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WORLD BANK

ATLAS
Copyright

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classifications in this Atlas do not imply, on International Bank for Reconstruction and
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WORLD BANK
ATLAS

The World Bank


FOREWORD
For many people in today’s world, the chal- and the inequalities between the rich and poor • High-income countries use more than half
lenge of fighting global poverty can seem within countries. They show the distribution of the world’s energy resources.
remote, something distant and hard to grasp natural resources and how countries are using
in the midst of their busy daily lives. Even or misusing these endowments. Consider To help reduce these disparities, member
practitioners in the field of development may some of the disparities that emerge as you go states of the United Nations met in 2000 and
lose sight of the bigger picture as they bat- through the Atlas: adopted the Millennium Development Goals.
tle poverty day in and day out. These aim at reducing poverty in its many
• In our world of 6 billion people, more than dimensions by 2015, the year by which the
This edition of the World Bank Atlas provides 1 billion sur vive on less than $1 a day and world’s population will have grown to more
an over view of development effor ts directed another 1.5 billion live on less than $2 than 7 billion people. Most of the additional
toward alleviating pover ty and highlights a day. 1 billion people will add to the population and
countries’ key social, economic, and environ- poverty in the poorest countries.
mental achievements. After an unprecedent- • Eighty percent of the world’s GDP belongs
ed increase during the 20th centur y, global to the 1 billion people living in rich coun- The challenge of fighting global poverty is clear,
population growth is decelerating. The num- tries. The other 20 percent is shared by and I know that you will find the Atlas a useful
ber of people living in pover ty in developing the 5 billion people living in developing introduction to the many dimensions of that
countries has declined in the past 20 years. countries. challenge. The demographics of the future
People are living longer and enjoying healthi- speak to a growing imbalance of people,
er lives. Fewer children under five are dying, • More than 10 million children die each year resources, and the environment. If we do not
and more children are completing primar y in the developing world, the vast majority take on these challenges now, we shall leave
school. from illnesses that are preventable through greater and more intractable problems for our
good care, nutrition, and medical treatment. children. But if we act together now, we can
Much has been achieved, but much remains to change the world for the better.
be done. The maps and charts in the Atlas • In low-income countries 78 percent of boys
bring to life the sharp disparities that still exist and 68 percent of girls attend primary
in the first decade of the 21st century. They school. The rest either drop out or never
show the gaps in income between countries attend school. James D. Wolfensohn

2 World Bank Atlas


WORLD BANK
ATLAS

Foreword 2 13 Forests 30
Users guide 4 14 Energy use and a warmer world 32
The world by region 4 15 Growth and opportunity 34
Topics 16 The rise of the service economy 36
1 Rich countries—and poor 6 17 Investment for growth 38
2 The world’s growing population 8 18 Improving the investment climate 40
3 How have demographics changed? 10 19 Government performance 42
4 Urban demands on the world’s environment 12 20 Infrastructure 44
5 Many people are still poor 14 21 The integrating world 46
6 Education opens doors 16 22 Reducing barriers to trade 48
7 Children under five—struggling to survive 18 23 External debt and debt management 50
8 Improving the health of mothers 20 24 Aid for development 52
9 Communicable diseases—too little progress 22 Key indicators of development 54
10 Gender and development 24 Notes 56
11 Limited land and more demand for food 26 Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators 62
12 A thirsty planet gets thirstier 28 Ranking of economies by GNI per capita 64

World Bank Atlas 3


USERS GUIDE
Considerable effort has been made to standardize the data, but full com-
parability cannot be ensured, and care must be taken in interpreting the
indicators. Statistical systems in many developing economies are still
weak; statistical methods, coverage, practices, and definitions differ wide-
ly; and cross-country and intertemporal comparisons involve complex tech-
nical and conceptual problems that cannot be unequivocally resolved.
Data coverage may not be complete because of special circumstances or
because economies are experiencing problems affecting the collection
and reporting of data (such as conflicts). For these reasons, although
data are drawn from the sources thought to be most authoritative, they
should be construed only as indicating trends and characterizing major dif-
ferences among economies rather than as offering precise quantitative
measures of those differences.
Classification of economies
For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank’s main criterion for
classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Every
economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower
middle and upper middle), or high income. Low- and middle-income
economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of
the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the
group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have
reached a preferred or final stage of development.
The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analyti-
cal regions and may differ from common geographic usage. For regional
groupings, see the map on this page. The aggregate measures for regions
include only low- and middle-income economies.
Data are shown for economies as they were constituted in 2003.
Additional information about the data is provided in World Development
Indicators 2004 or on our website (www.worldbank.org/data).

4 World Bank Atlas


World Bank Atlas 5
Rich countries—and poor

World output and income are very unevenly Comparing standards of living

distributed. While more than 80 percent of the How large is an economy and how well off are its citizens? Measured one
world’s people live in developing countries, way, China’s economy is the sixth largest in the world and its average
income is $1,100 a person. Measured another, it is the second largest
their economies in 2003 produced goods and and its average income is almost $5,000. In the first case China’s output
services worth $7.1 trillion, about one-fifth of was valued using the market exchange rate, which reflects the value of
China’s currency in world markets. But when China’s—and most
the world’s total output. developing countries’—exchange rates are adjusted to reflect internal
price levels, estimates of output and standard of living are much higher.
The 2.3 billion people in low- (GNI) per capita shown in the map Every traveler has had the experience of finding goods and services in
income economies have an were converted to dollars using one country to be much cheaper or more expensive than in another. That
average annual income of $450 a three-year average exchange rates happens because market exchange rates do not reflect differences in the
person, with some economies as (World Bank Atlas method), which cost of living between countries. Purchasing power parities (PPPs),
low as $90. For the 3 billion people reflect the values of currencies in estimated by comparing the prices of similar goods and services between
in middle-income economies, the world markets. But exchange rates countries, give a clearer picture of comparative standards of living. PPPs
average is $1,920. And for the do not always give an accurate are most appropriate for comparing levels of welfare, which is why they are
971 million in high-income picture of the purchasing power used in measuring global poverty. Valuations based on exchange rates
countries, it is $28,550. of incomes within domestic better measure the tradable value of a country’s output and a country’s
To make comparisons between economies. One alternative is to relative importance in the global economy. Measured by market exchange
countries, local currencies must be convert GNI per capita to dollars rates, low- and middle-income economies produced about 20 percent of
converted to a common value. The using purchasing power parities world output in 2003. Measured using PPPs and constant dollars, their
values of gross national income (see box). share rises to 45 percent—up from 37 percent in 1980.

Making comparisons: shares of global output . . . . . . and standards of living

Share of global GDP, 1980 and 2003 (1995 PPP $) GNI per capita in selected countries, 2003 ($) Purchasing power parity World Bank Atlas method

40,000
1980 2003
35,000
$22 trillion $45 trillion
Low-income Low-income 30,000
7% 10%
Lower- 25,000
middle-
income 20,000
High- 22% Lower-
income middle- 15,000
63% income
High-income
Upper- 55% 28% 10,000
middle-
income 5,000
8%
0

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6 World Bank Atlas


1 GNI per capita, 2003

Over many years average growth rates have fallen, with low-income economies frequently the slowest growing—but that pattern is starting to change GNI per capita converted
to US$ using the World
Annual growth in GDP per capita, 1961–2003 (%) High-income Middle-income Low-income World trend
Bank Atlas method.
7 These per capita incomes
6 are used by the World
5 Bank to classify
4 countries by income
3 group for eligibility for
2 borrowing and for analytic
1 purposes.
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
1963 1973 1983 1993 2003

World Bank Atlas 7


The world’s growing population

The twentieth century saw unprecedented The next billion

population growth—the number of people grew Between 2000 and 2015 about 1 billion people will be added to the world.
from 1.6 billion to 6.0 billion by 2000, with 80 More than half of them will come from Asia, with South Asia projected to
have 330 million more people and East Asia and Pacific 233 million more.
percent of the increase occurring since 1950. Sub-Saharan Africa will grow by 227 million people, and the Middle East
Most of the increase was in developing countries, and North Africa and Latin America and Caribbean together will grow by
197 million people. Europe and Central Asia will add a negligible 3 million,
where continued high rates of population growth while the high-income countries will add about 52 million. The next billion
outpace the provision of public services. will also be born into less
Projected population in 2015
favorable economic Millions of people
The large increase in global popu- grew only 1.5 percent a year. Every circumstances. Most, around
lation hides regional variations. region experienced a slowdown in 989 million, will be in High-income
52.4 Europe &
Since 1965, Asia, where half the 1980–2000, but the Middle East developing countries—642 Middle East & Central Asia
world’s people live, has added and North Africa and Sub-Saharan million of them in low-income North Africa 3.1
88.3
close to 1.6 billion people to its Africa grew fastest—at well over countries. Middle-income
Latin America South
population. But Sub-Saharan Africa, 2.5 percent a year, with Sub- countries will add about 347
& Caribbean Asia
whose population nearly tripled, had Saharan Africa overtaking the million people, most of them in 108.3 329.5
the largest percentage increase. Middle East and North Africa. By lower-middle-income countries.
Sub-Saharan
Global population growth is de- contrast, population growth rates in A scant 5 percent will be in Africa East Asia
226.6 & Pacific
celerating. In 1965–80 the world’s high-income economies and Europe high-income countries.
233.0
population was growing at nearly 2 and Central Asia fell sharply—to
percent a year. In 1980–2002 it well below 1 percent a year.

Population growth rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Patterns differ for absolute increases in population and growth rates
and Middle East and North Africa
Population growth rate, 1961–2002 (%)
Number (millions) Growth rates (%)
3.5 Middle East & North Africa
Region 1965 1980 2002 1965–80 1980–2002
3.0 Sub-Saharan
Africa East Asia & Pacific 979.8 1,359.4 1,839.2 2.18 1.37
2.5 South Asia
Europe & Central Asia 363.4 425.8 472.4 1.06 0.47
East Asia Latin America
2.0 & Pacific & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean 246.6 356.7 525.2 2.46 1.76
1.5
Middle East & North Africa 113.6 173.7 305.8 2.83 2.57
1.0 South Asia 631.8 901.3 1,401.5 2.37 2.01

0.5 Europe &


Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 253.8 383.2 688.4 2.75 2.66

0.0 High income 722.9 829.9 966.4 0.92 0.69


High income
–0.5 World 3,311.9 4,430.0 6,198.9 1.94 1.53
1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002

8 World Bank Atlas


2
Age dependency ratio, most recent available

Most of the projected population increase in coming years is in the poorest countries Dependency ratios
Absolute population increase by country, 2000–15 (millions) generally show the age
250 composition of the
population, not economic
200 dependency. Some
children and elderly people
150 are part of the work force,
and many working-age
100
people are not.

50

–50
India China Pakistan Nigeria Indonesia United Bangladesh Brazil Congo, Ethiopia Germany Japan Italy Ukraine Russian
States Dem. Rep. Federation

World Bank Atlas 9


How have demographics changed?

Is demography destiny? Population growth does What affects life expectancy?

not provide the drama of financial crisis, but its Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if
significance for shaping the world of our children prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same
throughout its life. Because mortality rates are averaged over all age groups,
and grandchildren is at least as great. Failure to changes in life expectancy at birth are strongly influenced by improvements
slow growth in the poorest countries is likely to in health that lower mortality rates for all age groups. During the second half
of the 20th century advances in medical knowledge and practices for the
mean a lower quality of life for millions of people. prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases have lowered infant
The key determinants of reproductive health services kept mortality rates and greatly increased life expectancy, while improvements in
population size and structure are fertility rates high for much longer. mortality among the elderly have added fewer years to life expectancy.
fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility rates in low- and Mortality during the first year of life is often divided into two parts.
In the 1960s a preference for middle-income countries have Neonatal mortality occurs in the first month of life, and post-neonatal
large families kept fertility rates dropped to 2.8 births per woman. mortality occurs in the remainder of the first year of life. This distinction
high, especially in low-income In high-income countries fertility is separates the biological component, which is steady in the short run,
countries. Children in these 1.7 births per woman. At this from the socioeconomic component. Different efforts are required to
countries were seen as an level, population will decline in the bring each component under control. High-income countries have made
investment—working during absence of migration. Populations progress in reducing post-neonatal mortality, and they are now focusing
childhood and supporting aging in these countries are also aging on neonatal mortality.
parents. As mortality rates rapidly. More than 14 percent of Socioeconomic factors that affect infant mortality include parents’
declined, so did desired family the population is 65 years or occupation and education level, access to basic services such as health
size. But in many countries, older, compared with 4 percent for care, and urban residence. Because these factors are interdependent, it
failures in health, education, and low-income countries. is difficult to estimate any one factor’s influence.

Fewer births, but steady death rate in industrial countries Fewer births and deaths in developing countries

Crude rate, 1960–2002 (per 1,000 people) Crude rate, 1960–2002 (per 1,000 people)

40 40

30 30

Birth rate
20 20

Birth rate

10 10
Death rate Death rate

0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002

10 World Bank Atlas


3
Life expectancy at birth, 2002

People in developing countries are living longer . . . . . . and women are having fewer babies Life expectancy at birth
is a measure of mortality
Life expectancy at birth, 1960–2002 (years) Fertility rate, 1960–2002 (births per woman)
levels of populations.
80 8
Improvements in health
Europe & 7 conditions are therefore
70 Central Asia
mirrored in life expec-
6 Mid Sub-Sah
dle aran Afr tancy at birth. This
Sou ica
bean th A Eas
& Carib cific h Afr
ica 5 sia t&
merica & Pa Nor t South Asia indicator reflects many
60 Latin A a s t Asia s t & Latin
Ame
No
r th
E le Ea Eas rica Afr social, economic, and
Midd 4 t As
ia & & Ca ica
Pac ribbe
ific an environmental influences
50 3
and is closely related to
Sub-Saharan Africa
2 other demographic
40
Europe & Central Asia variables, particularly
1
infant mortality.
30 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

World Bank Atlas 11


Urban demands on the environment

People are using more natural resources than Urbanization and the environment

ever, and demands on the environment will only In many towns and cities exposure to air pollution is the main
continue to increase. The global economy has environmental threat to human health. Long-term exposure to high
levels of soot and small par ticles (fine, suspended par ticulates less
expanded more than sevenfold since 1950 and than 10 microns in diameter) in the air contributes to respirator y
continues to grow, with the greatest expansion diseases, lung cancer, and hear t disease, among others.
Urbanization by itself is not an environmental issue, but
coming from activities in cities and towns. environmental problems—air and water pollution and accumulation of
solid waste—are a by-product of transpor t, industrial activities, and
Cities, now home to almost half percent of the population in urban overcrowding.
the world’s people, are growing areas. Sub-Saharan Africa remains The largest cost of urban pollution is to human health. Air and
rapidly in size and number, rural by comparison, with only 33 water pollution in many of the world’s major cities cause tens of
especially in low- and middle- percent of its people in urban thousands of deaths, millions of cases of moderate to severe
income countries. Urban areas. By 2030, 61 percent of the sickness, and billions of dollars in lost productivity and other
population growth is faster than world’s people will live in urban damages. Although all the world’s megacities share these problems,
total population growth. People are areas, resulting in greater demand water pollution tends to be most serious in South, Southeast, and
flocking to cities for work, access for natural resources and urban Central Asia—and air pollution has the biggest impact in China, Latin
to public services, and a higher services, with environmental America, and Eastern Europe. Not only are the human and financial
standard of living. Urbanization is consequences, including air and costs of pollution large, they tend to fall dispropor tionately on poor
high in Latin America, with 76 water pollution. people, so addressing pollution is justified on equity grounds as well
as on economic and environmental grounds.

Lower income countries are becoming more urban East Asia and Pacific has the largest urban population—
Middle East and North Africa the smallest
Share of global urban population, 1980 and 2002 Population living in urban areas, 1980–2002 (millions of people)
800
1980 2002 East Asia & Pacific
(1,741 million) (2,953 million) 700

600

Low-income 500
20% High-income Low-income
Latin America & Caribbean
High-income 25% 26%
400
35% South Asia
Upper-middle- 300
Lower- income Europe & Central Asia
middle- 8% Lower-
Upper- Sub-Saharan Africa
income middle- 200
middle- income
income 36% Middle East & North Africa
9% 41% 100

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

12 World Bank Atlas


Particulate matter, 1999
4
Particulate matter refers
to fine suspended
particulates capable of
penetrating deep into the
respiratory tract and
causing significant health
damage. Particulate
pollution, on its own or in
combination with sulfur
dioxide, leads to an
enormous burden of ill
health. Where coal is the
primary fuel for power
plants, steel mills, and
heating, the result is
usually high levels of
urban air pollution and, if
the coal’s sulfur content
is high, widespread acid
deposition.

Cities with more than a million inhabitants, 2002


The world’s urban popula-
tion is expected to rise to
5 billion by 2030. Almost
all of the population growth
is expected to occur in less
developed regions. About
half of the urban population
now lives in settlements
of fewer than 500,000
inhabitants. Just 4 percent
of the world’s population
lives in megacities of more
than 10 million. Tokyo is
the most populous urban
agglomeration (35 million
people). The next largest
cities are Mexico City
(18.7), New York–Newark
(18.3), São Paulo (17.9),
and Mumbai (17.4).

