FROM PROMISES TO RESULTS

AFRICA
DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS
2006

from the
World Bank
Africa Database
THE WORLD BANK
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ISBN-10: 0-8213-6537-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6537-3
eISBN: 0-8213-6538-X
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6537-3
Contents

Foreword vi
Acknowledgments vii

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa—

From Promises to Results 1
Notes 20
References 21

Indicator tables 23
Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts

1. Basic indicators
1.1 Basic indicators 25

2. National accounts
2.1 Gross domestic product, real 26
2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real 27
2.3 Agriculture value added 28
2.4 Industry value added 29
2.5 Services value added 30
2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal 31
2.7 Total consumption 32
2.8 General government consumption 33
2.9 Gross fixed capital formation 34
2.10 General government fixed capital formation 35
2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation 36
2.12 Gross domestic savings 37
2.13 Gross national savings 38
2.14 Resource balance (exports minus imports) 39
2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal 40
2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal 41
2.17 Exports of goods and services, real 42
2.18 Imports of goods and services, real 43
2.19 Gross domestic product growth 44
2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth 45
2.21 Gross national income per capita 46
2.22 Total consumption per capita 47

Contents iii
 Part II. Millennium Development Goals

3. Millennium Development Goals

3.1 Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 48
3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2: achieve universal primary education 50
3.3 Millennium Development Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women 51
3.4 Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality 52
3.5 Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health 53
3.6 Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 54
3.7 Millennium Development Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability 55
3.8 Millennium Development Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development 56

Part III. Development outcomes

Results framework

4.1 Status of Paris Declaration indicators 58

Drivers of growth

5. Private sector development

5.1 Business environment 59
5.2 Investment climate 60

6. Trade
6.1 International trade and tariff barriers 62
6.2 Regional integration, trade blocs 65

7. Infrastructure
7.1 Water and sanitation 66
7.2 Transportation 68
7.3 Information and communication technology 70
7.4 Energy 72
7.5 Financial sector infrastructure 74

Participating in growth

8. Human development
8.1 Education 76
8.2 Health 78

9. Agriculture and rural development

9.1 Rural development 81
9.2 Agriculture 82

10. Labor, migration, and population

10.1 Labor 84
10.2 Migration and population 86

iv Africa Development Indicators 2006

11. HIV/AIDS
11.1 HIV/AIDS 87

12. Malaria
12.1 Malaria 88

13. Capable states and partnership

13.1 Aid and debt relief 89
13.2 Capable states 90
13.3 Governance and anticorruption indicators 92
13.4 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings, 2005 94

Part IV: Household Welfare

14. Household welfare

14.1 Burkina Faso household survey, 2003 95
14.2 Burundi household survey, 1998 96
14.3 Cameroon household survey, 2001 97
14.4 Côte d’Ivoire household survey, 1998 98
14.5 Ethiopia household survey, 2000 99
14.6 Gambia household survey, 1998 100
14.7 Ghana household survey, 1998/99 101
14.8 Kenya household survey, 1997 102
14.9 Madagascar household survey, 1999 103
14.10 Malawi household survey, 1997/98 104
14.11 Mozambique household survey, 1996 105
14.12 Nigeria household survey, 2004 106
14.13 São Tomé and Principe household survey, 2000 107
14.14 Sierra Leone household survey, 2002/03 108
14.15 Uganda household survey, 2002/03 109
14.16 Zambia household survey, 1998 110

Technical notes 111

Statistical references 147

Users guide: World Bank Africa Database 2006 and

Africa Development Indicators CD-ROM 151

Contents v
 Foreword
Making headway against African poverty and
meeting the Millennium Development Goals
are raising difficult challenges in most African
countries. Despite pockets of success, nearly
half the region’s population still lives in ex-
treme poverty, and Africa still houses about
three-fourths of the world’s poorest countries.
But Africa is today a continent on the move.
Average economic growth remains strong, ex-
ports are increasing, and many countries are
making tangible progress on delivering better
health and education outcomes.
Africa Development Indicators 2006 is the
latest annual report from the World Bank
on social and economic conditions across
the continent. It was revamped this year to
better report and monitor the challenges
and transformations in Africa. Africa Devel-
opment Indicators has evolved from a single
data book, and this year consists of three in-
dependent but complementary products: this
book, which brings together an essay and key
outcome indicators for Africa, The Little Data
Book on Africa 2006, and the World Bank Af-
rica Database (CD-ROM).
Each year’s essay will discuss a topic of rel-
evance for Africa. Starting the new series is
an essay about the Year and the Decade of Af-
rica. The essay takes stock of how countries
and donors performed during 2005, which
was marked by meetings of the UN Millen-
nium Task Force, the U.K. Commission for
Africa, and the Group of Eight Summit at
Gleneagles, Scotland, and culminated in the
UN Millennium+5 Summit in New York. The
essay reflects both the magnitude of the chal-
lenges and the strength of the response and
also sounds a clear warning on the need to
move from promises to results to meet the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
Data in the book have been assembled
from a variety of sources to present a broad
vi Africa Development Indicators 2006
picture of development across Africa. The
book is designed to provide a set of key indi-
cators to monitor development outcomes in
the region. It is an important reference tool
for those who want a better understanding of
the economic and social developments occur-
ring in Africa. The tables comprise a selection
of key development outcome indicators from
1980 to 2004. They offer detailed informa-
tion in areas such as the Millennium Devel-
opment Goals, private sector development,
trade, agriculture and rural development,
HIV/AIDS and malaria, infrastructure, the
Paris Declaration, governance, and aid.
The Little Data Book on Africa 2006 is a
pocket edition of Africa Development Indica-
tors and is intended as a quick reference on
the most recent key indicators for users of
Africa Development Indicators 2006.
The World Bank Africa Database 2006 of-
fers the most comprehensive database on
Africa, covering about 1,200 indicators of
macroeconomic, sectoral, and human devel-
opment variables, with time series of many
indicators going back to 1965. The CD-ROM
also offers country at-a-glance tables for all
African countries and map tools for Africa.
Despite the rich data reflected in this fam-
ily of products, the lack of data for Africa is
still a major impediment to monitoring de-
velopment progress. As users will notice,
many variables have few country observa-
tions and underline the need to improve data
collection across the continent.
I hope that this new series will contribute
to the way countries, development partners,
analysts, academics, and others understand
and design development policies in Africa.
John Page
Chief Economist, Africa Region
Acknowledgments
Africa Development Indicators 2006 was pro-
duced by the Office of the Chief Economist
and the Operational Quality and Knowledge
Services Group of the Africa Region. The De-
velopment Data Group of the Development
Economics Vice Presidency collaborated in
the production of The Little Data Book on Afri-
ca 2006 and the World Bank Africa Database
2006.
This book and its companions, The Little
Data Book on Africa 2006 and World Bank Af-
rica Database 2006, were prepared by a team
led by Jorge Arbache and Vildan Verbeek-
Demiraydin, comprising Zena Angesom,
Francoise Genouille, Rose Mungai, Joan
Pandit, and Christophe Rockmore. Mehdi
Akhlaghi provided technical support for The
Little Data Book on Africa 2006, and William
Prince provided technical support for the
World Bank Africa Database CD-ROM. John
Page, Chief Economist, Africa Region, pro-
vided overall guidance and supervision.
The essay and Africa Development Indi-
cator tables benefited from contributions
from a large number of people. Ivar Ander-
sen, Jorge Araujo, Demba Ba, Thorsten Beck,
Misha Belkindas, Harry Broadman, Karen
Brooks, Derek Byerlee, Michael Fuchs, Mad-
hur Gautam, Linda Van Gelder, Delfin Go,
Catalina Gutierrez, Katie Heller, Lawrence
E. Hinkle, Stefan Hochhuth, James Keough,
Mohamed Khatouri, Jean Michel Marchat,
Sergio Margulis, Celestin Monga, Anna Mu-
ganba, Jonathan Munemo, Francois Nanko-
bogo, Benno Nludu, Essama Nssah, Sonia
Plaza, Francesca Recanatini, Ivan Rossignol,
Francis Rowe, Pieter Serneels, Sudhir Shetty,
Stephanie H. Tam, Mark Roland Thomas,
Robert Townsend, Dileep Wagle, Naoko
Watanabe, Elizabeth White, and Yutaka Yo-
shino provided inputs in the form of com-
ments, suggestions, background notes, and
boxes. Xiao Ye helped the team in preparing
tables and charts for the essay and provided a
box. Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Arnaud Des-
marchelier, Vivien Foster, Sudeshna Ghosh
Banerjee, and Kavita Sethi contributed to the
infrastructure indicators and a box.
Communications Development Incorpo-
rated provided overall design direction, ed-
iting, and layout, led by Bruce Ross-Larson,
Meta de Coquereaumont, and Christopher
Trott.
Richard Fix supported the concept and
production of The Little Data Book on Africa
2006. Staff from the World Bank Office of the
Publisher oversaw publication and dissemi-
nation of the book and its companions.
Acknowledgments vii
Moving from the Year of Africa
to the Decade of Africa—
from promises to results
In 2005, in what came to be called the Year
of Africa, the region’s leaders reaffirmed their
commitment to achieve the Millennium De-
velopment Goals by accelerating growth, cre-
ating jobs, delivering human services, and
fighting poverty. They also challenged the
international community to support their ef-
forts.
Why the Year of Africa? In the view of
many Africans and their international part-
ners, 2005 marked a turning point in the
region’s evolution.
Africa is indeed on the move. In contrast
with the 1990s, conflicts in Africa have de-
clined, economic performance has improved,
and some clear “high performers” are be-
ginning to emerge. Since the late 1990s, 14
African countries have had average growth
rates of above 5 percent.1 Across the conti-
nent countries are advancing in all spheres of
transformation.
• Growth for all Sub-Saharan Africa, which
averaged 2.4 percent in the 1990s, rose
to 4.0 percent in 2000–04 (indicator ta-
ble 2.19) and came in at an estimated 4.3
percent in 2005.
• Macroeconomic indicators have im-
proved, with inflation down to historic
lows, exchange rate distortions mostly
eliminated, and fiscal deficits dropping.
• Progress toward the Millennium De-
velopment Goals (MDGs), while slow,
improved in some countries (indicator
tables 3.1–3.8). Cape Verde, Comoros,
Eritrea, Guinea, and Mozambique have
recorded significant reductions in child
(under-five) mortality. In education,
Mauritania has made progress in increas-
ing the primary enrollment of girls.
• There is a growing awareness by govern-
ments of the need to be accountable to
their people. The African Union has an-
nounced that it will not recognize gov-
ernments that come to power through
unconstitutional means.
Many countries have increased exports
by more than 8 percent a year since the late
1990s (indicator table 2.17), despite falling
prices in some of their primary commodities.
These export successes—in cut flowers, vege-
tables, and clothing—show an Africa capable
of both diversifying and building a construc-
tive relationship with global markets.
Progress is also being made in human
development. With political support, The
Gambia is advancing toward the Millennium
Development Goal nutrition targets, and in
five years, Niger has gone from being one of
the worst performers in expanding primary
education to one of the best.2
Some of the fastest growing countries
have also done well in reducing poverty (in-
dicator table 3.1). Since the second half of
the 1990s, many low-income African coun-
tries, including Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Cape Verde, Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal,
and Uganda, have lifted significant percent-
ages of their citizens above the poverty line.
While in some countries growth and poverty
reduction have recently declined moderately,
many countries are still on course to meet
the income poverty MDG target of halving
poverty by 2015.3
Despite this progress, a lot more has to be
done, especially in areas such as governance,
civil society, private sector development,
and human development, to make economic
growth more sustainable, less exposed, and
more resilient to shocks.
Drawing on the indicator tables, this anal-
ysis takes stock of how countries and devel-
opment partners performed during the Year
of Africa. It then spells out what countries,
with the support of their partners, are doing
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 1
 to transform their efforts into the Decade of
Africa. The main message: Africans and their
development partners need to increase their
focus on supporting the drivers of growth,
sharing participation in and the benefits
of growth, and building capable states. For
shared growth to become a reality, the De-
cade of Africa must be about results not
promises.
T    Y  A
The year 2005 was marked by the UN Mil-
lennium Project, the UK Commission for
Africa, and the G-8 Summit at Gleneagles,
Scotland, all culminating in the UN Mil-
lennium+5 Summit in New York. African
governments committed to improving their
economic and political institutions, accel-
erating economic growth, and achieving
real progress toward the MDGs. Developed
countries pledged to increase aid to Africa
by $25 billion a year by 2010, more than
doubling the assistance to the region, to
open their markets to African products, and
to forgive the debts of 25 of the continent’s
poorest countries.4 The Multilateral Debt
Relief Initiative for Africa would reduce
debt to the International Development As-
sociation (IDA), the International Monetary
Fund, and the African Development Fund
by $42.1 billion.
African governments are taking more
control of their destiny
African leaders are increasing ownership of
their development strategies in new ways,
helping to end conflicts through the African
Union, and pushing for accountability in eco-
nomic and political governance through the
Peer Review Mechanism of the New Partner-
ship for Africa’s Development. After a peak in
2002 the number of African conflicts has de-
clined from 16 to 5.5 The transitions to peace
include some of the longest running civil
wars, such as the 21-year conflict between
North and South Sudan and the protracted
wars in Angola and Liberia.
African governments are also taking ac-
tion to improve the region’s reputation by
certifying good practices in governance for a
critical mass of African countries under the
Africa Peer Review Mechanism. They are in-
creasing regional connectivity to improve
2 Africa Development Indicators 2006
the capacity to trade—within the region and
with the rest of the world. They are also en-
hancing the capacity of a rationalized system
of regional bodies to provide regional public
goods—such as cross-country transporta-
tion and power sharing, coordinating the
management of pandemics, and protecting
such regional commons as the Nile and the
Great Lakes. And African enterprises, too
long marginalized, have begun to show that
they can connect constructively to world
markets, with pockets of export successes
outside commodities.
More African states are choosing demo-
cratic arrangements, with elected officials
in charge in many countries formerly ruled
by military regimes or authoritarian gov-
ernments. In addition, new arrangements
and new spaces are being created to enable
citizens to express their views and articulate
their demands. Some African civil society
leaders, for example, are studying Asian ex-
periences with citizen report cards to assess
the quality of service delivery. An invigorated
media and civil society are making themselves
heard, often leading the drive for greater ac-
countability.
The average scores on the World Bank’s
Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
have been rising, as has the number of Af-
rican countries with scores above the good
performance threshold of 3.5 (indicator table
13.4).6
Recent economic progress continued
during the past year
In 2005 higher oil prices did not strongly
affect economic growth, and real GDP is ex-
pected to have grown by 4.3 percent, com-
pared with 5.1 percent in 2004 (indicator
table 2.19). Oil-importing countries did well,
with their economies growing by 4.5 per-
cent, above the 4.2 percent seen in 2004.7
Economic growth in the main oil-exporting
countries slowed somewhat to 4.7 percent
from 8.4 percent in 2004 and 6.2 percent in
2003, mainly because of constraints on oil
supply in Chad, Equatorial Guinea, and Nige-
ria (indicator table 2.19).
Also in 2005 the recent gains in reducing
inflation were maintained, suggesting pru-
dent macroeconomic management during
external shocks. As expected, there was a
pass-through of high oil prices to consumer
prices in both oil-importing and oil-export- excess of 4.5 percent (table 1). For several of
ing countries. So inflation crept up slightly to them—including Ghana, Mozambique, Sen-
10.8 percent, from 9.8 percent in 2004.8 egal, Tanzania, and Uganda—higher growth
The continent remained vulnerable to has been accompanied by diversification
terms of trade shocks and the negative effects of their economies and exports. Excluding
of exchange rate volatility. Because of the oil the oil-rich countries, the fastest growing
price increases in the first half of 2005, there group of African countries has had an aver-
was an equivalent, cumulative loss of around age growth rate of 5.5 percent. These coun-
3.5 percent of GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa’s tries host 35 percent of the region’s people.
net oil-importing countries.9 And nonoil The 13 slowest growing economies, by con-
commodity prices, while strong, were subject trast, have seen an average growth of only
to volatility and could be an area of signifi- 1.3 percent, with some having near zero or
cant vulnerability in the future. negative growth. These countries—many
Private investors—both domestic and for- either engaged in conflict or having recently
eign—were still reluctant to invest, except emerged from conflict—host 20 percent of
in minerals and some services. World Bank the region’s people.
Doing Business surveys show that the con- Increasing macroeconomic divergence is
tinent continues to trail most other develop- also observed in other dimensions. The stan-
ing regions in starting a business, registering dard deviation of the average annual growth
property, trading across borders, and access- rate in Sub-Saharan Africa has jumped from
ing credit. 2 percent in the 1980s to 4 percent in 2000–
04. The standard deviation across countries
Fast and slow growth countries remained has also risen significantly over time for ex-
on divergent paths ports and imports, value added of industry,
The development pattern in Sub-Saharan Af- agriculture, and services, and other variables,
rica has become increasingly diverse over the thus reinforcing that Africa is becoming in-
last decade. Since the mid-1990s, 16 coun- creasingly diverse.
tries have had annual GDP growth rates in

Table 1 Divergent growth paths

Average annual GDP growth, 1996–2005 (%)

