cha
cc cht :
+ Ba(HCO3)2 v NaHCO3 hoc ch c NaHCO3
(1)
+ Na2CO3, NaHCO3 hoc 1 trong hai mui
(2)
Gi s xy ra trng hp (2) th trong dung dch ch cha mui Na vi s mol Na l 0,1 mol (do
ban u c 0,1 mol NaOH). Nu ch c mui Na2CO3 th s mol Na2CO3 l 0,05 nn khi lng
mui l 5,3 gam. Nu ch c mui NaHCO3 th s mol NaHCO3 l 0,1 mol nn khi lng mui l
8,4 gam. Nh vy khi lng mui u nh hn 21,35. Vy phi xy ra trng hp (1)
S phn ng :
BaCO3
Ba(OH) , NaOH
123
CO 2
1424
32
0,2 mol
0,1 mol
Ba(HCO3 )2
NaHCO3
14
4244
3
21,35 gam
Bo ton nguyn t Na : n NaHCO3 = n NaOH = 0,1 mol.

Theo gi thit :
84 n NaHCO3 + 259 n Ba(HCO3 )2 = 21,35 n Ba(HCO3 )2 = 0,05 mol.
123
1424
3
0,1
Bo ton nguyn t Ba : nBaCO3 + n Ba(HCO3 )2 = n Ba(OH)2 n BaCO3 = 0,15 mol.

{ 1424
3 1
424
3
?
0,05
0,2
Bo ton nguyn t C :
nCO2 = nBaCO3 + 2 n Ba(HCO3 )2 + n NaHCO3 nCO2 = 0,35 mol VCO2 (ktc) = 7,84 lt
{ {
1424
3 123
?
0,15
0,05
0,1
Cu 26 :
Khi cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M (TN1) hoc cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M (TN2) vo
dung dch cha m gam ZnSO4 u thu c a gam kt ta. Chng t TN1 kt ta Zn(OH)2 cha
b ha tan, TN2 kt ta b ha tan mt phn.
TN1, p dng bo ton nhm OH , ta c :
2n Zn(OH)2 = n KOH = 0,22 mol n Zn(OH)2 = 0,11 mol.
TN2, p dng bo ton nhm OH v nguyn t Zn, ta c :
nKOH = 2n Zn(OH)2 + 4nK 2 [Zn(OH)4 ]

4n ZnSO4 nKOH = 2 n Zn(OH)2
{
1
424
3
n ZnSO4 = n Zn(OH)2 + n K2 [Zn(OH)4 ]
0,28
0,11
n ZnSO4 = 0,125 mol m ZnSO4 = 0,125.161 = 20,125 gam

Cu 27:
Nu khng c hin tng ha tan kt ta Al(OH)3 th theo gi thit v p dng bo ton nguyn
t i vi Ba v nhm OH , ta c :
233n BaSO4 + 78nAl(OH)3 = 12,045 n BaSO4 = 0,042
n Al(OH)3 = 0,028
nBaSO4 = n Ba(OH)2
3n Al(OH)3 = 2n Ba(OH)2
n Ba(OH)2 = 0,042
Suy ra phi c hin tng ha tan kt ta v nBa(OH)2 phan ng < n Ba(OH)2 ban au .
14
4244
3 14243
0,042
0,05
39
S phn ng :
Al2 (SO4 )3
14243
BaSO4
Al(OH)3
0,1V mol
Ba(OH)2
1424
3
0,05 mol
Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2
Cch 1 : p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi nhm OH , nguyn t Ba v Al
Ta c :
(1)
(2)
(3)
Li c :
2 n Ba(OH)2 = 3n Al(OH )3 + 8n Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2

