• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
THE PROPERTY OF INERTIA IN A TRUE SPATIALCONTINUUM
BJØRN URSIN KARLSEN
To Elizabeth 
Abstract.
A traditional elastic medium like steel consists of material parti-cles bound together by electromagnetic forces. The medium gets its inertialproperties from the masses of these particles, and if it is compressed, its massdensity increases because more particles are squeezed into a smaller volume.On the other hand mass is proportional with energy according to Einstein’srelation,
E 
=
Mc
2
. In this paper I will discuss a couple of ways a true spa-tial continuum can acquire inertia and how mass density changes by beingcompressed. Finally I will discuss how the wave speed is affected.
1.
Spatial continuum mechanics
1.1.
Strain.
In this section I will introduce some necessary tensors in order todescribe the deformation of an initially homogeneous spatial continuum.In a true
spatial continuum 
it will be possible to displace spatial points awayfrom their original positions. We consider the configuration of spatial points B
0
attime
t
0
in a 3D Euclidian space E3. In B
0
, space is undeformed and unstressed.The position vector of a point P
0
of B
0
relative to the origin O of an orthogonalCartesian coordinate system is denoted by
X
=
X 
i
i
i
,
where
X 
i
:
X 
1
,X 
2
,X 
3
are
Lagrangian
or
material coordinates
and
i
i
=
i
i
are unit vectors along the
X 
i
-axes. We now suppose the spatial continuum to take at a certain time
t
a newconfiguration
B
in E3. Thus, the point
P 
0
is moved into the position
P 
which willbe determined with respect to the same origin by the position vector
x
=
x
i
i
i
,
where
x
i
:
x
1
,x
2
,x
3
are called
Euler
or
spatial coordinates
.We now assume the mapping of 
B
0
into
B
such that the correspondence of thepoint
P 
0
and
P 
is one to one and may be described by the transformation
x
i
=
x
i
(
X 
1
,X 
2
,X 
3
,t
)
→
x
=
x
(
X
,t
)
,
which is reversible
X 
i
=
X 
i
(
x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,t
)
→
X
=
X
(
x
,t
)
.
Date
: 20:08:08.Thanks to a friend who wants to be anonymous, because he has supplied me with importantbooks, and given me the term ”The spatial continuum”.
1
 
2 BJØRN URSIN KARLSEN
This condition is satisfied if the functions
x
i
and
X 
i
are single valued and at leastonce continuously differentiable with respect to their arguments. In addition the
Jacobian
must be positive:
J 
=
∂x
i
∂X 
j
>
0
.
We now imbed a
convective
coordinate system into the spatial continuum, i.e.the coordinate system undergo the same deformations as the spatial continuumitself. In such a coordinate system any point will maintain the same coordinates,Θ
i
: (Θ
1
,
Θ
2
,
Θ
3
), within the course of the deformation. It follows that
X 
i
=
X 
i
(Θ
1
,
Θ
2
,
Θ
3
)
→
X
=
X
(Θ
1
,
Θ
2
,
Θ
3
)
,
(1.1)and
x
i
=
x
i
(Θ
1
,
Θ
2
,
Θ
3
)
→
x
=
x
(Θ
1
,
Θ
2
,
Θ
3
)
.
(1.2)The coordinate system will in general be curvilinear, but it will always be possibleto select it as Cartesian coordinates for example Θ
i
=
x
i
in
B
at a given time
t
,which would make the corresponding coordinate lines in
B
0
curvilinear. I will keepthis possibility in mind for later use. For now we suppose the mapping of 
B
0
into
B
to be described by curvilinear coordinates Θ
i
.The line elements in the undeformed state can be derived from (1.1)
d
Θ
i
=
∂ 
Θ
i
∂X 
j
dX 
j
, dX 
i
=
∂X 
i
∂ 
Θ
j
d
Θ
j
,
and, similarly in the deformed state, from (1.2) at a fixed time
td
Θ
i
=
∂ 
Θ
i
∂x
j
dx
j
, dx
i
=
∂x
i
∂ 
Θ
j
d
Θ
j
.