World Bank Atlas 13


Many people are still poor

Although poverty has many dimensions, income is Measuring poverty

the most common way to measure it. The share of Most countries establish their own poverty lines using, where possible,
people in developing countries living on less than consumption. Such a poverty line incorporates the expenditure necessary
to buy a minimum standard of nutrition, and a further amount, which
$1 a day fell from 40 percent in 1981 to 21 percent varies by country, to meet other needs. Most poverty analysis by the World
in 2001. But with 1.1 billion people in acute Bank is based on national poverty lines.
Measuring poverty across countries requires an international poverty line.
poverty, this is still unacceptably high. The $1 a day line was chosen as representative of poverty lines in a sample
The global averages disguise large economies experienced an oil of low-income countries. The $1 a day line is converted into local currency
regional differences. East Asia and boom, but the growth slowed in the units using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates to ensure that
Pacific, led by China, had the 1990s, and poverty persists at people with the same purchasing power are treated the same no matter
largest decline in poverty rates, 2–3 percent. Poverty rates in where they live. However, PPP rates are themselves a product of a complex
from 58 percent in 1981 to 16 Europe and Central Asia climbed and error-prone data collection process. And different methods of deriving
percent in 2001. During the same sharply from low levels following them can change the relative value of expenditures between countries.
period poverty in South Asia the economic dislocation of But poverty encompasses not only material deprivation. It includes low
declined from 52 percent to 31 transition and have only recently achievements in health and education and limited, or no, access to public
percent. In Latin America and the begun to decline. In contrast, in services—aspects not captured by income measures. Having clean drinking
Caribbean poverty rates hovered Sub-Saharan Africa, after two water matters to one’s standard of living. Even with the same incomes and
around 11 percent, fluctuating with decades of falling average incomes expenditures, households with free access to public services are better off
changes in economic growth. In the and high population growth rates, than those without. So a comprehensive picture of deprivation requires
Middle East and North Africa the number of people living in supplementing income poverty measures with measures of nutrition, mor-
poverty fell in the 1980s as many poverty nearly doubled. tality, literacy and educational achievement, and access to basic services.

Three regions have nearly all the poor people in the world Malnutrition for children under five is still a problem for the poorest people

People living on less than $1 a day, 1981–2001 (millions) Moderately malnourished children under five, 1996 and 1998 (%) Egypt, 1995/96 Bolivia, 1998
20
1,500

1,200 Rest of the world 15

900
East Asia & Pacific
10

600
Sub-Saharan Africa
5
300

South Asia
0 0
Total Poorest Richest
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001 20 percent 20 percent

14 World Bank Atlas


5
Population below $1 a day, 1984–2002

Much progress in reducing $1 a day poverty in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa still have a way to go A poverty line set at $1 a
East Asia and Pacific and South Asia in reducing $2 a day poverty day (updated to $1.08 in
Share of people living on less than $1 (PPP) a day, 1981–2001 (%) Share of people living on less than $2 (PPP) a day, 1981–2001 (%)
1993 prices) has been
60 100
accepted as the working
definition of extreme
50 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia poverty in low-income
80
Sub-Saharan Africa countries. An estimated
40 1.2 billion people live
South Asia 60
East Asia & Pacific below that poverty line.
30
The data are drawn from
40
Latin America & Caribbean
the most recent survey.
20 East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean 20 Middle East & North Africa
10 Europe & Central Asia
Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia

0 0
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001

World Bank Atlas 15


Education opens doors

“Education can be the difference between a life Enrolling children and keeping them in school

of grinding poverty and the potential for a full To reach the Millennium Development Goal for education, countries must
and secure one; between a child dying from first enroll all school-age children. Then they must keep them in school
throughout the primary cycle. For this, countries need to understand why
preventable disease, and families raised in students drop out and then remove the impediments to keeping them in
healthy environments; …between countries school. Possible impediments include household demands on boys’ and
girls’ time, the opportunity cost of sending boys and girls to school (such
ripped apart by poverty and conflict, and access as lost earnings from income-generating activities), and aspects of the
to secure and sustainable development.” supply of schooling, including quality and cost. In every country completion
rates are lowest for children from poor families and for girls.
—Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel
Girls’ enrollment and completion rates tend to be influenced by the time
Given education’s role in develop- target. Three other regions, Europe they need to complete household activities. In Burkina Faso, Uganda, and
ment, the Millennium Development and Central Asia, Latin America and Zambia girls could save hundreds of hours a year if fuel and potable water
Goals call on the world to ensure a the Caribbean, and Middle East and were within a 30-minute walk, thereby freeing time for them to attend school.
complete course of primary North Africa, are on track to If current trends persist, children in more than half of developing
education for all children by 2015. achieve the goal. But two regions, countries will not complete a full course of primary education in 2015. But
Primary completion rates—the with more than 100 million school- faster progress is possible by:
proportion of each age group age children, Sub-Saharan Africa • Committing a bigger share of the budget to public education.
finishing primary school—directly and South Asia, are in danger of • Lowering school fees.
measure progress toward this goal. falling short. Sub-Saharan Africa • Providing adequate complementary inputs.
One region, East Asia and lags farthest behind, with little • Keeping pupil-teacher ratios around 40 and repetition rates below
Pacific, has already reached the progress since 1990. 10 percent.

Primary school completion rates are improving everywhere but are still low Cost is the main reason children leave before
in some regions completing primary school in Zambia
Primary completion rate, total, 1990 and 2002 (%) 1990 2002 or most recent year available Reasons for leaving primary school, 2002
100 Long-term illness
5%
Travel unsafe
5%
80
Labor needed
6%
60

Too far
40 to school
12%
Monetary cost
Had enough 60%
20 school
12%
0
East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan
& Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa

16 World Bank Atlas


6
Primary completion rate, 2000/01–2002/03

Primary school enrollment rates are approaching 100 percent— In India rich students are far more . . . as are male students Primary completion rates
except in Sub-Saharan Africa likely to attend school . . . measure the proportion
Trends in gross primary school enrollment rate, 1970–2000 (%) Completion rate, 1999 (%) Completion rate, 1999 (%)
100 100
of all children of official
140
Latin America
Richest 20% Male students graduation age who
of students
& Caribbean complete primary school.
80 80
120 East Asia & Pacific Female students The data are for the most
recent year available.
Europe & Central Asia 60 60
100
Middle East & Poorest 20%
North Africa of students
South Asia 40 40
80
Sub-Saharan Africa
20 20
60

0 0
40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Grade Grade

World Bank Atlas 17


Children under five—struggling to survive

More than 10 million children die each year in Malnutrition weakens children, reducing their resistance to disease

the developing world, the vast majority from Although child mortality rates have been declining in every region, progress
causes preventable through a combination of has not been even. A major factor contributing to child mortality is
malnutrition, which weakens children and reduces their resistance to
good care, nutrition, and medical treatment. Thus disease. Malnutrition in children often begins at birth, when poorly
greater effort is needed to ensure that health nourished mothers give birth to underweight babies. Improper feeding and
child care practices contribute to harm done by an inadequate diet, putting
care and other public services reach the poor. children at a permanent disadvantage. And malnutrition plays a role in more
In 2002, 43 countries had child challenges remain in Sub-Saharan than half of all child deaths. The Millennium Development Goals therefore
mortality rates greater than 100 per Africa and South Asia. set a target of reducing child malnutrition by half the 1990 level by 2015.
1,000 live births. Fifteen countries Reducing child mortality will Progress in reducing child malnutrition has been fastest in East Asia
—fourteen of them in Sub-Saharan require multiple, complementary and Pacific. Child malnutrition rates declined by a third, from 23 percent in
Africa—had child mortality rates interventions. Raising incomes the early 1990s to 15 percent around 2000, and the region is on track for
greater than 200. In low-income will help. So will increasing public achieving the Millennium Development Goal. In South Asia malnutrition
countries, 1 child in 8 dies before spending on health services. But rates declined by a quarter, from 53 percent to 39 percent. Sub-Saharan
its fifth birthday, compared with 1 more is needed. Greater access Africa and the Middle East and North Africa showed no progress during the
in 143 in high-income countries. to safe water, better sanitation 1990s, with rates hovering around 28 percent and 9 percent.
Child deaths have dropped rapidly and health facilities, and Programs to encourage breastfeeding and to improve the diets of
in the past 25 years, but progress improvements in education, pregnant women and lactating mothers, along with micronutrient
slowed everywhere in the 1990s, especially for girls and mothers, supplementation, help prevent malnutrition in children. So do appropriate
and a few countries experienced are closely linked to reduced care and feeding of sick children, oral rehydration therapy, control and
increases. And significant child mortality. treatment of parasitic diseases, and programs to treat vitamin A deficiency.

Developing regions still see many children die before the age of five Child malnutrition rates have fallen in most regions

Under-five mortality rate, 1960–2002 (per 1,000 live births) Prevalence of underweight children, 1990 and 2000 (%) Around 1990 Around 2000
300
60

250 50

200 40
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia &
Pacific
150 30

Latin America
& Caribbean South Asia 20
100
Middle East & North Africa
10
50
Europe &
Central Asia 0
0 South Sub-Saharan East Asia Middle East & Latin America Low- and
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 Asia Africa & Pacific North Africa & Caribbean middle-income
countries

18 World Bank Atlas


7
Under-five mortality rate, 2002

Good health care reduces Richer children have better access . . . are better nourished . . . . . . and so are less likely to die Child deaths have
child mortality to immunization . . . dropped rapidly in the
Children with immunization coverage, 2000 (%) Children moderately underweight, 2000 (%) Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2000
past 25 years, but
Evidence from sur veys shows Poorest 20% Poorest 20% progress slowed
Egypt Egypt Egypt
that improvements in child Richest 20% Richest 20% everywhere in the 1990s.
mor tality have been greatest Peru Peru Peru
Under-five mortality rates
among better-off population remain high in developing
groups in all countries. The Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh countries, and a few
rich are more likely to avail countries experienced
themselves of health care, and Armenia Armenia Armenia increases in child deaths.
they have better access to other
complementar y inter ventions, Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia
such as potable water and
Poorest 20%
sanitation facilities. Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia
Richest 20%

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200

World Bank Atlas 19


Improving the health of mothers

Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer Why do mothers die?

from poor reproductive health and serious The higher rates of maternal mortality throughout much of the developing
world are the result of serious neglect of women’s reproductive health,
pregnancy-related illness and disability. And particularly for the poorest women, as well as ineffective interventions.
every year more than 500,000 women die from Maternal deaths reflect the disparities between the standing of men and
women in society and the inequities in access to education, health, and
complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Most nutrition resources.
of the deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying Recent progress on maternal health in developing countries has been
mixed, with maternal mortality rates remaining fairly constant globally.
is highest in Africa. Greater access to family planning can reduce the maternal mortality rate
by reducing the number of pregnancies.
Women in high-fertility countries in Compounding the risks that In addition to contraception, women need access to a broad range of
Sub-Saharan Africa have a 1-in-16 high fer tility poses to maternal services. The primary means of preventing maternal deaths is to provide
lifetime risk of dying from maternal health are poorly timed and rapid access to emergency obstetrical care, including treatment of
causes, compared with women in inadequately spaced bir ths. hemorrhage, infection, hypertension, and obstructed labor. It is also
low-fertility countries in Europe, Even where fer tility rates are important to have a midwife, nurse, or doctor present at every delivery. In
who have a 1-in-2,000 risk of low, the timing and spacing of developing countries only about half of deliveries are attended by
dying, and in North America, who pregnancies and the extent to professional health staff.
have a 1-in-3,500 risk. which the bir ths are wanted Skilled attendants must be supported by the right environment. Life-
High maternal mor tality rates warrant attention. Contraception saving interventions—such as antibiotics, surgery, and transportation to
in many countries are the result to limit, space, or time medical centers—are unavailable to many women, especially in rural
of inadequate reproductive pregnancies can help reduce areas. These women may lack the money for health care and transport,
or they may simply lack their husbands’ permission to seek care.
health care for women. these risks to maternal health.

Sub-Saharan Africa suffers the greatest number of maternal deaths Mothers in developing countries still lack adequate health services

Number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, 2000 (per 100,000 live births) Coverage of maternal health services, 1997 (%) Developed countries Developing countries
1,000 100

800 80

600 60

400 40

200 20

0 0
Sub-Saharan South Latin America Middle East & East Asia Europe & Skilled attendants Antenatal Postpartum
Africa Asia & Caribbean North Africa & Pacific Central Asia at delivery care care

20 World Bank Atlas


8
Total fertility rate, 2002

Women need access to a broad range of medical services to reduce Contraceptive use is much lower in the Middle East and Africa The total fertility rate,
maternal deaths the number of children a
Causes of maternal mortality worldwide, most recent year available Women using or with partners using contraception, 1991–2000 (%)
woman will bear in her
70
lifetime, has important
60 consequences for
Severe maternal health. In
Indirect bleeding 50
causes high-fertility countries a
24%
20% woman risks pregnancy-
40
Infection related death many times
15%
Other 30 during her reproductive
direct causes Unsafe
8% abortion lifetime.
13% 20
Obstructed Eclampsia
labor 12% 10
12%
0
East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan
Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Africa

World Bank Atlas 21


Communicable diseases—too little progress

HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are the Big threats to health

world’s biggest killers, and all have their greatest With an estimated 42 million people living with HIV/AIDS and more than
impact on poor countries and poor people. These 20 million deaths, the epidemic poses a grave threat to public health
and to development. In many countries it is swiftly dismantling the
diseases interact in ways that make their development achievements of the past 50 years by disproportionately
combined impact worse. Effective prevention infecting the young and killing adults in their prime. The Joint United
Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS projects that an additional 45 million
and treatment programs will save lives, reduce people in developing countries will become infected with HIV between
poverty, and help economies develop. 2002 and 2010, more than 40 percent of them in East Asia and Pacific.
Tuberculosis is the main cause of death from a single infectious
Epidemics such as tuberculosis, countries where malaria is endemic, agent among adults 15–45 years old. Africa has the highest tuberculosis
malaria, and HIV/AIDS place an this means that GDP is about a rates, but Asia carries the greatest absolute burden and the epidemic is
enormous economic burden on third lower than it might have been. worsening in Europe and Central Asia. Poor people are especially
families and communities. And when the prevalence of vulnerable because of their underlying health problems and limited
Estimates suggest that tuberculosis HIV/AIDS reaches 8 percent— access to treatment. And people with weak immune systems are at
costs the average patient three to about where it is for 13 African greater risk—in some Sub-Saharan African countries up to 60 percent of
four months of lost earnings, which countries today—the cost in tuberculosis patients are HIV positive.
can represent up to 30 percent of economic growth is estimated at Malaria is endemic in more than 100 countries. It disproportionately
annual household income. Malaria about 1 percent a year. The fiscal affects poor people and contributes to poverty by reducing the
slows economic growth in Africa by cost (without antiretrovirals) is as productivity of infected people and their caretakers. Approximately 60
some 1.3 percent a year. much as 2–3 times per capita GDP percent of deaths from malaria occur among the poorest 20 percent of
Compounded over 35 years in annually in the poorest countries. the world’s population.

Treated bednets combat malaria but are not widely used Averting infection saves many years of life
Children under five who sleep under an insecticide-treated bednet, 1999–2001 (%) Years of expected life saved, most recent year available
25 20

20
15
15

10 10

5
5
0
m

da

a
ci é

ia

ge

ca
bi

sa

ny

ija

al

bi

da

si
in m

ta
na

an
pe

an

ne
m

em

as
Ni
Pr To

is
Ke

ba
is

Su
et

nz
Ga

lo
Rw

jik
-B

do
ag
er

at
d o

Vi

Ta

Co

0
ea

Ta
an Sã

ad

In
Az

Gu
e
Th

in

Malaria Measles Tuberculosis HIV infection


Gu

22 World Bank Atlas


9
Adult HIV prevalence, 2001

AIDS is decimating the workforce in several African countries It is also reducing life expectancy . . . . . . and leaving many orphans The most common
Workforce lost to AIDS by 2005 and 2020, selected African countries (%) Impact of AIDS on life expectancy at birth, AIDS orphans as share of total orphans, measure of the HIV/AIDS
2005 2020 2000–2005 (years lost) selected countries, 2001 and 2010
35 epidemic is the percent-
South Africa Zimbabwe age of adults living with
30 HIV. Once generalized,
Malawi Botswana the disease has far-
25
reaching consequences
20 Cameroon Malawi to all social sectors and
to development itself.
15
Cambodia Haiti

10
Thailand Thailand
5
2001
Brazil Cambodia
0 2010
Zimbabwe Botswana South Africa Mozambique Cameroon Guinea-Bissau 0 10 20 0 20 40 60 80 100

World Bank Atlas 23


Gender and development

Women have an enormous impact on the Gender equality is important throughout women’s lives

well-being of their families and societies—yet Gender inequality star ts early and keeps women at a disadvantage
their potential is not realized because of throughout their lives. In some countries infant girls are less likely to
sur vive than infant boys because of parental discrimination and
discriminatory social norms, incentives, and neglect—even though biologically infant girls should sur vive in greater
legal institutions. And while the status of numbers. Girls are more likely to drop out of school and to receive less
education than boys because of discrimination, education expenses,
women has improved in recent decades, gender and household duties.
inequalities remain pervasive. Later in life, low education levels and responsibilities for household
work prevent women from par ticipating in high-income employment and
Women and girls bear the largest women with a secondary decisionmaking. Although women’s par ticipation in the labor force has
and most direct cost of gender education to immunize their increased in almost ever y region, women typically occupy low-paid, low-
discrimination, but persistent children. Persistent gender status jobs or work in family enterprises. Even when women work in the
inequalities also limit the ability disparities in primary and same sector as men, their wages are usually lower. Women’s
of societies to grow, reduce secondary education are par ticipation in politics and government also remains limited, making it
poverty, and govern effectively. In obstacles to improvements in difficult for them to influence policy. Yet investing in women significantly
2000, 65 million girls did not women’s health status and their boosts family well-being and economic growth. Educated mothers tend
attend primary school. Mothers’ participation in the labor market. to star t their families later, have fewer children, and take better care of
illiteracy and lack of schooling Together, disparities in access to them. And when women and men are relatively equal, economies
directly disadvantage their young opportunities have a direct generally grow faster—benefiting both sexes. Because women’s
children. Women with no impact on economic growth and contributions are so crucial for a countr y’s development, active
education are half as likely as the reduction of income poverty. measures are needed to achieve gender equality.