Little or no growth countries Sustained growth

Average: 1.3 percent Slow growth countries countries Oil-exporting countries
20 percent of Average: 3.4 percent Average: 5.5 percent Average: 7.4 percent
African population 16 percent of population 35 percent of population 29 percent of population

Swaziland 2.8 Nambia 4.0 Mozambique 8.4 Equitorial Guinea 20.9

Kenya 2.8 Zambia 3.6 Rwuanda 7.5 Angola 7.9
Lesotho 2.7 Guinea 3.6 Cape Verde 6.5 Chad 7.8
Eritrea 2.2 Niger 3.5 Uganda 6.1 Sudan 6.4
Comoros 2.0 Togo 3.3 Mali 5.7 Nigeria 4.0
Seychelles 2.0 Madagascar 3.3 Botswana 5.7 Congo, Rep. 3.5
Côte d’lvoire 1.5 Malawi 3.2 Ethiopia 5.5 Gabon 1.7
Burundi 1.2 South Africa 3.1 Tanzania 5.4
Sierra Leone 1.1 São Tomé and Principe 3.1 Mauritius 4.9
Central African Republic 0.9 Mauritania 4.9
Guinea-Bissau 0.6 Benin 4.8
Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.0 Ghana 4.7
Zimbabwe –2.4 Senegal 4.6
Burkina Faso 4.6
Gambia, The 4.5
Cameroon 4.5

Note: Data on growth rates are not presented for Liberia and Somalia, but they are included in the denominator in the calculation of population shares.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 3

 Table 2 Debt service relief under the Heavily Indebted
Poor Country Debt Relief Initiative and indicator table 13.1). As of March 2006,
the debt service relief committed in nominal
$ millions terms was $50.3 billion.
Countries that have Estimated total Countries between HIPC Estimated total
The debt relief initiative will have impor-
reached HIPC completion nominal debt service decision point and nominal debt service tant consequences for African countries and
point relief completion point relief development partners, allowing treasuries to
Benin 460 Burundi 1,472 retain general budget resources that would
Burkina Faso 930 Cameroon 2,800 otherwise have gone to debt repayment—
Ethiopia 3,275 Chad 260 and placing greater responsibility on African
Ghana 3,500 Congo, Dem. Rep. 10,389 governments to build honest, efficient, and
Madagascar 1,900 Congo, Rep. 2,881 results-focused public expenditure systems.
Mali 895 Gambia, The 90 While there is still room for optimism
Mauritania 1,100 Guinea 800 that the Gleneagles pledges can be achieved
Mozambique 4,300 Guinea-Bissau 790 by 2010, the Organisation for Economic
Niger 1,190 Malawi 1,000 Co-operation and Development’s Develop-
Rwanda 1,400 São Tomé and Prince 200 ment Assistance Committee and the Strate-
Senegal 850 Sierra Leone 950 gic Partnership with Africa10 both estimate
Tanzania 3,000 that much of the increase in development
Uganda 1,950 assistance to Africa between 2006 and
Zambia 3,900 2008 will be more apparent than real, con-
Source: Indicator table 13.1. sisting mainly of debt relief and emergency
food aid.
The international community had Progress by the rich countries in bringing
mixed results in living up to its financial the Doha Round of trade negotiations to a
commitments successful conclusion has been disappointing.
Because of their performance, 14 countries Trade barriers need to be dismantled to level
in Africa are already eligible for the 100 per- the playing field. With the end of the Multifi-
cent debt relief initiative agreed at the G-8 bre Arrangement, World Trade Organization
Summit in Gleneagles. This number will members have yet to define the nature and
grow to 25 as countries reach their comple- extent of preferences to be extended to the
tion points under the Heavily Indebted Poor least developed countries and the role of “aid
Country (HIPC) Debt Relief Initiative (table 2 for trade” in the multilateral system (box 1).

Box 1 Africa and trade reform

Sub-Saharan Africa would see a $4.8 billion
increase in real income thanks to deep, mul-
tilateral reform of global merchandise trade,
according to new World Bank estimates. Al-
though small in absolute terms, this increase
is significant relative to initial incomes and
trade flows. Two-thirds of the gains would
come from reforms by other countries (includ-
ing other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and
one-third from countries’ own liberalization.
Reform in the agricultural sector would ac-
count for an estimated 78 percent of the total
gain for Sub-Saharan Africa, of which 12 per-
cent (if Southern Africa is excluded) would
come from cotton. Although reform in cotton
trade would contribute a negligible amount
(0.5 percent) to the global gains, the sector is
very important to Africa.
While Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole would
gain from multilateral trade reform, some
countries on the continent would lose from
preference erosion or, in the case of net food
importers, from higher food prices. Losses
from preferences, as with benefits, would be
less than expected due to strict rules of ori-
gin and because they are highly concentrated
among relatively few countries and products
(mostly those with quota rents, such as sugar).
But even relatively small losses can pose sig-
nificant adjustment problems for some African
countries, underlining the need for increased
assistance for domestic implementation of re-
forms—“aid for trade”—to support and com-
plement trade reform.

Source: World Bank 2006b.

4 Africa Development Indicators 2006

 Box 2 The World Bank Group’s Africa Action Plan
The World Bank Group’s Africa Action Plan,
launched in September 2005, is a results-
driven partnership strategy with 25 priority
initiatives designed to support African coun-
tries in implementing their national strategies
to accelerate growth and reduce poverty. The
plan is the core of the World Bank’s commit-
ment to supporting improved development
outcomes in Africa.
The new replenishment for the International
Development Association (IDA-14) is projected
to increase resources in 2006–08 by an aver-
age of just under $1 billion a year over IDA13 in
2003–05. Under the Africa Action Plan, most
of the increase in IDA will target strengthening
Africa’s development by:
• Ensuring that development support is
implemented, monitored, and evaluated
within a country-led results-oriented
framework.
• Increasing the rate of shared growth by
developing infrastructure, fostering re-
gional integration to boost export com-
petitiveness, and improving health and
human development, so that all citizens,
including the poor and women, partici-
pate in and benefit from greater economic
development.
• Building capable states that practice
sound governance, transparency, and
accountability.
Source: www.worldbank.org/afr/aap.
The suspension of the World Trade Organiza-
tion talks in Geneva will hit poor Sub-Saha-
ran African countries hardest—and the talks
may well not start up again until sometime
in 2007 or even 2008. Now entering the last
decade to achieve the MDGs, Africa and its
development partners have to move from
promises to results—from the Year of Africa
to the Decade of Africa.
M    D  A
The Year of Africa focused global attention on
Africa. But rebuilding infrastructure, tackling
the disease burdens posed by HIV/AIDS and
malaria, addressing the potential impact of
avian flu, and building competitive export-
oriented businesses are all medium- to long-
• Leveraging the IDA-14 partnership through
more effective collaboration and harmoni-
zation among development partners.
The World Bank is supporting shared
growth by enlarging investment in African
infrastructure from $600 million in 2000 to a
projected $2.4 billion in 2008. It is working as
part of the Africa Infrastructure Consortium in
bilateral and multilateral partnerships. It is also
significantly increasing support for regional in-
tegration and regional approaches to support
national development strategies. And the Ma-
laria Booster Program is to be expanded by
150 percent in 17 countries by the end of 2008,
meaning that a total commitment of $500 mil-
lion to $1 billion may be required over the next
five years.
The Africa Catalytic Growth Fund, estab-
lished in March 2006 with a grant from the
United Kingdom, is a key element for lever-
aging the IDA-14 partnership. The fund allows
the World Bank to increase support to invest-
ments that:
• Ease the constraints to growth in well per-
forming economies.
• Lay the groundwork for sustained growth
in transforming economies, where dedi-
cated leadership can strengthen eco-
nomic reforms.
• Support regional programs, where prob-
lems of collective action and donor prac-
tices result in too little investment.
term challenges. Realistically, the work will
be done over a decade or more. And as in
any region, the progress of economic devel-
opment among African countries is bound
to move at different speeds, depending on
countries’ initial conditions, their historical
legacies, and the impact of weather and other
natural shocks. In contrast with past decades,
economic, political, and social outcomes are
more varied, with more positive and negative
aspects sometimes coinciding, sometimes in
opposition.
Both Africans and their development part-
ners need to focus on ways to address the key
challenges to progress by:
• Supporting the drivers of growth.
• Participating in and sharing the benefits
of growth.
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 5
 Figure 1 Nigeria and South Africa account
for more than half of Africa’s GDP
substantially reduce income poverty. Africa’s
slow growth is due mainly to much slower
$ billions, 2004 productivity growth (box 3). Accelerating
Nigeria, and sustaining high growth rates in Africa
Rest of 72
Africa, are major challenges, however, and there is
234 no obvious or unique recipe for success.
The region’s economic activity is highly
concentrated. Of Sub-Saharan Africa’s nom-
inal GDP of $526 billion in 2004, South Af-
rica accounted for the largest share ($215
South billion), followed by Nigeria ($72 billion),
Africa, Sudan ($21 billion), Angola ($20 billion),
215
and Kenya ($16 billion) (figure 1 and indi-
Source: Indicator table 2.6 cator table 2.6). Of industry value added
of $116 billion in 2004, Nigeria accounted
• Providing the underpinnings for shared for $21 billion and South Africa $42 billion
growth by building capable states and (indicator table 2.4). And of service value
improving governance. added of $182 billion in 2004, South Africa
accounted for $92 billion (indicator table
Supporting the drivers of growth 2.5). Because most African economies are
One major international development objec- fairly small, a regional approach is required
tive is for African countries to increase their to achieve sustainable growth.
growth to the 7 percent a year needed to

Box 3 Sources of economic growth in Africa—an international perspective

Africa is the slowest growing region in the
world. Average per capita output growth in
the 1990s was negative due mainly to very
low growth rates. But what explains such a
performance from an international perspec-
tive? Growth decomposition is a widely used
tool to assess the contributions of changes in
factor inputs (human and physical capital) and
total factor productivity to economic growth.
(Total factor productivity measures changes in
economic efficiency in the use of inputs and
changes in technology for observed output
growth.)
Growth accounting shows that growth in
physical capital per worker in Africa has been
less than 0.5 percent a year since 1960, far
slower than the world average of 1 percent,
and was negative between 1990 and 2003,
suggesting low capital investment in the re-
gion. The contribution of human capital to
growth kept pace with the rest of the world and
has increased lately, mainly as a result of rising
average years of schooling. But the main con-
tributor to Africa’s disappointing growth is total
factor productivity, negative since the 1960s
and –0.4 percent between 1990 and 2003.

Sources of growth—a decomposition analysis, 1990–2003

Growth in
Growth in Growth in physical capital Education Total factor
output output per worker per worker per worker productivity
Region (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

World 3.09 1.88 0.93 0.27 0.67

Africa 2.48 –0.09 –0.05 0.40 –0.44
Industrial countries 2.31 1.55 0.84 0.22 0.49
China 9.70 8.51 3.32 0.29 4.72
East Asia less China 5.24 3.12 2.05 0.47 0.58
Latin America 2.61 0.33 0.14 0.34 –0.16
South Asia 5.34 3.10 1.29 0.40 1.38
Middle East 3.64 0.61 0.20 0.51 –0.11

Source: Bosworth and Collins 2006.

6 Africa Development Indicators 2006

 Figure 2 More than half of Africa’s foreign direct
Developing the private sector investment goes to Nigeria and Sudan
What has been missing in most of Africa is a
buoyant private sector. Building the African $ million, 2004

private sector is crucial for growth and for

fostering a national consensus for growth-
oriented policies. It is also critical for reassur-
ing the African public that a growth process Rest of Nigeria,
Africa, $4,409
led by the private sector is one that everyone $4,227
can participate in and benefit from.
Central to this effort is improving the in-
vestment climate and enhancing the capacity
of African and foreign entrepreneurs to invest.
There is considerable room for improvement: Sudan,
net foreign direct investment in Africa was a $1,481
mere $10.1 billion in 2004, 1.6 percent of glob- Source: Indicator table 5.2.

al flows, with more than half going to Nigeria

and Sudan (figure 2 and indicator table 5.2).
Improving the business environment. Ac-
cording to Doing Business 2006: Creating Jobs
(World Bank 2006a), 6 of the 10 countries
judged as having the most difficult environ-
ment for starting a business are in Africa. It
takes an average of 64 days to start a busi-
ness, ranging from 14 in the Central African
Republic to 155 in the Democratic Republic
of Congo (figure 3 and indicator table 5.1).
Enforcing a contract is no less onerous, run-
ning an average of 439 days, ranging from
154 in Botswana to 1,011 in Angola. Invest-
ment Climate Assessments in more than a
dozen countries point to specific changes that
governments can effect to encourage higher
levels of investment and faster job growth.
The payoffs can be significant. In Madagas-
car a garment exporter estimated that if port
clearance were reduced to one day, it would
cut total costs by a sum equal to as much as
30 percent of the wage bill.
Africa has not attracted many foreign
investors because the prevailing business
environment and the market conditions
failed to attract even domestic investors.
Fundamental obstacles remain throughout
much of the region—economic and policy
barriers to new business entry, poor gover-
nance, limited property rights protection,
weak market institutions, undeveloped in-
frastructure, low technical capacity of firms,
low skill of management and workers, and
size of markets.

Figure 3 Fast starters—and slow starters

Time required to start a business (days)

Central Africa Republic

Rwanda

Sierra Leone

Benin

Ethiopia

Botswana

Angola

Mozambique

Congo, Dem. Rep.

São Tomé and Principe

0 50 100 150 200

Source: World Bank 2006a.

Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 7

 The private sector’s participation in policy
matters is increasing. Investor councils in
Ghana, Senegal, and Tanzania are showing the
benefits of a constructive, problem-solving in-
teraction between government and business
in tackling inefficient customs and inconsis-
tent tax enforcement. New councils started in
Mali and Uganda will add to the experience. A
more engaged private sector in Africa should
be able to push for regulatory and infrastruc-
ture changes that will make Africa less of a
high-cost, high-risk place to do business.
Strengthening financial systems. Improving
the performance of Africa’s financial systems
is also high on the agenda for enterprise de-
velopment. Despite numerous reforms over
several decades, most Sub-Saharan financial
systems remain weak, with Kenya, Mauri-
tius, and South Africa among the exceptions.
Little savings are mobilized from domestic or
foreign sources. Credit to the private sector
is limited and costly. Many national financial
sectors are dominated by a few banks provid-
ing an uncompetitive, small range of services.
The assets of banks exceed $10 billion only in
Nigeria ($22 billion) and South Africa ($219
billion) and are less than $1 billion in 24 Sub-
Saharan countries (indicator table 7.5).
Financial reform programs anticipated an
initial increase and then a reduction in the
spread between lending and deposit interest
rates, but the spread remains large in many
countries. And since liberalization, many
financial systems have seen high real inter-
est rates. Financial deepening has also been
lacking.
Although Africa has about a dozen stock
markets—several opened in the 1990s—
they have been inconsequential for economic
growth and investment. Simply put, there are
too few opportunities for sharing risk, trad-
ing shares, and providing liquidity. Except for
South Africa, the stock markets are by far the
smallest of any region, both in the number
of listed companies and in market capitaliza-
tion. They are also highly illiquid, seriously
constraining their ability to contribute to
economic growth.
Tackling these financial development chal-
lenges will require enlarging access to finan-
cial services—particularly savings facilities.
This will require strengthening links between
formal and informal financial systems—be-
cause most Africans do not have access to the
8 Africa Development Indicators 2006
formal financial sector. And given the small
size of many African economies, a regional
approach to financial sector development is
needed to increase competition, cut costs,
and lower risks.
Closing the infrastructure gaps. Africa has a
major infrastructure deficit, slowing econom-
ic growth, reducing trade and international
competitiveness, and retarding poverty re-
duction (indicator tables 7.1–7.4). Nearly 40
percent of Africa’s people live in landlocked
countries with high transport costs and poor
trade links.11 Transport costs for intra-Africa
trade (including trans-shipment) are unusu-
ally high, estimated at nearly twice the levels
in other developing regions. GDP per square
kilometer in Africa (excluding South Africa)
is one-tenth the level in Latin America and
one-twentieth that in India.12
Improving infrastructure is thus central
to the growth and the development of the
private sector, especially of nontraditional,
noncommodity sectors that require more in-
tensive inputs of infrastructure and logistics.
African enterprises can be competitive in
factory floor direct costs for the production
of manufactures, but their indirect costs, es-
pecially the high costs of poor infrastructure
services, are a major bottleneck for firms.13
Surveys of African firms indicate that in-
adequate roads, inefficient ports, and power
outages hobble African enterprises in their
push to secure a place in global markets. For
example, clothing exports from Uganda are
an estimated 80 percent more expensive be-
cause of transport costs. Rwandan farmers,
who are making great strides in exporting
coffee, receive only 20 percent of the price
of their coffee as it is loaded onto ships in
Mombassa. The other 80 percent disappears
into transport costs—a combination of poor
roads and administrative hurdles—between
Rwanda and Kenya. Kenya loses the equiva-
lent of 9 percent of its output to power out-
ages—compared with 2 percent in China.14
To achieve the 7 percent growth rates need-
ed to halve income poverty, Africa will need
to invest 5 percent of GDP in infrastructure
and an additional 4 percent of GDP to cover
operation and maintenance requirements. To
reach this goal, Africa’s infrastructure invest-
ment needs will amount to around $20 bil-
lion a year, twice what the region has been in-
vesting.15 The road sector alone accounts for
about 40 percent of total investment needs,
with the energy and water sectors accounting
for 20 percent each.
While private capital has contributed to
infrastructure finance in Africa, it is con-
centrated in a few countries (South Africa
accounted for half of total investment) and
sectors (70 percent went to telecommunica-
tions). Furthermore, private capital flows
have declined steadily since 2001, reflecting
a global trend toward disengagement from
emerging markets. Total annual official de-
velopment assistance for infrastructure in
Africa has also been on the decline, account-
ing for an average of about $826 million in
2000–04 (indicator tables 7.1–7.4).
Because of its magnitude, financing infra-
structure requires concerted effort from all
funding sources, both public and private. The
Gleneagles G-8 summit emphasized investing
in Africa’s infrastructure. It agreed to support
an Africa Infrastructure Consortium—led by
the African Union and the New Partnership
for Africa’s Development and including the
African Development Bank and the World
Bank—to mobilize infrastructure resources
to both national and regional projects.
Creating an export push and fostering
regional integration
Global trade has increased at unprecedented
levels over the last three decades, and the
world marketplace has become ever more
competitive. Yet Africa lost market share in
traditional exports and made little progress
in diversification of exports. Of the region’s
exports of $128 billion in exports (in 2000
prices), only Angola, Nigeria, and South
Africa had exports of more than $5 billion
Box 4 Information and communication technology improvements in Ghana
Ghana suffered from a very weak investment
climate in the telecom sector in early 2004
due to international disputes in telecommuni-
cations, a lack of formal licenses for mobile
operators, and an outdated regulatory frame-
work. The result was a low fixed and mobile
telephone penetration rate of 5 percent in early
2004. Today, there is a 15 percent penetration
rate, and all telecom operators are investing
heavily in the sector.
How was this accomplished? In partnership
with the U.S. Agency for International Develop-
(indicator table 2.17). Imports that year to-
taled $144 billion.
Expanding and diversifying exports. Enter-
ing new markets and diversifying into non-
traditional exports can spur productivity,
innovation, and competitiveness in Africa.
Asia—particularly China and India—with its
rising incomes and consumer demand, offers
new prospects for growth in exports by Afri-
can producers in markets for tea, coffee, and
cocoa. Global competition in mass manufac-
turing is fierce in some of Africa’s existing
export markets, such as textiles and cloth-
ing, where competition increased substan-
tially with the expiration of the Multifibre
Arrangement in 2005, and some footloose
investors left Africa. On the other hand,
exports of services—including tourism and
back-office support—offer new opportuni-
ties. Indeed, new World Bank research on
Africa’s trade and investment relations with
China and India suggests that countries such
as Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania, among oth-
ers, have the ability to compete effectively in
certain global services markets.16
To be sure, the prospects for boosting and
diversifying Africa’s export flows depend sig-
nificantly on improved market access and
reduced subsidies in world markets. The
benefits of preferential access provisions cur-
rently enjoyed by African countries would
be far greater if they were more certain, not
subject to burdensome rules of origin, and
applied more uniformly across the continent.
To this end, reforms are called for in the U.S.
African Growth and Opportunity Act and the
EU’s Everything But Arms initiative.
Improvements could also come from fur-
ther multilateral liberalization that opens
ment, the World Bank financed the formulation
of the National Telecommunication Policy and
has been deeply engaged in policy advice on
current reforms related to new legislation. The
Bank’s Africa Aid Program helped accelerate
the preparation of an “eGhana” project aimed
at creating jobs, diversifying global informa-
tion and communication technology services,
and providing more efficient government ser-
vices delivery through the use of information
and communication technology applications
and public-private partnerships.
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 9
 Figure 4 Intraregional trade is small but increasing
$ billions
150
Exports to Africa
Exports to the rest of the world
120
90
60
30
0 It is African leaders who will build and
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: International Monitary Fund’s Direction of Trade Statistics.
developed country and other developing
country markets for specific crops, such as
cotton, sugar, and groundnuts, and for pro-
cessed agricultural products. Improvements
would also arise from a reduction of barriers
in nonagricultural sectors, especially in other
developing country markets. For example,
some countries in Latin America heavily pro-
tect their own garment manufacturers and
other labor-intensive manufactures, reduc-
ing the opportunity for African products to
penetrate those markets.
But even if there were significant reforms
in market access, reductions in tariffs and
subsidies, and elimination of nontariff bar-
riers in overseas markets, for African firms
to be able to effectively exploit the export
opportunities created, significant changes
must take place “behind the border”—that is,
within African countries themselves.17 One
such precondition is speeding the clearance
of goods through customs. Moving goods to
and from African countries takes the longest
of any region—60 days on average to import,
48 to export. Regulations in the typical Afri-
can country require 30 signatures to import,
19 to export.
Integrating regional markets. Equally im-
portant to African trade and enterprise is
a framework for regional integration that
will foster competitiveness and promote
economic efficiencies. But promoting eco-
10 Africa Development Indicators 2006
nomic integration in Africa is not an easy
task because there is limited economic com-
plementarity among countries, and they are
potential competitors in resource-intensive
products. But as African economies are too
small and too fragmented, regional inte-
gration can promote internal and external
economies of scale, encourage product dif-
ferentiation and diversification, intra-in-
dustry trade, and a learning-by-exporting
process, which would help make local firms
more competitive in international markets.
Effective regional integration is particu-
larly important for landlocked countries.
Currently, intraregional trade generally
amounts to only a single-digit figure in most
trade blocs of Africa (figure 4 and indicator
table 6.2).
sustain the regional economic alliances
that African economies require to compete
internationally. The New Partnership for
Africa’s Development has regional integra-
tion as a core objective. It is encouraging the
continent’s multiple and often overlapping
regional organizations to define their roles
and responsibilities and to focus on “open
regionalism,” regional (rather than national)
trading agreements, and greater competitive-
ness in global markets. Similarly, the Europe-
an Union is supporting the rationalization of
regional bodies to spur progress toward more
competitive subregional economic group-
ings. Most countries are now giving more at-
tention to regional integration as a means to
sharpen competitiveness, expand trade, and
accelerate growth.
Successful regional integration will require
better regional customs arrangements, lower
tariffs, and much improved infrastructure
and logistics to speed the movement and
reduce costs of inputs, goods, and services
within subregions to facilitate trade outside
the region.
Participating in and sharing the benefits
of growth
World Development Report 2006: Equity and
Development (World Bank 2005c) showed
that inequalities in income—and thus in
opportunities—waste much productive po-
tential and lead to inefficient resource allo-
cations. Such inequalities impair the devel-
opment of institutions that might lift the
 Box 5 Growth is central to sustained poverty reduction
Like other developing regions, most countries
in Sub-Saharan Africa either have negative
growth rates and increasing poverty or posi-
tive growth rates and declining poverty. Sub-
Saharan countries have a median per capita
growth rate of 0.8 percent a year, substantially
lower than the overall median of 2.1 percent,
and most are above the regression line, indi-
cating lower poverty reduction performance
than for a typical developing country with simi-
lar growth performance.
There are important differences across
countries. For example, Ghana’s annual
growth rate over 1987–99 was 1 percent and
Uganda’s was 3 percent over 1989–96, but
their annual rate of change in poverty ranged
from about –8 percent to 2 percent. Differ-
ences in the Gini coefficient and differences
in the change of income distribution over time
may account for these results.
Sub-Saharan countries tend to have a low
sensitivity of poverty to growth, and the con-
Source: Adapted from World Bank 2005d.
constraints on people’s economic pursuits
and improve the way markets work. And it
is precisely those weak institutions that per-
petuate the unequal distribution of income.
They are also bad for the investment and risk-
taking that underpin long-term growth and
poverty reduction.
The poor have been ill equipped to par-
ticipate in and benefit from the growth that
has taken place in the region. Women in
particular have suffered from the inability
to own assets and from discrimination in
economic activity. In short, growth alone
will not be enough to achieve the MDGs in
Africa.
What is needed in addition?
• Making agriculture more productive and
sustainable.
• Connecting poor people to markets.
• Enhancing human development.
• Getting services to poor rural popula-
tions, especially to women.
• Using natural resource rents well.
Making agriculture more productive and
sustainable
With poverty largely a rural phenomenon
in Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural and ru-
tribution of changes in inequality to changes
in poverty in the region is similar to that in
the developing world as a whole. Together
these findings suggest that poverty reduction
in Sub-Saharan Africa has been disappoint-
ing primarily because of its slow growth and
low sensitivity of poverty to growth (holding
constant the distribution of income). This low
sensitivity can be traced to the region’s low
incomes and high inequality (Sub-Saharan
Africa and Latin America are the world’s most
unequal regions).
What are the implications for policy? At a
basic level, growth remains crucial for reduc-
ing poverty in Africa—all the more so given
that the region’s low incomes imply a relatively
low sensitivity of poverty to growth. More-
over, the importance of growth as the driver of
changes in poverty seems to be even clearer
over longer periods, suggesting that growth
remains critical for sustained reductions in
poverty, though it is not the only factor.
ral development are essential for the broad
growth needed to achieve the MDGs (indi-
cator tables 9.1 and 9.2). Agriculture still
dominates the economies of most African
countries, accounting for about 17 percent
of the region’s GDP, 40 percent of exports,
and a substantial share of employment (in-
dicators tables 2.3, 6.1, and 10.1). In addi-
tion, agricultural and rural development can
reduce poverty more than in other regions.
A 1 percent increase in crop yield in Sub-Sa-
haran Africa translates into a 0.7 percent re-
duction in the number of poor people, more
than the 0.5 percent reduction in East and
South Asia and seven times the 0.1 percent
reduction in Latin America.18 Agricultural
growth, important to all the MDGs, has the
greatest impact on poverty and hunger, and
empirical evidence for poor countries show
that it can be an engine of growth.19 Find-
ings from countries with significant poverty
reduction achievements suggest that agri-
cultural productivity growth may be respon-
sible for as much as 40–70 percent of those
reductions.20 The challenge for Sub-Saharan
Africa is to commit to policy and investment
improvements that will have explicit produc-
tivity-enhancing outcomes.
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 11
 Figure 5 Rural access to transportation networks varies widely...
Share of rural population within 2 kilometers of an all-season road (%)
Nigeria
Tanzania
Niger
Benin
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Chad
0 10
Source: Indicator table 7.2.
Productivity growth in agriculture is
linked to higher income, increased employ-
ment, and improved well-being. Growth in
productivity increases production and low-
ers food prices, which in turn holds down
urban wages and encourages industrializa-
tion. Increased production also creates more
jobs for the poor both on and off the farm.
Agricultural production growth of 1 percent
typically leads to agricultural employment
growth of 0.3–0.6 percent and nonagricul-
tural employment growth of around 0.9
percent.21 These growth and employment
effects have proven most powerful when
agricultural growth is driven by broad-based
productivity increases in rural economies
dominated by small farms.
One reason that African agricultural pro-
ductivity is far below that of other regions
is that the percentage of irrigated area is
very small—less than 4 percent of the total
cropped area (indicator table 9.2). Govern-
ments will be expanding their efforts in water
management, using lessons from successful
irrigation programs, both small (the fadama
projects in Nigeria) and large (rehabilita-
tion of the Office du Niger in Mali). African
farming can also be improved by employing
environmentally sustainable farming meth-
ods, including appropriate use of fertilizer
and improved seeds, better soil conservation
practices, and longer fallows and rotations.
12 Africa Development Indicators 2006
20 30 40 50
Connecting poor people to markets
Interventions to connect the rural poor to
the modern economy through investments
in rural roads, electrification, and commu-
nications are central elements of the shared
growth strategy. The share of the rural popu-
lation within two kilometers of an all-sea-
son road ranges from 5 percent in Chad and
Uganda to more than 50 percent in Madagas-
car, Mali, Niger, and Zambia (figure 5 and in-
dicator table 7.2). Rural access to electricity is
also low, ranging from 0.2 percent in Burkina
Faso and Niger to more than 20 percent in
Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria
(figure 6 and indicator table 7.4). Infrastruc-
ture is important to integrate markets and
therefore essential for poor people to be able
to develop their businesses, get contracts, en-
hance the value of their assets, have access to
new technologies, and above all, benefit from
the growth of the economy.
Lack of access to credit, education, raw ma-
terials, goods, and public services also isolate
poor people and expose them to emergencies,
poor harvests, health problems, and econom-
ic crisis. If isolation raises the costs of obtain-
ing education, for instance, the accumulation
of human capital becomes economically in-
feasible. One consequence of low integration
of the poor to markets is that poor people,
especially those in rural areas, usually end
up hostages of intermediaries who sell them
 Figure 6 ... as does rural access to electricity
Share of rural population with access to electricity (%)
Nigeria
Côte d’lvoire
Cameroon
Ghana
Comoros
Burundi
Central African Republic
Niger
Burkina Faso
Chad
0 5
Source: Indicator table 7.4.
provisions, seeds, and domestic utensils dur-
ing the planting season or during the produc-
tion of some agricultural or other product
and who then buy their entire output for a
very low price. The same happens with mon-
eylenders who take advantage of the poor in
urban areas and take possession of their in-
come and goods.
Building the assets of women and connect-
ing them to markets are essential for shared
growth. Much of Africa’s economic activity is
in the hands of women. Data from Uganda
suggest that women contribute about 50 per-
cent to GDP and that women and men are not
equally distributed across productive sectors.
Time allocation studies throughout Sub-Sa-
haran Africa confirm women’s preponderant
role in agriculture.
Because men and women differ in their ac-
cess to, and control over, productive and oth-
er assets, economic capacities and incentives
are gender-differentiated in ways that affect
resource allocation within the household,
labor productivity, and welfare. These dif-
Box 6 Scaling up support for education in Ethiopia has large payoffs
In 1991 only 30 percent of Ethiopian children
attended school. Addressing this challenge
has involved mobilizing communities, training
teachers, and obtaining financing for the ef-
fort. Development partners are supporting a
10 15 20 25 30
ferences have implications for the flexibility,
responsiveness, and dynamism of the econ-
omy. A study in Burkina Faso showed that
shifting existing resources between men’s
and women’s plots in the same household
could increase agricultural output by 10–20
percent. Another study in Kenya concluded
that giving female farmers the same level of
agricultural inputs and education as male
farmers could increase their yields by more
than 20 percent.
Enhancing human development
Half the population in Sub-Saharan Africa is
between the ages of 5 and 24, indicating that
the population will continue to rise well into
the twenty-first century. There is a substan-
tial need for future scaling up of human de-
velopment, notably in health and education,
which can only be met by high and sustain-
able economic growth rates.22 If this large co-
hort requires massive resources, the increas-
ing working-age population can potentially
contribute to boost economic growth.
sectorwide education reform program. One of
the results has been a rise in the gross enroll-
ment rate to 77 percent in 2004 thanks to an-
nual reviews and a good monitoring system.
But improving quality remains a challenge.
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 13
 Box 7 Responding aggressively to malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
The Booster Program for Malaria Control sup-
ports country efforts to deliver concrete and
measurable results. Currently targeting 19
countries, the program has a 10-year horizon,
with the initial three-year “Intensive Phase” al-
ready well under way. Four projects have been
approved—for Eritrea, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Niger, and Zambia—and prepa-
rations are proceeding rapidly in nine more
countries and on a regional project. Strong
collaboration and partnership with key agen-
Africa’s human development indicators
have traditionally been among the lowest in
the world, but they are on the rise in many
areas. Gross primary enrollment rates as a
share of the relevant age group shot up to
93 percent in 2004 from 72 percent in 1990,
holding the promise that many more Afri-
cans will contribute to and benefit from an
expanding economy (indicator table 8.1).
Indeed, the increase appears to have already
contributed to a rise in literacy rates from 50
percent in 1997 to 65 percent in 2002. A fur-
ther challenge now is to improve quality of
primary education.
In most countries, however, retention
to the end of the primary cycle remains a
problem, and the result is to undermine at-
tainment of the education MDGs (universal
primary school completion and gender par-
ity in education—indicator table 3.3). In
2004 primary school completion rates in
African countries averaged no more than
62 percent, up from 51 percent in 1991,
and in only a few countries did the rate ex-
ceed 90 percent. Success will require, among
other measures, improving the quality and
relevance of schooling services and encour-
aging parents to let their children, particu-
larly girls, complete the full cycle of primary
schooling.
With progress toward universal primary
school completion, the number of students
aspiring to post-primary education has been
growing rapidly, and the pace can be expected
to pick up in the coming years. The magni-
tude of the expected increase poses major
policy challenges regarding the resources
required to expand capacity without dilut-
ing the quality of services and the reforms
needed to manage costs and ensure equitable
14 Africa Development Indicators 2006
cies and countries are moving the work pro-
gram forward rapidly by focusing on results
and strengthening donor harmonization and
partnerships, including the U.S. Presidential
Initiative for Malaria Control, the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation, ExxonMobil, the United
Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health
Organization’s Regional Office for Africa, and
the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis,
and Malaria.
distribution of the burden of financing. Yet
in too many African countries, these issues
have received inadequate attention at best.
In the meantime, conditions in post-prima-
ry education have deteriorated. Enrollments
have grown, public budgets have stagnated
and private sources of funding remain un-
tapped. Moreover, post-primary education
tends to be poorly diversified and typically
leaves students unprepared for most employ-
ment opportunities.
Many African national health care systems
are under stress due to weakening human
resource capacity and financing constraints.
Solid evidence and best-practice examples
show how sectorwide approaches are among
the best options for ensuring that strength-
ened public and private health care systems
are mutually reinforcing with disease-specific
programs. It is necessary to scale up policies
to address the systemic constraints in human
resources for health, which include the dra-
matic brain drain of physicians and nurses
from Africa.23
Despite the recent progress on treatment
and prevention, HIV/AIDS remains a major
development challenge in the region, par-
ticularly in Southern Africa, the epicenter of
the epidemic. It continues to reverse life ex-
pectancy gains, consume savings, dilute pov-
erty efforts, erode productivity, and threaten
economic growth.24
Malaria, a completely preventable and
treatable disease, has taken the heaviest toll
on Africa (indicator table 12.1). Each year, it
kills more than 1 million people around the
world—90 percent of them in Africa. Every
30 seconds, an African child dies of malaria,
making it the largest single killer of African
children.25
 Box 8 Investing smartly across sectors
Water supply and sanitation investments have
important implications for health, especially
child health. Nearby water and school latrines
can dramatically increase mothers’ ability to
care for their children and can increase girls’
school attendance. Better roads improve
Source: World Bank 2006b.
The disease takes a high toll on house-
holds and health care systems and increases
poverty by significantly reducing productiv-
ity and social stability. The annual economic
burden in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to
be about $12 billion. Although the disease is
preventable and curable with available tech-
nology, coverage with effective interventions
has remained low, particularly among poor
and rural populations.
In Sub-Saharan Africa 38 of 47 countries
fall short of the World Health Organization’s
standard of at least 20 physicians per 100,000
people.26 The March 2005 report of the Com-
mission for Africa called for a tripling of the
healthcare workforce in Africa. Africa will
need to train an additional 1 million workers
over a decade in the health sector and provide
an improved workplace environment (salary,
equipment, supplies) to make that happen.
Getting services to poor rural populations,
especially women
Since 1999, when the Poverty Reduction
Strategy approach became the key policy
framework for development partners, many
African governments have been consciously
investing more in pro-poor service delivery,
especially in health, education, HIV/AIDS,
rural development (roads), agriculture, and
water.
According to World Development Report
2004: Making Services Work for Poor People
(World Bank 2003), the biggest payoffs to
service delivery are likely to come from a few
key actions: spending smartly and predict-
ably in line with priorities and coordinated
across sectors; managing decentralization to
reap the benefits of being closer to clients;
developing and deploying administrative ca-
pacity to take sound decisions at the top and
to implement them well; curtailing corrup-
tion; and learning from success and failure.
Reforming basic incentives that strengthen
school attendance and the use of health fa-
cilities. And health and education investments
have clear complementary effects: mothers’
education is strongly correlated with child
survival, and school attainment is directly af-
fected by family illness, especially HIV/AIDS.
accountability and that raise performance
closer to formal standards is the place to
start. As incentives become better aligned
and internalized and as administrative ca-
pacity grows, more advanced reforms can
be deployed to support deeper institutional
change and scaling up.
The rural-urban divide can be enormous.
In Kenya the share of the population with
access to an improved water source is 39 per-
cent in rural areas and 86 percent in urban;
the share with a health center less than an
hour away is 65 percent in rural areas and
98 percent in urban (indicator table 14.8).
The male-female divide can also be wide.
The different roles of men and women in
the market economy are coupled with their
equally different—and unbalanced—roles in
the household. In addition to their promi-
nence in agriculture, women take on most
domestic tasks: processing food crops, pro-
viding water and firewood, and caring for
the elderly and the sick. Providing women in
particular with better services could enable
them to be much more productive, and im-
prove quality of life.
Using natural resource rents well
Resource-based rents are widespread and
growing due to new discoveries and favor-
able prices. During the 1990s, 65 percent
of all foreign direct investment was concen-
trated in oil, gas, and mining, and 45 per-
cent of exports came from the oil and min-
ing sectors. Those figures have substantially
increased in recent years. Between 2000
and 2010, $200 billion in oil revenue will
accrue to African governments. Estimates
of the value of the oil price windfall to Af-
rican oil- producers in 2004 range from 9
percent of government revenue in Gabon
to 56 percent in Equatorial Guinea.27 Min-
eral-dependent countries in Africa tend to
have higher poverty rates, greater income
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 15
 Box 9 Governance is being tackled in Nigeria
Nigeria has long suffered the effects of mas-
sive corruption and weak governance, making
it difficult for investors to do business in Nige-
ria, wasting public resources, and impoverish-
ing the average Nigerian. Today, all of Nigeria’s
governance and corruption indicators show an
improvement.
How has this been accomplished? The
government has embarked on a comprehen-
sive effort to fight corruption and improve
governance:
• Its targeted anticorruption efforts have
yielded about 40 convictions, including
inequality, less spending on health care,
higher prevalence of child malnutrition,
and lower literacy and school enrollments
than other countries at the same income
level.
But mineral-exporting economies can
share growth. Chile, Indonesia, and Malaysia
have all used natural resource wealth to pro-
vide a basis for a more diversified economy
in which poor people can participate in and
contribute to the process of growth.
The Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative (EITI) aims to increase transpar-
ency in transactions between governments
and companies within extractive industries.
It shows what African governments, devel-
opment partners, and private business can
achieve when they act together to improve
the transparency and accountability of
natural resource flows. Revenues from oil,
gas, and mining companies—in the form of
taxes, royalties, signature bonuses, and other
payments—can be an important engine for
economic growth and social development.
To date, 14 African countries have com-
mitted to implement the EITI, twice as many
as a year ago (indicator table 13.2).28 In
many of those countries EITI programs are
for the first time involving local civil soci-
ety groups in the direct oversight of natural
resource revenues. The resource flows that
could be overseen by the programs are stag-
gering. Nigeria’s first EITI report, released
in early 2006, reported an average of more
than $15 billion in annual payments to gov-
ernment by oil and gas companies. Compare
that with $4.7 billion in IDA commitments
for all Africa in 2006.
16 Africa Development Indicators 2006
of high-ranking officials, and forfeiture of
about $3 billion in cash and assets to the
public treasury.
• It has introduced a new Virtual Poverty
Fund to help ensure that the federal gov-
ernment’s $750 million in annual savings
on debt service payments go to the right
uses and are tracked and monitored.
• It has moved to open and competitive pro-
curement systems.
It is conducting independent audits of the
oil accounts conducted under the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative.
Providing the underpinning for shared
growth by building capable states and
improving governance
Without institutions that can deliver basic
services, the rule of law, predictable admin-
istration, and responsive regulation, Africa’s
plans and ambitions are not likely to gain
traction. Support to the drivers of growth
and a focus on strategies for shared growth
must be complemented by a stronger focus
on governance. This will require a strong
civil society presence in order to make gov-
ernments more accountable and to allow
them to actively participate in building their
country’s destiny. Furthermore, countries
must identify their greatest shortcomings
and challenges in order to find entry points
where reforms can make the biggest differ-
ence. A country that has already dealt with
electoral reforms might focus on tax system
or state procurement. And the private sector,
an independent media, and civil society or-
ganizations can help build demand for good
governance.
Developing institutional capacity
Capacity development is a regionwide chal-
lenge for Africa, although countries are at
various points on the spectrum from weak
to strong capacity and from low to high ac-
countability (indicators tables 13.2–13.4). To
varying degrees, African countries all face the
task of mitigating the brain drain of highly
skilled workers with incentives for capacity
retention and utilization. They have to re-
vive failing service delivery systems to help
achieve the MDGs, promote a competitive
environment for private sector–led growth,
 Box 10 A vision for capacity development
The World Bank Task Force on Capacity De-
velopment in Africa’s September 2005 report,
Building Effective States, Forging Engaged
Societies (World Bank 2005a) highlighted the
need for African countries to implement home-
grown, fully owned strategies for capacity de-
velopment as an explicit part of their medium-
term development programs. They should
take the lead in determining their capacity
needs and set priorities for implementation
in line with their poverty reduction strategies
and other national development strategies.
Source: World Bank 2005a.
safeguard their people from civil strife and
crime by strengthening the rule of law, and
use open decisionmaking processes to in-
clude the voices of civil society and citizens.
Capacity development efforts need clear
objectives and should not rely on fragment-
ed, project-centered approaches. They need
time to be institutionalized, require follow-
through by political and technical leaders, and
must be supported by appropriate incentives.
To be sure, training, equipment, and techni-
cal assistance are needed, but they should be
provided in response to clear and effective
demand so that they can be effectively ab-
sorbed. The successful cases—such as com-
munity-driven development in Malawi, per-
formance management in Tanzania, public
financial management in Burkina Faso and
Madagascar, and decentralization in Uganda
and Ethiopia—rely on strong leadership, use
flexible and programmatic approaches to fi-
nancing, and match existing capacities with
global and local knowledge.
Strengthening public expenditure
management and financial accountability
Sound public financial management is fun-
damental for effective use of domestic re-
sources and of external aid. In most African
countries expenditure and revenue account-
ability remains a challenge. Past efforts have
addressed regulatory changes, the rehabilita-
tion of existing systems, the establishment
of internal and external audits, and procure-
ment reforms. There has been progress in the
development of an indicator-based approach
to public financial management system as-
sessment, evolving from the approach used
The focus should be on strengthening the ca-
pabilities of the state. This means strengthen-
ing the skills and professional profiles of the
public sector, increasing organizational effec-
tiveness, and developing institutions capable
of supporting change management. Many Af-
rican countries are still far from taking strong
leadership in programming and implementa-
tion, but the experiences of Botswana, Mauri-
tius, and South Africa, for example, show that
this can be done successfully.
in assessing progress in the HIPC Debt Re-
lief Initiative during 2001–04 and further
refined by the Public Expenditure and Finan-
cial Accountability initiative.29
Reforming legal and judicial systems
Early reforms focused on adjusting legal and
regulatory frameworks to facilitate economic
development, such as protecting property.
Regional economic integration triggered
reforms of the regulatory frameworks for
commercial and business laws. An important
issue is the relationship between the formal
judicial system and informal conflict resolu-
tion mechanisms. Many African countries
have a well functioning system of village or
community courts where decisions are made
by laypersons in accordance with traditional
rules. Judicial reforms must appreciate the
role and importance of these traditional sys-
tems for African societies and their relevance
for the judiciary.
Improving public sector management
The public sector is critical for good gover-
nance and development. In many countries
civil services are overstaffed, overly bureau-
cratic, and inefficient, with limited motiva-
tion and user-orientation. Well functioning
administrative systems and a motivated, ap-
propriately sized civil service are important
for efficient service delivery and optimal use
of public resources. To address existing dys-
functions in the civil service, countries are
reforming civil service with differing empha-
ses—in Nigeria and Zambia, improving the
operational efficiency and rationalizing com-
plex bureaucratic structures; and in Mozam-
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 17
 bique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania,
pursuing bottom-up administrative reforms
by building demand for change and capacity
to implement development programs and to
absorb aid. This also includes cross-cutting
institutional reforms aimed at comprehen-
sive decentralization and capacity develop-
ment in the context of far-reaching political
reforms, as in Ethiopia.
Strengthening local governments
Recognizing that decentralization is a politi-
cal choice made by many African countries,
governments are addressing the political, reg-
ulatory, administrative, and financial impli-
cations of a decentralized state. In Ethiopia,
Lesotho, Madagascar, Sierra Leone, Tanza-
nia, and Uganda governments are developing
or reforming the system of intergovernmen-
tal fiscal relations. Multisectoral public sector
operations complement community-driven
activities, especially where linked to local
governance development.
Community-driven development has
proved an effective means for rebuilding soci-
eties emerging from conflict. It addresses ur-
gent local needs and restores collapsed trust
and relationships. By engaging people in
addressing problems at the local level, com-
munity-driven development can yield an in-
valuable peace dividend. Rwanda created the
Community Reintegration and Development
Project, which largely emphasized decentral-
ization and encouraging local government.
To involve local people in decisionmaking,
community development committees give
an active role to local governments and voice
and influence to communities. Citizens have
more decisionmaking power through an ap-
proach that links community participation
with local management of resources, making
both citizens and politicians accountable for
results.
Managing the impact of shocks
Low-income countries in Africa are dispro-
portionately affected by outside economic
shocks, in part due to continued heavy reli-
ance on primary commodity exports or large
swings in world prices of important inputs,
such as the significant rise in oil prices and
other minerals, which has had adverse effects
on other sectors of the economy thanks to
the exchange rate appreciation. These coun-
18 Africa Development Indicators 2006
tries have been buffeted by droughts, locusts,
and other natural disasters while frequently
lacking economic cushions, such as large for-
eign exchange reserves or insurance markets
to protect themselves. Terms of trade shocks,
for example, which tend to take several years
to dissipate if triggered by export price de-
clines, have very significant negative impacts
on growth rates. Weak capacity to manage
terms of trade volatility has led to fiscal vola-
tility as country authorities find it difficult to
shield public expenditures (especially public
consumption) from shocks.
Negative shocks very often lead to in-
creases in poverty. In the absence of stabiliz-
ing mechanisms, an “input shock,” such as a
drought, very quickly translates into an “out-
put shock,” leading to a fall in consumption.
Since adequate social safety nets are usually
lacking, poor people are hurt disproportion-
ately, often being forced to sell their meager
assets to try to maintain consumption.
National strategies for the development
of statistics
Without baseline data and good information
on trends, it’s not easy to put a target-driven
development strategy into gear. Yet, with
the MDG time horizon of 2015 rapidly ap-
proaching, many countries still do not collect
the statistics they need to track progress. In
many Sub-Saharan countries, policymakers
do not know how many people are living in
poverty or whether the number is growing or
shrinking.
Building a sustainable statistical system
that can produce and disseminate statistics
to manage development results has been a
focus of many countries struggling to meet
demand for data. Recognizing the impor-
tance of strategic planning to guide the im-
provement of statistical systems, the Mar-
rakech Action Plan for Statistics endorsed
by developing countries and development
agencies recommended that all low-income
countries prepare a national strategy for
the development of statistics by the end of
2006. This recommendation was further sup-
ported by the Reference Regional Strategic
Framework for Statistical Capacity Building
in Africa, which aims to help African coun-
tries meet the data challenges of the results
agenda by 2015.
 M    
For shared growth to become a reality, the
Decade of Africa must be about results not
promises. In the final push to achieve as
many of the MDGs in every African country,
the ability to track progress is of enormous
value. For example, the share of the popula-
tion lacking access to safe water has dropped
to 42 percent, from 51 percent in 1990, but
an accelerated effort is needed to reach the
goal of lowering this to 26 percent by 2015.
The basis for realistic optimism is based
primarily on changes in Africa and in new
approaches among the continent’s global
partners. First, the African leadership—in
government, the private sector, and civil
society—is taking ownership for develop-
ment on the continent. Complementing
this initiative, we see a new international
commitment to increase assistance and
make it more effective, and to open markets
to African products. Meanwhile, the signifi-
cant growth in Asia, particularly in China
and India, opens new opportunities for in-
creased trade and investment.
It is critical that the global conversation
about the challenge of Africa’s economic
development continue. But it must be more
than a discussion about how much aid or
market access wealthy developed countries
will offer—important as these considerations
are. It must also focus on the quality of de-
velopment assistance and on the resourceful-
ness that Africans can bring to the challenges
of building honest and capable states, and
encouraging competitive companies that can
generate jobs in agriculture, manufacturing,
and services. Without Africans’ own invest-
ment and leadership, outside efforts—how-
ever generous—will falter or worse, create
new problems. In short, Africa’s future will
be most significantly determined by what
Africans do.
Moving from the Year of Africa to the Decade of Africa 19
 Notes

