Chng 2

TAO VA QUAN TRI C S D LIU

ThS. Lng Th Ngc Khnh Khoa CNTT H TT Email: ltnkhanh@it.tdt.edu.vn Link down BG: http://it.tdt.edu.vn/~ltnkhanh/

Cu trc vt l ca CSDL SQL Server

Mi database trong SQL Server cha t nht mt data file chnh (primary), c th c thm mt hay nhiu data file ph (Secondary) v mt transaction log file.

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Cu trc vt l ca CSDL SQL Server (tt)

Primary data file:

file chnh cha data v nhng system tables (ui .mdf) file ph thng ch s dng khi database c phn chia cha trn nhiu a (ui .ndf) file ghi li tt c nhng thay i din ra trong mt database v cha y thng tin c th roll back hay roll forward khi cn (ui .ldf)

Secondary data file:

Transaction log file:

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Cu trc vt l ca CSDL SQL Server (tt)

User view

C s d liu

Physical Implementation

Mi CSDL ch c mt file .mdf

Data1.mdf

Data2.ndf

Log1.ldf

V mt logic, d liu trong CSDL c t chc trong cc i tng ca csdl V mt vt l, CSDL c lu tr trn 2 hoc nhiu tp tin
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C s d liu h thng

Trong SQL Server, tt c thng tin h thng c lu trong CSDL h thng Tt c CSDL ngi dng c qun l bi CSDL h thng SQL Server cung cp v h tr CSDL h thng sau:

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C s d liu h thng (tt)

Database master Description Lu tr tt c thng tin h thng ca Sql Server nh cc thit lp cu hnh h thng ca SQL Server C s d liu c SQL Server Agent s dng lp lch mt s cng vic thng nht CSDL mu to ra cc CSDL ngi dng

msdb

model

resource

CSDL ch c. Cha cc i tng h thng trong SQL Server

CSDL lu tr cc i tng to ra tm thi trong qu trnh lm vic bi user hay do bn thn SQL Server engine
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tempdb

Cac i tng ca c s d liu

i tng Table M t i tng lu tr d liu ca CSDL

Data Type
View Stored procedure

Kiu d liu
View l i tng CSDL cha cc cu lnh SELECT L i tng cha cc tp lnh T-SQL

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Cac i tng ca c s d liu (tt)

i tng Function Index Constraint M t Hm nh ngha cc logic x l i tng CSDL nhm truy cp d liu nhanh hn Rng buc d liu, c thit lp trn 1 ct hoc nhiu ct d liu thit lp ton vn d liu

Trigger

L loi th tc lu tr c bit, c thc thi khi d liu trong bng thay i

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Cac i tng ca c s d liu (tt)

i tng M t

Logins

Mt ngi dng c nh danh bi Login ID kt ni n SQL Server. SQL Server h tr 2 c ch chng thc l Windows Authentication v SQL Server Authentication. Nhn din mi ngi dng trong mi CSDL. Quyn truy cp ca ngi dng da trn i tng ny.

Users

Roles Groups

Vai tr, l nhm ngi dng cng chc nng Nhm nhiu SQL Server li thnh mt Groups

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Kin trc vt l c s d liu

Pages and Extents

Page:

n v lu tr d liu c s trong SQL Server Khng gian a c cp pht cho tp tin d liu (.mdf hoc ndf) ca mt csdl c phn chia logic thnh cc page v c nh s lin tc t 0 n n. SQL Server thc hin c ghi d liu trn cc page ny C kch thc l 8 Kbs (1MB c 128 pages). 96 byte u tin ca page (page header) lu tr cc thng tin h thng v page nh: s trang, loi trang (data, Index, text/image,..), ch s ID ca trang

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Kin trc vt l c s d liu (tt)

Pages and Extents

Mt Extent l 8 page lin tip, tc l 64 KB. C 16 Extent trn mi MB

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Kin trc vt l c s d liu (tt)

Database Files and Filegroups Space Allocation and Reuse

SQL Server phn b vng nh cho cc i tng v ly li vng nh khi cc hng, i tng b xa Table and Index Architecture Mi bng v ch mc, cc hng d liu c lu tr trn 8KB gi l page

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Kin trc vt l c s d liu

Transaction Log Architecture

Mi c s d liu trong SQL Server u bao gm file log ghi li tt c cc giao dch v thao tc c s d liu. Cc thao tc h tr bi giao dch gm:

Khi phc li tng giao dch Khi phc li tt c cc giao dch cha hon tt khi SQL Server khi ng Khi phc d liu v trc v tr m h thng b li

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Kin trc c s d liu quan h

Relational database engine c hai phn chnh: relational engine v storage engine
Relational Engine