Women’s participation in the labor market is increasing in most regions Women account for a much larger Women and girls are often
share of unpaid family workers responsible for water collection
Women in labor force, 1970–2003 (%) Unpaid family workers, most recent year available Hours spent weekly collecting water, most recent year available
(% of employment)
80
East Asia & Pacific
Bangladesh,
1996
70 Europe & Central Asia Ghana,
1998/99
Turkey,
1996
60 Sub-Saharan Africa
Ethiopia,
1999
50 South Asia Tanzania,
1993
Thailand,
Latin America & Caribbean 1999
40
Egypt,
Arab Rep.,
30 1998 Zambia,
Middle East & North Africa Men
1998
Guatemala, Men
2000
20 Women Women
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 0 20 40 60 80 0 3 6 9 12 15

24 World Bank Atlas


10
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school, 2001/02

Mothers’ education has a bigger impact on children’s malnutrition than Fewer children under five die as More men than women know condoms The ratio of girls to boys
access to safe water mothers’ education increases can help prevent HIV transmission in school has increased
Estimated decrease in malnutrition based on regression model using data for 1970–96 (%) Deaths per 1,000, most recent year available Awareness by gender, most recent year available (%)
*Excluding Pacific islands considerably over the
past two decades,
Côte d’Ivoire,
Sub-Saharan Africa Eritrea, 1995 1998/99 especially in Latin
If region had
full female East Asia* America and East Asia.
enrollment Haiti, 2000
in secondary Middle East & North Africa Bolivia, 1998
But it remains low in
education much of South Asia and
Latin America & Caribbean
Bolivia, 1998
Indonesia,
Sub-Saharan Africa.
1997
Burkina Faso,
1998/99
If region had
Turkey, 1998
full access to
No education Nepal, 2001
safe water
Primary only
Jordan, 1997 Men
Secondary Turkey, 1998
and above Women
0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

World Bank Atlas 25


Limited land and more demand for food

Land is one of the world’s most important Causes and extent of land degradation

natural resources sustaining human existence, Degradation significantly reduces land’s productive capacity and
yet it is increasingly degraded—mainly because threatens current and future global food security. Among the causes of
land degradation are overgrazing, deforestation, bad farming practices
of human activities. And although food (including improper crop rotation and poor irrigation methods), removal of
production outpaces population growth in most natural vegetation, poor soil and water management, and frequent use of
heavy machinery. Of the world’s land:
regions, the demand for food is mounting and • 680 million hectares are degraded by overgrazing. About one-fifth of
many of the world’s people are going hungry. the world’s pastures and rangelands have been damaged. Recent
losses have been most severe in Africa and Asia.
Whether the world will continue to processing of agricultural • 580 million hectares are degraded by deforestation. Vast swaths of
be able to feed itself will largely products. But current projections forests have been degraded by large-scale logging and by clearing for
depend on how land and other indicate that meeting the growing farm and urban uses. During 1975–1990 more than 220 million
natural resources are managed. demand for food will also require hectares of tropical forests were destroyed, mainly for food production.
The world’s growing population expanding arable areas in • 550 million hectares are degraded by agricultural mismanagement.
means that intense pressure on developing countries. Such Water erosion causes 25 billion tons of soil to be lost each year, and
land will continue, particularly in expansions must come from some 40 million hectares of land suffer from soil salinization and
Africa and Asia. This requires converting additional forests and waterlogging.
increasing crop and livestock woodlands or from bringing into • 137 million hectares are degraded by fuelwood consumption. Each
yields and intensifying land use. cultivation fragile semi-arid areas. year 1.7 billion cubic meters of fuelwood are harvested from forests
And it requires improving the Both approaches raise serious and plantations. In many developing regions wood is the primary
efficiency of the harvesting and environmental concerns. source of energy.

Food production has outpaced world population growth globally and in Land degradation is a serious problem in many regions
every region except Sub-Saharan Africa and for many types of land
Population growth and food production, 1980–2002 (1980 = 100) Millions of hectares, most recent year available Nondegraded land Degraded land
180
World 2,000
Population
Food production

160 1,500
Sub-Saharan Africa
Population
Food production

140 1,000

120 500

0
100 Africa Asia Latin Africa Asia Latin Africa Asia Latin
America America America
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Forest & woodland Permanent pasture Agricultural land

26 World Bank Atlas


11
Arable land, 1999–2001

Although lower income countries are . . . agricultural land per capita . . . and agricultural yields have . . . despite an increase in the use Over the last two
using more land to produce food . . . has fallen . . . changed only modestly . . . of agricultural machinery decades arable land per
Land under cereal production (millions of hectares) Land under cereal production (hectares per Cereal yields (thousands of kilograms per hectare) Agricultural machinery per 1,000 hectares
1,000 people) capita has declined
globally. Arable land
Low-income 1979–81 Low-income 1979–81 Low-income 1979–81
Low-income 1979–81
areas traditionally have
countries 2000–02 countries 2000–02 countries 2000–02 countries 2000–02 been the main sources of
agricultural growth. With
Lower-middle- Lower-middle- Lower-middle- Lower-middle-
income income income income increasing demand for
countries countries countries countries diversified crop and
Upper-middle- Upper-middle- Upper-middle- Upper-middle-
livestock products, the
income income income income world is now largely
countries countries countries countries
dependent on increased
yields to expand
High-income High-income High-income High-income
countries countries countries countries agricultural supply.

0 100 200 300 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50

World Bank Atlas 27


A thirsty planet gets thirstier

Water is crucial to economic growth and Water shortages—a major challenge of the 21st century

development—and to the survival of both The total volume of water on Earth is about 1,400 million cubic kilometers.
terrestrial and aquatic systems. But more than a Only 2.5 percent of this, or about 35 million cubic kilometers, is freshwater.
Most freshwater occurs in the form of permanent ice or snow, locked up in
billion people lack access to safe water, and Antarctica and Greenland, or in deep groundwater aquifers. The principal
more than 670 million people live in countries sources of water for human use are lakes, rivers, soil moisture, and
relatively shallow groundwater basins. The usable portion of these sources
facing chronic and widespread water shortages. is less than 1 percent of all freshwater and only 0.01 percent of all water
on Earth. Much of this available water is located far from human
Global per capita freshwater safe drinking water by 2015. populations, making its use impractical or impossible. The replenishment of
supplies are declining. With Flows of water are also freshwater depends mostly on evaporation from the surface of the oceans.
fur ther growth in population and essential to the viability of all Some 80 countries, with 40 percent of the world’s population, suffer
economic activity, the share of ecosystems. Unsustainable serious water shortages. In less than 25 years an estimated two-thirds of the
the world’s population facing levels of extraction of water world’s people will be living in water-stressed countries. By 2020 water use is
water shor tage could increase for other uses diminish the expected to increase by 40 percent, and 17 percent more water will be
more than fivefold by 2050. total available to maintain required for food production to meet the needs of growing populations. The
These trends pose a significant ecosystems’ integrity, leading three major factors leading to increased water demand over the past century
challenge for meeting the to the fur ther degradation of have been population growth, industrial development, and the expansion of
Millennium Development Goal of natural systems. The impact on irrigated agriculture. Agriculture accounts for more than 70 percent of
halving the propor tion of people the future availability of water freshwater drawn from lakes, rivers, and underground sources. This share is
without sustainable access to resources is profound. more than 90 percent in low-income countries. Most of this water is used for
irrigation of land that provides about 40 percent of world food production.

Global withdrawals of freshwater have increased almost tenfold in the Agriculture is the principal use for most freshwater in developing countries
last century
Water withdrawal, 1900–2000 (cubic kilometers) Share of freshwater withdrawals, most recent year available (%) Domestic Industry Agriculture
5,000 Domestic 100

4,000 80

Industry
3,000 60

2,000 40

1,000 20

Agriculture
0 0
South Middle East Sub-Saharan East Asia Latin America Europe & High
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Asia & North Africa Africa & Pacific & Caribbean Central Asia income

28 World Bank Atlas


Freshwater resources per capita, 2000
12
Water availability and
quality are crucial for
economic development
and well-being. For water
the problem is often too
little, too much, or too
impure. Some countries
have abundant untapped
water to support growth
far into the future. Others
are already using almost
all their water resources
and increasing supply will
be expensive. Not
captured in this map is
water quality, often as
severe a problem as water
availability, but receiving
less attention, particularly
in developing regions.

Freshwater withdrawal, 1980–2000


Agriculture is typically
responsible for 60–90
percent of freshwater
withdrawal for irrigation,
used in producing 40
percent of the world’s
food. However, industrial
and domestic uses
produce more value per
cubic meter of water
used. Global per capita
freshwater supplies have
declined by a third over
the past 25 years. As
demand for water
increases, more people
will face water stress
(less than 1,700 cubic
meters of water a year
per person).

World Bank Atlas 29


Forests

Forests contribute to the livelihoods of 90 Protecting land areas slows the loss of biodiversity

percent of the 1.2 billion people living in Biological diversity, or biodiversity, refers to the variety of life on Ear th,
extreme poverty. They nourish the natural including the variety of plant and animal species, the genetic variability
within each species, and the variety of different ecosystems. The
systems supporting the agriculture and food Ear th’s biodiversity is the result of millions of years of evolution of life
supplies on which many more people depend. on this planet. But human activities are causing losses in biodiversity
50–100 times faster than would be expected without those activities.
They account for as much as 90 percent of The two most species-rich ecosystems are tropical forests and
terrestrial biodiversity. But in most countries coral reefs. Tropical forests are under threat largely from conversion to
other land uses, while coral reefs are experiencing increasing levels of
they are shrinking. overexploitation and pollution. The pressure on biodiversity is driven
Forests provide essential public with most of this destruction a mainly by economic development and related demands, including
goods, such as carbon result of human actions. Some those for biological resources, and habitat conversion and destruction.
sequestration, nutrient and loss of forest is an inevitable part Large ecosystems have been fragmented into smaller disconnected
hydrological cycling, and of economic development, as patches of original vegetation, and the introduction or accidental
biodiversity preservation. Forest forests provide fuel and raw release of exotic species has proven harmful to many indigenous
loss is taking a terrible toll on material for manufacturing and species.
both the natural and economic construction. But because forests In response, several international conventions have been developed
resources of many countries. are undervalued, they are subject to conserve threatened species. One of the most widely used
Forest loss in the tropics alone is to more destructive and unsustain- approaches for conserving habitat is to designate protected areas, such
responsible for 10–30 percent of able activities than is economically as national parks. The area under protection has increased steadily in
global greenhouse gas emissions, or environmentally justified. the past three decades, a promising sign.

Forests now cover about 30 percent They shrank by 95 million hectares In most regions less than the recommended 10 percent of land is protected
of all land in the last decade
Forest as percentage of land area, 1990–2000 Change in forest areas, 1990–2000 (million hectares) Nationally protected area as share of total land area, 2003 (%)
12
Latin Latin
America & America &
Caribbean Caribbean 10
Europe & Europe &
Central Asia Central Asia
8
Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan
Africa Africa
6
East Asia East Asia
& Pacific & Pacific 4

South South
Asia Asia 2

Middle East & Middle East &


North Africa North Africa 0
Middle East & Latin America East Asia Sub-Saharan Europe & South
0 10 20 30 40 50 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 North Africa & Caribbean & Pacific Africa Central Asia Asia

30 World Bank Atlas


Forest cover, 2000
13
Forest ecosystems play
multiple roles globally
and locally as providers
of environmental
services—and as sources
of economically valued
products.

Deforestation, 1990–2000
Over the past several
centuries an estimated
60 percent of European
forests, 30 percent of
North American forests,
and 35 percent of the
former Soviet Union’s
forest have been cleared,
primarily for agricultural
purposes. The greatest
forest loss is now
occurring in the species-
rich tropics. More than a
fifth of the world’s
tropical forests have
been cleared since 1960.

Note: Negative numbers


indicate increases in forest
area.

World Bank Atlas 31


Energy use and a warmer world

The Earth’s climate has warmed by about half a Carbon dioxide emissions mean faster warming

degree Celsius over the last century and much The extensive use of fossil fuels in recent decades has boosted carbon
scientific evidence suggests that human dioxide emissions—a major contributor to global warming. The heat-
trapping carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) released each year by
activities have contributed to this warming. The human activities is estimated at 6 to 7 billion tons. Some 2 billion tons
burning of coal, oil, and natural gas and the are absorbed by oceans, and another 1.5 to 2.5 billion by plants, with
the rest released in the atmosphere.
cutting of forests are changing the atmospheric The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is up by some 30
concentration of green-house gases, changing our percent since the beginning of the industrial revolution. According to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the rate and duration of
planet’s climate, with far-reaching consequences. warming in the 20th century are unprecedented in the past thousand
Global warming shrinks glaciers, climate change vary across years. The global average surface temperature has increased by about
changes the frequency and regions, but developing countries 0.6 degrees Celsius, with the 1990s being the warmest decade since
intensity of rainfall, shifts growing are likely to suffer most because 1861, the period for which instrumental records are available.
seasons, advances the flowering of their dependence on climate- Increases in the maximum temperature and the number of hot days
of trees and emergence of sensitive activities—such as have been observed over nearly all regions. The warming is expected to
insects, and causes the sea level agriculture and fisheries. They continue, with increases projected to be in the range of 1.4 to 5.8
to rise. The direction and also have limited capacity to degrees Celsius between 1990 and 2100.
magnitude of the impact of respond to climate change.

Less oil, more gas generates electricity High-income countries are using more and more energy
Global sources of electricity generation, 1990 and 2001 Energy use, 1980–2001 (millions of kilograms oil equivalent)

12

1990 2001
Other low-income
10
Others Others India
2% 2%

Oil Oil 8
11% 7%
Other middle-income
Gas Gas
Coal Coal 6
14% 18% China
38% 39%

Nuclear Nuclear 4
power power
17% Hydropower 17% Other high-income
Hydropower
18% 17% 2

United States
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2001

32 World Bank Atlas


Energy use per capita, 2001
14
The world’s growing
population, with its
desire for economic
growth and a better
quality of life, is raising
the demand for energy.
By far the most common
way to satisfy the need
for energy in modern
economies is through
burning fossil fuels, such
as coal, oil, and natural
gas. Since 1950 fossil
fuel use has increased
more than fourfold.

Carbon dioxide emission per capita, 2000


Each year the use of
fossil fuels releases
billions of tons of
greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere. High
income economies, with
15 percent of the world’s
population, produce more
than half the global
emission of carbon
dioxide—the most
important contributor
to global warming.

World Bank Atlas 33


Growth and opportunity

Without economic growth there can be no long- After 40 years of slowdown, is the rate of growth accelerating?

term poverty reduction. Economies that have A faster rate of growth can have a profound effect on the welfare of
achieved sustained growth—through productive people within a single generation. Even a small improvement can make a
difference. An increase in annual growth from 1.75 percent to 3.5
investments in physical, social, and human percent reduces the time needed to double output from 40 years to 20
capital—have significantly reduced poverty. years. Between 1990 and 2003 gross domestic product per capita in
East Asia and Pacific grew by 6 percent a year—120 percent in 13
Economies that have not grown have experienced years—and the poverty rate fell by half.
stagnant or increasing rates of poverty. Economic growth does not follow a smooth path, but for most of the
last 40 years the rate of growth has been slowing—in both high-income
Between 1990 and 2003 GDP per people living on less than $1 a and developing economies. Why? Growth opportunities from postwar
capita in all developing countries day increased sharply. In Latin reconstruction ran out. The energy crises of the 1970s interrupted growth
grew by 1.9 percent a year, but America and the Caribbean, the in oil consuming countries. The growth slowdown contributed to increasing
growth was not evenly distributed Middle East and North Africa, and debt in developing economies, which, combined with poor macroeconomic
and the effect on poverty varied Sub-Saharan Africa, growth rates management, left many with fewer opportunities for investment.
widely. The greatest gains were were low, and poverty rates also But growth did not slow everywhere. The export-oriented economies of
made in the two fastest growing remained stagnant. Whether East Asia grew rapidly, creating new jobs and raising incomes. India, which
regions, East Asia and Pacific and growth helps to reduce poverty liberalized its trade and investment policies, also began to grow faster.
South Asia. In Europe and Central depends on how growth is There are other signs of faster growth ahead. Since 2000, 13 countries in
Asia, which experienced a painful distributed. A continuing challenge Sub-Saharan Africa have had per capita growth rates greater than 4 percent.
economic contraction, both the for development is to ensure that As more countries recognize the need for an environment that encourages
number and the proportion of poor people are not left behind. productive investment, more widespread growth will be possible.