1 Throughout this essay Africa and African refer to Sub-Saharan 29 The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability initiative,
Africa. The 14 countries are Angola (6.4 percent), Botswana started in December 2001, is jointly financed by the World
(5.8 percent), Cape Verde (5.9 percent), Chad (9.9 percent), Bank’s Development Grant Facilities, the European Commission,
Equatorial Guinea (15.5 percent), Liberia (8 percent), Mali (6 the U.K. Department for International Development, the Swiss
percent), Mauritania (5.3 percent), Mozambique (8.4 percent), State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, the Royal Norwegian
Rwanda (6.2 percent), Sierra Leone (6.7 percent), Sudan (6.2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the French Ministry of Foreign
percent), Tanzania (5.7 percent), and Uganda (5.7 percent). Affairs. The International Monetary Fund and the Strategic
2 World Bank 2006b. Partnership with Africa are also partners. A steering committee,
3 World Bank Africa Region Poverty Studies. comprising members of these agencies, manages the initiative,
4 World Bank 2006b. and a secretariat has been set up at the World Bank in
5 Tcheyan 2006. Washington, D.C.
6 The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA)
assesses the quality of a country’s present policy and
institutional framework. “Quality” means how conducive that
framework is to fostering sustainable, poverty-reducing growth
and the effective use of development assistance. The CPIA is
conducted annually for all International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development and International Development Association
borrowers and has evolved into a set of criteria grouped into four
clusters: economic management, structural policies, policies for
social inclusion and equity, and public sector management and
institutions.
7 Data on GDP growth for 2005 is preliminary.
8 These figures include Zimbabwe, which experienced inflation
rates of 350 percent in 2004 and 237 percent in 2005.
Removing Zimbabwe from the calculation substantially reduces
the average inflation to about half those rates (IMF 2006).
9 Bacon and Mattar 2005.
10 Established in 1987, the Strategic Partnership for Africa is an
informal association of donors and African partners that works
to improve the quality and increase the quantity of assistance to
Africa. For more information, see www.spa-psa.org.
11 This figure includes the Democratic Republic of Congo, a coastal
country whose population is virtually landlocked.
12 Eifert, Gelb, and Ramachandran 2005.
13 Eifert, Gelb, and Ramachandran 2005.
14 Tcheyan 2006.
15 World Bank 2005b.
16 Broadman 2006.
17 Broadman 2006.
18 Thirtle, Piesse, and Lin 2003.
19 Tiffin and Irz 2006.
20 Thirtle, Piesse, and Lin 2003.
21 Mellor 2001.
22 World Bank 2006c.
23 High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs 2004.
24 Haacker 2004.
25 WHO and UNICEF 2005.
26 Page and Plaza 2005.
27 Page forthcoming.
28 Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, and Sierra
Leone.