OLE DB

Storage Engine

Local Database

Local Database

Local Database

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Kin trc c s d liu quan h (tt)

Query Processor Architecture

Cc cu lnh gi t ng dng ngi dng n SQL Server l cc cu lnh SQL. Cc cu lnh SQL c SQL Server thc hin theo mt trong nhng cch sau:

Single SQL Statement Processing X l l/ tp lnh Thc thi Stored Procedure v Trigger Execution Plan Caching and Reuse Parallel Query Processing

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Kin trc c s d liu quan h (tt)

Input/Output (I/O) Architecture

Vic c/ghi a tn nhiu ti nguyn v mt nhiu thi gian gii phng ti nguyn. SQL Server phn b khng gian b nh m ln lu tr tm v trnh vic c ghi a thng

Distributed Query Architecture

Truy vn phn tn c th truy cp d liu hn tp trn nhiu ngun d liu trn cng hoc cc my khc nhau. SQL Server h tr truy vn phn tn bng vic s dng Microsoft OLE DB Provider.
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Cac CSDL c SQL Server h tr

SQL Server h tr ba loi c s d liu:

c to ra bi SQL Server. Cc c s d liu ny c s dng lu thng tin v SQL Server. Ngoi ra, cn c s dng qun l cc c s d liu ngi dng .

C s d liu h thng

C s d liu ngi dng nh ngha

Ngi s dng SQL Server c th to cc c s d liu ngi dng nh ngha Mc ch ca cc c s d liu ny l lu d liu ca ngi s dng SQL Server cung cp cc c s d liu mu ngi s dng lm vic

C s d liu v d

C s d liu mu c gii thiu trong SQL Server 2008 nh Advantureworks

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Khai nim v c s d liu

Database dng

Cha cc bng, bng o, th tc ni, Mi database c mt danh sch cc ngi dng

Ngi dng phi c quyn truy cp database C th phn nhm ngi dng cp quyn SQL Server 2000 h tr Application Role

Cc database h thng

Master, Model, TempDB, msdb Advantureworks

Cc database v d (sql server 2008)

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Cac tp tin vt l lu tr c s d liu

Mt database bao gm ti thiu hai file

.mdf: lu tr cc i tng trong database nh table, view,

C th b sung thm cc tp tin lu tr khc T chc tt cc tp tin lu tr gip tng tc x l H tr phc hi d liu H tr backup/restore d liu

.ldf: lu tr qu trnh cp nht/thay i d liu

Cc thng s v kch thc

Initial size File growth Maximum file size

.mdf .ndf
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.ldf

Tao mt CSDL

C th to CSDL bng:

Cu lnh CREATE DATABASE SQL Server Management Studio

to mt c s d liu ngi dng, cc thng tin sau c yu cu:

Tn ca c s d liu Ngi s hu hoc ngi to c s d liu Kch thc ca c s d liu Cc tp tin v nhm cc tp tin c s dng lu tr c s d liu

Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh

Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database

C php to mt c s d liu ngi dng l: CREATE DATABASE Tn_CSDL On Primary ( Name=logical_file_name , -- Tn file logic FileName='os_file_name ' -- Tn file vt l Size=size [ KB | MB | GB | TB ] ] , -- Kch thc tp tin ban u MaxSize=max_size [ KB | MB | GB | TB ] | UNLIMITED], -- Kch thc ti a FileGrowth=growth_increment -- Kch thc tng trng ) Log On ( Name= logical_file_name, FileName=os_file_name', Size=size, MaxSize=max_size, FileGrowth= growth_increment ); Go Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh

Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

Tham s:

Database_name: tham chiu ti toan b CSDL name: ch nh tn logic se s dng bn trong SQL Server tham chiu ti tp tin CSDL vt l trn a cng. Filename: ng dn v tn tp tin gn lin vi v tr ca d liu trn a cng. N phi la a cng cc b.

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Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

Size: ch nh tp tin CSDL se ln nh th nao Maxsize: ch nh kch thc ln nht ma CSDL c th pht trin ti Filegrowth: ch nh tng nao c s dng i vi vic t ng pht trin ca tp tin CSDL. Log on: m t ni ma cc tp tin nht k chuyn tc c tim kim va kch thc ca chung la bao nhiu.

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Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

V d 1:

To mt CSDL danh ra 20MB luc u cho phn d liu v 5MB cho nht k chuyn tc. Cc tp tin c th pht trin ln ti 100MB i vi d liu va 15MB i vi nht ky chuyn tc.