Some of the 30 poorest countries in 1960 experienced the fastest But growth was not evenly distributed, and some regions grew faster
growth rates in the following 40 years, lifting millions out of poverty than others
GDP per capita, 1960–2003 (1960=100) GDP per capita growth, 1980–2003 (%) 1980–90 1990–2000 2000–03
1,500 8
Botswana

1,200 6
China

900 4

Thailand

600 2
Indonesia

300 0
Other 26

–2
0
East Asia Europe & South Middle East & Sub-Saharan Latin America High
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 & Pacific Central Asia Asia North Africa Africa & Caribbean income

34 World Bank Atlas


15
GDP per capita growth, 1990–2003

GDP per capita rose rapidly in Asia . . . . . . and is beginning to recover in The last 13 years saw
the transition countries a surge of growth,
GDP per capita by region, 1980–2003 (1980=100) GDP per capita in Europe and Central Asia,
1990–2003 (1990=100) especially among
400 East Asia & Pacific 120 countries that opened
their economies to trade
100
300
and investment. The
transition economies of
80
South Asia
Europe and Central Asia
200 experienced setbacks,
60
but many are now
Latin America & Caribbean 40 growing rapidly.
100
Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
20

0
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1990 1995 2000 2003

World Bank Atlas 35


The rise of the service economy

The service sector now accounts for two-thirds Trade in services is growing

of global economic output. Services are the Merchandise trade accounts for about 80 percent of world trade, but
fastest growing sector in developing countries, trade in services is growing in importance. Unlike merchandise, services
are often intangible, invisible, and perishable. And they often require the
growing by more than 250 percent since 1970. supplier and consumer to be near to each other. For trade to take place,
In these countries the share of services in GDP one of them must move. Trade in services is thus divided into four
modes of supply:
increased from 42 percent in 1970 to more than • Cross-border supply is similar to merchandise trade: the product (such
51 percent in 2003. as software or an insurance policy) moves from supplier to consumer.
• Consumption abroad occurs when consumers travel abroad to
Services form the backbone of a the operation of markets. purchase services such as tourism, education, or health care.
modern economy and make Transportation services contribute • Commercial presence involves establishing a subsidiary in another
important contributions to to the efficient distribution of country, which supplies the services locally.
economic growth and human goods. Wholesale and retail • Movement of individuals occurs when individuals move temporarily
welfare. Banking and financial services are a vital link between from their own country to another to supply services.
services guide investment and producers and consumers and Data on trade in ser vices are collected from balance of payments
savings to productive uses. increase the efficiency of trade. records, which cover primarily cross-border supply and consumption
Software development and Health and education services abroad. Commercial presence, involving foreign direct investment, is
computer services make possible provided by the public and private thought to be increasing. Trade through the movement of individuals is
the growth of a knowledge sectors and other services par ticularly impor tant for developing countries. Many more would be
economy. Telecommunications provided by government improve able to “expor t” their labor if rules governing temporar y immigration
spread knowledge and improve the quality of people’s lives. were liberalized.

Services now account for two-thirds of global output . . . . . . and a fifth of global trade
Value added in services as share of GDP, 1980–2003 (%) Exports of commercial services as share of total exports, 1980–2002 (%)
80 30

70
High-income

High-income 20
60 Middle-income

Low-income
50

Middle-income 10

40
Low-income

30 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

36 World Bank Atlas


16
Services value added, 2003

Services are the largest part of gross domestic product, except in East Asia and Pacific, where China’s manufacturing sector dominates The service sector
Shares of value-added, 1980–2001 (%) produces the largest
80 80 80 80
share of gross domestic
Services
product in most high- and
middle-income economies.
60 60 60 60 Services Low-income economies
Services
Industry are catching up.

Services
40 40 40 40
Industry Industry
Industry

20 Agriculture 20 20 Agriculture 20
Agriculture

Agriculture

0 0 0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003
East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

World Bank Atlas 37


Investment for growth

Almost a quarter of world output adds new assets Foreign direct investment flows to countries with a good investment climate

needed for economic growth or replenishes those Foreign direct investment provides much needed capital for poor countries
used in production. Investment rates are highest in whose savings rates are low. It is also important for the transfer of new
technology and management skills. Companies make foreign direct
rapidly growing economies of East Asia and Pacific investments to establish a lasting interest in an enterprise or exert
and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. But demand is effective management control over it. They thus share in the risk of the
enterprise and have a greater stake in its success.
greatest in high-income OECD economies, where This makes foreign direct investment a stable source of investment.
investment exceeded $5 trillion in 2002. But it also means that developing country governments and businesses
must create a sound investment climate, able to attract and hold foreign
Investment is financed out of limiting oppor tunities for growth.
investors. That implies an open economy without burdensome
saving. Countries with high Investment generally refers to
restrictions, access to markets and links to the global economy, the
savings rates usually have high the acquisition of buildings and
absence of internal or external conflicts, and sound macroeconomic
investment rates. But not all equipment, improvements to
policies to encourage economic growth.
investment is financed from proper ty, and net changes
In 2002 foreign direct investment fell to $631 billion, a 58 percent
domestic sources. Countries in stocks of goods. Other
drop from 2000 that reversed a steady increase since 1991. Almost 77
can obtain financing from the investments—not measurable
percent of the world’s foreign direct investment goes to developed
savings of foreigners through directly in monetar y terms—
countries. Among developing regions, Latin America and East Asia receive
lending or direct investment. If may be even more impor tant.
the largest share, with Brazil, China, and Mexico accounting for more than
countries cannot obtain Investments in people and in
half the flows to developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,
adequate external financing, the institutions that help people
where most of the poor live and with the greatest need to accelerate
they may not be able to achieve work together raise productivity
economic growth, receive less than 3 percent of foreign direct investment.
their desired level of investment, and incomes.
Domestic savings exceed investment needs in three regions— Latin America and East Asia have been the largest recipients of foreign
and fall short in three direct investment in the last decade
Savings minus investment as share of GDP, 1999–2003 (%) Foreign direct investment, 1990–2003 ($ billions)

6 200
Middle East & North Africa
175 South Asia
4 Sub-Saharan Africa
150
Europe & Central Asia
2 125

100
0
75
Latin America & Caribbean
–2 50

25
–4 East Asia & Pacific
South Sub-Saharan Latin America Europe & East Asia Middle East & 0
Asia Africa & Caribbean Central Asia & Pacific North Africa 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003

38 World Bank Atlas


17
Gross capital formation, 2003

High investment rates do not always ensure high GDP growth rates Investment rates have
been highest in East Asia
Gross capital formation, 1990–2003 (% of GDP) GDP annual growth rate, 1990–2003 (%)
and the Pacific and
50 20
lowest in Sub-Saharan
Africa. But exceptions
40 15 occur everywhere as
domestic and foreign
30 10 investors pursue new
opportunities.
20 5

10 0

0 –5
1990 1993 1996 1999 2003 1990 1993 1996 1999 2003 1990 1993 1996 1999 2003 1990 1993 1996 1999 2003
China India Brazil South Africa

World Bank Atlas 39


Improving the investment climate

A good investment climate requires government Getting the basics right in improving the investment climate

policies that provide an environment for firms and The payoff from reducing government-related risks is big. The probability
entrepreneurs to invest productively, create jobs, of attracting new investments can increase by more than 30 percent, and
worker productivity rises as well. A good investment climate allows firms
and contribute to growth and poverty reduction. to develop, innovate, and respond to customer needs.
Many factors influence firms’ investment decisions, Although each country confronts different constraints, international
experience shows that the main elements to get right are security and
but policy uncertainty worries the private sector stability, regulation and taxation, finance and infrastructure, and labor
the most. Macroeconomic instability, high taxes, markets. While the agenda is broad, a reform process that tackles binding
constraints can deliver enormous payoffs. Surveys show that
red tape, and corruption are other deterrents. entrepreneurs will invest more in their businesses and growth will be
What are the challenges for arbitrary behavior by the key higher if property rights are secure. Governments that reduce red tape,
governments in improving the agencies of the state. Third is have transparent regulatory strategies, and establish a well-administered
investment climate and getting the fostering public trust and tax collection system can create a good investment climate and meet their
balance right between society’s legitimacy through open and social goals. Many firms require financing to fund investments and share
interests and firms’ incentives to participatory policymaking, risks, and they need reliable access to electricity, telecommunications,
invest? First is restraining transparency, and equity. Fourth is and transport to operate efficiently and compete globally. Governments
corruption by public officials, ensuring that government policies that focus on creating a good climate for finance and infrastructure
firms, and other interest groups. realistically reflect current through sound regulation and private participation help to improve
Second is establishing credibility conditions and continue to adapt productivity and growth. Governments can also foster a better workforce by
by maintaining economic and to changing economic and making education more inclusive, increasing equity in the workforce, and
political stability and restraining business conditions. helping workers cope with labor mobility.

Top 10 developing countries receiving foreign direct investment Policy uncertainty dominates the investment climate concerns of firms

Net foreign direct investment inflows, 2002 ($ billions) Constraints in the investment climate, based on rankings by country, 2002–04

50
Electricity Skills Crime
2% 2%
Finance 2%
40 4%

Corruption
30 10% Policy
uncertainty
28%
20 Regulation
and tax
administration
10%
10 Macro
Tax rates instability
19% 23%
0
China Brazil Mexico Czech Poland Slovak Malaysia India Russian Kazakh-
Republic Republic Federation stan

40 World Bank Atlas


18
Time to start a new business, 2004

Countries with many start-up . . . tend to have high registration . . . expensive contract . . . and a long time to resolve To start a new business
procedures . . . costs . . . enforcement . . . insolvency in Azerbaijan an
Number of start-up procedures, 2004 Costs to register a business (% of GNI per capita), 2004 Costs to enforce a contract (% of debt), 2004 Time to resolve insolvency (years), 2004
entrepreneur must
Chad Chad Chad Chad complete 14 procedures
taking an average of 123
Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine business days. In Ghana
such procedures take an
India India India India average of 85 business
days. But Canada
Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico requires only 2 start-up
procedures—and the
Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary process takes just 3 days.

Australia Australia Australia Australia

0 5 10 15 20 25 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

World Bank Atlas 41


Government performance

Good governance—sound management of a Learning to measure governance outcomes

country’s economic and social resources, and There is great diversity in the quality of governance in countries at all levels
strong institutions that support, regulate, and of income. At one end are the failed states, where governments barely
exist and provide almost no services. At the other end are countries with
stabilize markets and ensure fair treatment of mature institutions and strong governments that provide adequate services
all citizens—strengthens the investment and ensure growth and poverty reduction. These diverse outcomes are a
product of each country’s history and culture and of incentives shaped by
climate, improves public services, and enables its institutions.
poor people and vulnerable groups to participate This diversity has encouraged broad-scale efforts to measure the
performance of governments and governance. The World Bank Institute has
in every aspect of a country’s development. reviewed cross-country indicators to obtain proxies for various aspects of
The state in the 21st century plays balances diverse interests to solve governance. The data are mapped to components of governance and
many roles. It ensures law and common problems. aggregated into six governance indicators: voice and accountability, political
order. It delivers essential But governments in many stability and lack of violence, government effectiveness, lack of regulatory
services, such as education and developing countries, facing burden, rule of law, and control of corruption. By combining data from many
health. It creates the preconditions growing populations, divergent sources and optimally weighting each source by its reliability, this approach
for markets to function effectively interests, rising expectations, and reduces the large margins of error compared with reliance on data from
by maintaining macroeconomic a rapidly changing global environ- only one source.
stability, regulating markets, ment, are finding their ability to Empirical research, based on these new indicators, shows that better
providing basic infrastructure, and meet these challenges and deliver governance leads to improved development outcomes such as reductions
protecting individuals and investors basic services constrained by in child mortality and illiteracy, and increased income and foreign direct
from arbitrary state actions. And it weak institutions and governance. investment.

Access to government services is better for the rich than for the poor Are rules and laws governing society fair and predictable?

Distance to nearest health center in rural areas (kilometers) Richest 20% Poorest 20% Rule of law by region, percentile ranking, 2002
25 100

20 80

60
15

40
10

20
5

0
0 OECD Eastern Middle East Latin East South Sub- Former
Chad, Morocco, Bolivia, Nigeria, Dominican Rep., Bangladesh, Europe & North America & Asia & Asia Saharan Soviet
1998 1992 1993–94 1999 1991 1996–97 Africa Caribbean Pacific Africa Union

42 World Bank Atlas


19
Policy uncertainty as a major constraint to business, 2001–04

OECD and Eastern European countries are politically more stable than Control of corruption lags in Sub-Saharan Africa and in countries of the The map shows that
other regions former Soviet Union policy uncertainty can be
Political stability by region, percentile ranking, 2002 Control of corruption by region, percentile ranking, 2002
a major constraint to
100 100
business. Data are from
the World Bank Invest-
80 80
ment Climate Surveys.
Governance data in the
60 60
charts show percentile
rankings and do not
40 40 reflect the official position
of the World Bank, its
20 20 Executive Directors, or
the countries they repre-
0 0 sent. Countries’ relative
OECD Eastern East Latin Middle East Sub- South Former OECD Latin Eastern Middle East East South Sub- Former
Europe Asia & America & & North Saharan Asia Soviet America & Europe & North Asia & Asia Saharan Soviet positions are subject to
Pacific Caribbean Africa Africa Union Caribbean Africa Pacific Africa Union
large margins of error.

World Bank Atlas 43


Infrastructure

Infrastructure industries and services such as Reforming and modernizing infrastructure services to expand access and
improve quality
roads, rails, power, communications, and water
and sanitation systems are crucial for economic Networked utilities—electricity, telecommunications, railroads, water, and
gas supply—were state monopolies in most countries because
growth, competitiveness, better health and governments believed that these essential services could not be
education, and poverty reduction. New ways of entrusted to private companies. But state-owned monopolies often
performed poorly because of underinvestment, failing to deliver quality
providing infrastructure are expanding services services to their customers. So many countries—rich and poor alike—
to poor people, but many challenges remain. introduced reforms to improve efficiency, quality, and access.
The new model for financing and providing infrastructure involves
Quality infrastructure services World Bank estimates that devel- competitive restructuring, private participation, and effective regulation.
such as safe water and sanitation oping countries need to double Experience shows that innovative public-private partnerships and reforms
systems are essential for sustain- their spending on infrastructure to can deliver improved access and quality, but sequencing the reforms is
ing life and maintaining health. A at least 6–7 percent of GDP over important. First must come restructuring to introduce competition,
good transportation network and the next few years to meet infra- followed by effective regulation mechanisms and then fostering private
reliable power are needed for structure investment and mainte- capital participation to take advantage of private companies’ financial,
businesses to operate efficiently nance needs. Many countries are technical, and managerial expertise.
and remain globally competitive. reforming ownership, organization, Between 1990 and 2002 more than $800 billion was invested in
But many people in developing and regulation of networked infrastructure projects with private participation in developing and
countries, especially in rural utilities to improve efficiency and transition economies. Some restructuring and privatization reforms may
areas, lack access to quality expand quality services to lead to price increases, so safety nets and rate structures that protect
services at affordable prices. The underserved populations. poor people have been built into many of these reforms.

Access to personal computers has Private participation in infrastructure Water is reaching more people
grown rapidly is concentrated in some sectors
Personal computers per 1,000 people, 1995 and 2002 Sector distribution of infrastructure investment Population with access to an improved water source, 1990 and 2000 (%) 1990 2000
with private participation in developing countries,
100
1990–2002
Europe &
Central Asia Water and
sewerage 80
Latin America 5%
& Caribbean

Middle East & 60


North Africa Transport
17%
East Asia Telecom-
munications 40
& Pacific
45%
Sub-Saharan
Africa Energy 20
33%
1995
South Asia
2002 0
Europe & Middle East & Latin America South East Asia Sub-Saharan
0 20 40 60 80 Central Asia North Africa & Caribbean Asia & Pacific Africa

44 World Bank Atlas


20
Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers, 2002

Water, sanitation, and electricity Electrification rates range from near Transport is important for school Rural roads are key to travelling to The combined mobile and
are good for health and education complete coverage to less than 10% attendance and health care health clinics, schools, and jobs
fixed telephone lines per
Households with access to electricity, 2000–02 (%) Share of rural population with access to an
• In Bangladesh, installing • In Morocco, girls’ attendance in all-season road, most recent year available (%) 1,000 people is a
facilities with clean water Georgia primary school more than tripled Indonesia measure of access to
and sanitation for girls after a paved road was built. 2003 information and commu-
Bosnia and
increased their school Herzegovina • In Africa, 11 percent of people Tajikistan nications technology. In
1999
attendance by 15 percent. sur veyed say that the high 2002 more than 120
Pakistan Yemen, Rep.
• Access to sewerage in cost of transpor t—or poor 1998 countries had more
some urban Nicaraguan Honduras access—is the major barrier Malawi mobile than fixed line
1997
communities reduced child to health care. subscribers, including
Nepal Bangladesh
mortality by 50 percent. • In Andhra Pradesh, India, the 2000
Austria, the Czech
• In households with female literacy rate is 60 Republic, Malaysia,
Cambodia Albania
electricity, children read and percent higher in villages with 2002 Uganda, and Venezuela.
study more, improving Mali all-season road access than in Chad
2001
educational performance. villages with sporadic access.
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

World Bank Atlas 45


The integrating world

An integrated global economy makes it easier for The proliferation of regional trade blocs

people in different countries to do business with The European Union expansion in 2004 from 15 to 25 members is the
each other and for people and goods to move latest example of the rapid growth of regional trading agreements. Almost
every country is a member of one or more regional integration
between countries. The links between economies arrangements—or thinking about it.
have grown in the past 20 years as transportation In Latin America, Mercosur was formed in 1991 and the Group of
Three in 1995. The Andean Pact was resurrected in 1991 and the Central
costs and trade barriers have fallen and American Common Market in 1993. In Africa, blocs were reformed and
international financial markets have expanded. reorganized in the east, west, and south. In the Middle East, the Gulf
Cooperation Council emerged, and the Arab League agreed to cut trade
New technologies have altered increase in an open, integrated barriers over a 10-year period. In Asia, ASEAN became a free trade area
longstanding patterns of economy. Immigrants are often in 1992 and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation agreed
production and employment. more productive in the host in 1997 to transform itself into the South Asia Free Trade Area. In North
Increasingly, products are country, reducing labor costs America, the Canada–United States Free Trade Area was extended to
produced in multiple locations and there, while remittances sent to Mexico in 1994 under the North American Free Trade Agreement.
distributed all over the world. their home countries boost These arrangements reflect three key changes. They recognize that
Developing countries have become incomes there. Integration, by effective integration requires removing all barriers that impede the free flow
important suppliers of manufac- opening new markets, sharing of goods, services, investments, and ideas, not just tariffs and quotas.
tured goods and services, spurring knowledge, and increasing the Second, essentially closed trading blocs (encouraging import substitution
new opportunities for investment. efficiency of resources, can within larger regional markets) have been transformed into more open
Like trade and financial flows, the increase opportunities for people arrangements that minimize discrimination against nonmembers. Third,
movement of labor is likely to and reduce poverty. developing countries are becoming equal partners in such agreements.