20 Africa Development Indicators 2006

References

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African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major Factors and Policy
Options.” World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Bosworth, B., and S. Collins. 2006. “Economics of Developing
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brookings.edu/es/research/projects/develop/develop.htm].
Broadman, Harry G. 2006. “Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s
New Economic Frontier.” World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Eifert, Benn, Alan Gelb, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2005.
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———. 2005b. “Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of
the World Bank and the Donor Community.” World Bank, Africa
Region, Financial, Private Sector and Infrastructure Department,
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———. 2005c. World Development Report 2006: Equity and
Development. Washington, D.C.
———. 2005d. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C.

High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs. 2004. “Addressing
Africa’s Health Workforce Crisis: An Avenue for Action.”
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———. Various years. Directory of Trade Statistics.

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References 21
Indicator tables
Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts
1. Basic indicators
1.1 Basic indicators 25

2. National accounts
2.1 Gross domestic product, real 26
2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real 27
2.3 Agriculture value added 28
2.4 Industry value added 29
2.5 Services value added 30
2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal 31
2.7 Total consumption 32
2.8 General government consumption 33
2.9 Gross fixed capital formation 34
2.10 General government fixed capital formation 35
2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation 36
2.12 Gross domestic savings 37
2.13 Gross national savings 38
2.14 Resource balance (exports minus imports) 39
2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal 40
2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal 41
2.17 Exports of goods and services, real 42
2.18 Imports of goods and services, real 43
2.19 Gross domestic product growth 44
2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth 45
2.21 Gross national income per capita 46
2.22 Total consumption per capita 47

Part II. Millennium Development Goals

3. Millennium Development Goals
3.1 Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 48
3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2: achieve universal primary education 50
3.3 Millennium Development Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women 51
3.4 Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality 52
3.5 Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health 53
3.6 Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 54
3.7 Millennium Development Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability 55
3.8 Millennium Development Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development 56

Part III. Development outcomes

4. Results framework
4.1 Status of Paris Declaration indicators 58

Drivers of growth
5. Private sector development

Contents 23
 5.1 Business environment 59
5.2 Investment climate 60

6. Trade
6.1 International trade and tariff barriers 62
6.2 Regional integration, trade blocs 65

7. Infrastructure
7.1 Water and sanitation 66
7.2 Transportation 68
7.3 Information and communication technology 70
7.4 Energy 72
7.5 Financial sector infrastructure 74

Participating in growth
8. Human development
8.1 Education 76
8.2 Health 78

9. Agriculture and rural development

9.1 Rural development 81
9.2 Agriculture 82

10. Labor, migration, and population

10.1 Labor 84
10.2 Migration and population 86

11. HIV/AIDS
11.1 HIV/AIDS 87

12. Malaria
12.1 Malaria 88

13. Capable states and partnership

13.1 Aid and debt relief 89
13.2 Capable states 90
13.3 Governance and anticorruption indicators 92
13.4 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings, 2005 94

Part IV: Household Welfare

14. Household welfare
14.1 Burkina Faso household survey, 2003 95
14.2 Burundi household survey, 1998 96
14.3 Cameroon household survey, 2001 97
14.4 Côte d’Ivoire household survey, 1998 98
14.5 Ethiopia household survey, 2000 99
14.6 Gambia household survey, 1998 100
14.7 Ghana household survey, 1998/99 101
14.8 Kenya household survey, 1997 102
14.9 Madagascar household survey, 1999 103
14.10 Malawi household survey, 1997/98 104
14.11 Mozambique household survey, 1996 105
14.12 Nigeria household survey, 2004 106
14.13 São Tomé and Principe household survey, 2000 107
14.14 Sierra Leone household survey, 2002/03 108
14.15 Uganda household survey, 2002/03 109
14.16 Zambia household survey, 1998 110

24 Africa Development Indicators 2006

Participating in growth

Table
1.1 Basic indicators
Total net
GNI per capita official
Life Adult literacy rate development
Land area Average expectancy Under-five (% ages 15 and older) assistance per
Population (thousands annual growth at birth mortality rate Gini capita
(millions) of sq km) Dollarsa (%) (years) (per 1,000) coefficient Male Female (current $)
2004 2004 2004 2000–04 2004 1996–2004b 1996–2004b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 726.4 23,619 600 1.7 46 168.2 .. .. .. 33
excluding South Africa 680.9 22,405 397 2.0 46 172.2 .. .. .. 34
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 552.2 21,494 390 1.9 47 166.4 .. .. .. 41
Angola 15.5 1,247 930 4.6 41 260.0 .. 83 54 74
Benin 8.2 111 450 1.2 55 152.0 36.5 48 23 46
Botswana 1.8 567 4,360 5.7 35 116.0 .. 80 82 22
Burkina Faso 12.8 274 350 0.3 48 192.0 39.5 29 15 48
Burundi 7.3 26 90 0.0 44 190.0 42.4 67 52 48
Cameroon 16.0 465 810 2.7 46 149.4 44.6 77 60 47
Cape Verde 0.5 4 1,720 40.0 70 36.4 .. .. .. 282
Central African Republic 4.0 623 310 0.3 39 193.0 .. 65 33 26
Chad 9.4 1,259 250 3.6 44 200.0 .. 41 13 34
Comoros 0.6 2 560 –0.1 63 70.0 .. .. .. 42
Congo, Dem. Rep. 55.9 2,267 110 0.0 44 205.0 .. 81 54 32
Congo, Rep. 3.9 342 760 –0.5 52 108.0 .. .. .. 30
Côte d’Ivoire 17.9 318 760 –2.4 46 193.6 44.6 61 39 9
Djibouti 0.8 23 950 0.0 53 125.6 38.6 .. .. 82
Equatorial Guinea 0.5 28 .. 0.0 43 204.0 .. 93 80 60
Eritrea 4.2 101 190 –3.4 54 82.0 .. .. .. 61
Ethiopia 70.0 1,000 110 1.3 42 166.4 30.0 .. .. 26
Gabon 1.4 258 4,080 0.3 54 91.0 .. .. .. 28
Gambia, The 1.5 10 280 0.8 56 122.0 50.2 .. .. 43
Ghana 21.7 228 380 2.4 57 112.0 40.8 66 50 63
Guinea 9.2 246 410 1.0 54 155.0 .. 43 18 30
Guinea-Bissau 1.5 28 160 3.8 45 203.0 .. .. .. 50
Kenya 33.5 569 480 0.3 48 119.5 42.5 78 70 19
Lesotho 1.8 30 730 1.9 36 112.2 .. 74 90 57
Liberia 3.2 96 120 –2.8 42 235.0 .. .. .. 65
Madagascar 18.1 582 290 –1.5 56 122.6 47.5 77 65 68
Malawi 12.6 94 160 –0.3 40 175.2 50.3 75 54 38
Mali 13.1 1,220 330 2.3 48 219.0 .. 27 12 43
Mauritania 3.0 1,025 530 4.0 53 125.0 39.0 60 43 60
Mauritius 1.2 2 4,640 2.9 73 15.2 .. 88 81 31
Mozambique 19.4 784 270 6.2 42 151.6 39.6 .. .. 63
Namibia 2.0 823 2,380 3.2 47 63.4 .. 87 83 89
Niger 13.5 1,267 210 0.0 45 258.8 .. 43 15 40
Nigeria 128.7 911 430 2.7 44 196.6 43.7 .. .. 4
Rwanda 8.9 25 210 0.3 44 203.0 .. 71 60 53
São Tomé and Principe 0.2 1 390 2.3 63 118.0 .. .. .. 218
Senegal 11.4 193 630 1.6 56 136.6 .. 51 29 92
Seychelles 0.1 0 8,190 –2.3 .. 13.5 .. 91 92 124
Sierra Leone 5.3 72 210 5.3 41 282.8 .. 47 24 67
Somalia 8.0 627 .. 0.0 47 225.0 .. .. .. 24
South Africa 45.5 1,214 3,630 2.2 45 67.0 57.8 84 81 14
Sudan 35.5 2,376 530 7.5 57 91.4 .. 71 52 25
Swaziland 1.1 17 1,660 –0.7 42 156.4 .. 81 78 104
Tanzania 37.6 884 320 4.6 46 126.0 34.6 78 62 46
Togo 6.0 54 310 –0.7 55 139.6 .. 69 38 10
Uganda 27.8 197 250 1.8 49 137.8 43.0 77 58 42
Zambia 11.5 743 400 0.3 38 182.0 42.1 76 60 94
Zimbabwe 12.9 387 620 –6.2 37 129.0 .. .. .. 14
NORTH AFRICA 150.5 5,738 1,784 0.0 71 32.8 32.0 .. .. 19
Algeria 32.4 2,382 2,270 3.0 71 40.0 34.4 80 60 10
Egypt, Arab Rep. 72.6 995 1,250 0.0 70 36.0 .. .. .. 20
Libya 5.7 1,760 4,400 0.0 74 20.0 39.5 .. .. ..
Morocco 29.8 446 1,570 3.0 70 43.0 39.8 66 40 24
Tunisia 9.9 155 2,650 3.4 73 25.0 .. 83 65 33
ALL AFRICA 876.9 29,358 803 1.9 50 137.6 .. .. .. 31
a. Calculated by the World Bank Atlas method.
b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

BASIC INDICATORS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 25

Table
2.1 Gross domestic product, real

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 222,703 269,422 317,026 324,192 334,895 346,453 358,273 372,971 391,961 1.8 2.4 4.0
excluding South Africa 127,255 158,478 192,437 196,664 202,061 209,994 216,776 227,280 239,766 2.2 2.7 4.3
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 97,330 126,079 152,452 156,242 159,937 166,568 172,685 178,445 187,999 2.6 2.8 4.0
Angola 6,746 8,464 8,584 8,862 9,129 9,416 10,768 11,139 12,378 3.5 1.0 8.1
Benin 1,084 1,412 2,036 2,131 2,255 2,368 2,474 2,571 2,650 2.7 4.7 4.1
Botswana 1,130 3,175 4,631 4,881 5,251 5,526 5,804 6,193 6,494 10.9 4.7 5.5
Burkina Faso 1,263 1,750 2,399 2,560 2,601 2,754 2,875 3,062 3,182 3.9 4.1 5.2
Burundi 559 865 722 715 709 724 756 747 783 4.5 –3.2 2.3
Cameroon 6,339 8,793 9,262 9,669 10,075 10,530 10,952 11,393 11,815 4.5 1.3 4.1
Cape Verde .. 303 459 498 531 552 577 613 640 6.3 5.9 4.9
Central African Republic 730 809 899 931 953 967 959 886 898 1.6 1.8 –2.0
Chad 661 1,099 1,398 1,389 1,383 1,527 1,655 1,902 2,463 6.7 2.3 14.7
Comoros 136 181 195 200 204 209 213 218 222 2.9 1.2 2.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. 7,025 7,670 4,838 4,625 4,306 4,215 4,363 4,612 4,925 2.1 –5.0 3.7
Congo, Rep. 1,727 2,765 3,068 2,976 3,220 3,342 3,496 3,524 3,651 3.8 0.9 3.1
Côte d’Ivoire 7,706 8,274 10,618 10,786 10,425 10,436 10,266 10,095 10,261 0.7 3.5 –0.6
Djibouti .. 608 537 549 553 .. .. .. .. .. –1.7 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 248 934 1,322 1,341 1,361 1,600 1,835 2,019 .. 20.7 11.8
Eritrea .. .. 729 729 634 692 697 724 738 .. 7.9 3.6
Ethiopia .. 6,241 6,986 6,161 6,528 7,104 7,239 6,972 7,904 2.1 4.0 3.7
Gabon 3,265 3,904 5,154 4,835 4,932 5,055 5,055 5,187 5,259 0.5 3.2 1.6
Gambia, The 213 305 375 399 421 445 431 460 484 3.5 2.7 3.2
Ghana 2,640 3,267 4,597 4,800 4,978 5,187 5,420 5,675 5,959 2.6 4.3 4.6
Guinea .. 2,113 2,920 3,054 3,112 3,237 3,373 3,413 3,505 .. 4.5 3.0
Guinea-Bissau 115 186 186 200 215 216 201 202 206 3.8 1.4 –1.5
Kenya 7,087 10,557 12,348 12,630 12,705 13,262 13,314 13,683 14,276 4.1 2.2 2.7
Lesotho 400 614 846 848 859 887 918 946 976 4.1 4.2 3.2
Liberia 1,391 433 363 446 561 577 599 411 422 –3.3 0.2 –8.7
Madagascar 3,099 3,266 3,537 3,701 3,878 4,111 3,590 3,941 4,149 0.8 1.7 0.9
Malawi 1,000 1,243 1,666 1,716 1,744 1,657 1,704 1,808 1,936 2.4 3.8 3.0
Mali 1,536 1,630 2,199 2,347 2,422 2,716 2,828 3,039 3,105 0.5 3.9 6.3
Mauritania 582 686 940 1,013 1,081 1,120 1,146 1,219 1,303 1.9 4.5 4.7
Mauritius 1,517 2,676 4,056 4,292 4,465 4,713 4,851 4,992 5,212 5.9 5.3 3.7
Mozambique 2,157 2,189 3,446 3,706 3,778 4,273 4,621 4,986 5,360 –0.9 6.3 8.9
Namibia 2,002 2,263 3,191 3,298 3,414 3,495 3,729 3,858 4,088 1.1 4.0 4.7
Niger 1,523 1,507 1,835 1,824 1,798 1,926 1,984 2,090 2,090 –0.4 2.4 3.9
Nigeria 29,112 32,376 39,942 40,382 42,078 43,382 44,054 48,766 51,692 0.8 2.4 5.4
Rwanda 1,457 1,782 1,588 1,709 1,811 1,933 2,114 2,133 2,218 2.5 –1.6 5.2
São Tomé and Principe .. 38 44 45 46 48 50 52 54 .. 1.7 4.0
Senegal 2,417 3,281 4,010 4,257 4,385 4,591 4,642 4,946 5,251 3.2 3.0 4.4
Seychelles 290 393 576 587 615 601 609 571 559 3.1 4.5 –2.4
Sierra Leone 754 824 607 594 634 588 754 828 908 0.5 –3.7 11.2
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 95,503 110,945 124,638 127,577 132,878 136,512 141,549 145,761 152,276 1.4 2.0 3.4
Sudan 5,538 7,079 10,887 11,577 12,330 13,082 13,867 14,699 15,581 2.4 5.3 6.0
Swaziland 554 1,024 1,315 1,361 1,389 1,414 1,455 1,490 1,521 6.5 3.3 2.4
Tanzania .. 6,801 8,344 8,639 9,079 9,646 10,345 11,081 11,822 .. 2.7 6.9
Togo 964 1,071 1,307 1,340 1,329 1,327 1,382 1,419 1,461 1.5 3.6 2.6
Uganda .. 3,077 5,192 5,610 5,926 6,219 6,622 6,912 7,300 2.3 7.2 5.4
Zambia 2,730 3,028 3,058 3,126 3,238 3,396 3,508 3,688 3,887 1.0 0.2 4.6
Zimbabwe 4,376 6,734 8,334 8,034 7,399 7,199 6,883 6,167 5,908 3.3 2.7 –5.9
NORTH AFRICA 114,040 172,850 222,130 228,009 236,346 246,041 254,992 266,091 279,378 4.2 3.3 4.2
Algeria 34,268 45,148 50,583 52,057 53,306 55,232 57,138 59,356 62,064 2.9 1.7 3.8
Egypt, Arab Rep. 37,658 65,727 91,404 93,967 98,782 102,042 105,103 109,832 115,873 5.5 4.4 4.0
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 18,307 26,717 33,045 33,056 33,344 35,512 37,074 38,335 39,715 4.2 2.4 4.4
Tunisia 8,630 12,255 17,538 18,586 19,462 20,513 21,744 23,157 24,547 3.2 4.6 6.0
ALL AFRICA 339,883 444,006 539,713 552,702 571,694 592,841 613,581 639,340 671,651 2.6 2.7 4.1
a. Preliminary.