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Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

CREATE DATABAE Frogger on primary ( NAME = FroggerData, FILENAME = 'D:\BTSQL\FroggerData.mdf', SIZE = 20MB, MAXSIZE = 100mb, FILEGROWTH = 10MB) LOG ON ( NAME = FroggerLog, FILENAME = 'D:\BTSQL\FroggerLog.ldf', SIZE = 5MB, MAXSIZE = 15MB, FILEGROWTH = 1MB )
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Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

V d 2:
CREATE DATABASE Products ON ( NAME = prods_dat, FILENAME = D:\BTSQL\prods.mdf', SIZE = 4, MAXSIZE = 10, FILEGROWTH = 1)
Lu y: Nu khng ch nh mt transaction log file th SQL s t ng to ra 1 log file vi kch thc ban u l 1 MB.
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Tao CSDL Cu lnh Create database (tt)

V d: To csdl c tn l QLSV

CREATE DATABASE QLSV On Primary( Name = QLSV_data, -- Tn file logic: QLSV_data FileName ='C:\QLSV.mdf',-- Tn file vt l Size = 50MB, -- size file ban u:50MB MaxSize = Unlimited,-- size ti a: Khng gii hn FileGrowth = 10MB -- size tng trng: 10 MB ) Log On ( Name = QLSV_log, FileName = 'C:\QLSV.ldf', S dng th Size = 50MB, tc sp_helpdb MaxSize = 100MB, xem li thng tin csdl FileGrowth = 10MB c to ra ) ;
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Tao CSDL Dung SQL Server Management Studio

Thc hin theo cc bc sau:

M SQL Server Management Studio Right-click ln trn "database" v chn "New Database" Nhp tn CSDL Kch phi chut vao tn CSDL va to va chn Properties hoc (kch up chut). the General ta c cc thng tin chung ca CSDL (tn, kch thc) thay i thuc tnh cc tp tin CSDL, kch chut vao the va hp thch hp, thc hin cc thay i va nhn OK.
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Tao CSDL Dung SQL Server Management Studio

ng dn vt ly ca file d liu Tn file d liu

Tuy chn file t ng tng trng c bt

Tao CSDL Dung SQL Server Management Studio

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Thao tac vi CSDL

Lnh m CSDL lm vic

C php USE database_name

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

Hiu chnh thuc tnh ca tp tin

C php:
ALTER DATABASE database_name MODIFY FILE( NAME = logical_file_name , FILENAME = os_file_name , SIZE = size , MAXSIZE = max_size , FILEGROWTH = size )
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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

V d:
ALTER DATABASE QLSV
MODIFY FILE (NAME = QLSV_data, SIZE = 60MB)

V d: Lnh hy kh nng t tng trng cho csdl QLSV

ALTER DATABASE QLSV MODIFY FILE ( NAME = QLSV_data, FILEGROWTH = 0)
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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

C php gim kch thc ca csdl hin hnh:

USE database_name DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (NAME database_name , target_percent)

V d:
USE QLSV DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (NAME = QLSV , 20);

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

C php gim kch thc tp tin ca csdl hin hnh:

USE database_name DBCC SHRINKFILE (NAME logical_file_name , target_size)

V d: Gim kch thc tp tin d liu ca csdl QLSV xung 20MB

USE QLSV DBCC SHRINKFILE 20) (NAME = QLSV_data ,

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

B sung thm tp tin d liu v tp tin nht k cho CSDL

ALTER DATABASE database_name ADD FILE [TO FILEGROUP filegroup_name]| LOG FILE ( NAME = logical_file_name , FILENAME = os_file_name , SIZE = size , MAXSIZE = max_size , FILEGROWTH = max_size )
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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

V d:
ALTER DATABASE QLSV ADD FILE ( NAME = QLSV_data2, filename = D:\qlsv_data2.ndf, size = 2, maxsize = 5, filegrowth = 2)

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

G b mt tp tin khi CSDL

C php: ALTER DATABASE database_name REMOVE FILE logical_name

Lu :

Tp tin phi trng trc khi g b S dng DBCC SHRINKFILE vi ty chn EMPTYFILE lm trng mt tp tin.

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

V d:
USE QLSV GO DBCC SHRINKFILE ( QLSV_DATA, EMPTYFILE ) GO ALTER DATABASE QLSV REMOVE FILE QLSV_DATA

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

i tn CSDL: c 2 cch

C php 1: ALTER DATABASE database_name MODIFY NAME = new_database_name

ALTER DATABASE baitap MODIFY NAME = baitap1

V d:

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

C php 2: Thc thi th tc lu tr h thng sp_renamedb i tn CSDL sp_renamedb old name, new name

V d:
sp_renamedb 'baitap1 , 'baitap

Lu y khi i tn:

CSDL phi ch mt ngi dung Phi lam vic trong CSDL chnh thc thi th tc trn

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

G b (xa) mt CSDL:

G b thng tin ca CSDL t cc bng h thng v g b cc tp tin nht k v d liu t h thng. Mt CSDL b xa ch c th to li bng cch khi phc n t bn sao Khng mt ngi dung nao c th trong CSDL ti thi im n b xa. Phi la thanh vin ca db_owner (hoc vai tr my ch sysadmin) xa CSDL.