Trade is an important avenue for integration Ten countries received 74 percent of net private capital flows to the
developing world
Exports and imports of goods, 1990 and 2002 (% of GDP) 1990 2002 Net private capital flows, 2002 ($ billions)
* Data for Europe and Central Asia are for 1994 and 2002.
70 50

60
40

50
30
40

30 20

20
10
10

0 0
Europe & East Asia Sub-Saharan Middle East & Latin America South China Czech Mexico Brazil Russian Turkey Slovak Poland India Malaysia
Central Asia* & Pacific Africa North Africa & Caribbean Asia Republic Federation Republic

46 World Bank Atlas


21
Merchandise trade flows, 2002

Europe and Central Asia


Canada

European Union
United States

Middle East and North Africa Japan


East Asia
South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America
and Caribbean

Money sent home by workers far exceeds aid Immigrants play an important role in high-income economies Trade in goods is a major
avenue of global
Top 10 countries for worker remittances, 2002 Foreign population in selected OECD countries, 2001 (thousands) % of total
Workers’ integration. The arrows
remittances Net aid United States show the value of trade
31,811 8
Country ($ millions) ($ millions)
Germany 7,319 3
(exports plus imports)
Mexico 9,814 136 between major trading
Canada 5,448 2
India 8,317 1,463 partners. Flows of less
Australia 4,482 20
Pakistan 3,554 2,144 than $30 billion are not
United Kingdom 2,587 1
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,893 1,286 shown. Trade between
Japan 1,778 4
Morocco 2,877 636 developing countries and
Switzerland 1,419 23 regions has been
Bangladesh 2,848 913
Colombia 2,415 441 Italy 1,363 18 increasing, but more than
Serbia and Montenegro 2,089 1,931 Spain 1,109 9 half of world trade still
Belgium 847 11 occurs between high-
Dominican Republic 1,939 157
income countries.
Turkey 1,936 636 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

World Bank Atlas 47


Reducing barriers to trade

An open and equitable global trading system is How high are trade barriers?

essential for development. But after many Tariffs may be the most well-known trade barrier, but nontariff barriers
rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, may be the most important. To measure the effects of trade barriers, the
World Bank constructed the overall trade restrictiveness index (OTRI). The
significant barriers remain. Trade barriers OTRI takes into account a country’s tariffs, nontariff barriers, support to
impose costs on both high-income countries agriculture, and preference programs and converts them into tariff
equivalents. The European Union has the highest OTRI of OECD
and the developing world. countries, but preferences bring its OTRI toward low-income economies
down to 1.5 percent. Canada and United States have lower overall OTRIs
Developing countries face tariffs labor-intensive goods, so than the European Union, but their OTRIs toward low-income economies
that are on average more than encouraging export-led growth can are 7.7 percent and 6.3 percent.
twice those faced by high-income help reduce poverty. Increased Among the main barriers to developing country trade are the large
countries. They also confront export earnings help raise subsidies given to domestic agricultural producers by all the major OECD
nontariff barriers, such as quotas, national income levels, and countries. Agricultural support by OECD members totaled $318 billion in
product standards, preferential growth in labor-intensive sectors 2002—almost six times their contributions of foreign aid and 47
arrangements, and antidumping leads to more employment percent of the value of their agricultural production. Consider this: the
actions. A reduction in trade opportunities for poor people. To gross national income per capita of low- and middle-income countries
barriers often results in significant realize these benefits, many poor (averaging $1,170 in 2003) is considerably less than the $11,000 a
growth opportunities for low- and countries will need “aid for trade” year subsidy going to each full-time farmer in OECD countries. Cutting
middle-income countries. Most of aimed at increasing their capacity subsides in rich countries would raise the prices received by poor
these countries’ exports are in to export. farmers in developing countries and let them compete more effectively
in world markets.

Low-income countries face greater trade restrictions from Canada and In OECD countries trade in agricultural goods is much more restricted
the United States than from the European Union and Japan than trade in manufactured goods
Overall trade restrictiveness index, Toward all developing countries Toward low-income countries Overall trade restrictiveness index, tariff equivalent, 2001 (%) Manufacturing Agriculture
tariff equivalent, 2001 (%)
8 30

7
25
6
20
5

4 15

3
10
2
5
1

0 0
Canada United Japan European European Japan Canada United
States Union Union States

48 World Bank Atlas


Weighted mean tariffs, pre-1998
22
Weighted mean tariffs
are weighted by the value
of the country’s trade
with its trading partners.
Some countries set fairly
uniform tariff rates
across all imports. Others
are more selective,
setting high tariffs to
protect favored domestic
industries. For the time
covered in this map
(latest year available for
1988–97) the lowered
trade barriers of the
Uruguay Round had not
yet taken effect.

Weighted mean tariffs, 1998–2002


In recent years—
1998–2002—tariffs have
dropped in most countries,
reflecting the international
commitment to freer
trade. Nontariff barriers
such as quotas, licensing,
and prohibitions have also
been decreasing, but the
use of antidumping
measures to restrict
imports has increased.

World Bank Atlas 49


External debt and debt management

Borrowing is an important way to finance Debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries

development. But when a country’s external In 1996 the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund launched the
debt exceeds the capacity of its economy to Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative to mitigate the debt crisis
that has affected some of the poorest countries. Enhanced in 1999, the
service it, the debt becomes unsustainable. initiative aims to provide permanent relief from unsustainable debt, to
The size of developing country debt emerged promote growth, and to redirect resources to poverty reduction. Countries
applying for debt relief agree on a policy framework that includes specific
as a major development issue following the oil actions to be completed before bilateral and multilateral creditors provide
crisis of the late 1970s. debt relief. Once a country has established a track record of good
performance, committed to continue to implement sound macroeconomic
In 2002 the external debt of and natural disasters can increase policies, and developed a poverty reduction strategy, debt relief and other
developing countries totaled $2.3 the probability that debt will assistance become available.
trillion. Eight countries accounted become unsustainable. Moreover, Under the HIPC Initiative 27 countries have received debt relief
for half this debt. Some 27 low- assuming broadly similar policies, amounting to $52 billion—saving them $1.3 billion a year in debt service
income and 18 middle-income countries with faster growth can payments and halving their ratio of debt service to exports. This savings
countries were classified as better manage their debt. Because has helped boost poverty reduction expenditures, such as basic health and
severely indebted, with debt to large debt service payments are a education programs aimed at improving the living standards of poor people.
export ratios greater than 220 drain on resources needed for An additional 11 countries are eligible for debt relief, but internal conflicts
percent and debt to GNI ratios growth and poverty reduction, and governance issues have prevented them from receiving assistance.
greater than 80 percent. Poor eco- manageable debt for poor Traditional debt relief (rescheduling and restructuring payments to
nomic policies, falling commodity countries is one of the Millennium creditors) has been inadequate for the poorest countries, and special
prices, high global interest rates, Development Goal targets. programs of debt forgiveness have been designed to address their problems.

External debt has increased in all regions since 1990—but declined HIPCs’ external debt is finally less than their GDP, with the turnaround
slightly since 2000 in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America & Caribbean beginning in 2000
Total external debt, 1990, 2000, and 2002 ($ billions) 1990 2000 2002 External debt and GDP, 1990–2002 ($ millions)

800 250

GDP
700

600
200
500

400 External debt

300
150
200

100

0 100
South Middle East & Sub-Saharan East Asia Europe & Latin America 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Asia North Africa Africa & Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean

50 World Bank Atlas


23Indebtedness, 2002

Debt service has stabilized in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Most regions have reduced their total debt service as a percentage of The external debt burden
and Middle East & North Africa exports—but not Latin America & Caribbean of developing countries
Total debt service, 1990, 1995, and 2002 ($ billions) 1990 1995 2002 Total debt service, 1990 and 2002 (% of exports) 1990 2002
has generally declined
150 35 since 1999, with the
ratio of external debt to
30
120 exports falling from 146
25 percent at the end of
90 1999 to an estimated
20
111 percent at the end of
15 2002 and the ratio of
60
debt to GNI declining
10
30
from 44 percent to an
5 estimated 39 percent.

0 0
Sub-Saharan South Middle East & East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & Sub-Saharan East Asia South Europe & Latin America
Africa Asia North Africa & Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Africa & Pacific Asia Central Asia & Caribbean

World Bank Atlas 51


Aid for development

Development is a partnership between low- and New commitments of aid

middle-income countries and high-income At the United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in
countries. Donor countries help recipient Monterrey, Mexico, in March 2002, donor countries agreed to scale up
their commitment on aid to developing economies to help them achieve
countries build capacity to foster change. And the Millennium Development Goals. Between 2001 and 2002 official
recipient countries invest in their people and development assistance flows began to increase, reaching 0.23 percent of
donors’ GNI in 2002. In coming years aid flows will continue to rise, with aid
create an environment that sustains growth. expected to reach 0.29 percent of donor gross national income (GNI) by
Aid is one way for rich countries to While rich countries can 2006 if countries keep their commitments:
transfer resources to poor coun- increase the volume and • Members of the European Union: raise development assistance to at
tries. Private investment is another. predictability of aid, more than aid least 0.33 percent of GNI by 2006, with the EU average rising to 0.44
But most private investment goes is needed. Rich countries can percent or more of GNI.
to a few countries, leaving out provide more debt relief and • United States: achieve a $7 billion annual increase (more than 50 percent)
many of the poorest countries. If greater market access for over current levels by 2006.
countries are to reach the Millen- developing countries. Developing • Canada: increase development assistance by 8 percent through 2010.
nium Development Goals, official countries can strengthen • Japan: increase its development assistance to 1 percent of GNI by 2006.
development assistance will have governance, improve the climate • Norway: increase its development assistance to 1 percent of GNI by 2005.
to be nearly double its 2002 level for private investment, and • Switzerland: increase its development assistance to 0.4 percent of GNI
of $58 billion, and poor countries increase human capital through by 2010.
will have to finance a lot more than more effective delivery of basic • Australia: increase its development assistance to 0.26 percent of GNI
that from their own resources. social services. by 2003/04.

Aid exceeded private investment in More aid to developing countries is Where did aid go in 2002? Top 10 aid recipients in 2002
the poorest countries in 2002 coming as grants
Net flows to countries receiving official development Bilateral official development assistance, Net aid by region, 2002 Net aid, selected countries, 2002 ($ billions)
assistance, 2002 ($ billions) 1990–2002 ($ billions)
40 Latin America Pakistan
& Caribbean High-
Bilateral official 9% income
41 Middle East & Mozambique
development 35 3%
assistance Grants North Africa Serbia and
11% Montenegro
Contributions 30
to multilateral 18 West Bank
development and Gaza
agencies 25
Sub-Saharan China
Other –.5
Africa
20 33%
official flows India

15 South Asia Indonesia


Net private 19
11%
flows Ethiopia
10 Europe &
East Asia
& Pacific Central Asia Russian
Net grants by 21% Federation
9 5 Loans 12%
nongovernmental
organizations Egypt, Arab Rep.
0
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 1990 1994 1998 2002 0 1 2 3

52 World Bank Atlas


24
Aid per capita, 2002

Only five countries provide as much as 0.7 percent of GNI for official development assistance—and the shares of most major aid donors have declined since 1990 In most countries aid
plays a relatively small
Net official development assistance, 1990 and 2002 (% of donor country GNI) 1990 2002
role. But for low-income
1.2
countries it can be very
important. In 2002, 16
0.9 low-income countries
received more than $50
0.6 in aid per person. An
additional 26 low-income
countries received more
0.3
than $20 in aid per
person.
0.0
ay

l
g

y
nd

e
k

en

ce

nd

nd

om

da

lia

ria

an

nd

ly

es
a
m

an
ar

ur
nd

c
ai

Ita
ug
rw

ee
an

ra

at
la
ed

la

na

a
iu

st
Sp
nm

bo

rm
la

nl

Ja

al
rt
Ire

er
lg

st
ng

St
No

Au
Fr

Gr
Sw

Ca
er

Fi

Ze
m

Po
Be

Ge
De

itz

Au
Ki

d
th

xe

Sw

ite
w
Ne

d
Lu

Ne
te

Un
i
Un

World Bank Atlas 53


Key indicators of development
Total Population Life Under-five Gross national income PPP Energy use Total Population Life Under-five Gross national income PPP Energy use
population density expectancy mortality gross per capita population density expectancy mortality gross per capita
at birth rate national at birth rate national
income a income a