26 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 581 523 502 503 507 512 517 526 541 –1.1 –0.2 1.6
excluding South Africa 359 330 326 327 328 333 335 343 354 –0.8 0.1 1.8
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 341 324 319 322 321 327 330 333 343 –0.4 0.2 1.5
Angola 861 804 651 656 660 662 737 740 799 0.5 –1.8 5.1
Benin 292 273 300 305 313 319 323 325 324 –0.7 1.3 0.9
Botswana 1,077 2,222 2,706 2,812 2,994 3,130 3,277 3,496 3,671 7.5 2.4 5.3
Burkina Faso 192 205 225 233 230 237 239 247 248 1.3 1.2 1.9
Burundi 135 153 115 112 109 109 111 106 107 1.1 –4.4 –0.6
Cameroon 724 755 650 664 678 695 709 723 737 1.6 –1.2 2.1
Cape Verde .. 852 1,067 1,132 1,179 1,196 1,221 1,267 1,292 4.1 3.4 2.4
Central African Republic 314 270 247 251 252 252 247 225 225 –1.0 –0.6 –3.3
Chad 143 182 182 175 168 180 188 208 261 3.9 –0.8 10.8
Comoros 405 416 376 378 377 378 379 379 378 0.3 –1.0 0.0
Congo, Dem. Rep. 251 203 101 94 86 82 83 85 88 –0.8 –7.7 0.8
Congo, Rep. 958 1,113 952 894 937 942 956 935 940 0.6 –2.3 0.0
Côte d’Ivoire 924 654 664 658 623 612 592 573 574 –3.5 0.6 –2.3
Djibouti .. 1,089 802 792 774 .. .. .. .. .. –3.8 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 703 2,183 3,015 2,988 2,961 3,403 3,815 4,101 .. 17.8 9.3
Eritrea .. .. 220 213 178 187 180 179 174 .. 6.2 –0.9
Ethiopia .. 122 114 119 122 129 126 120 132 –1.1 1.1 0.8
Gabon 4,689 4,078 4,243 3,885 3,877 3,897 3,830 3,867 3,860 –2.7 0.2 –0.2
Gambia, The 327 325 304 313 320 328 308 320 327 –0.2 –0.8 0.2
Ghana 234 211 242 247 251 255 261 268 275 –0.6 1.7 2.4
Guinea .. 340 361 370 369 376 383 379 381 .. 1.2 0.7
Guinea-Bissau 144 183 144 151 158 154 138 135 134 1.4 –1.6 –4.5
Kenya 435 451 421 421 414 423 416 418 427 0.3 –0.6 0.5
Lesotho 310 386 482 478 481 494 510 526 543 1.8 3.0 3.1
Liberia 744 203 134 153 183 183 187 128 130 –4.9 –3.3 –9.9
Madagascar 342 271 232 235 239 247 209 224 229 –2.0 –1.3 –1.8
Malawi 162 131 153 153 151 140 141 146 154 –1.9 2.0 0.7
Mali 220 183 200 207 208 226 229 239 237 –1.9 1.2 3.2
Mauritania 362 338 376 395 409 411 408 422 437 –0.5 1.8 1.6
Mauritius 1,570 2,532 3,497 3,655 3,762 3,927 4,009 4,085 4,223 4.9 4.0 2.7
Mozambique 179 163 201 211 211 234 247 262 276 –1.9 3.0 6.7
Namibia 2,029 1,619 1,767 1,780 1,802 1,811 1,902 1,943 2,035 –2.3 0.8 3.2
Niger 246 178 167 160 153 158 157 160 155 –3.4 –0.9 0.4
Nigeria 425 358 356 352 358 360 358 387 402 –2.0 –0.3 3.1
Rwanda 280 251 232 228 226 231 245 244 250 –1.2 –1.7 2.6
São Tomé and Principe .. 330 327 329 332 338 344 349 354 .. –0.1 1.6
Senegal 406 411 407 422 424 433 428 445 461 0.2 0.4 2.0
Seychelles 4,507 5,614 7,302 7,294 7,579 7,405 7,277 6,893 6,688 2.3 2.9 –3.2
Sierra Leone 233 202 142 136 141 126 154 162 170 –1.9 –4.3 6.5
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 3,463 3,152 2,975 2,972 3,020 3,046 3,122 3,181 3,346 –1.2 –0.3 2.5
Sudan 277 272 346 359 375 390 405 422 439 –0.4 2.8 4.0
Swaziland 981 1,330 1,327 1,335 1,329 1,324 1,337 1,347 1,358 3.3 0.1 0.6
Tanzania .. 259 251 254 261 272 286 300 314 .. –0.2 4.8
Togo 346 270 261 258 248 240 243 243 244 –2.1 0.5 –0.2
Uganda .. 173 227 238 244 248 255 257 262 –1.3 3.9 1.9
Zambia 451 361 298 298 303 311 316 327 339 –2.3 –2.2 2.8
Zimbabwe 599 637 675 644 587 567 538 479 457 –0.5 0.8 –6.5
NORTH AFRICA 1,261 1,473 1,633 1,676 1,712 1,749 1,778 1,834 1,879 1.6 1.5 2.4
Algeria 1,827 1,785 1,708 1,738 1,755 1,774 1,819 1,923 1,992 –0.1 –0.3 3.4
Egypt, Arab Rep. 880 1,181 1,411 1,469 1,519 1,543 1,562 1,579 1,615 2.9 2.5 1.5
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 950 1,117 1,215 1,200 1,197 1,258 1,284 1,339 1,349 2.0 0.8 3.0
Tunisia 1,353 1,503 1,879 1,967 2,036 2,110 2,122 2,228 2,341 0.6 2.9 3.4
ALL AFRICA 718 702 703 709 717 727 735 751 771 –0.2 0.3 1.8
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 27

Table
2.3 Agriculture value added

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 36,019 44,387 55,544 57,763 58,916 61,159 62,702 64,769 67,503 2.3 3.2 3.3
excluding South Africa 32,933 40,677 51,989 53,986 54,959 57,335 58,626 60,782 63,593 2.2 3.4 3.6
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 25,571 32,242 41,163 42,596 43,236 45,168 45,936 47,263 49,184 2.1 3.5 3.1
Angola .. 686 467 473 517 610 691 772 886 .. –2.9 14.0
Benin 316 467 744 774 824 849 911 932 985 5.2 5.8 4.6
Botswana 133 155 151 139 139 144 143 145 149 1.7 –1.0 1.5
Burkina Faso 410 531 819 850 881 848 919 919 1,086 3.6 4.3 5.1
Burundi 218 300 272 269 255 247 257 248 247 3.1 –1.9 –0.6
Cameroon 1,877 2,380 3,388 3,619 3,782 3,923 4,067 4,209 4,393 2.5 5.3 3.8
Cape Verde 23 50 65 59 64 64 60 63 67 15.3 4.2 0.9
Central African Republic 298 332 433 450 478 498 517 536 533 1.7 3.6 3.0
Chad 306 321 597 578 563 621 617 648 614 3.1 5.5 2.2
Comoros 43 59 69 72 83 88 90 93 95 4.0 2.3 3.3
Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,565 2,011 2,353 2,407 2,126 2,043 2,053 2,078 2,090 2.5 2.2 –0.2
Congo, Rep. 118 166 174 164 171 180 188 200 212 3.3 1.0 5.5
Côte d’Ivoire 1,628 1,756 2,265 2,216 2,400 2,407 2,351 2,379 2,474 –0.4 3.2 0.5
Djibouti .. 18 18 18 18 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 54 78 86 94 100 104 92 .. .. 7.2 –0.1
Eritrea .. .. 170 157 89 115 80 89 95 .. 5.4 –1.2
Ethiopia .. 2,901 3,282 2,806 2,868 3,197 3,124 2,730 3,247 0.1 2.0 0.9
Gabon 320 342 293 306 318 331 348 366 388 1.5 –1.9 5.1
Gambia, The 87 89 93 120 133 145 104 124 142 1.2 2.2 –0.2
Ghana 1,227 1,269 1,653 1,717 1,757 1,822 1,896 1,984 2,075 0.9 3.3 4.3
Guinea .. 457 647 699 697 740 778 801 834 .. 4.7 4.5
Guinea-Bissau 45 79 100 108 112 114 113 121 128 5.0 4.3 3.3
Kenya 2,192 3,138 3,452 3,696 3,649 4,012 3,870 3,967 4,024 3.2 1.8 1.9
Lesotho 104 137 135 141 145 145 139 137 137 2.1 1.7 –1.7
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 690 852 972 1,005 1,013 1,054 1,041 1,054 1,086 2.4 1.8 1.4
Malawi 263 302 536 590 622 585 600 636 653 2.1 8.5 1.8
Mali 656 792 958 1,046 938 1,043 1,005 1,183 1,128 2.6 3.1 5.1
Mauritania 107 127 186 195 193 187 182 193 188 2.0 4.8 –0.2
Mauritius 224 274 298 300 230 304 318 269 278 3.1 0.7 2.6
Mozambique .. 707 947 1,000 887 971 1,076 1,173 1,271 7.3 5.3 9.5
Namibia 179 223 294 312 338 304 334 347 336 1.3 3.5 1.2
Niger 479 537 782 743 680 770 785 832 .. 1.8 3.6 6.4
Nigeria 7,011 8,447 10,839 11,399 11,730 12,176 12,692 13,513 14,392 2.9 3.3 5.3
Rwanda 535 558 633 687 750 812 930 901 901 0.8 1.5 4.8
São Tomé and Principe .. 6 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 .. 3.6 3.0
Senegal 495 654 720 818 850 879 700 836 872 2.8 2.5 0.0
Seychelles 18 17 15 17 17 17 17 15 15 –1.7 –0.5 –3.1
Sierra Leone 370 489 305 323 349 218 284 305 323 3.5 –2.9 1.9
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 3,073 3,692 3,557 3,777 3,956 3,827 4,077 3,991 3,923 2.9 0.7 0.3
Sudan 1,713 2,144 4,244 4,653 4,963 5,239 5,633 6,006 5,943 2.3 9.1 5.1
Swaziland 126 144 144 156 150 136 138 142 144 2.0 1.0 –0.3
Tanzania .. 2,767 3,505 3,650 3,773 3,980 4,178 4,346 4,604 .. 3.2 5.0
Togo 220 342 453 477 455 461 494 489 505 5.7 4.5 2.7
Uganda .. 1,401 1,803 1,908 2,014 2,111 2,193 2,243 2,361 1.5 3.6 3.9
Zambia 371 471 576 634 644 627 616 647 675 4.1 4.3 1.3
Zimbabwe 599 858 1,091 1,137 1,174 1,128 872 863 838 2.8 4.2 –9.0
NORTH AFRICA 17,093 23,548 29,317 28,745 28,100 .. .. .. .. 3.9 2.4 ..
Algeria 2,300 3,112 4,521 4,529 4,302 4,604 4,788 4,979 5,178 4.3 4.0 4.6
Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,668 11,478 14,496 14,909 15,418 .. .. .. .. 2.7 3.1 ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 4,023 5,925 6,567 5,378 4,509 5,546 5,934 5,993 6,053 7.0 0.1 6.9
Tunisia 1,201 1,792 2,189 2,415 2,390 2,426 2,584 2,752 2,931 2.0 2.1 5.5
ALL AFRICA 53,056 67,896 84,817 86,505 87,042 91,549 94,379 97,466 101,399 2.8 2.9 3.7
a. Preliminary.

28 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.4 Industry value added

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 74,683 83,702 92,831 94,133 97,639 100,381 102,596 109,853 116,040 1.0 1.7 4.5
excluding South Africa 41,975 48,249 56,253 57,621 59,247 61,247 62,416 69,354 73,740 1.3 2.2 5.8
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 23,829 33,018 39,103 40,912 41,516 43,050 45,690 48,874 52,341 3.6 2.8 6.1
Angola .. 4,861 5,973 6,359 6,584 6,853 7,841 8,138 9,127 .. 3.9 8.6
Benin 115 203 281 287 313 341 362 372 370 3.3 4.1 4.3
Botswana 550 1,682 2,113 2,223 2,480 2,608 2,694 2,887 3,032 11.8 3.0 5.2
Burkina Faso 252 333 375 398 422 457 460 460 .. 4.2 2.2 2.7
Burundi 98 159 121 127 119 111 104 98 92 4.6 –4.7 –6.2
Cameroon 1,029 1,930 1,564 1,663 1,746 1,764 1,777 1,787 1,783 7.5 –2.0 0.6
Cape Verde 23 59 84 97 95 95 108 114 124 14.6 5.1 7.4
Central African Republic 146 157 152 159 173 180 187 200 205 1.6 0.2 4.6
Chad 62 170 167 158 155 177 220 344 780 7.9 0.5 47.7
Comoros 20 16 24 24 24 26 27 28 29 –2.3 4.6 4.1
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,497 2,288 802 1,061 863 840 909 1,025 1,162 2.3 –8.9 8.2
Congo, Rep. 958 1,735 2,191 2,226 2,323 2,253 2,336 2,292 2,469 5.5 3.0 1.4
Côte d’Ivoire 1,227 1,575 2,532 2,573 2,288 2,214 2,117 1,960 2,034 5.1 6.6 –3.5
Djibouti .. 107 69 69 70 .. .. .. .. .. –6.2 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 32 746 1,202 1,178 1,156 1,420 1,782 .. .. 50.0 15.6
Eritrea .. .. 141 145 135 144 155 158 158 .. 18.3 4.1
Ethiopia .. 812 825 559 569 597 632 661 707 3.9 3.5 5.5
Gabon 1,743 2,260 2,545 2,581 2,624 2,676 2,749 2,828 2,913 0.4 2.6 2.7
Gambia, The 28 42 45 46 48 51 56 60 64 4.3 0.7 7.2
Ghana 866 962 1,151 1,208 1,265 1,325 1,409 1,510 .. 2.6 2.3 6.1
Guinea .. 712 974 1,026 1,075 1,133 1,186 1,191 1,225 .. 4.6 3.2
Guinea-Bissau 24 34 24 25 26 28 31 30 30 1.3 –2.5 4.0
Kenya 1,189 1,752 1,990 1,943 1,908 1,946 1,996 2,108 2,181 3.7 1.5 3.5
Lesotho 117 186 301 303 320 334 357 373 384 4.1 5.4 4.9
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 461 398 458 478 504 543 430 492 525 0.7 2.0 –0.2
Malawi 175 236 276 285 282 252 248 261 288 2.4 2.0 0.8
Mali 166 248 433 443 464 561 661 599 597 4.7 6.4 5.9
Mauritania 193 271 351 359 380 366 394 416 440 5.4 3.5 4.3
Mauritius 319 704 1,088 1,158 1,208 1,294 1,328 1,335 1,356 9.0 5.5 2.7
Mozambique .. 308 698 817 906 1,095 1,203 1,324 1,392 –4.5 11.9 11.1
Namibia 689 670 856 861 873 905 975 1,021 1,170 –0.3 2.5 7.3
Niger 306 275 306 313 319 327 337 350 .. –2.0 1.8 3.1
Nigeria 16,961 15,230 17,150 16,713 17,732 18,199 16,741 20,484 21,434 –2.1 0.9 5.1
Rwanda 459 566 340 358 371 399 431 450 460 2.8 –5.5 5.7
São Tomé and Principe .. 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 .. .. 1.4 4.3
Senegal 399 630 841 864 901 940 1,032 1,084 1,165 4.4 4.0 6.8
Seychelles 44 65 170 158 178 177 187 165 171 3.8 11.9 –1.5
Sierra Leone 231 303 189 161 170 153 193 219 263 0.2 –5.1 13.1
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 32,864 35,440 36,574 36,511 38,387 39,132 40,177 40,507 42,338 0.5 0.9 2.3
Sudan 1,210 1,431 2,358 2,558 2,523 2,904 3,122 4,528 5,044 0.9 6.0 20.1
Swaziland 107 313 418 427 432 444 451 460 468 11.8 3.9 2.0
Tanzania .. 967 1,166 1,232 1,319 1,410 1,542 1,702 1,873 .. 2.5 9.3
Togo 216 212 221 228 237 230 255 291 312 0.7 1.7 8.2
Uganda .. 381 929 1,040 1,095 1,168 1,260 1,351 1,426 4.4 12.6 7.0
Zambia 886 1,018 756 709 729 796 873 949 1,050 0.7 –4.4 9.5
Zimbabwe 1,235 1,714 1,832 1,770 1,586 1,456 1,296 1,108 1,069 2.9 1.1 –10.1
NORTH AFRICA 48,101 64,746 83,581 86,894 93,288 .. .. .. .. 2.9 3.0 ..
Algeria 19,763 25,325 27,559 28,968 30,221 30,452 31,483 32,888 34,735 2.9 1.4 3.6
Egypt, Arab Rep. 12,108 17,338 27,341 28,019 31,577 .. .. .. .. 3.2 4.5 ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 5,929 8,041 10,075 10,461 10,727 11,048 11,435 11,835 12,297 2.7 3.1 3.5
Tunisia 2,488 3,523 5,028 5,330 5,609 5,900 6,219 6,555 6,909 2.9 4.5 5.4
ALL AFRICA 124,438 149,895 176,978 181,412 191,046 195,797 201,034 213,482 225,199 1.7 2.2 4.2
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 29