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Thao tac vi CSDL (tt)

Cu php:
DROP DATABASE database_name

C th xa nhiu CSDL mt luc DROP DATABASE database_name2

database_name,

Xa bng SQL Server Management Studio:

Chn CSDL cn xa Kch chut phi v chn Delete, nhn Yes cho thng bo xc nhn

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Cac phng phap thay i CSDL

Cc kiu thay i Cac phng phap thay i

Tng kch thc S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE hoc cc ca CSDL thuc tnh CSDL trong SQL Server Management Studio.
Thay i v tr vt S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE l ca CSDL

Thm tp tin ghi S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE hoc cc vt d liu v giao thuc tnh CSDL trong SQL Server Management dch Studio
Co rt mt CSDL S dng pht biu DBCC SHRINKDATABASE hoc chn la Shrink Database trong SQL Server Management Studio, chp nhn la chn ny trong mc CSDL cn co rt.

Co rt mt tp tin S dng pht biu DBCC SHRINKFILE ThS. Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh K. CNTT - H Tn c Thng CSDL

Cac phng phap thay i CSDL (tt)

Cc kiu thay i Cac phng phap thay i

Xa b cc tp tin S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE hoc cc d liu hoc tp thuc tnh CSDL trong Server Management Studio. tin ghi vt Thm mt nhm S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE hoc cc tp tin vo CSDL thuc tnh CSDL trong Server Management Studio.

Thay i nhm tp S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE. tin mc nh

Thay i cc chn S dng pht biu ALTER DATABASE hoc cc la CSDL thuc tnh CSDL trong Server Management Studio. . Thay i ngi s S dng th tc lu tr h thng sp_changedbowner hu CSDL
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Bn chp CSDL (Database Snapshots)

Bn chp CSDL:

L bn ch c, khung nhn tnh ca mt CSDL SQL Server. Tnh nng mi trong t Microsoft SQL Server 2005/2008.
CREATE DATABASE database_snapshot_name ON( NAME = logical_file_name, FILENAME = os_file_name ) [ ,...n ] AS SNAPSHOT OF source_database_name [;]
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To mt bn chp CSDL:

Bn chp CSDL (tt)

Bn chp c khi D To liu To bn c CSDL chp saphc i

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Bn chp CSDL (tt)

u im
Bn chp cung cp mt thun tin, mt bn copy ch c ca d liu. Khi mt bn chp c truy vn, khng lm gim hiu sut ca i tng c quan st. Cc tp tin d liu ca bn chp l nh v c to ra rt nhanh. N ch ln khi c s d liu l ch th thay i thng xuyn.

Nhc im
Bn sao ca bn chp khng th c to ra. Bn chp phi tn ti trn cng my ch c s d liu cng vi c s d liu gc. Mt ngi s dng mi khng th c quyn truy cp vo d liu trong bn chp. Quyn c tha k t c s d liu gc khi n tn ti ti thi im to ra bn chp.

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Nhm tp tin (file group)

Cc tp tin:

L mt n v lu tr vt l C cha cc i tng CSDL C mt file logic v file vt l

Gm nhiu tp tin c nhm li thc hin v qun l tt hn. Mt nhm tp tin logic c th cha nhiu tp tin vt l.

Nhm tp tin

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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

Nhm tp tin M t Primary Nhm tp tin cha tp tin chnh. Cc bng h thng c t trong nhm tp tin chnh. User-defined Bt k nhm tp tin c to bi ngi s dng ti thi im to hoc thay i c s d liu.

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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

Lu :

Nhm tp tin c th c to cng lc vi to CSDL hoc thm vo sau. Mt tp tin khng th thuc nhiu hn 1 nhm tp tin ti cng thi im. Cc tp tin khng th di chuyn n cc nhm tp tin khc sau khi cc tp tin c thm vo trong csdl. Nhm tp tin c th ch cha cc file d liu v khng c cc file giao dch.

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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

Thm nhm tp tin trong khi to CSDL.