people per 1,000 per capita per capita kg of oil people per 1,000 per capita per capita kg of oil
millions per sq. km years live births $ billions $ $ equivalent millions per sq. km years live births $ billions $ $ equivalent
Economy 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 b 2003 b 2003 2001 Economy 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 b 2003 b 2003 2001
Afghanistan 28.8 c 44 43 257 .. .. d .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 67.6 68 69 39 93.9 1,390 3,940 737
Albania 3.2 116 74 24 5.5 1,740 4,700 548 El Salvador 6.5 315 70 39 14.4 2,200 4,890 e 677
Algeria 31.8 13 71 49 60.2 1,890 5,940 e 955 Equatorial Guinea 0.5 18 52 152 0.4 930 .. ..
American Samoa 0.1 353 .. .. .. .. f .. .. Eritrea 4.4 43 51 80 0.9 190 1,110 e ..
Andorra 0.1 148 .. 7 .. .. g .. .. Estonia 1.4 32 71 12 6.7 4,960 12,480 3,444
Angola 13.5 11 47 260 10.0 740 1,890 e 663 Ethiopia 68.6 69 42 171 6.3 90 710 e 291
Antigua and Barbuda 0.1 179 75 14 0.7 9,160 9,590 .. Faeroe Islands 0.0 33 .. .. .. .. g .. ..
Argentina 38.4 14 74 19 140.1 3,650 10,920 1,593 Fiji 0.8 46 70 21 2.0 2,360 5,410 ..
Armenia 3.1 108 75 35 2.9 950 3,770 744 Finland 5.2 17 78 5 140.8 27,020 27,100 6,518
Aruba 0.1 511 .. .. .. .. g .. .. France 59.7 109 79 6 1,523.0 k 24,770 k 27,460 4,487
Australia 19.9 3 79 6 430.5 21,650 28,290 5,956 French Polynesia 0.2 66 74 .. .. .. g .. ..
Austria 8.1 97 79 5 215.4 26,720 29,610 3,825 Gabon 1.3 5 53 85 4.8 3,580 5,700 1,322
Azerbaijan 8.2 95 65 96 6.7 810 3,380 1,428 Gambia, The 1.4 142 53 126 0.4 310 1,820 e ..
Bahamas, The 0.3 32 70 16 4.7 15,110 16,140 .. Georgia 5.1 74 73 29 3.8 830 2,540 462
Bahrain 0.7 1,003 73 16 7.6 11,260 16,170 9,446 Germany 82.6 237 78 5 2,084.6 25,250 27,460 4,264
Bangladesh 138.1 1,061 62 73 54.6 400 1,870 153 Ghana 20.4 90 55 97 6.6 320 2,190 e 422
Barbados 0.3 630 75 14 2.5 9,270 15,060 .. Greece 10.7 83 78 5 146.6 13,720 19,920 2,710
Belarus 9.9 48 68 20 15.7 1,590 6,010 2,449 Greenland 0.1 0 69 .. .. .. g .. ..
Belgium 10.3 342 79 6 267.2 25,820 28,930 5,735 Grenada 0.1 308 73 25 0.4 3,790 6,710 ..
Belize 0.3 11 74 40 0.8 3,190 5,840 .. Guam 0.2 295 78 .. .. .. g .. ..
Benin 6.7 61 53 151 3.0 440 1,110 318 Guatemala 12.3 114 65 49 23.5 1,910 4,060 e 626
Bermuda 0.1 1,280 .. .. .. .. g .. .. Guinea-Bissau 1.5 53 45 211 0.2 140 660 e ..
Bhutan 0.9 19 63 94 0.6 660 .. .. Guinea 7.9 32 46 165 3.4 430 2,100 ..
Bolivia 9.0 8 64 71 8.0 890 2,450 496 Guyana 0.8 4 62 72 0.7 900 3,950 e ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.1 82 74 18 6.4 1,540 6,320 e 1,074 Haiti 8.4 306 52 123 3.2 380 1,630 e 257
Botswana 1.7 3 38 110 5.9 3,430 7,960 .. Honduras 7.0 62 66 42 6.8 970 2,580 e 488
Brazil 176.6 21 69 37 478.9 2,710 7,480 1,074 Hungary 10.1 110 72 9 64.0 6,330 13,780 2,487
Brunei 0.4 68 77 6 .. .. g .. 6,302 Iceland 0.3 3 80 4 8.8 30,810 30,140 11,926
Bulgaria 7.8 71 72 16 16.6 2,130 7,610 2,461 India 1,064.4 358 63 90 567.6 530 2,880 e 515
Burkina Faso 12.1 44 43 207 3.6 300 1,180 e .. Indonesia 214.5 118 67 43 172.7 810 3,210 729
Burundi 7.2 281 42 208 0.7 100 620 e .. Iran, Islamic Rep. 66.4 41 69 41 132.9 2,000 7,190 1,860
Cambodia 13.4 76 54 138 4.1 310 2,060 e .. Iraq 24.7 56 63 125 .. .. j .. 1,202
Cameroon 16.1 35 48 166 10.3 640 1,980 417 Ireland 3.9 57 77 6 106.4 26,960 30,450 3,876
Canada 31.6 3 79 7 756.8 23,930 29,740 7,985 Isle of Man 0.1 124 .. .. .. .. g .. ..
Cape Verde 0.5 117 69 38 0.7 1,490 5,440 e .. Israel 6.7 324 79 6 105.2 16,020 19,200 3,291
Cayman Islands 0.0 150 .. .. .. .. g .. .. Italy 57.6 196 78 6 1,243.0 21,560 26,760 2,981
Central African Republic 3.9 6 42 180 1.0 260 1,080 e .. Jamaica 2.6 244 76 20 7.3 2,760 3,790 1,545
Chad 8.6 7 48 200 2.1 250 1,100 e .. Japan 127.2 349 82 5 4,389.8 34,510 28,620 4,099
Channel Islands 0.1 745 79 .. .. .. g .. .. Jordan 5.3 60 72 33 9.8 1,850 4,290 1,017
Chile 15.8 21 76 12 69.2 4,390 9,810 1,545 Kazakhstan 14.9 6 62 99 26.5 1,780 6,170 2,715
China 1,288.4 138 71 38 1,417.3 1,100 4,990 h 896 Kenya 31.9 56 46 122 12.6 390 1,020 500
Hong Kong, China 6.8 .. 80 .. 173.3 25,430 28,810 2,421 Kiribati 0.1 132 63 69 0.1 880 .. ..
Macao, China 0.4 .. 79 .. 6.3 i 14,600 i 21,920 .. Korea, Dem. Rep. 22.6 188 62 55 .. .. d .. 914
Colombia 44.4 43 72 23 80.5 1,810 6,520 e 680 Korea, Rep. 47.9 485 74 5 576.4 12,020 17,930 4,114
Comoros 0.6 269 61 79 0.3 450 1,760 e .. Kuwait 2.4 134 77 10 38.0 16,340 17,870 e 7,195
Congo, Dem. Rep. 53.2 23 45 205 5.4 100 640 e 300 Kyrgyz Republic 5.1 26 65 61 1.6 330 1,660 451
Congo, Rep. 3.8 11 52 108 2.4 640 710 262 Lao PDR 5.7 25 55 100 1.8 320 1,730 ..
Costa Rica 4.0 78 78 11 17.2 4,280 9,040 e 899 Latvia 2.3 37 70 21 9.4 4,070 10,130 1,822
Côte d’Ivoire 16.8 53 45 191 11.2 660 1,390 402 Lebanon 4.5 440 71 32 18.2 4,040 4,840 1,239
Croatia 4.5 80 74 8 23.8 5,350 10,710 1,771 Lesotho 1.8 59 38 132 1.0 590 3,120 e ..
Cuba 11.3 103 77 9 .. .. j .. 1,216 Liberia 3.4 35 47 235 0.4 130 .. ..
Cyprus 0.8 83 78 6 9.4 12,320 19,530 3,223 Libya 5.6 3 72 19 .. .. f .. 2,994
Czech Republic 10.2 132 75 5 68.7 6,740 15,650 4,049 Liechtenstein 0.0 207 .. 11 .. .. g .. ..
Denmark 5.4 127 77 4 181.8 33,750 31,210 3,692 Lithuania 3.5 53 73 9 15.5 4,490 11,090 2,304
Djibouti 0.7 30 44 143 0.6 910 2,200 e .. Luxembourg 0.4 173 78 5 19.7 43,940 54,430 8,714
Dominica 0.1 95 77 15 0.2 3,360 5,090 .. Macedonia, FYR 2.0 81 73 26 4.1 1,980 6,720 ..
Dominican Republic 8.7 181 67 38 18.1 2,070 6,210 e 921 Madagascar 16.9 29 55 135 4.8 290 800 ..
Ecuador 13.0 47 70 29 23.3 1,790 3,440 692 Malawi 11.0 117 38 182 1.8 170 600 ..

54 World Bank Atlas


Total Population Life Under-five Gross national income PPP Energy use Total Population Life Under-five Gross national income PPP Energy use
population density expectancy mortality gross per capita population density expectancy mortality gross per capita
at birth rate national at birth rate national
income a income a

people per 1,000 per capita per capita kg of oil people per 1,000 per capita per capita kg of oil
millions per sq. km years live births $ billions $ $ equivalent millions per sq. km years live births $ billions $ $ equivalent
Economy 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 b 2003 b 2003 2001 Economy 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 b 2003 b 2003 2001
Malaysia 24.8 75 73 8 93.7 3,780 8,940 2,168 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.0 130 71 24 0.3 6,880 11,040 ..
Maldives 0.3 977 69 77 0.7 2,300 .. .. St. Lucia 0.2 263 74 19 0.7 4,050 5,220 ..
Mali 11.7 10 41 222 3.4 290 960 .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.1 280 73 25 0.4 3,300 6,590 ..
Malta 0.4 1,247 78 5 3.7 9,260 17,870 1,868 Sudan 33.5 14 58 94 15.4 460 1,880 421
Marshall Islands 0.1 265 65 66 0.1 2,710 .. .. Suriname 0.4 3 70 40 0.8 1,990 .. ..
Mauritania 2.7 3 51 183 1.2 430 2,010 e .. Swaziland 1.1 64 44 149 1.5 1,350 4,850 ..
Mauritius 1.2 603 73 19 5.0 4,090 11,260 .. Sweden 9.0 22 80 3 258.3 28,840 26,620 5,740
Mayotte 0.2 444 60 .. .. .. f .. .. Switzerland 7.3 186 80 6 292.9 39,880 32,030 3,875
Mexico 102.3 54 74 29 637.2 6,230 8,950 1,532 Syrian Arab Republic 17.4 95 70 28 20.2 1,160 3,430 841
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.1 179 69 24 0.3 2,090 .. .. Tajikistan 6.3 45 67 116 1.2 190 1,040 487
Moldova 4.2 129 67 32 2.1 590 1,750 735 Tanzania 35.9 41 43 165 10.2 m 290 m 610 404
Monaco 0.0 16,462 .. 5 .. .. g .. .. Thailand 62.0 121 69 28 136.1 2,190 7,450 1,235
Mongolia 2.5 2 65 71 1.2 480 1,800 .. Timor-Leste 0.8 54 .. 126 0.4 430 .. ..
Morocco 30.1 67 68 43 39.7 1,320 3,950 377 Togo 4.9 89 50 140 1.5 310 1,500 305
Mozambique 18.8 24 41 205 3.9 210 1,070 e 425 Tonga 0.1 142 71 20 0.2 1,490 6,890 e ..
Myanmar 49.4 75 57 108 .. .. d .. 252 Trinidad and Tobago 1.3 256 72 20 9.5 7,260 9,450 6,708
Namibia 2.0 2 42 67 3.8 1,870 6,620 e 596 Tunisia 9.9 64 73 26 22.2 2,240 6,840 852
Nepal 24.7 172 60 83 5.8 240 1,420 357 Turkey 70.7 92 70 41 197.2 2,790 6,690 1,057
Netherlands 16.2 479 78 5 426.6 26,310 28,600 4,814 Turkmenistan 4.9 10 65 86 5.4 1,120 5,840 3,244
Netherlands Antilles 0.2 275 76 .. .. .. g .. 6,558 Uganda 25.3 128 43 141 6.2 240 1,440 e ..
New Caledonia 0.2 12 74 .. .. .. g .. .. Ukraine 48.4 83 68 20 46.7 970 5,410 2,884
New Zealand 4.0 15 78 6 63.6 15,870 21,120 4,714 United Arab Emirates 4.0 48 75 9 .. .. g 21,040 e 9,353
Nicaragua 5.5 45 69 41 4.0 730 2,400 e 536 United Kingdom 59.3 246 77 7 1,680.3 28,350 27,650 3,982
Niger 11.8 9 46 264 2.4 200 820 e .. United States 291.0 32 77 8 10,945.8 37,610 37,500 7,996
Nigeria 135.6 149 45 201 43.0 320 900 735 Uruguay 3.4 19 75 15 12.9 3,790 7,980 809
Northern Mariana Islands 0.1 168 .. .. .. .. f .. .. Uzbekistan 25.6 62 67 65 10.8 420 1,720 2,029
Norway 4.6 15 79 4 197.7 43,350 37,300 5,896 Vanuatu 0.2 17 69 42 0.2 1,180 2,880 e ..
Oman 2.6 8 74 13 19.9 7,830 13,000 e 4,029 Venezuela, RB 25.5 29 74 22 89.1 3,490 4,740 2,227
Pakistan 148.4 193 64 101 69.2 470 2,060 456 Vietnam 81.3 250 70 26 38.8 480 2,490 495
Palau 0.0 43 70 29 0.1 7,500 .. .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.1 329 78 .. .. .. g .. ..
Panama 3.0 40 75 25 12.7 4,250 6,310 1,098 West Bank and Gaza 3.4 .. 73 .. 3.7 1,110 .. ..
Papua New Guinea 5.5 12 57 94 2.8 510 2,240 e .. Yemen, Rep. 19.2 36 57 114 9.9 520 820 197
Paraguay 5.6 14 71 30 6.2 1,100 4,740 e 697 Zambia 10.4 14 37 182 3.9 380 850 638
Peru 27.1 21 70 39 58.5 2,150 5,090 460 Zimbabwe 13.1 34 39 123 6.2 480 2,180 769
Philippines 81.5 273 70 37 87.8 1,080 4,640 538
Poland 38.2 125 74 9 201.4 5,270 11,450 2,344 World 6,271.7 s 48 s 67 w 81 w 34,491.5 t 5,500 w 8,180 w 1,686 w
Portugal 10.2 111 76 6 123.7 12,130 17,980 2,435 Low income 2,310.3 76 58 126 1,038.2 450 2,190 518
Puerto Rico 3.9 439 77 .. 42.1 10,950 16,320 e .. Middle income 2,990.1 43 70 38 5,731.8 1,920 6,000 1,339
Qatar 0.6 57 75 16 .. .. g .. 26,574 Lower middle income 2,655.2 47 69 40 3,934.3 1,480 5,510 1,226
Romania 22.2 96 70 21 51.2 2,310 7,140 1,644 Upper middle income 334.9 26 73 22 1,787.8 5,340 9,900 2,176
Russian Federation 143.4 8 66 21 374.9 2,610 8,920 4,293 Low & middle income 5,300.3 53 65 88 6,761.7 1,280 4,320 966
Rwanda 8.3 334 40 203 1.8 220 1,290 .. East Asia & Pacific 1,854.5 117 69 42 2,010.8 1,080 4,680 854
Samoa 0.2 63 69 25 0.3 1,600 5,700 e .. Europe & Central Asia 472.7 20 69 37 1,217.0 2,570 7,570 2,684
San Marino 0.0 459 .. 6 .. .. g .. .. Latin America & Carib. 534.2 27 71 34 1,740.7 3,260 7,080 1,151
São Tomé and Principe 0.2 164 66 118 0.0 320 .. .. Middle East & N. Africa 311.6 28 69 54 689.4 2,250 5,700 1,383
Saudi Arabia 22.5 10 73 28 186.8 8,530 12,850 e 5,195 South Asia 1,424.7 298 63 95 726.1 510 2,660 469
Senegal 10.0 52 52 138 5.6 550 1,660 325 Sub-Saharan Africa 702.6 30 46 174 346.8 490 1,770 661
Serbia and Montenegro 8.1 79 73 19 15.5 l 1,910 l .. 1,508 High income 971.4 31 78 7 27,731.5 28,550 29,450 5,423
Seychelles 0.1 186 73 16 0.6 7,480 15,960 .. Europe EMU 306.1 126 78 6 6,995.2 22,850 26,260 3,904
Sierra Leone 5.3 75 37 284 0.8 150 530 ..
Singapore 4.3 6,967 78 4 90.2 21,230 24,180 7,058 a. PPP is purchasing power parity; see Definitions. b. Calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. c. Estimate does not account for recent refugee
Slovak Republic 5.4 110 73 9 26.5 4,920 13,420 3,480 flows. d. Estimated to be low income ($765 or less). e. Estimate is based on regression; others are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison
Slovenia 2.0 98 76 5 23.2 11,830 19,240 3,459 Programme benchmark estimates. f. Estimated to be upper middle income ($3,036 to $9,385). g. Estimated to be high income ($9,386 or more).
Solomon Islands 0.5 16 69 24 0.3 600 1,630 e .. h. Estimate is based on a bilateral comparison between China and the United States (Ruoen and Kai 1995). i. Refers to GDP or GDP per capita.
Somalia 9.6 15 47 225 .. .. d .. .. j. Estimated to be lower middle income ($766 to $3,035). k. GNI and GNI per capita estimates include the French overseas departments of French
South Africa 45.3 37 46 65 126.0 2,780 10,270 e 2,404 Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion. l. Data for Kosovo are excluded. m. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only.
Spain 41.1 82 78 6 698.2 16,990 22,020 3,127
Sri Lanka 19.2 297 74 19 17.8 930 3,730 423

World Bank Atlas 55


Definitions, sources, and notes
Assistance Committee’s list of aid Cereal yield Includes wheat, rice, maize, Crop production index Agricultural pro-
recipients. (Source: OECD) barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buck- duction for each period relative to the
Age dependency ratio Ratio of wheat, and mixed grains, measured in base period 1989–91. It includes all
dependents—people younger than 15 kilograms per hectare of harvested crops except fodder crops. (Source:
and older than 64—to the working age Business, cost to register The cost is land. Production data on cereals refer to FAO)
population—those ages 15–64. standardized by presenting it as a per- crops harvested for dry grain only.
(Source: World Bank) centage of gross national income (GNI) (Source: FAO) Crude birth and death rates Number of
per capita. (Source: World Bank’s births and deaths that occur during the
Agricultural machinery Wheel and Doing Business Project) Child malnutrition, prevalence of The year, per 1,000 population, estimated
crawler tractors (excluding garden trac- percentage of children under five at mid-year.
tors) in use in agriculture. (Source: FAO) Business, costs to enforce a contract whose weight for age is more than two
Filing fees, court costs, and estimated standard deviations below the median
Agricultural productivity The ratio of attorney fees. (Source: World Bank’s for the international reference popula- Debt, total external Debt owed to non-
agricultural value added, measured in Doing Business Project) tion ages 0–59 months. The reference residents repayable in foreign curren-
constant 1995 US dollars, to the number population, adopted by the World cy, goods, or services. It is the sum of
of workers in agriculture. (Source: FAO) Business, time to resolve an insolven- Health Organization in 1983, is based public, publicly guaranteed, and private
cy The number of years from the on children from the United States, nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of
Agricultural products Plant and animal moment of filing for insolvency in court who are assumed to be well nourished. IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-
products, including tree crops but until the moment of actual resolution (Source: WHO) term debt includes all debt having an
excluding timber and fish products. of distressed assets. (Source: World original maturity of one year or less
(Source: FAO) Bank’s Doing Business Project) Computers, personal Self-contained and interest in arrears on long-term
computers designed to be used by a debt. (Source: World Bank)
Agriculture Includes hunting, forestry, Business, time to start up The time, in single individual. (Source: ITU)
and fishing and corresponds to calendar days, needed to complete all Debt service, total The sum of princi-
International Standard Industrial the procedures required to legally oper- Contraceptive prevalence rate The pal repayments and interest actually
Classification (ISIC) divisions 1–5. ate a business. If a procedure can be percentage of women who are practic- paid in foreign currency, goods, or
speeded up at additional cost, the ing, or whose sexual partners are prac- services on long-term debt, interest
Aid dependency ratios Net official aid fastest procedure, regardless of cost, ticing, any form of contraception. It is paid on short-term debt, and repay-
and official development assistance is chosen. Time spent gathering infor- usually measured for married women ments (repurchases and charges) to
as a percentage of GNI and aid per mation about the registration process ages 15–49 only. (Source: WHO) the International Monetar y Fund.
capita provide a measure of the recipi- is excluded. (Source: World Bank’s (Source: World Bank)
ent country’s dependency on aid. They Doing Business Project) Control of corruption Measures the
are calculated using values in U.S. dol- perceptions of corruption, conven- Deforestation The permanent conver-
lars converted at official exchange tionally defined as the exercise of sion of natural forest area to other
rates. (Source: OECD) Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions public power for private gain. uses, including shifting cultivation,
stemming from the burning of fossil (Source: Daniel Kaufman, Aar t Kraay, permanent agriculture, ranching, set-
Aid, net official Grants and loans (net fuels (including the consumption of and Massimo Mastruzzi, 2004, tlements, and infrastructure develop-
of repayments) that meet the criteria solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flar- “Governance Matters III: Governance ment. Deforested areas do not include
for official development assistance ing) and the manufacture of cement. Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, areas logged but intended for regener-
and are made to countries and territo- (Source: Carbon Dioxide Information and 2002,” World Bank Economic ation or areas degraded by fuelwood
ries in part II of the Development Analysis Center) Review 18(2): 253–87) gathering, acid precipitation, or forest