Table
2.5 Services value added

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 95,542 123,949 146,380 150,717 155,862 162,027 168,823 175,089 182,315 2.5 2.4 4.0
excluding South Africa 47,353 62,710 73,858 75,339 77,419 80,740 84,135 86,760 89,825 2.6 2.3 3.8
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 41,590 54,454 63,114 64,522 66,170 69,115 71,741 73,505 75,629 2.6 2.1 3.3
Angola .. 2,556 2,103 2,035 2,028 1,935 2,219 2,194 2,335 .. –2.8 4.2
Benin 679 752 1,011 1,073 1,118 1,178 1,195 1,266 1,292 1.1 4.0 3.7
Botswana 292 1,091 1,992 2,118 2,233 2,377 2,483 2,567 2,673 15.2 8.0 4.5
Burkina Faso 598 877 1,206 1,311 1,298 1,439 1,490 1,671 2,111 3.9 4.6 11.9
Burundi 163 298 243 242 258 304 338 346 396 5.5 –3.4 10.4
Cameroon 3,695 4,443 4,169 4,160 4,306 4,715 5,091 5,504 5,873 3.5 0.0 8.1
Cape Verde 92 196 312 342 373 393 407 433 447 8.5 6.4 4.7
Central African Republic 236 254 228 233 215 204 173 112 121 1.3 –0.3 –16.0
Chad 308 528 577 602 612 670 735 797 859 7.4 0.6 8.9
Comoros 78 114 106 107 96 93 94 95 96 3.3 –0.4 0.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3,931 4,607 1,656 1,328 1,265 1,249 1,294 1,376 1,497 2.3 –13.0 4.4
Congo, Rep. 458 690 687 638 726 804 848 865 859 3.0 –1.1 4.2
Côte d’Ivoire 4,857 4,958 5,854 6,043 5,738 5,811 5,796 5,741 5,729 –0.1 2.5 –0.2
Djibouti .. 410 390 396 403 .. .. .. .. .. –0.8 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 25 54 60 66 74 83 80 .. .. 9.7 6.9
Eritrea .. .. 356 364 365 382 383 408 414 .. 6.9 3.2
Ethiopia .. 2,219 2,429 2,362 2,586 2,708 2,832 2,897 3,092 4.5 6.1 4.3
Gabon 1,226 1,364 2,262 1,949 1,990 2,045 1,977 2,015 1,995 0.3 4.5 –0.1
Gambia, The 100 136 187 185 190 203 221 227 238 2.5 3.9 5.9
Ghana 673 1,117 1,785 1,869 1,956 2,044 2,133 2,220 .. 5.3 5.9 4.3
Guinea .. 901 1,168 1,192 1,224 1,249 1,273 1,293 1,313 .. 3.6 1.8
Guinea-Bissau 38 59 50 54 61 60 67 63 63 3.1 –0.7 1.2
Kenya 2,625 4,235 5,498 5,613 5,718 5,899 6,030 6,171 6,497 4.9 3.4 3.1
Lesotho 149 218 317 317 315 322 329 341 356 3.9 4.8 3.2
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 1,612 1,609 1,769 1,866 1,967 2,086 1,756 1,940 2,056 –0.2 2.0 0.2
Malawi 445 592 695 685 669 671 691 701 738 3.2 1.9 2.4
Mali 531 636 771 819 854 905 911 994 1,084 2.1 2.8 5.9
Mauritania 236 244 333 382 431 473 484 516 570 –0.1 4.9 6.7
Mauritius 778 1,316 2,157 2,285 2,429 2,583 2,726 2,870 3,025 4.8 6.4 5.6
Mozambique .. 970 1,497 1,522 1,611 1,832 1,940 2,030 2,209 7.3 4.7 7.6
Namibia 775 1,185 1,733 1,797 1,869 1,942 2,064 2,135 2,223 3.7 4.6 4.5
Niger 738 695 746 768 798 828 862 907 .. –1.3 1.6 4.3
Nigeria 5,636 8,267 10,746 10,820 11,251 11,628 12,393 13,248 14,167 2.7 3.1 6.1
Rwanda 500 712 621 666 690 721 748 783 860 3.9 –2.5 5.4
São Tomé and Principe .. 27 28 28 29 30 32 33 .. .. 0.7 4.6
Senegal 1,518 1,995 2,455 2,575 2,633 2,772 2,929 3,038 3,228 2.9 2.9 5.1
Seychelles 228 310 391 412 419 408 405 390 373 3.3 2.6 –2.7
Sierra Leone 81 82 77 75 79 83 106 117 129 –1.1 –2.6 14.1
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 48,244 61,244 72,527 75,379 78,441 81,288 84,690 88,325 92,466 2.4 2.6 4.2
Sudan 2,684 3,072 3,655 4,024 4,377 4,530 4,713 4,576 4,944 0.7 2.2 2.6
Swaziland 165 264 351 367 383 396 416 428 439 4.7 3.5 3.6
Tanzania .. 2,444 2,947 3,100 3,286 3,467 3,682 3,887 4,120 .. 2.4 5.8
Togo 539 516 634 633 637 635 627 631 634 –0.5 3.7 –0.2
Uganda .. 1,065 2,004 2,147 2,285 2,474 2,672 2,841 3,022 2.1 8.3 7.2
Zambia 1,250 1,159 1,364 1,449 1,512 1,585 1,647 1,726 1,763 0.0 2.0 4.0
Zimbabwe 1,993 2,893 3,780 3,856 3,588 3,610 3,877 3,293 2,541 2.8 3.4 –7.5
NORTH AFRICA 43,930 75,732 95,710 101,743 104,152 .. .. .. .. 5.6 3.7 ..
Algeria 9,623 13,481 15,267 15,379 15,634 16,102 16,990 18,074 19,298 3.3 1.8 5.5
Egypt, Arab Rep. 15,159 32,594 41,259 45,328 45,827 .. .. .. .. 8.2 4.5 ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 8,690 13,209 16,810 17,393 18,109 19,037 19,851 20,627 21,461 4.2 2.7 4.3
Tunisia 4,924 6,908 10,317 10,827 11,462 12,198 12,954 13,869 14,727 3.7 5.3 6.5
ALL AFRICA 140,764 200,440 242,506 252,642 260,285 271,028 283,009 294,719 307,862 3.5 2.9 4.3
a. Preliminary.

30 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal

Current prices
($ millions)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 261,288 301,381 328,394 327,604 334,895 334,599 356,494 434,165 526,485 250,845 313,764 397,327
excluding South Africa 181,358 189,495 194,115 194,442 202,061 216,299 245,948 268,110 311,836 160,131 179,741 248,851
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 116,062 161,088 161,994 159,668 159,937 168,215 199,234 209,726 239,628 124,270 149,758 195,348
Angola .. 10,260 6,445 6,154 9,129 8,936 10,835 13,825 19,564 3,780 7,042 12,458
Benin 1,405 1,845 2,335 2,387 2,255 2,372 2,807 3,558 4,047 1,318 2,005 3,008
Botswana 1,061 3,792 4,932 5,025 5,251 5,184 5,423 7,737 8,974 1,576 4,511 6,514
Burkina Faso 1,929 3,120 2,794 2,811 2,601 2,814 3,203 4,182 4,824 2,002 2,629 3,525
Burundi 920 1,132 894 808 709 662 628 595 664 1,065 979 652
Cameroon 6,741 11,152 8,703 10,904 10,075 9,598 10,880 13,672 15,775 9,159 10,052 12,000
Cape Verde .. 339 540 583 531 550 616 797 948 187 448 689
Central African Republic 797 1,488 1,047 1,051 953 967 1,046 1,195 1,307 929 1,177 1,094
Chad 1,033 1,739 1,745 1,537 1,383 1,702 1,982 2,671 4,307 1,068 1,602 2,409
Comoros 124 263 216 223 204 220 247 318 369 144 238 272
Congo, Dem. Rep. 14,395 9,350 6,218 4,711 4,306 4,690 5,547 5,671 6,632 10,028 7,161 5,369
Congo, Rep. 1,706 2,799 1,949 2,354 3,220 2,788 3,017 3,564 4,343 2,106 2,343 3,386
Côte d’Ivoire 10,175 10,796 12,783 12,556 10,425 10,554 11,482 13,734 15,475 8,609 11,200 12,334
Djibouti .. 418 514 536 553 .. .. .. .. 380 485 553
Equatorial Guinea .. 132 456 872 1,341 1,702 2,118 2,915 3,235 107 294 2,262
Eritrea .. .. 746 689 634 671 631 747 928 .. 609 722
Ethiopia .. 12,083 7,724 6,498 6,528 6,510 6,058 6,651 8,075 6,594 7,115 6,764
Gabon 4,279 5,952 4,619 4,352 4,932 4,334 4,971 6,055 7,229 3,676 5,062 5,504
Gambia, The 241 317 417 432 421 418 370 367 401 225 374 395
Ghana 4,445 5,886 7,474 7,710 4,978 5,309 6,160 7,521 8,620 4,692 6,576 6,517
Guinea .. 2,818 3,588 3,461 3,112 3,042 3,208 3,638 3,775 2,230 3,376 3,355
Guinea-Bissau 111 244 206 224 215 199 201 235 270 156 242 224
Kenya 7,265 8,591 14,093 12,896 12,705 13,059 13,192 15,036 16,088 7,069 9,906 14,016
Lesotho 431 615 890 911 859 763 699 1,065 1,367 412 847 951
Liberia 954 384 360 442 561 543 559 435 492 935 264 518
Madagascar 4,042 3,081 3,739 3,717 3,878 4,529 4,397 5,474 4,364 3,124 3,326 4,528
Malawi 1,238 1,881 1,751 1,776 1,744 1,717 1,935 1,764 1,903 1,255 1,900 1,812
Mali 1,787 2,421 2,597 2,570 2,422 2,630 3,343 4,362 4,882 1,609 2,486 3,528
Mauritania 709 1,020 1,133 1,126 1,081 1,098 1,116 1,340 1,534 806 1,085 1,234
Mauritius 1,153 2,383 4,146 4,258 4,465 4,534 4,555 5,237 6,038 1,387 3,563 4,966
Mozambique 3,526 2,463 3,874 3,985 3,778 3,697 4,092 4,786 5,912 3,375 2,766 4,453
Namibia 2,169 2,350 3,399 3,386 3,414 3,216 3,122 4,473 5,712 1,859 3,119 3,987
Niger 2,509 2,481 2,077 2,018 1,798 1,945 2,170 2,731 3,053 2,000 2,013 2,340
Nigeria 64,202 28,472 32,144 34,776 42,078 48,000 46,711 58,294 72,053 35,577 30,007 53,427
Rwanda 1,163 2,584 1,989 1,931 1,811 1,703 1,732 1,684 1,835 1,761 1,771 1,753
São Tomé and Principe 47 58 41 47 46 48 54 60 57 52 48 53
Senegal 2,987 5,699 4,678 4,757 4,385 4,564 4,998 7,501 7,775 3,341 4,922 5,845
Seychelles 147 369 608 623 615 619 698 703 703 197 494 668
Sierra Leone 1,101 650 672 664 634 814 946 999 1,085 963 779 895
Somalia 604 917 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 855 917 ..
South Africa 80,710 112,014 134,296 133,184 132,878 118,479 110,882 166,169 214,663 90,894 134,007 148,614
Sudan 7,617 13,167 11,086 10,702 12,330 13,345 15,054 17,550 21,463 12,478 9,644 15,948
Swaziland 543 882 1,346 1,377 1,389 1,260 1,192 1,906 2,517 552 1,186 1,653
Tanzania .. 4,259 8,383 8,638 9,079 9,441 9,772 10,291 11,311 5,009 5,904 9,979
Togo 1,136 1,628 1,587 1,576 1,329 1,328 1,476 1,759 2,061 1,021 1,458 1,591
Uganda 1,245 4,304 6,585 5,999 5,926 5,681 5,848 6,255 6,822 3,611 4,835 6,107
Zambia 3,884 3,288 3,237 3,131 3,238 3,637 3,697 4,327 5,423 3,171 3,349 4,064
Zimbabwe 6,679 8,784 6,066 5,964 7,399 12,879 30,853 7,913 4,696 7,204 7,375 12,748
NORTH AFRICA 126,527 165,240 216,647 222,680 236,346 240,489 240,231 254,856 269,150 135,859 179,698 248,214
Algeria 42,345 62,045 47,357 47,592 53,306 56,689 57,990 64,097 75,068 53,750 47,968 61,430
Egypt, Arab Rep. 22,912 43,130 84,829 89,207 98,782 97,545 90,650 84,395 75,744 31,646 59,638 89,423
Libya 35,545 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26,527 .. ..
Morocco 18,821 25,784 35,817 35,277 33,344 34,219 37,555 45,817 52,528 16,987 31,339 40,693
Tunisia 8,743 12,291 19,813 20,970 19,462 20,032 22,067 26,632 29,993 8,923 16,839 23,637
ALL AFRICA 392,413 470,822 546,688 551,406 571,694 575,198 598,100 693,664 804,404 391,471 497,210 648,612
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 31

Table
2.7 Total consumption

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 72.4 80.1 84.7 83.8 80.9 81.7 82.5 80.0 78.1 78.0 83.4 80.6
excluding South Africa 76.7 82.6 86.7 85.8 80.8 82.1 83.8 81.0 78.0 81.7 85.6 81.2
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 83.3 84.9 88.0 86.9 84.6 86.1 86.1 84.7 83.3 82.7 87.5 85.0
Angolab .. 70.3 80.7 79.3 60.5 84.9 74.8 80.6 75.5 76.0 77.5 75.3
Benin 106.3 97.8 93.4 95.2 94.0 93.5 96.3 94.0 94.5 102.4 96.2 94.5
Botswana 73.3 57.4 60.2 61.3 58.3 59.5 61.1 61.4 61.8 64.7 60.7 60.4
Burkina Faso 107.2 94.8 88.4 91.9 93.5 95.0 95.3 96.1 94.4 102.7 92.4 94.9
Burundi 100.6 105.4 104.7 102.5 107.3 109.0 111.4 108.2 108.4 96.9 105.2 108.9
Cameroon 78.3 79.3 80.8 68.8 79.7 81.0 81.0 81.4 81.5 75.8 79.9 80.9
Cape Verde .. 108.1 115.3 117.5 114.2 115.1 115.7 115.8 112.2 101.8 105.6 114.6
Central African Republic 108.9 100.6 94.7 89.0 92.2 88.9 89.7 85.6 86.8 101.1 96.3 88.6
Chad .. 107.7 94.1 100.2 94.5 94.7 102.5 81.5 69.5 108.1 100.5 88.6
Comoros 110.1 103.0 104.7 105.7 98.9 100.9 98.2 98.7 101.5 104.5 104.4 99.6
Congo, Dem. Rep. 89.9 90.7 101.0 90.9 95.5 96.6 96.0 95.0 96.1 89.1 91.2 95.8
Congo, Rep. 64.3 76.2 69.7 59.0 42.3 46.9 50.0 52.6 48.6 68.1 71.2 48.1
Côte d’Ivoire 79.6 88.7 80.3 78.7 82.1 81.0 73.7 79.4 79.5 80.4 82.2 79.2
Djibouti .. .. 100.8 105.5 105.3 .. .. .. .. .. 105.4 105.3
Equatorial Guinea .. 120.1 80.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86.3 ..
Eritrea .. .. 132.9 141.2 134.7 127.1 133.7 160.4 162.9 .. 130.9 143.7
Ethiopia .. 90.4 86.9 97.9 99.1 96.9 97.5 99.0 99.5 93.1 94.7 98.4
Gabon 39.4 63.1 61.0 65.2 71.7 49.7 51.6 54.7 53.6 55.7 58.3 56.2
Gambia, The 94.2 89.3 88.2 89.0 91.5 88.0 87.1 88.9 89.5 93.5 92.6 89.0
Ghana 95.1 94.5 89.7 96.5 94.4 93.0 92.6 90.9 89.7 95.2 92.5 92.1
Guinea .. 82.3 82.7 82.7 83.2 84.3 90.9 92.5 93.5 83.6 84.2 88.9
Guinea-Bissau 101.0 97.2 110.1 101.2 108.5 119.3 112.1 98.8 101.7 100.9 98.5 108.1
Kenya 81.9 81.5 89.7 89.3 90.6 88.7 87.2 87.0 87.4 82.1 84.4 88.2
Lesotho 151.9 152.9 133.5 122.4 120.4 116.3 118.0 112.2 107.7 166.4 138.1 114.9
Liberia 85.2 .. .. .. .. 103.4 103.3 103.0 100.6 97.8 .. 102.6
Madagascar 101.4 94.5 93.0 92.8 92.3 84.7 92.3 91.1 92.2 97.1 95.8 90.5
Malawi 89.2 86.6 91.9 100.6 96.2 96.2 110.1 110.7 109.1 87.3 96.6 104.5
Mali 98.9 93.6 89.6 90.5 88.0 86.0 88.7 86.8 89.3 100.4 92.4 87.8
Mauritania 103.5 95.1 95.6 95.0 86.8 101.4 104.9 117.6 118.8 96.9 92.6 105.9
Mauritius 85.5 76.5 75.1 76.7 76.1 74.0 74.9 75.0 76.4 80.0 75.9 75.3
Mozambique 108.9 105.8 89.2 86.3 88.4 92.0 89.0 89.9 87.7 106.2 99.0 89.4
Namibia 61.6 81.8 86.3 87.5 86.0 83.0 82.2 73.8 73.3 89.2 87.3 79.7
Niger 85.4 98.8 97.3 96.3 96.5 95.6 94.7 95.0 94.2 92.7 97.3 95.2
Nigeriac 68.6 70.6 80.4 80.9 66.6 68.3 74.2 67.6 60.4 82.5 76.0 67.4
Rwanda 95.8 93.8 102.8 100.0 98.7 97.4 100.0 100.8 97.6 95.0 105.5 98.9
São Tomé and Principe 111.6 142.4 107.0 110.3 104.1 122.9 117.2 122.1 129.0 116.2 120.0 119.1
Senegal 105.0 91.1 88.1 88.7 89.1 90.5 94.4 92.3 90.2 99.9 89.9 91.3
Seychelles 72.9 79.7 81.3 74.4 77.7 80.1 76.7 80.4 78.6 75.9 78.3 78.7
Sierra Leone 99.1 91.3 97.5 110.3 113.3 111.5 109.3 107.4 104.9 90.9 97.1 109.3
Somalia 112.9 112.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106.3 112.5 ..
South Africa 62.1 76.8 81.9 81.0 81.1 80.8 79.8 78.3 78.3 71.5 80.6 79.7
Sudan 97.9 .. 94.2 92.3 84.1 90.2 86.7 84.3 81.3 95.0 94.4 85.3
Swaziland 98.8 90.8 98.6 99.7 95.7 96.9 80.5 82.4 85.9 96.3 97.7 88.3
Tanzania .. 98.7 100.8 97.2 90.7 91.4 88.4 90.5 91.5 89.3 98.6 90.5
Togo 76.8 85.3 97.2 96.8 102.2 99.0 99.4 94.7 95.5 87.7 93.3 98.2
Uganda 100.4 99.4 94.4 91.9 90.8 93.7 94.5 93.5 90.9 97.7 94.2 92.7
Zambia 80.7 83.4 96.1 101.1 91.7 82.7 82.3 81.3 81.8 86.0 92.9 84.0
Zimbabwe 86.2 82.5 81.0 84.0 86.7 89.8 94.0 94.1 95.2 83.5 83.1 91.9
NORTH AFRICA 59.5 77.7 81.8 78.2 74.9 75.1 75.6 75.2 74.4 71.6 79.2 75.0
Algeria 56.9 72.9 72.9 68.6 55.8 59.1 62.0 63.6 64.3 68.5 69.9 61.0
Egypt, Arab Rep. 84.8 83.9 88.0 83.1 82.7 82.3 82.2 81.5 81.0 84.5 86.0 81.9
Libya 43.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.1 .. ..
Morocco 86.3 80.7 81.9 80.4 81.8 80.7 80.9 80.2 79.9 84.1 83.0 80.7
Tunisia 76.0 74.5 76.4 75.4 76.1 75.5 75.1 74.4 73.3 77.3 76.0 74.9
ALL AFRICA 68.4 79.3 83.7 81.7 78.7 79.1 80.0 78.3 77.0 75.7 82.0 78.6
a. Preliminary.
b. The variability in the data are due to weaknesses in national account statistics.
c. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

