PERSONALITY

KHEM RAJ BHATTA

personality
Derived

from Latin word persona: literal meaning mask Personality is thought to represent an individual (just similar to mask which represents actor or character) sum total of physical and mental characteristics Uniqueness of individual

Relatively stable pattern of thinking, believing and behaving Also dynamic

Factors Influencing personality

Biological: Heredity: Inherited characteristics via genes Hormones: Chemical substances secreted by glands Neurotransmitters: Chemical substances secreted by neurons, transmit impulses Nervous system

Physique: physical structures Eg: Ectomorphic, mesomorphic, endomorphic

Environmental factors

Natural environment: Geography, environmental condition, noise and pollution Social Environment: Culture: thebehaviorsandbeliefscharacteristicofa particularsocial, ethnic,oragegroup transferred from generation to generation

Child rearing practices: how children are brought up Role of Home: harmony, parent child relationship, attitude of parents, type of parenting, completeness, order of birth Sibling relationship and sibling rivalry Schooling: type of school and its environment, student teacher relationship

Peer relationship Social role model Socio-economic condition

Situational factors

Circumstances in which people grow Temple, park, dance club

personality TRAITS

Traits are characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts Trait is the habitual pattern of behavior, thought and emotions Trait theorist believe that People are born with inherited traits Trait as a continuum

Big five model of Personality

After

considerable research on trait theories psychologists propose that personality have five main dimensions also called personality factors This theory came into existence with beginning with the research of D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987)

Openness to experience refers to the dimension ranging from outgoing, liberal, interested in new things, and imaginative to reserved, conservative, traditional, and conforming Conscientiousness refers to the continuum ranging from organized, careful, dependable and determined to careless, and weak willed.

Extraversion refers to a person who prefers group activities, group sports, large gatherings, lots of friends and acquaintances, loud music, and social endeavor

Agreeableness represents the extremes of stubborn versus easy going or suspicious versus trusting Neuroticism refers to the dimension of emotional stability

Myers Briggs Type indicator

Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-daughter team) expanded on Jungs work by developing an instrument to help people identify their preferences
Non clinical and very useful in organizational setting 100 simple questions

Self-Report Instrument Nonjudgmental Preference indicator Built for normal population Based on Jungs theory of personality

Four MBTI Dichotomies

Extraversion Introversion E - I Dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy? How do you prefer to take in information? How do you make decisions?

Sensing Intuition S - N Dichotomy Thinking Feeling T - F Dichotomy Judging Perceiving J - P Dichotomy

How do you deal with the outer world?

E I Dichotomy: Source of Energy

Most

people who prefer Extraversion

Most

people who prefer Introversion

May act quickly without thinking Focus on external environments Prefer to communicate by talking Learn best through doing or discussing Are sociable and expressive Enjoy working in groups

May not take action at all Focus on inner world Prefer to communicate in writing Learn best through thorough mental practice and reflection Are private and contained Enjoy working alone or in pairs

S N Dichotomy: Take in Information

Most

people who prefer Sensing

Prefer facts & details/ specific information Are oriented to present realities Value realism Observe and remember specifics through 5 senses Build carefully and thoroughly to conclusions Trust experience

Most

people who prefer Intuition

Are oriented to future possibilities Value imagination See trends and patterns in specific data Use a sixth sense Move quickly to conclusions, follow hunches Trust inspiration

T F Dichotomy: Decision Making

Most

people who prefer Thinking

Are analytical Use cause-and-effect reasoning Solve problems with logic Strive for objective standard of truth Described as reasonable Search for mistake in an argument Fair want everyone treated equally

Most people who prefer Feeling

Empathetic Guided by personal values Assess impact of decisions on people Strive for harmony and positive interactions Described as compassionate Search for point of agreement in an argument Fair want everyone treated as an individual

J P Dichotomy: Lifestyle
Most

people who prefer Judging

Are scheduled/organized Strive to finish one project before starting another May decide things too quickly Try to avoid last-minute stresses; finish tasks well before deadline Try to limit surprises See routines as effective

Most people who prefer Perceiving

Are spontaneous/flexible Start many projects but may have trouble finishing them May decide things too slowly Feel energized by lastminute pressures; finish tasks at the deadline Enjoy surprises See routines as limiting

Occupational Trends by Type

Management Administration Law enforcement Accounting
Skilled trades Technical fields Agriculture Law Enforcement Military Marketing Skilled trades Business Law enforcement Applied technology

ISTJ

Education Health care Religious settings ISFP Health care Business Law enforcement ESFP

ISFJ

Religion Counseling Teaching Arts INFP Counseling Writing Arts ENFP Counseling Teaching Religion Arts ENFJ Religion Arts Teaching

