3
the irrotational part of Navier-Cauchy equation (1.1) with
¨u
set to zero to find thedeformation(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)graddiv
u
=
13
grad
e.
(1.8)If we choose to set the displacement vector,
u
, like zero in the undeformed space,i.e. the space outside the confined energy, then both div
u
and
e
are falling downto zero outside the volume,
V
, were the radiation energy is confined, so Equation(1.8) can be solveddiv
u
=
e
3(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)
.
(1.9)The physical meaning of (1.8) is that the outwards directed force caused by theconfined radiation energy,
e
, is counteracted by an inwards directed force causedby the gradient of the displacement. The graddiv
u
-field represents the force thatkeeps the radiation at bay. The deduction above, however, does not prove that theradiation has got to be confined (the reason for that must be sought elsewhere),only that if there is a certain amount of confined energy, then there has got to bea displacement that sets up an exact balance of forces between the expanding forceof the confined energy and the gradient of the pressure in space. Moreover, fromthe divergence theorem
V
(
A
·
n
)
df
=
V
div
A
dV
(1.10)we can infer that the displacement is independent of how densely the energy isdistributed in space;
a certain amount of confined energy will always displace thesame amount of the spatial continuum regardless of how it is distributed
. Hence thetotal displacement from a volume of space where an amount of disturbance energy,
E
, is confined is given by
D
=
E
3(
λ
s
+ 2
µ
s
)
.
(1.11)1.2.
The expanding spatial continuum.
The spatial continuum can be consid-ered to behave like being confined in a huge spherical container with receding wallsmoving outwards with some constant – or nearly constant – speed
V
, such that thespace it occupies expands in all directions. The radius of the container is given by
R
=
V T
where
T
is the age of the universe since it was born in the Big Bang. If the expansion is uniform, then a nearby point to an observer is moving outwardswith a speed given by
v
=
r
T
=
r
H,
where
H
def
=1
T
(1.12)is known as Hubble’s constant. In this model it is not a constant at all, but in thecourse of a short time span at a cosmic scale, it can all the same be consideredconstant. We can also take the time derivative of
H
and acquire˙
H
=
−
1
T
2
=
−
H
2
,
(1.13)which is an extremely small quantity.
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