C php: CREATE DATABASE database_name [ON [PRIMARY] [<filespec> [ ,...n ] [,<filegroup> [ ,...n ]] [LOG ON { <filespec> [ ,...n ] }] ] [COLLATE collation_name ] ] [;]
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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

CREATE DATABASE DB_Nhomtaptin ON PRIMARY ( NAME = 'DB_Nhomtaptin', FILENAME = 'd:\baitap\DB_Nhomtaptin.mdf' , SIZE = 2048KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 1024KB ), FILEGROUP group1 ( NAME = 'DB_Nhomtaptin1', FILENAME = 'd:\baitap\DB_Nhomtaptin.ndf' , SIZE = 2048KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 1024KB )LOG ON ( NAME = 'DB_Nhomtaptin_log', FILENAME ='d:\baitap\DB_Nhomtaptin_log.ldf' , SIZE = 1024KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 10% )
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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

Thm nhm tp tin vo CSDL c

C php: ALTER DATABASE database_name{ <add_or_modify_files> | <add_or_modify_filegroups> | <set_database_options> | MODIFY NAME = new_database_name | COLLATE collation_name } [;]

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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

V d:

Thm nhm tp tin group1 vo csdl QLSV

alter database QLSV add filegroup group1

Thm file vo nhm tp tin group1

alter database QLSV add file( NAME = QLSV_add', FILENAME='d:\Bai tap\QLSV_add.ndf' , SIZE = 2048KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 1024KB ) to filegroup group1

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Nhm tp tin (file group) (tt)

Bng sau lit k mt s hm h thng, v cc th tc lu tr h thng tr v thng tin ca cc c s d liu, cc tp tin, v cc nhm tp tin:
M t Hm ny tr v s ID ca c s d liu. Hm ny tr v tn ca c s d liu Hm ny tr v s ID ca tp tin theo tn tp tin lun l trong c s d liu hin ti. Hm ny tr v tn lun l ca tp tin theo s ID ca tp tin cho trc.
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Cc hm DB_ID DB_NAME FILE_ID FILE_NAME

Sao lu CSDL (Backup database)

Cc Loi Backup:

Full Database Backups:

Copy tt c data files trong mt database. Tt c nhng user data v database objects nh system tables, indexes, user-defined tables u c backup. Copy nhng thay i trong tt c data files k t ln full backup gn nht.

Differential Database Backups:

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Sao lu CSDL (Backup database)

File or File Group Backups:

Copy mt data file n hay mt file group. Tng t nh differential database backup nhng ch copy nhng thay i trong data file n hay mt file group. Ghi nhn tt c cc transactions cha trong transaction log file k t ln transaction log backup gn nht. Loi backup ny cho php phc hi d liu tr ngc li vo mt thi im no trong qu kh.

Differential File or File Group Backups:

Transaction Log Backups:

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Sao lu CSDL (Backup database) (tt)

Thut Ng Gii Thch Qu trnh copy ton b hay mt phn ca database, transaction log, file hay file group hnh thnh mt backup set. Backup set c cha trn backup media (tape or disk) bng cch s dng mt backup device (tape drive name hay physical filename) Mt file vt l (nh C:\SQLBackups\Full.bak) File cha mt backup set Disk hay tape c s dng cha mt backup set. Backup media c th cha nhiu backup sets Mt b backup t mt ln backup n c cha trn backup media.
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Backup

Backup Device Backup File Backup Media Backup Set

Sao lu CSDL (Backup database) (tt)

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Sao lu CSDL (Backup database) (tt)

Sao lu vi SQL Server Management Studio

Click vo database mun backup Right-click Tasks Backup Database... Ty theo yu cu ca database m chn cc option thch hp. Ngoi ra, c th schedule cho SQL Server backup nh k.
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Phc hi CSDL (Restore Database)

Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh

Bi tp

1. Lnh sau lm g?

Alter database Test Add file (name = test_data2, C:\test_data2.ndf, size = 10)

filename

2. To mt csdl vi tn gi l Frog vi cc c im sau:

Hai tp tin d liu tn l Frogdata1 v Frogdata2, mi khi to ban u l 3MB, c th pht trin ti 20MB, mi ln pht trin 2MB Hai tp tin nht k tn l Froglog1, Froglog2, mi khi to l 1MB, kch thc ti a l 5MB, s dng ch pht trin t ng.
ThS. Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh K. CNTT - H Tn c Thng

Bi tp (tt)

3. Thm tp tin d liu khc tn l Frogdata3 vi cc thuc tnh mc nhin cho tt c cc gi tr khc 4. Co csdl li 20% 5. Lm rng tp tin Froglog2 6. G b tp tin Froglog2 7. i tn csdl l Treelog 8. Xa csdl

ThS. Lng Thi Ngoc Khanh K. CNTT - H Tn c Thng