1
424
3
0,05
n Ba(OH)2 = n BaSO4 + n Ba[Al(OH )4 ]2

1
424
3
0,05
78n Al(OH)3 + 233n BaSO4 = 12,045
n Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2 = 0,005
n Al(OH )3 = 0,02
n BaSO4 = 0,045
2n Al2 (SO4 )3 = n Al(OH )3 + 2n Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2 n Al2 (SO4 )3 = 0,015 Vdd Al2 (SO4 )3 = 0,15 lt
14444442444444
3
bao toan nguyen to Al
Cch 2 : p dng biu thc lin h gia bo ton nguyn t i vi nhm OH v nguyn t Al
V c hin tng ha tan kt ta nn mol kt ta BaSO4 tnh theo mol Al2(SO4)3.
Ta c :
n BaSO4 = 3n Al2 (SO4 )3 = 0,3V; n Al3+ = 2n Al2 (SO4 )3 = 0,2V; n OH = 2n Ba(OH)2 = 0,1.
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi nhm OH v nguyn t Al, ta c :
4 n Al3+ = n Al(OH )3 + n OH n Al(OH)3 = 0,8V 0,1.
{ 123 {
0,2V
0,1
78(0,8V
0,1)
1424
3 = 12,045 V = 0,15 lt
144244
3 + 233.0,3V
m Al(OH )3
m BaSO4
Cu 28:
Bn cht phn ng :
Fe3O4 + HCl FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O
Cu + FeCl3 CuCl2 + FeCl2
Cht kh l Cu, cht oxi ha l Fe3O4. S oxi ha ca Cu tng t 0 ln +2; s oxi ha ca Fe3O4
8
gim t + v +2.
3
Dung dch X gm FeCl2 v CuCl2, cht rn l Cu d.
Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton electron, ta tnh c s mol ca Fe3O4 v Cu phn ng :
64n Cu + 232n Fe3O4 = 14 2,16 n Cu = 0,04
n Fe3O4 = 0,04
2n Cu = 2n Fe3O4
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu v Fe, ta thy dung dch X gm c :
n CuCl2 = n Cu = 0,04; n FeCl2 = 3nFe3O4 = 0,12.
Phn ng ca X vi dung dch AgNO3 to ra kt ta l AgCl v Ag.

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Cl v bo ton electron, ta c :
n AgCl = 2 n CuCl2 + 2 n FeCl2 = 0,32
{
{
0,08
0,12
m (AgCl, Ag ) = m AgCl + m Ag = 58,88 gam
{ {
n Ag = n Ag+ = n Fe2+ = 0,12
0,32.143,5
0,12.108
Cu 29:
Kh Al2O3, CuO bng CO, H2 th ch c Cu b kh.
Ta thy : 2n (CO, H ) > 2nCuO suy ra CO, H2 d, 0,3 mol CuO b kh ht thnh 0,3 mol Cu.
2
p dng bo ton electron cho phn ng ca Cu vi HNO3 v bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu,

Al, ta c :
3n NO = 2nCu = 2.0,3 = 0,6

nNO = 0,2
nAl(NO3 )3 = 0,4
nCu(NO3 )2 = nCuO = 0,3
nAl(NO3 )3 = 2n Al2O3 = 2.0,2 = 0,4 nCu(NO3 )2 = 0,3

p dng bo ton nguyn t N, ta c :
2
nHNO3 = 2 n Cu(NO3 )2 + 3n Al(NO3 )3 + n NO = 2 [HNO3 ] =
= 4M
1
424
3
1
424
3 {
0,5
0,2
0,3
0,4
Cu 30:
Nu NaOH chuyn ht thnh NaNO3 ri sau chuyn thnh NaNO2 th :
m chat ran = m NaNO = 0,4.69 = 27,6 gam > 26,44 gam : Vo ly!
2
Vy cht rn l NaNO2 v mt cht c khi lng mol nh hn 69, l NaOH d.

S phn ng :
kh
HNO3
Cu
Cu(NO3 )2 NaOH NaNO3 to NaNO2
HNO3
NaOH
NaOH
14243
dung dch A
Theo gi thit v p dng bo ton nguyn t Na, ta c :

40n NaOH d + 69n NaNO2 = 26,44
n NaNO2 = 0,36
n NaNO3 = 0,36 mol.
n NaOH d + n NaNO2 = n NaOH ban au = 0,4 n NaOH d = 0,04

Theo bo ton nguyn t N, ta c :
nHNO3 d + 2 n Cu(NO3 )2 = n NaNO3 n HNO3 d = 0,04
1
424
3
1
424
3 123
?
0,16
0,36
n HNO3 phan ng vi Cu = nHNO3 ban au n HNO3 d = 0,56 mol

424
3
14243 1
0,6
0,04
41

CĐ2 - BTNT

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Bin son v ging dy : Thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T : 01689 186

PHNG PHP BO TON NGUYN T

I. Phng php bo ton nguyn t

VO2 (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lt

2n H2O = 4n CH3COOH = 4.0,1 = 0,4 n H2O = 0,2

VO2 (ktc) = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lt

2. u im ca phng php bo ton nguyn t

= n H2 (1) + n H2 (2) + n H2 (5) = 0,3 mol;

= n C2H2 (1) + n C2H 2 (2) + n C2H2 (3) = 0,2 mol.

