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STANDING WAVES BETWEEN SINGULARITIES IN ANELASTIC CONTINUUM OF INFINITE EXTENSION
BJØRN URSIN KARLSEN
To Elizabeth 
Abstract.
Waves in an elastic continuum are mainly of two different types,longitudinal and transversal waves, which are well documented in various text-books. In this paper I will look into the possibility that there might be a thirdalternative, namely standing waves between oscillating nodes in the form of singularities in an elastic continuum of infinite extension. First I will show thata standing wave can form between a hypothetical rigid sphere embedded inthe spatial continuum and the center node, thus establishing that a singularitymay form the one endpoint in such oscillations. Next I will show that if thespatial continuum initially is agitated to an extent that it contains a plethora of such oscillating nodes, they will tend to organize along endless strings. FinallyI will try to look into the possibility that there might be a coupling betweenthe two field components in question, irrotational and solenoidal fields.
1.
The Navier-Cauchy Equation
In order to find how scalar waves propagate in the spatial continuum we startwith recalling the Navier-Cauchy equation(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)
div
u
−
µ
s
curlcurl
u
+
b
=
ρ
s
¨u
.
(1.1)or equivalently by the mathematical identity curl curl
u
=
div
u
−
2
u
µ
s
2
u
+ (
λ
s
+
µ
s
)
div
u
+
b
=
ρ
s
¨u
,
(1.2)At this point it may be appropriate to stress the point that the Navier-Cauchyequation only treats the limit where deformations can be considered infinitesimal,and it must not be mixed up with Navier-Stokes equation, which also incorporatesviscosity and takes into account the hydrodynamic property that
˙v
may be differentfrom
∂ 
v
/∂t
[i.e.
˙v
=
∂ 
v
/∂t
+ (
v
·
)
v
].According to
Helmholtz’s Theorem 
any vector field satisfying[
·
v
]
∞
= 0
,
[
×
v
]
∞
= 0
,
(no velocities at infinite distance from considered area) may be written as the sumof an irrotational part and a solenoidal part,
v
=
−
φ
+
×
A
,
Date
: 20-08-08.
1
 
2 BJØRN URSIN KARLSEN
where
φ
=
−
 
V 
·
v
4
π
|
r
−
r
|
d
3
r
,
A
=
 
V 
×
v
4
π
|
r
−
r
|
d
3
r
,
(see http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HelmholtzsTheorem.html).As the spatial continuum is of infinite extension, or nearly so, any deformationshave to be confined to a finite part of space, so this theorem will be applicable on alldeformations. Hence the displacement field can be decomposed into two properties
u
=
u
1
+
u
2
,
where
u
1
=
−
φ
=
−
grad
φ,
u
2
=
×
Ψ
= curl
Ψ
,
div
Ψ
= 0
.
Since curl grad
φ
≡
0, and div curl
Ψ
≡
0, the Navier-Cauchy equation (1.1) canbe divided into two independent equations, one for an irrotational field
div
u
1
=
ρ
s
(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)
¨u
1
−
b
1
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
,
(1.3)and the other for a solenoidal field
−
curlcurl
u
2
=
ρ
s
µ
s
¨u
2
−
b
2
µ
s
.
(1.4)By defining two new constants
c
1
=
 
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
ρ
s
, c
2
=
 
µ
s
ρ
s
,
(1.5)the N-C equation takes the form
c
21
div
u
−
c
22
curlcurl
u
+
b
ρ
s
=
¨u
.
(1.6)Operating on Equation (1.1) with the
div 
operator and on Equation (1.2) withthe
curl 
operator yields respectively
2
(div
u
)
−
1
c
21
∂ 
2
(div
u
)
∂t
2
=
−
div
b
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
,
(1.7)
2
(curl
u
)
−
1
c
22
∂ 
2
(curl
u
)
∂t
2
=
−
curl
b
µ
s
.
(1.8)With the outer force,
b
, set to zero we have two wave equations where the dilatation,div
u
, satisfies a wave moving with the speed
c
1
, while the rotational componentcurl
u
, satisfies a wave moving with the speed
c
2
. In fact the
Propagation theorem  for isotropic bodies
states that if a body is isotropic, then a wave is either
longitu-dinal 
, in which case
c
=
c
1
, or
transversal 
, in which case
c
=
c
2
[1, page 256]. Thissplitting of the Navier-Cauchy equation into one irrotational and one solenoidalpart, allows us to examine these two parts separately and thereby simplifies thestrain-stress relation immensely by reducing the elastic constants to only one singleconstant (the wave speed) in each equation (
c
1
=
c
2
). We see from Equation (1.5)that the two wave speeds are related to each other with a fixed constant given by
 
3
the relation
c
1
=
 
2 +
λ
s
/µ
s
·
c
2
, where
c
1
might be about the double of 
c
2
(alsodubbed
c
without the index in the text to follow). Notice also that all informationof curl
u
is lost in Equation (1.7) and all information of div
u
in Equation (1.8).The energy in a deformation field with no surface trajectories is given by
Kelvin’stheorem 
[1, page 208]:
E 
=
 
B
12
ρ
s
˙u
2
+
12
(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
)(div
u
)
2
+
12
µ
(curl
u
)
2
dv.
(1.9)The theorem states that to a curl
u
, a div
u
, and a velocity field˙
u
there alwayscorresponds an energy equal to
E 
, but it does not tell exactly where in the fieldthe energy is to be found. With this restriction in mind, the local energy density,
e
, in a spatial continuum of infinite extension can all the same be define as
1
e
=
12
ρ
s
˙u
2
+
12
(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)(div
u
)
2
+
12
µ
s
(curl
u
)
2
.
(1.10)2.
Scalar longitudinal waves in the spatial continuum
By setting
φ
= div
u
in Equation (1.7) and consider a field without any outerforces, we get the wave equation
2
φ
=1
c
21
∂ 
2
φ∂t
2
,
(2.1)or the even simpler wave equation for plane, longitudinal waves
∂ 
2
φ∂x
2
=1
c
21
∂ 
2
φ∂t
2
.
(2.2)It can be solved in several ways, but here I will apply d’
Alembert
’s solution. Let
ξ
≡
c
1
t
−
xη
≡
c
1
t
+
x.
Since
x
=
f 
1
(
ξ,η
) and
t
=
f 
2
(
ξ,η
) we have by the chain rule
∂ ∂x
=
∂ ∂ξ
·
∂ξ∂x
+
∂ ∂η
·
∂η∂x
=
−
∂ ∂ξ
+
∂ ∂η,∂ ∂t
=
∂ ∂ξ
·
∂ξ∂t
+
∂ ∂η
·
∂η∂t
=
c
1
∂ ∂ξ
+
c
1
∂ ∂η.
By applying these operators on Equation (2.2) it reduces to
∂ 
2
φ∂ξ∂η
= 0
.
This partial differential equation can be integrated in two steps, and the generalsolution is
φ
=
f 
(
ξ
) +
g
(
η
) or
φ
=
f 
(
c
1
t
−
x
) +
g
(
c
1
t
+
x
)
.
The two functions
f 
(
c
1
t
−
x
) and
g
(
c
1
t
+
x
) represent by a certain time
t
=
t
0
a disturbance, or wave-formation, which when it first is started, propagates withvelocity
c
1
in the x-axis’s positive or negative direction respectively.
1
The corresponding expression for the energy density in an electromagnetic field has the samelimitation, but nonetheless it is usually interpreted as the
local 
energy density.
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