INFJ

Scientific or technical fields Computers Law

INTJ

ISTP

INTP Scientific or technical fields

ESTP

ESTJ Management Administration Law enforcement

Health care Teaching Coaching Childcare worker Skilled trades

ENTP Science Management Technology Arts ENTJ Management Leadership

ESFJ Education Health care Religion

Source: From Introduction to Type and Careers, A.L. Hammer, 1993, Consulting Psychologists Press

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Personality

of individual can be measured using certain tests Testing is the technique by which un observable behaviors are measured Assessment: Projective Tests, Objective Tests and Situational tests, Observation method and interview

Objective test of personality

Also k/a Personality inventory, Self assessment test or self report test certain standardized questions are asked to the person in order to determine the personality of the individual Usually the questions asked are closed ended in nature MMPI, CPI, 16-PF are examples

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Developed by Hathaway and Mc. Kinley, 1943 One of the most widely used test for personality measurement Original version 550, Modified 567 True, False, Can not say response

Ten clinical scales

Hypochondriasis: Belief of suffering from physical illness Depression: Prolonged sadness Hysteria: physical disorders such as blindness, paralysis as an escape from emotional problems Psychopathic deviation: antisocial tendency Masculinity Femininity: sex role reversal

Paranoia: the suspiciousness, delusion of grandeur or persecution in the individual Schizophrenia: unusual thoughts or behaviors accompanied by hallucination and delusion Psychasthenia: obsession compulsion, guilt and indecisiveness of individual

Hypomania: excessive excitement, flight of ideas and over activity Social introversion: shyness, lack of interest in others and feeling of insecurity in an individual Validity scales: Lie scale, Can not say scale

PROJECTIVE TESTS

subject is usually shown a series of ambiguous (confusing) stimuli and asked to respond to those stimuli persons inner unconscious feeling and thinking is reflected while confronting (facing) such ambiguous stimuli

Thematic apperception test

Murray and Morgan in 1935 Based on the concept of psychoanalysis 31 cards including 1 blank card At most 20 cards (including 1 blank card) administrated

Subject has to tell a story: what led the event, what is happening at present, what will be the outcome, what the character are thinking and feeling : 5 minute Not very strict about time Story as dramatic as possible

INTERPRETATION

The hero: important traits of the main characters The need : motives and interests of main character The press: the forces and strengths of environment acting The theme : the actions and reactions between heros environment and his forces The outcome : the concluding situation

RORSCHACHS TEST

Also k/a Rorschachs inkblot test Developed by Herman Rorschach 1921 Consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots of which 5 are black and white and remaining 5 are multicolored Two phases: free association and inquiry phase

RORSCHACHS TEST

ROR.

Free association phase:

what

he saw in each card can rotate the cards in all four directions

subject

subjects response, reactions, time taken for the first response, total time taken and other non verbal changes recorded

ROR..

Inquiry phase: what, where and why of the responses Interpretation

Location:

Whole Blot (W), Large Detail (D), Small usual Detail (d), Reverse Figure ground relationship Form, Color, movement What subject sees, of least significance

Determinants: Content:

Situational Tests

Are the tests in which artificial situations are created and the individual is asked to respond to such situation Frequently used while selecting employee for organization

Personality attributes and workplace behavior

locus of control

Locus of control: Concept developed by Julian Rotter in the 1950 Locus of Control is the degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate May be internal or external

 External

Locus of Control: Individual

believes that his/her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances

Internal Locus of Control: Individual

believes that his/her behavior is guided by his/her personal decisions and efforts

Males tend to be more internal than females

individuals who have high scores in externality are less satisfied with their jobs, have higher absenteeism rates, are more alienated from the work setting, and are less involved on their jobs than are internals

Machiavellianism

Mach is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power high in Machiavellianism is practical, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

degree to which a person behaves to gain power and control the behavior of others High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Mach Conditions Favoring High Mach

Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulations Emotions distract for others

Self esteem

Self-esteem refers to the way we see and think about ourselves degree to which they like or dislike them selves People with high self esteem are more likely to take risks and act proactively than those with low self esteem People with high self esteem: more satisfied

Self monitoring

refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations

capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self

Type A personality

People with Type A personality show high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility

Type A

Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; Feel impatient with the rate at which events take place Strive to think or do two or more things at once; cannot cope with leisure time; Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how may or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B

Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience; Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation; Play for fun and relaxation rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; Can relax without guilt

Risk taking

tendency among human decision makers to take chance or possibility of danger, loss, injury, etc. Individuals differ in the level of risks they take Level of risk taking influences work behavior

Risk-Taking

High Risk-taking Managers

Make quicker decisions Use less information to make decisions Are slower to make decisions Require more information before making decisions Exist in larger organizations with stable environments

Low Risk-taking Managers

thank you to all of you

THE COURSE HAS BEEN FINISHED

WITH PLEASANT EXPERIENCE AS A TEACHER

THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR KIND COOPERATION AND PATIENCE

GOOD LUCK TO ALL OF YOU

KHEM BHATTA

bhattakhem123@gmail.com, 9851121830