56 World Bank Atlas


fires. Negative numbers indicate an Enrollment ratio, net The ratio of chil- provides financial resources to cover a including water from desalination plants
increase in forest area. (Source: FAO) dren who are enrolled in an education budget deficit or allocates financial in countries where they are a significant
level and are of the official age for that resources arising from a budget sur- source. Withdrawal data are for single
level (as defined by the national educa- plus. The data include all government years between 1980 and 1999 unless
Education, primary Provides children tion system) to all children of that age. liabilities—other than those for cur- otherwise indicated. Withdrawals can
with basic reading, writing, and mathe- (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) rency issues or demand, time, or sav- exceed 100 percent of total renewable
matics skills along with an elementary ings deposits with government—or resources where extraction from non-
understanding of such subjects as histo- Exchange rate, official The exchange claims on others held by government, renewable aquifers or desalination
ry, geography, natural science, social sci- rate determined by national authorities and changes in government holdings plants is considerable or where there is
ence, art, and music. (Source: UNESCO) or the rate determined in the legally of cash and deposits. They exclude significant water reuse. (Source: World
sanctioned exchange market. It is calcu- government guarantees of the debt of Resources Institute)
Education, secondary Completes the lated as an annual average based on others. (Source: IMF)
provision of basic education that began monthly averages (local currency units
at the primary level. It is aimed at lay- relative to the U.S. dollar). (Source: IMF) Food production index Covers food Gross capital formation Outlays on
ing the foundations for lifelong learning crops that are considered edible and that additions to the fixed assets of the
and human development by offering contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are economy, net of changes in the level of
more subject- or skill-oriented instruc- Female to male enrollments in primary excluded because, although edible, they inventories, and net acquisitions of
tion using more specialized teachers. and secondary school The ratio of have no nutritive value. (Source: FAO) valuables. Fixed assets include land
(Source: UNESCO) female students enrolled in primary and improvements (fences, ditches, drains,
secondary school to male students. Foreign direct investment Net inflows of and so on); plant, machiner y, and
Electric power consumption The pro- (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) investment to acquire a lasting manage- equipment purchases; and the con-
duction of power plants and combined ment interest (10 percent or more of vot- struction of roads, railways, and the
heat and power plants less transmis- Fertility rate, total The number of chil- ing stock) in an enterprise operating in an like, including schools, offices, hospi-
sion, distribution, and transformation dren that would be born to a woman if economy other than that of the investor. tals, private residential dwellings, and
losses and own use by heat and power she were to live to the end of her child- It is the sum of equity capital, reinvest- commercial and industrial buildings.
plants. (Source: IEA) bearing years and bear children in ment of earnings, other long-term capital, Inventories are stocks of goods held by
accordance with current age-specific and short-term capital as shown in the firms to meet temporary or unexpected
Energy use Refers to apparent con- fertility rates. (Source: WHO) balance of payments. (Source: IMF) fluctuations in production or sales, and
sumption of energy, which is equal to “work in progress.” (Source: World
domestic production plus imports and Fertilizer consumption The plant nutri- Forest area Land under natural or Bank, OECD, UN)
stock changes, minus expor ts and ents used per unit of arable land. It planted stands of trees, whether pro-
fuels supplied to ships and aircraft includes nitrogenous, potash, and ductive or not. (Source: FAO) Gross domestic product (GDP) The
engaged in international transpor t. phosphate fertilizers (including ground sum of gross value added by all
(Source: IEA) rock phosphate). The time reference for Freshwater resources Total renewable resident producers in the economy plus
fertilizer consumption is the crop year resources in the country and river flows any product taxes (less subsidies) not
Enrollment ratio, gross The ratio of chil- (July through June). (Source: FAO) from other countries. (Source: World included in the value of the products. It
dren who are enrolled in an education Resources Institute) is calculated using purchaser prices
level, regardless of age, to all children of Financing from abroad (obtained and without deductions for the depreci-
the official age for that level (as defined from nonresidents) and domestic Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total ation of fabricated assets or for the
by the national education system). financing (obtained from residents) water withdrawals, not counting evapo- depletion and degradation of natural
(Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) The means by which a government ration losses from storage basins but resources. (Source: World Bank)

World Bank Atlas 57


Gross domestic product (GDP) per HIV, prevalence of The percentage of time of its birth were to stay the same used to calculate the percentage of
capita Gross domestic product divided people ages 15–49 who are infected throughout its life. (Source: World Bank) total area protected. (Source: World
by midyear population. (Source: World with HIV. (Source: UNAIDS) Conservation Monitoring Centre)
Bank) Low-income economies Those with a
Immunization rate, child Percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita
Gross national income (GNI) Gross children ages 12–23 months who of $765 or less in 2003. Official development assistance (ODA)
domestic product (GDP) plus net received vaccinations before 12 months Comprises grants and loans (net of
receipts of primary income (compensa- or at any time before the survey for four repayments of principal) that meet the
tion of employees and property income) diseases—measles and diphtheria, per- Middle-income economies Those with Development Assistance Committee
from abroad. Data are shown in con- tussis (whooping cough), and tetanus a gross national income (GNI) per capita (DAC) definition of ODA and are made
stant dollars using the World Bank (DPT). A child is considered adequately of more than $766 but less than $9,386 to developing countries and territories
Atlas method. (Source: World Bank) immunized against measles after in 2003. in Part I of the DAC’s list of recipients.
receiving one dose of vaccine and (Source: OECD)
Gross national income (GNI) per capita against DPT after receiving three Mortality rate, under-five The probabil-
Gross national income divided by midyear doses. ity that a newborn baby will die before Official development assistance (ODA)
population. (Source: World Bank) reaching age five, if subject to current provided for basic social services As
age-specific mortality rates. The proba- reported by Development Assistance
Gross national income (GNI), PPP Interest payments Payments of interest bility is expressed as a rate per 1,000. Committee members, aid provided for
Gross national income converted to on government debt—including long- (Source: World Bank) basic health, education, nutrition, and
international dollars using purchasing term bonds, long-term loans, and other water and sanitation services. (Source:
power parity rates. An international dol- debt instruments—to both domestic Mortality ratio, maternal The number of OECD)
lar has the same purchasing power and foreign residents. (Source: World women who die from pregnancy-related
over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the Bank) causes during pregnancy and childbirth,
United States. (Source: World Bank) per 100,000 live births. The data shown Particulate matter Fine suspended
have been collected in various years particulates less than 10 microns in
Gross national income (GNI), PPP, per Land, arable Land under temporary crops and adjusted to a common 1995 base diameter that are capable of penetrat-
capita Gross national income (PPP) (double-cropped areas are counted year. They are modeled estimates ing deep into the respiratory tract and
divided by mid-year population. (Source: once), temporary meadows for mowing or based on an exercise by the World causing significant health damage.
World Bank) for pasture, land under market or kitchen Health Organization and United Nations (Source: World Bank)
gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Children’s Fund. (Source: WHO, UNICEF)
Land abandoned as a result of shifting Permanent cropland Land cultivated
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries cultivation is excluded. (Source: FAO) with crops that occupy the land for long
(HIPC) Initiative An initiative by official Nationally protected areas Totally or periods and need not be replanted after
creditors designed to help the poorest, Land under cereal production Refers partially protected areas of at least 1,000 each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee,
most heavily indebted countries escape to harvested areas, although some hectares that are designated as national and rubber. It includes land under flow-
from unsustainable debt. (Source: countries report only sown or cultivat- parks, natural monuments, nature ering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and
World Bank) ed area. (Source: FAO) reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protect- vines, but excludes land under trees
ed landscapes or seascapes, or scientific grown for wood or timber. (Source: FAO)
High-income economies Those with a Life expectancy at birth The number of reserves with limited public access. The
gross national income (GNI) per capita years a newborn infant would live if data do not include sites protected under Phones, fixed lines and mobile phone
of $9,386 or more in 2003. prevailing patterns of mortality at the local or provincial law. Total land area is subscribers Telephone mainlines

58 World Bank Atlas


connecting a customer’s equipment to Population below $1 a day The per- lending, bonds, and other private (ISIC) divisions 50–99. This sector is
the public switched telephone network, centage of the population living on less credits. Nondebt flows include foreign derived as a residual (from GDP less
and users of portable telephones who than $1.08 a day at 1993 international direct investment and portfolio equity agriculture and industry) and may not
subscribe to a service that uses cellu- prices. As a result of revisions in pur- investment. (Source: IMF) properly reflect the sum of output of
lar technology to provide access to the chasing power parity exchange rates, services, including banking and finan-
network. (Source: ITU) they cannot be compared with poverty Private participation in infrastructure cial services.
rates reported in previous editions for Covers infrastructure projects in tele-
Policy uncertainty constraint individual countries. (Source: World communications, energy, transpor t, Survey year The year in which the
Measures the share of senior man- Bank) and water and sanitation that have underlying data were collected.
agers that ranked economic and regu- reached financial closure and directly or
latory policy uncertainty as a major Population below $2 a day The per- indirectly serve the public. (Source:
or very severe constraint. (Source: centage of the population living on less World Bank’s Private Participation in Tariff, simple mean The unweighted
World Bank Investment Climate than $2.15 a day at 1993 international Infrastructure Project Database) average of the effectively applied rates
Survey and World Development Report prices. (Source: World Bank) for all products subject to tariffs.
2005: A Better Investment Climate— Purchasing power parity (PPP) conver- (Source: World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO)
For Everyone) Population density Midyear popula- sion factor The number of units of a
tion divided by land area in square country’s currency required to buy the Trade in goods as a share of GDP The
Political stability Measures percep- kilometers. same amount of goods and services in sum of merchandise expor ts and
tions of the likelihood that the govern- the domestic market as a U.S. dollar imports divided by the value of GDP, all
ment in power will be destabilized or Population, rural Calculated as the dif- would buy in the United States. in current U.S. dollars. (Source: WTO,
overthrown by possibly unconstitu- ference between the total population (Source: World Bank) World Bank)
tional or violent means. (Source: and the urban population. (Source:
Daniel Kaufman, Aar t Kraay, and World Bank) Treated bednets, use of Percentage of
Massimo Mastruzzi, 2004, “Gover- Rule of law Measures a society’s suc- children ages 0–59 months who slept
nance Matters III: Governance Indica- Population, urban The population of cess in developing an environment in under an insecticide-impregnated bed-
tors for 1996, 1998, 2000, and urban agglomerations—contiguous which fair and predictable rules form net the night before the survey.
2002,” World Bank Economic Review inhabited territories defined without the basis for economic and social inter-
18(2): 253–87) regard to administrative boundaries. actions. This includes perceptions of
(Source: World Bank) the incidence of crime, the effective- Unpaid family workers People who work
Population, average annual growth ness and predictability of the judiciary, without pay in an economic enterprise
rate The exponential change in popu- Primary completion rate The number of and the enforceability of contracts. operated by a related person living in
lation for the period indicated. students successfully completing the (Source: Daniel Kaufman, Aar t Kraay, the same household and who cannot be
(Source: World Bank) last year of (or graduating from) primary and Massimo Mastruzzi, 2004, regarded as a partner because their
school in a given year, divided by the “Governance Matters III: Governance commitment in terms of working time or
Population, total Includes all resi- number of children of official gradua- Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and other factors is not at a level compara-
dents regardless of legal status or tion age in the population. (Source: 2002,” World Bank Economic Review ble to that of the head of the enterprise.
citizenship—except for refugees not World Bank) 18(2): 253–87)
permanently settled in the country of
asylum, who are generally considered Private capital flows, net Consist of Value added The net output of an indus-
part of the population of their country private debt and nondebt flows. Private Services Corresponds to International try after adding up all outputs and
of origin. (Source: World Bank) debt flows include commercial bank Standard Industrial Classification subtracting intermediate inputs. The

World Bank Atlas 59


industrial origin of value added is deter- Data sources official recognition by the World Bank For more information
mined by the International Standard The indicators presented in the World but refers to any economy for which Visit www.worldbank.org/data to
Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. Bank Atlas are compiled by internation- the authorities repor t separate social find out more about these and other
al agencies and by public and private or economic statistics. publications:
organizations, usually on the basis of The regional groupings of countries
Water source, access to an survey data and administrative statis- include only low- and middle-income • World Development Indicators and
improved The share of the popula- tics obtained from national govern- economies. WDI Online The World Bank’s pre-
tion with reasonable access to water ments. The principal source of each For the income groups, every econ- mier compilation of data about
from an improved source, such as a indicator is given in parentheses follow- omy is classified as low income, middle development. The World Bank Atlas
household connection, public stand- ing the indicator definition. The World income or high income. complements World Development
pipe, borehole, protected well or Bank publishes these and many other Low-income economies are those with Indicators by providing a graphical
spring, or rainwater collection. statistical series in the World Develop- a GNI per capita of $765 or less in view of pertinent data.
Unimproved sources include vendors, ment Indicators, available in print, 2003. Middle-income economies are • Global Development Finance and
tanker trucks, and unprotected wells CD-ROM, and online. More information those with a GNI per capita of more GDF Online The World Bank’s com-
and springs. Reasonable access is about development statistics is avail- than $766 but less than $9,386. prehensive compilation of data on
defined as the availability of at least able at www.worldbank.org/data. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle- external debt and financial flows.
20 liters a person per day from a Excerpts from the World Bank Atlas, income economies are separated at a • African Development Indicators
source within one kilometer of the additional information about sources, GNI per capita of $3,035. High-income The World Bank’s most detailed col-
dwelling. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) definitions, and statistical methods, and economies are those with a GNI per lection of data on Africa, available in
suggestions for further reading are avail- capita of $9,386 or more. one volume.
Women’s participation in the labor able at www.worldbank.org/data/atlas. The 12 participating member countries • Global Economic Prospects The
force Extent to which women are active of the European Monetary Union are: World Bank’s publication that out-
in the labor force. Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, lines steps that rich and poor coun-
Data notes and symbols Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, tries can take to accelerate growth
Workers’ remittances Current trans- The data in this book are for the most Luxembourg, Netherlands, Por tugal, rates and poverty reduction.
fers by migrants who are employed or recent year unless otherwise noted. and Spain. • www.developmentgoals.org The
intend to remain employed for more • Growth rates are propor tional Millennium Development Goals and
than a year in another economy than changes from the previous year the data and indicators required to
the one in which they are considered unless otherwise noted. Symbols used in data table track progress toward them.
residents. • Regional aggregates include data .. means that data are not avail- • www.paris21.org The PARIS21
for low- and middle-income able or that aggregates can- Consortium and how it promotes
World Bank Atlas method The Atlas economies only. not be calculated because of evidence-based policymaking and
method of calculating gross national • Figures in italics indicate data for missing data. monitoring.
income (GNI) per capita. It converts years or periods other than those 0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half • www.worldbank.or g/data/tas
national currency units to U.S. dollars specified. the unit shown. Tools and advice for statistical
at prevailing exchange rates, adjusted Data are shown for economies $ means current U.S. dollars. capacity building in developing
for inflation and averaged over three with populations greater than 30,000 m (median), s (simple total), t (total countries.
years. The purpose is to reduce the or less if they are members of the including estimates for missing data), • www.worldbank.org/data/icp The
effect of exchange rate fluctuations in World Bank. The term countr y (used w (weighted average) are used to International Comparison Program
the cross-countr y comparison of interchangeably with economy) does describe the calculation of the income and progress on the 2003–05
national incomes. not imply political independence or and regional aggregates in the table. round.