VX = VC2H2 + VH2 = 0,5.22,4 = 11,2 lt

n(H2 , C2 H2 ban au ) = 0,5 mol V(H2 , C2 H2 ban au) ktc = 11,2 lt

Bng tnh nhanh s mol nguyn t, nhm nguyn t

nBa2+ = n Ba(OH)2 ; nOH = 2n Ba(OH)2

n Fe3+ = 2n Fe2 (SO4 )3 ; n SO 2 = 3nFe2 (SO4 )3

nAl3+ = 2nAl2O3 ; nO2 = 3n Al2O3

n Ala Ala Ala

n Ala = 3n AlaAla Ala

n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val nAla = 2n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val ;

i vi cc cht khc ta tnh tng t.

II. Phn dng bi tp v cc v d minh ha

Phng php gii

CO2 + CaCO3 CaCO3 + H2O

44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28n CO

44n CO2 + 32n O2 + 28nCO = 33, 4.4 = 133,6 kg (2)

n CO2 trong X = 30%.4 = 1,2 kmol (3)

nFe(NO3 )3 = n Fe = 0,1 mol m Fe(NO3 )3 = 24,2 gam

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi C v Ba, ta c kt qu sau :

V d 4: Hp th hon ton V lt CO2 (ktc) vo bnh ng 200 ml dung dch X gm NaOH 1M v

Phn ng c th xy ra theo hai hng khc nhau :

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Al v bo ton nhm OH , ta c kt qu sau :

4 nAl3+ nOH = n Al(OH)3 n OH = 1 mol nNaOH = 1 mol Vdd NaOH = 1: 0,5 = 2M

PS : bi ny, nu ch ni Gi tr ca V l : ... th phn ng c th xy ra theo hng (1)

Trng hp phn ng ca Zn2+ v OH c hin tng ha tan mt phn kt ta, p dng bo

Nu TN1 kt ta cha b ha tan, p dng bo ton nhm OH TN1; bo ton nhm OH v

4n ZnSO4 n KOH = 2n Zn(OH )2

Trng hp ny khng tha mn v TN1 : 2 n ZnSO4 < n KOH nn kt ta b ha tan.

Vy TN1 kt ta b ha tan mt phn, ta c :

4n ZnSO4 0,22 = 2. 99 n ZnSO4 = 0,1

m ZnSO4 = 16,1 gam

nCa(NO3 )2 = nCaCO3 = 0,1

nFe(NO3 )3 = n FeCO3 = 0,15 n HNO3 = 2 nCa(NO3 )2 + 3 nFe(NO3 )3 + nNO = 0,7 mol

15 n FeS2 + 10 n Cu2S = 3n{

V d 9: X l hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h, cng dy ng ng. t chy ht 2,8 gam X cn

p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t O cho phn ng (1), ta c :

p dng bo ton nguyn t C, ta c :

nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,2 mol m CaCO3 = 0,2.100 = 20 gam

nO trong axit + 2 n O2 = 2 nCO2 + nH2O n H2O = 0,6 mol

V d 12: Tripeptit X v tetrapeptit Y u mch h. Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp gm X v Y

p dng bo ton nguyn t C, H trong phn ng t chy Y, ta c :

Mt khc, theo gi thit khi t chy Y thu c :

PS : Cch thit lp cng thc ca X, Y :

m Ala AlaAla Ala = (4.89 3.18).0,27 = 81,54 gam

b. Phn ng xy ra nhiu giai on

Vy nng mol/lt v nng phn trm ca CuSO4 trc in phn l :

p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :

n Fe2O3 trong Z = 0,45 mol m Z = m Fe2O3 trong Z = 72 gam

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t Pb, S, Fe, Zn, ta c :

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi Zn, ta c :

Vy dung dch Y gm cc cation Fe3+ v Fe2+ :

Theo bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :

n Fe(OH )3 = n Fe3+ = 0,2 mol

Theo s phn ng ta thy : Hn hp kh X l CH4 v H2; 46,8 gam kt ta l Al(OH)3 ng

n Al + 4n Al4C3 = n Al(OH)3 = 0,6 n Al4C3 = 0,1