ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering

Lecture 04: Pipeline Flow and Thermal Analysis

Shawn Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland spkenny@engr.mun.ca

Lecture 04 Objective

To provide an overview heat transfer mechanisms and simple engineering tool to assess thermal performance in context of pipeline hydraulics

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction

Direct contact Relatively inefficient Flow or circulation Natural or forced

(advection)

Convection

Radiation

Electromagnetic energy Emissivity Ability to absorb and

radiate energy

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Thermal Effects

Flow Assurance

Viscosity effects on pressure drop Process facilities Wax, asphaltene, hydrate formation Reduced strength Corrosion rates Creep Thermal expansion Upheaval, lateral buckling Flow assurance Axial walking, ratcheting
2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Material behaviour

Mechanical design

Shut-in & start-up operations

Liquid Hydrocarbon Viscosity

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Heat Transfer Conduction

Fourier Law
Q heat loss per unit length (W/m) t time (s) k material thermal conductivity (W/m/K) S surface area (m2) T temperature (K) U heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)

Q = k T dS t S
Q T = kA t x

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Heat Transfer Conduction (cont.)

Steady State Conditions

Integrate per unit length

dr, T

Annular layer Temperature gradient

Q T = kA t x
k 2 T Q = r ln 2 r1
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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

QT

Q = U A T
U= 1 r k r ln 2 r1 A = 2 r

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Heat Transfer Conduction (cont.)

Multiple Layer System

Heat transfer coefficient

1 1 = R 1 + 1 + 1 U1 U 2 U3

Q = U A T
UT =

A T QT = r1 r2 r2 + + + k1 k2 k2

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Heat Transfer Conduction (cont.)

Buried Pipeline
inside pipe radius ro outside pipe radius in contact with the soil
ri

U buried

ksoil ksoil 1 = 1 = ri 2 ri 1 H H H cosh + ln 1 r o ro ro

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Thermal Conductivity Parameters

Common Materials (W/m/K)

Steel Concrete Soil Neoprene PP syntactic PU syntactic PU light foam

45 1.2 1.02.0 0.26 0.150.20 0.100.15 0.020.03

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Heat Transfer Coefficient, U (W/m2-K)

Non-insulated Single Wall

25 W/m2K Burial decrease U by ~1/3

Pipeline Bundle

1.52.5 3.0.6.0 0.51.0

Ref: McKechnie and Hayes (2003) Ref: Geertsenand Ofredi (2000)

Insulated Pipe-in-Pipe

Insulated Pipe-in-Pipe

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Steady State Thermal Profile

Parameters

T2 = (T1 - T0 ) e

- U D dx m Cp

+ T0

m mass flow rate (kg/s) [ m = Q ] U heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K) Cp specific heat capacity (J/kg-K)

Oil 1800 and Gas 2500

T0 ambient temperature (C) T1 pipeline temperature at section 1 (C) T2 pipeline temperature at section 2 (C)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Design Considerations

Ref: Maksoud (2004)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Design Considerations (cont.)

Ref: Maksoud (2004)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Example 4-01

Calculate the heat loss coefficient (U) for an in-air, single wall, steel linepipe with no external or internal coatings.
Do = 508mm t = 12.7mm k = 45 W/m/K

W 45 1 k 1 m K = 3636 W = U= r r2 0.2413 m 0.254 m m2 K ln ln m 0.2413 r1

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Example 4-02

Compare heat transfer coefficients

Non-insulated pipeline versus pipeline with a 50mm concrete coating

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Example 4-03

Calculate the heat loss coefficient (U) for the following pipe-in-pipe system

Inner Pipe Do = 406.4mm t = 17.5mm k = 45 W/m/K Polypropylene Foam t = 45mm k = 0.22 W/m/K Casing t =12.7mm k = 45 W/m/K
2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

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Example 4-03 (cont.)

Example 4-03
Determine U-value for multiple layer system DEFINED UNITS BBL := 42gal INPUT PARAMETERS Pipeline System Nominal Outside Diameter - Inner Pipe Nominal Wall Thickness - Inner Pipe Conductivity - Inner Pipe Nominal Wall Thickness - PP Foam Conductivity - PP Foam Nominal Wall Thickness - Outer Pipe Conductivity - Outer Pipe Do := 406.4mm t 1 := 17.5mm t 2 := 45mm t 3 := 12.7mm k1 := 45 W m k2 := 0.22W m k3 := 45W m
1

K K

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Example 4-03 (cont.)

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

Reading List
1.

Bell, J. and Geertsen, C. (2002). The McPIPETM Extended Cooldown System. Presentation, Deepwater Offshore Techology, 14-16 November, 20p. [2002_Bell_McPipe_Extended_Cooldown_System.pdf] Geertsen, C. and Offredi, M. (2000). Highly Thermally Insulated and Traced Pipelines for Deepwater. 12th Deep Offshore Technology Conference, New Orleans, USA, 13p. [2000_Geertsen_Insulated_Traced_Deepwater_PL.pdf] Loch, K.J. (2000). Deepwater Soil Thermally Insulates Buried Flowlines. Deepwater Technology, www.pipeline.com, August 2000. [2000_Loch_Deepwater_Soil_Insulation.pdf] Maksoud, J. (2004). Petro-Canada Investigates Flow Assurance Challenges. Offshore, pp.112-113. [2004_Maksoud_ FA_Challenges_Petro_Canada.pdf]

2.

3.

4.

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04

References

Geertsen, C. and Offredi, M. (2000). Highly Thermally Insulated and Traced Pipelines for Deepwater. 12th Deep Offshore Technology Conference, New Orleans, USA, 13p. Loch, K.J. (2000). Deepwater Soil Thermally Insulates Buried Flowlines. Deepwater Technology, www.pipeline.com, August 2000. Maksoud, J. (2004). Petro-Canada Investigates Flow Assurance Challenges. Offshore, pp.112-113. McKechnie, J.G. and D.T. Hayes (2003). Pipeline Insulation Performance for Long Distance Subsea Tiebacks. 14p.

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2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng.

ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering Lecture 04