60 World Bank Atlas


The need for statistics
Data provide a window on ever y standardize national data to produce guide for compilers and users of external their own statistical master plans to
aspect of people’s lives: health, edu- consistent international data sets. debt statistics. The careful monitoring of detect strengths and weaknesses in
cation, infrastructure, wealth, cost of the Millennium Development Goals, and their statistical systems and identify
living, agriculture, and the environ- Transnational data sets broaden the their associated 48 indicators, together where action is needed and where
ment to name a few. The development range of information available These with ongoing work on trade, investment investment is best placed.
community relies heavily on cross- data transcend national boundaries climate, governance, and the environ- • The World Bank has developed
country and international data to mon- and allow users to make global and ment has focused the efforts of the a multicountr y lending program,
itor and evaluate the impact of regional comparisons of, for example, Bank’s own statisticians and researchers STATCAP, to respond to these statis-
programs and policies and assess the prices, living conditions, and environ- on providing international data sets and tical master plans and help with their
suitability of programs within and mental indicators. analyses in user-friendly formats. implementation. Loans or credits will
across regions. But for data to be be made to countries to strengthen
helpful, they also need to be relevant, Together, international and transnation- The World Bank, with other donors, is their statistical capacity in many
detailed, timely, and accessible. To al statistics supply global data within helping countries to increase both the areas such as skills training, equip-
make meaningful comparisons, data the international statistical system. demand for, and the supply of, good ment, and access to new data cap-
need to be compiled using common statistics. This work is supported by a ture and analysis technologies.
methods and consistent standards. It Finally, this supply of data is coordinat- number of new and recent initiatives:
is the job of the international statisti- ed through international frameworks for Robust data are critical to efforts to
cal system to meet this need. statistical methods, definitions, and • The World Bank compiles transna- reduce poverty and improve the lives of
classifications. These allow for an tional data. In particular, it is coordi- people in developing countries. They
A global interchange of data exchange of best practice between sta- nating efforts to collect, analyze, provide the means to measure, moni-
Data from within each country provide tistical agencies throughout the world. and disseminate global purchasing tor, and manage progress toward
the primary source of information. power data through the Internation- shared goals.
They are compiled by the national sta- The World Bank’s role al Comparison Program.
tistical office, as well as government The World Bank is committed to helping • The World Bank is a major sponsor
ministries, central banks, and regional developing countries reduce poverty and member of the PARIS21 consor-
and local administrations. Collectively, and sustain economic growth. It does tium, which promotes the use of
these institutions make up the nation- this through a broad range of programs high quality statistics in country-
al statistical system. encompassing loans, grants, economic owned development strategies. It
and sectoral analysis, and policy advice. brings together in one forum data
First, data produced by these national providers and data users from both
systems serve local needs. They pro- The World Bank plays a prominent role national governments and the donor
vide the information the government in the international statistical system. community.
uses to make its administrative and As an active and critical user, it ana- • To help countries develop their statis-
policy decisions. The data also allow lyzes data to assess developing coun- tical activities, the World Bank has
the public to monitor the activities of tries’ economic and social well-being established a multidonor Trust Fund
the government and make informed and to help identify where and how it for Statistical Capacity Building. The
decisions about their own lives. can best assist those countries. fund disburses small grants, up to
$400,000, to finance technical assis-
Second, national statistics provide The World Bank helps to develop interna- tance, training, and equipment.
the building blocks for global analy- tional statistical frameworks, notably the • The World Bank is also encouraging
ses. Specialized agencies review and System of National Accounts and the developing countries to formulate

World Bank Atlas 61


Millennium Development Goals
Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Indicators for monitoring progress
Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day • Proportion of population below $1 a daya
• Poverty gap ratio (incidence times depth of poverty)
• Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger • Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age)
• Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full • Net enrollment ratio in primary education
course of primary schooling • Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
• Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds
Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all • Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education
levels of education no later than 2015 • Ratio of literate females to males among 15- to 24-year-olds
• Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector
• Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate • Under-five mortality rate
• Infant mortality rate
• Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles
Goal 5 Improve maternal health
Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio • Maternal mortality ratio
• Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS • HIV prevalence among 15- to 24-year-old pregnant women
• Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rateb
• Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDSc

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases • Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
• Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measuresd
• Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
• Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)
Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and • Proportion of land area covered by forest
reverse the loss of environmental resources • Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
• Energy use per unit of GDP
• Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons
• Proportion of population using solid fuels

62 World Bank Atlas


Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Indicators for monitoring progress
Goal 7 Continued
Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water • Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural

Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers • Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation
• Proportion of households with access to secure tenure
Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system Some of the indicators listed below will be monitored separately for the least developed countries, Africa,
(includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction—both landlocked countries, and small island developing states.
nationally and internationally)
Official development assistance (ODA)
• Net ODA, total and to least developed countries, as a percentage of DAC donors’ gross national income (GNI)
• Proportion of bilateral ODA for basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water,
Address the special needs of the least developed countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access and sanitation)
for exports, enhanced program of debt relief for and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and • Proportion of bilateral ODA that is untied
more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction) • ODA received by landlocked countries as a proportion of their GNI
• ODA received by small island developing states as a proportion of their GNI

Market access
Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states (through the • Proportion of total developed country imports (excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed
Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and 22nd countries admitted free of duties
General Assembly provisions) • Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing
• Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP
• Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacitye
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and Debt sustainability
international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term • Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and completion points (cumulative)
• Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative
• Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and • Unemployment rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, male and female and totalf
productive work for youth

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs • Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable basis
in developing countries

In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, • Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 people
especially information and communications technologies • Personal computers in use per 100 people
• Internet users per 100 people

a. For monitoring at the country level, national poverty lines should be used. b. Among contraceptive methods, only condoms are effective in reducing the spread of HIV. c. The proportion of orphan to nonorphan 10– to 14-year-olds who are attending school.
d. Percentage of children under five sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets (prevention) and appropriately treated (treatment). e. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization are collecting data, which will be
available from 2001 on. f. An improved measure of the target is under development by the International Labour Organization.
World Bank Atlas 63
GNI per capita, 2003—World Bank Atlas method

Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $


1 Bermuda .. a 59 Oman 7,830 c 107 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,090 152 Côte d’Ivoire 660 197 Eritrea 190
2 Luxembourg 43,940 61 Palau 7,500 108 Dominican Republic 2,070 154 Cameroon 640 197 Tajikistan 190
3 Norway 43,350 62 Seychelles 7,480 109 Suriname 1,990 c 154 Congo, Rep. 640 200 Malawi 170
4 Switzerland 39,880 63 Trinidad and Tobago 7,260 110 Iran, Islamic Rep. 2,000 156 Solomon Islands 600 201 Sierra Leone 150
5 United States 37,610 65 St. Kitts and Nevis 6,880 111 Macedonia, FYR 1,980 157 Lesotho 590 202 Guinea-Bissau 140
6 Liechtenstein .. a 66 Czech Republic 6,740 112 Guatemala 1,910 157 Moldova 590 205 Liberia 130
7 Japan 34,510 67 Hungary 6,330 112 Serbia and Montenegro 1,910 d 159 Senegal 550 206 Burundi 100
8 Denmark 33,750 68 Mexico 6,230 114 Algeria 1,890 160 India 530 206 Congo, Dem. Rep. 100
9 Channel Islands .. a 70 Croatia 5,350 115 Namibia 1,870 161 Yemen, Rep. 520 208 Ethiopia 90
10 Iceland 30,810 71 Poland 5,270 116 Jordan 1,850 162 Papua New Guinea 510
11 Sweden 28,840 72 Estonia 4,960 117 Colombia 1,810 163 Zimbabwe 480 c
12 United Kingdom 28,350 73 Slovak Republic 4,920 118 Ecuador 1,790 164 Mongolia 480
13 Finland 27,020 74 Lithuania 4,490 119 Kazakhstan 1,780 164 Vietnam 480
14 Ireland 26,960 75 Chile 4,390 120 Albania 1,740 166 Pakistan 470
15 San Marino .. a 76 Costa Rica 4,280 121 Samoa 1,600 167 Sudan 460
16 Austria 26,720 77 Panama 4,250 122 Belarus 1,590 168 Comoros 450
17 Cayman Islands .. a 78 Mauritius 4,090 123 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,540 169 Benin 440
18 Netherlands 26,310 79 Latvia 4,070 124 Cape Verde 1,490 170 Guinea 430
19 Belgium 25,820 80 St. Lucia 4,050 124 Tonga 1,490 170 Mauritania 430 Note: Rankings include all 208 economies
20 Monaco .. a 81 Lebanon 4,040 126 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,390 170 Timor-Leste 430 presented in the key indicators table, but only
21 Hong Kong, China 25,430 82 Grenada 3,790 127 Swaziland 1,350 173 Uzbekistan 420 those that have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita
22 Germany 25,250 82 Uruguay 3,790 128 Morocco 1,320 174 Bangladesh 400 estimates for 2003 or rank in the top 20 are
23 France 24,770 b 84 Malaysia 3,780 129 Vanuatu 1,180 175 Kenya 390 shown.
24 Canada 23,930 85 Argentina 3,650 130 Syrian Arab Republic 1,160 176 Haiti 380
27 Australia 21,650 86 Gabon 3,580 131 Turkmenistan 1,120 176 Zambia 380 Estimated ranges for economies that do not
28 Italy 21,560 87 Venezuela, RB 3,490 132 West Bank and Gaza 1,110 178 Kyrgyz Republic 330 have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita figures are:
29 Singapore 21,230 88 Botswana 3,430 133 China 1,100 179 Ghana 320 High income ($9,386 and above): Andorra,
35 Spain 16,990 89 Dominica 3,360 133 Paraguay 1,100 179 Lao PDR 320 Aruba, Brunei, Faeroe Islands, French Polynesia,
37 Kuwait 16,340 c 90 Belize 3,190c 135 Philippines 1,080 179 Nigeria 320 Greenland, Guam, Isle of Man, Netherlands
38 Israel 16,020 c 90 St. Vincent & Grenadines 3,300 137 Honduras 970 179 São Tomé and Principe 320 Antilles, New Caledonia, Qatar, United Arab
40 New Zealand 15,870 92 Turkey 2,790 137 Ukraine 970 183 Cambodia 310 Emirates, Virgin Islands (U.S.). Upper middle
41 Bahamas, The 15,110 c 93 South Africa 2,780 139 Armenia 950 183 Gambia, The 310 income ($3,036–$9,385): American Samoa,
43 Macao, China 14,600 c 94 Jamaica 2,760 140 Sri Lanka 930 183 Togo 310 Libya, Mayotte, Northern Mariana Islands.
45 Greece 13,720 95 Brazil 2,710 141 Djibouti 910 186 Burkina Faso 300 Lower middle income ($766–$3,035): Cuba,
47 Cyprus 12,320 c 95 Marshall Islands 2,710 142 Guyana 900 187 Madagascar 290 Iraq. Low income ($765 or less): Afghanistan,
49 Portugal 12,130 97 Russian Federation 2,610 143 Bolivia 890 187 Mali 290 Korea, Dem. Rep., Myanmar, Somalia.
50 Korea, Rep. 12,020 99 Fiji 2,360 144 Kiribati 880 187 Tanzania 290 e
51 Slovenia 11,830 100 Romania 2,310 145 Georgia 830 190 Central African Republic 260 a. Data not available; ranking is approximate.
52 Bahrain 11,260 c 101 Maldives 2,300 146 Azerbaijan 810 191 Chad 250 b. Data include the French overseas
53 Puerto Rico 10,950 c 102 Tunisia 2,240 146 Indonesia 810 192 Nepal 240 departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe,
54 Malta 9,260 c 103 El Salvador 2,200 148 Equatorial Guinea 930 c 192 Uganda 240 Martinique, and Réunion. c. Data are for earlier
55 Barbados 9,270 104 Thailand 2,190 149 Angola 740 194 Rwanda 220 year; ranking is approximate. d. Data for Kosovo
56 Antigua and Barbuda 9,160 105 Peru 2,150 150 Nicaragua 730 195 Mozambique 210 are excluded. e. Data refer to mainland
57 Saudi Arabia 8,530 c 106 Bulgaria 2,130 152 Bhutan 660 196 Niger 200 Tanzania only.

64 World Bank Atlas


GNI per capita, 2003—purchasing power parity (PPP) method

Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $


1 Luxembourg 54,430 67 Poland 11,450 115 Dominica 5,090 168 Comoros 1,760 b
3 United States 37,500 68 Mauritius 11,260 115 Peru 5,090 169 Moldova 1,750
4 Norway 37,300 69 Lithuania 11,090 118 China 4,990 c 170 Lao PDR 1,730
7 Switzerland 32,030 70 St. Kitts and Nevis 11,040 121 El Salvador 4,890 b 171 Uzbekistan 1,720
8 Denmark 31,210 71 Argentina 10,920 122 Swaziland 4,850 173 Kyrgyz Republic 1,660
9 Ireland 30,450 73 Croatia 10,710 123 Lebanon 4,840 173 Senegal 1,660
10 Iceland 30,140 74 South Africa 10,270 b 124 Paraguay 4,740 b 175 Haiti 1,630 b
11 Canada 29,740 75 Latvia 10,130 124 Venezuela, RB 4,740 175 Solomon Islands 1,630 b
12 Austria 29,610 76 Chile 9,810 126 Albania 4,700 177 Togo 1,500
15 Belgium 28,930 77 Antigua and Barbuda 9,590 127 Philippines 4,640 178 Uganda 1,440 b
16 Hong Kong, China 28,810 78 Trinidad and Tobago 9,450 128 Jordan 4,290 179 Nepal 1,420
17 Japan 28,620 79 Costa Rica 9,040 b 129 Guatemala 4,060 b 180 Côte d’Ivoire 1,390
18 Netherlands 28,600 80 Mexico 8,950 130 Guyana 3,950 b 182 Rwanda 1,290
20 Australia 28,290 81 Malaysia 8,940 130 Morocco 3,950 183 Burkina Faso 1,180 b
21 United Kingdom 27,650 82 Russian Federation 8,920 132 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,940 184 Benin 1,110
22 France 27,460 83 Uruguay 7,980 133 Jamaica 3,790 184 Eritrea 1,110 b Note: Rankings include all 208 economies
22 Germany 27,460 84 Botswana 7,960 134 Armenia 3,770 186 Chad 1,100 b presented in the key indicators table, but only
24 Finland 27,100 85 Bulgaria 7,610 135 Sri Lanka 3,730 187 Central African Republic 1,080 b those that have confirmed PPP GNI per capita
25 Italy 26,760 86 Brazil 7,480 136 Ecuador 3,440 188 Mozambique 1,070 b estimates for 2003 are shown.
26 Sweden 26,620 87 Thailand 7,450 137 Syrian Arab Republic 3,430 189 Tajikistan 1,040
30 Singapore 24,180 88 Iran, Islamic Rep. 7,190 138 Azerbaijan 3,380 190 Kenya 1,020 Economies that do not have confirmed PPP GNI
33 Macao, China 21,920 a 89 Romania 7,140 141 Indonesia 3,210 192 Mali 960 per capita figures are:
35 Spain 22,020 90 Tonga 6,890 b 142 Lesotho 3,120 b 193 Nigeria 900 Afghanistan, American Samoa, Andorra, Aruba,
36 United Arab Emirates 21,040 a, b 91 Tunisia 6,840 143 India 2,880 b 194 Zambia 850 Bermuda, Bhutan, Brunei, Cayman Islands,
38 New Zealand 21,120 92 Macedonia, FYR 6,720 143 Vanuatu 2,880 b 195 Niger 820 b Channel Islands, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea,
41 Greece 19,920 93 Grenada 6,710 146 Honduras 2,580 b 195 Yemen, Rep. 820 Faeroe Islands, French Polynesia, Greenland,
42 Cyprus 19,530 94 Turkey 6,690 147 Georgia 2,540 199 Madagascar 800 Guam, Iraq, Isle of Man, Kiribati, Korea, Dem.
43 Slovenia 19,240 95 Namibia 6,620 b 149 Vietnam 2,490 201 Congo, Rep. 710 Rep., Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Maldives,
45 Israel 19,200 96 St. Vincent & Grenadines 6,590 150 Bolivia 2,450 201 Ethiopia 710 b Marshall Islands, Mayotte, Micronesia, Fed.
46 Malta 17,870 a 97 Colombia 6,520 b 152 Nicaragua 2,400 b 203 Guinea-Bissau 660 b Sts., Monaco, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles,
47 Kuwait 17,870 a, b 98 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,320 b 154 Zimbabwe 2,180 a 204 Congo, Dem. Rep. 640 b New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands,
49 Portugal 17,980 99 Panama 6,310 155 Papua New Guinea 2,240 b 205 Burundi 620 b Palau, Qatar, San Marino, São Tomé and
50 Korea, Rep. 17,930 100 Dominican Republic 6,210 b 156 Djibouti 2,200 b 206 Tanzania 610 d Principe, Serbia and Montenegro, Somalia,
52 Bahrain 16,170 a 101 Kazakhstan 6,170 157 Ghana 2,190 b 207 Malawi 600 Suriname, Timor-Leste, Virgin Islands (U.S.),
53 Puerto Rico 16,320 a, b 102 Belize 5,840 a 158 Guinea 2,100 208 Sierra Leone 530 and West Bank and Gaza.
54 Bahamas, The 16,140 a 103 Belarus 6,010 159 Cambodia 2,060 b
55 Seychelles 15,960 105 Algeria 5,940 b 159 Pakistan 2,060 a. Data for earlier year; ranking is approximate.
56 Czech Republic 15,650 106 Turkmenistan 5,840 161 Mauritania 2,010 b b. Estimate is based on regression; other PPP
57 Barbados 15,060 108 Gabon 5,700 162 Cameroon 1,980 figures are extrapolated from the latest
58 Hungary 13,780 108 Samoa 5,700 b 163 Angola 1,890 b International Comparison Programme
60 Oman 13,000 a, b 111 Cape Verde 5,440 b 164 Sudan 1,880 benchmark estimates. c. Estimate is based on
61 Slovak Republic 13,420 112 Fiji 5,410 165 Bangladesh 1,870 a bilateral comparison between China and the
62 Saudi Arabia 12,850 a, b 112 Ukraine 5,410 166 Gambia, The 1,820 b United States (Ruoen and Kai, 1995). d. Data
63 Estonia 12,480 114 St. Lucia 5,220 167 Mongolia 1,800 refer to mainland Tanzania only.

World Bank Atlas


36th edition
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ISBN 0-8213-5732-8
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