From (1.1) we also derive the base vectors related to
P 
0
G
i
=
X
,
i
=
∂ 
X
∂ 
Θ
i
=
∂X 
k
∂ 
Θ
i
i
k
,
G
i
=
∂ 
Θ
i
∂X 
k
i
k
,
and accordingly from (1.2) the base vectors related to
P 
g
i
=
x
,
i
=
∂ 
x
∂ 
Θ
i
=
∂x
k
∂ 
Θ
i
i
k
,
g
i
=
∂ 
Θ
i
∂ 
x
k
i
k
,
The position of point
P 
relative to
P 
0
is called
the displacement vector 
anddenoted
u
. We introduce for
u
two sets of components
U 
i
and
u
i
u
=
u
(Θ
i
,t
) = (
x
−
X
) =
U 
i
G
i
=
u
i
g
i
.
defined with respect to the undeformed basis
G
i
and the deformed basis
g
i
, respec-tively.The
vectorial line elements
d
X
and
d
x
related respectively to the material andspatial coordinates
X
and
x
are given by
d
X
=
∂ 
X
∂ 
Θ
i
d
Θ
i
=
G
i
d
Θ
i
,
 
3
d
x
=
∂ 
x
∂ 
Θ
i
d
Θ
i
=
g
i
d
Θ
i
.
The
deformation gradient 
is defined by:
F
=
g
i
⊗
G
i
,
(1.3)and accordingly the inverse tensors by
F
−
1
=
G
i
⊗
g
i
.
(1.4)For later use we introduce the
Lagrangian
gradient of 
x
referring to the unde-formed stategrad
x
=
∂ 
x
∂X 
j
⊗
i
j
=
∂ 
x
∂ 
Θ
i
⊗
∂ 
Θ
i
∂X 
j
i
j
=
g
i
⊗
G
i
=
F
,
(1.5)and similarly the spatial or
Euler
gradientgrad
X
=
∂ 
X
∂x
j
⊗
i
j
=
∂ 
X
∂ 
Θ
i
⊗
∂ 
Θ
i
∂x
j
i
j
=
G
i
⊗
g
i
=
F
−
1
.
Hence
F
= grad(
X
+
u
) =
G
+ grad
u
.
(1.6)Note that
G
=
I
, the identity tensor in the undeformed base.By contracting (1.3) and (1.4) by
G
i
and
g
i
respectively we acquire
FG
i
= (
g
m
⊗
G
m
)
G
i
=
g
m
(
G
m
·
G
i
) =
g
m
δ
mi
=
g
i
(1.7)
F
−
1
g
i
= (
G
m
⊗
g
m
)
g
i
=
G
m
(
g
m
·
g
i
) =
G
m
δ
mi
=
G
i
(1.8)from which it clearly follows that the deformation gradient transforms the convec-tive curvilinear coordinate system from the undeformed to the deformed basis andvise versa. Furthermore by contracting (1.7) and (1.8) by
d
Θ
i
we obtain
g
i
d
Θ
i
= (
FG
i
)
d
Θ
i
=
F
(
G
i
d
Θ
i
)
→
d
x
=
F
d
X
,
G
i
d
Θ
i
= (
F
−
1
g
i
)
d
Θ
i
=
F
−
1
(
g
i
d
Θ
i
)
→
d
X
=
F
−
1
d
x
,
from which it is clear that
F
can also be used to transform a line element in theundeformed basis to a line element in the deformed basis and conversely. Theseformulas clearly are independent of which coordinate system we choose to use.As with any second-order tensor the
polar decomposition theorem 
states that thedeformation gradient
F
can be
multiplicatively 
decomposed in the form
F
=
RU
=
vR
(1.9)into a
rotation tensor 
R
, which is
orthogonal 
, and a
right stretch tensor 
U
or a
left stretch tensor 
v
, which are supposed to be
positive definite
and
symmetric
. Thesetranslations can geometrically be interpreted as a stretch of a volume element by
U
, a rotation by
R
, and a translation by
u
, or a translation by
u
, a rotation by
R
,and a stretch by
v
.In general any symmetric second-order tensor, in this case
U
and
v
, possessesthree eigenvalues
λ
i
and three orthogonal principal axes which can be determinedby the eigenvectors
N
i
. If the tensor
U
refers to the orthonormal basis
N
i
U
=
U 
ij
N
i
⊗
N
j
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...