32 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.8 General government consumption

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 14.1 16.8 15.2 16.0 17.0 17.3 16.9 17.9 18.0 15.5 16.7 17.4
excluding South Africa 13.9 15.2 12.6 14.3 16.2 16.8 16.2 17.0 16.8 14.4 14.7 16.6
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. 15.2 13.2 14.5 14.4 13.9 14.2 15.1 15.1 14.5 15.1 14.5
Angola .. 34.5 30.0 59.7 42.5 34.9 36.9 34.0 29.3 31.5 43.9 35.5
Benin 8.6 11.0 9.4 10.0 11.6 11.6 12.5 13.3 13.6 12.7 10.5 12.5
Botswana 21.3 24.1 28.9 30.4 30.4 31.9 33.1 33.8 34.3 24.3 27.3 32.7
Burkina Faso 9.2 13.2 13.2 12.5 12.6 12.2 13.1 12.8 13.0 12.2 13.6 12.7
Burundi 9.2 10.8 17.1 18.2 17.6 19.9 19.1 22.7 25.8 9.3 17.0 21.0
Cameroon 9.7 12.8 9.2 8.4 9.5 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.0 10.5 10.0
Cape Verde .. 14.7 15.0 19.4 21.3 11.3 11.7 14.7 14.8 10.8 17.0 14.8
Central African Republic 15.1 14.9 11.6 11.5 11.3 11.4 11.8 10.5 11.6 15.6 13.9 11.3
Chad .. 10.0 5.6 6.9 7.7 7.5 7.8 7.8 5.0 11.3 8.1 7.2
Comoros 30.9 23.4 15.7 14.6 13.3 16.3 15.9 13.9 13.2 28.6 19.8 14.5
Congo, Dem. Rep. 8.4 11.5 8.1 6.0 7.5 6.0 5.5 6.3 8.2 9.0 9.9 6.7
Congo, Rep. 17.6 13.8 24.2 15.1 11.6 14.1 18.4 17.0 16.0 17.7 18.0 15.4
Côte d’Ivoire 16.9 16.8 6.5 6.5 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.3 16.5 11.9 7.8
Djibouti .. .. 23.5 26.4 25.2 .. .. .. .. .. 27.6 25.2
Equatorial Guinea .. 39.7 21.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.4 25.1 ..
Eritrea .. .. 52.3 69.5 63.8 51.5 44.0 51.9 53.5 .. 39.7 52.9
Ethiopia .. 13.2 12.0 18.8 22.7 16.8 19.3 23.8 22.4 15.7 13.5 21.0
Gabon 13.2 13.4 16.9 16.6 10.0 .. .. .. .. 18.3 14.5 10.0
Gambia, The 31.2 13.7 12.7 13.0 13.7 14.4 12.9 11.0 11.1 29.1 13.8 12.6
Ghana 11.2 9.3 10.3 10.8 10.2 9.7 9.9 8.9 8.4 9.0 11.7 9.4
Guinea .. 8.9 6.1 5.9 3.8 6.8 7.5 7.5 5.7 8.9 7.1 6.3
Guinea-Bissau 27.6 10.3 9.3 10.8 14.0 12.6 13.0 12.8 14.5 18.9 8.4 13.4
Kenya 19.8 18.6 16.2 15.8 15.1 15.6 16.7 17.8 17.0 18.3 15.8 16.4
Lesotho 21.4 14.1 20.8 18.6 19.1 17.8 15.6 15.4 14.2 19.4 16.7 16.4
Liberia 19.1 .. .. .. .. 14.4 13.7 8.0 9.7 22.0 .. 11.4
Madagascar 12.1 8.0 7.8 7.2 6.8 8.3 8.2 9.1 9.6 9.8 7.9 8.4
Malawi 19.3 15.1 14.7 13.4 14.6 15.8 14.7 16.3 16.9 17.5 16.6 15.7
Mali 11.6 13.8 14.7 15.9 8.6 9.2 8.7 8.4 10.0 12.3 12.7 9.0
Mauritania 45.3 25.9 12.8 12.9 15.0 13.7 16.4 15.7 14.9 30.6 16.6 15.1
Mauritius 14.4 12.8 12.9 12.7 13.1 12.9 12.8 14.1 13.2 13.5 13.0 13.2
Mozambique 12.2 13.5 8.4 9.5 10.1 10.0 9.7 10.3 10.4 13.8 11.0 10.1
Namibia 17.4 30.6 29.6 30.3 28.8 28.4 26.4 26.5 24.5 27.9 31.0 26.9
Niger 10.4 15.0 13.1 14.9 13.0 12.4 12.2 11.3 12.5 11.9 14.6 12.3
Nigeriab 12.1 15.1 9.7 13.4 22.8 26.5 24.7 23.7 22.1 13.9 12.9 24.0
Rwanda 12.5 10.1 10.0 11.0 10.5 11.7 11.8 15.1 12.9 13.0 11.5 12.4
São Tomé and Principe 34.5 27.6 25.6 29.8 50.9 64.2 66.7 36.4 33.7 36.6 30.3 50.4
Senegal 20.3 14.7 11.8 12.7 14.0 12.6 13.3 13.4 13.9 17.3 13.2 13.4
Seychelles 28.7 27.7 31.2 26.9 24.2 24.8 22.7 25.6 25.2 33.1 29.0 24.5
Sierra Leone 8.4 7.8 9.1 10.5 13.2 17.4 16.2 15.2 13.4 7.7 10.2 15.1
Somalia 15.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.6 .. ..
South Africa 14.3 19.7 18.8 18.4 18.1 18.3 18.4 19.3 19.7 17.4 19.4 18.8
Sudan 16.0 .. 6.3 6.5 7.6 8.6 8.4 10.9 11.9 12.1 6.3 9.5
Swaziland 27.0 18.1 22.2 24.6 24.1 17.7 18.6 18.6 21.0 21.5 22.6 20.0
Tanzania .. 17.8 7.8 7.9 8.5 9.3 9.6 11.4 12.8 14.1 14.0 10.3
Togo 22.4 14.2 10.9 9.7 10.2 10.0 8.4 9.8 9.7 16.9 12.8 9.6
Uganda .. 7.5 12.9 12.9 13.7 13.8 15.2 14.8 14.5 9.9 11.1 14.4
Zambia 25.5 19.0 15.8 12.9 9.5 12.8 13.0 13.5 12.7 23.0 17.7 12.3
Zimbabwe 18.5 19.4 15.8 13.6 13.9 14.6 13.4 16.7 21.1 20.1 17.2 15.9
NORTH AFRICA 12.5 14.6 14.8 14.0 13.0 12.9 12.6 12.7 12.8 15.6 14.4 12.8
Algeria 15.2 16.1 18.1 17.1 14.1 14.2 14.8 15.3 15.5 17.2 16.7 14.8
Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.7 11.3 11.3 10.1 9.7 10.3 9.5 9.1 8.7 16.2 10.5 9.4
Libya 21.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.0 .. ..
Morocco 18.3 15.5 18.0 19.2 19.1 17.9 15.8 15.1 14.5 16.6 17.2 16.5
Tunisia 14.5 16.4 15.6 15.5 15.7 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.7 16.5 16.1 14.1
ALL AFRICA 13.3 16.1 15.0 15.3 15.4 15.6 15.3 16.1 16.4 15.4 15.9 15.8
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 33

Table
2.9 Gross fixed capital formation

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 22.0 16.4 19.0 18.2 17.1 17.8 17.7 18.8 18.9 18.5 17.3 18.1
excluding South Africa 18.6 15.7 20.4 19.4 17.8 19.2 18.5 20.0 19.9 15.9 17.8 19.1
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 17.1 15.8 19.6 18.6 17.9 18.1 16.6 18.9 19.1 15.6 17.4 18.1
Angola .. 11.7 35.5 27.1 12.7 13.4 13.3 12.8 9.2 14.8 20.7 12.3
Benin 15.2 14.2 17.0 17.5 18.9 19.2 17.7 18.8 18.2 15.1 16.3 18.6
Botswana 40.1 37.4 33.5 28.0 20.0 23.0 27.8 29.6 30.6 30.0 29.5 26.2
Burkina Faso 15.1 18.2 27.2 23.8 22.7 18.9 17.8 18.7 19.1 17.4 21.7 19.4
Burundi 13.9 14.5 6.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.4 11.3 13.7 16.6 9.1 8.8
Cameroon 21.0 17.8 17.5 15.7 16.7 20.3 19.8 18.3 18.9 23.8 16.0 18.8
Cape Verde .. 22.9 19.8 20.9 19.7 18.3 20.9 18.7 20.4 40.5 29.6 19.6
Central African Republic 7.0 12.3 13.5 14.4 10.8 14.0 14.8 16.6 17.5 10.9 11.4 14.8
Chad .. 6.8 16.9 13.7 23.3 40.5 60.5 53.5 24.9 6.3 13.1 40.5
Comoros 33.2 18.8 17.9 14.9 13.1 11.8 12.2 11.6 10.2 28.8 17.7 11.8
Congo, Dem. Rep. 10.0 9.1 2.1 3.1 3.5 5.4 8.9 12.2 12.8 11.7 7.6 8.6
Congo, Rep. 35.8 15.9 26.7 27.8 21.0 26.4 23.3 22.9 24.2 32.5 25.9 23.6
Côte d’Ivoire 26.5 6.7 13.3 13.1 10.8 11.2 10.1 10.1 10.8 16.5 11.3 10.6
Djibouti .. .. 15.3 8.9 12.9 .. .. .. .. .. 10.2 12.9
Equatorial Guinea .. 17.4 91.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.5 ..
Eritrea .. .. 32.4 36.0 31.9 28.7 26.0 25.4 22.8 .. 25.0 27.0
Ethiopia .. 12.9 21.1 16.9 15.9 17.8 20.5 20.5 19.8 14.3 14.5 18.9
Gabon 27.5 21.7 37.3 28.0 26.1 30.5 28.4 23.9 25.4 34.6 25.7 26.9
Gambia, The 26.7 22.3 18.4 17.8 17.4 17.4 21.2 20.3 28.1 19.7 20.1 20.9
Ghana 5.6 14.4 23.1 21.0 24.0 26.6 19.7 23.0 24.2 7.8 19.9 23.5
Guinea .. 17.5 21.0 22.1 22.0 17.6 13.1 9.9 10.8 16.1 19.5 14.7
Guinea-Bissau 28.2 29.9 11.3 16.8 11.3 15.0 9.6 12.6 13.2 32.0 25.9 12.3
Kenya 24.5 24.2 16.7 15.5 17.4 19.2 16.3 17.4 18.3 22.7 18.3 17.7
Lesotho 37.0 52.7 47.1 48.6 42.2 40.2 42.3 44.8 41.1 39.9 56.3 42.1
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 4.9 4.7 8.8 12.3 .. .. 7.7
Madagascar 15.0 17.0 14.8 14.9 15.0 18.5 14.3 17.9 24.3 10.6 12.4 18.0
Malawi 24.7 23.0 13.5 14.7 13.6 14.9 11.4 11.8 15.3 19.4 17.7 13.4
Mali 15.5 23.0 20.9 21.2 24.6 31.0 18.6 24.2 19.0 17.2 22.5 23.5
Mauritania 26.3 20.0 16.7 16.2 26.5 14.5 14.8 19.5 21.5 27.5 18.7 19.4
Mauritius 25.4 30.7 27.6 25.5 25.9 23.3 21.4 22.8 24.2 23.5 28.4 23.5
Mozambique 7.6 22.1 24.2 36.7 33.5 25.9 29.8 25.9 20.7 12.2 25.2 27.2
Namibia 30.6 33.7 25.8 23.3 19.5 23.4 19.7 29.8 25.5 18.4 22.6 23.6
Niger 28.1 8.1 11.3 10.2 11.4 12.1 14.2 14.2 15.8 15.3 8.9 13.5
Nigeriab 21.3 14.7 24.1 23.4 17.7 22.8 26.1 23.8 22.4 16.5 19.8 22.5
Rwanda 16.1 14.6 14.8 17.2 17.5 18.4 16.9 18.4 20.5 15.3 14.5 18.4
São Tomé and Principe 16.8 15.6 35.8 39.0 43.6 35.8 32.8 30.4 34.5 15.8 41.6 35.4
Senegal 11.7 13.8 18.6 18.5 20.9 19.2 16.7 20.7 23.4 12.1 16.1 20.2
Seychelles 38.3 24.6 34.6 43.3 25.2 40.3 25.6 10.1 14.7 26.4 30.3 23.2
Sierra Leone 16.2 10.0 5.3 5.4 8.0 6.6 10.0 13.8 10.5 12.2 7.4 9.8
Somalia 42.4 15.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.8 15.5 ..
South Africa 29.9 17.7 17.0 16.4 15.9 15.3 16.1 16.9 17.5 23.4 16.7 16.3
Sudan 14.7 .. 18.0 16.8 18.3 17.6 19.4 20.0 22.5 14.4 15.7 19.6
Swaziland 40.7 19.1 22.4 18.7 19.9 18.4 19.8 18.0 17.4 27.2 21.1 18.7
Tanzania .. 26.1 13.8 15.5 17.6 17.0 19.1 18.6 18.4 16.8 21.0 18.2
Togo 28.4 26.6 16.4 13.3 17.8 20.4 18.5 18.9 18.0 19.5 16.3 18.7
Uganda 6.2 12.7 16.4 19.5 20.0 18.6 19.3 20.5 22.5 8.5 16.1 20.2
Zambia 23.3 17.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 20.0 23.0 26.1 26.0 16.1 14.1 22.8
Zimbabwe 16.9 17.4 20.8 14.4 13.6 9.3 7.1 10.6 12.8 17.3 19.5 10.7
NORTH AFRICA 28.2 28.4 23.6 25.8 24.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.3 29.0 24.5 25.6
Algeria 39.1 28.6 27.0 27.8 23.8 25.8 28.4 30.0 30.9 33.9 28.9 27.8
Egypt, Arab Rep. 27.5 28.8 21.5 25.5 23.9 22.7 23.0 23.5 23.9 28.6 20.8 23.4
Libya 22.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.5 .. ..
Morocco 24.2 25.3 22.2 23.4 24.4 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.4 24.4 22.2 24.9
Tunisia 29.4 32.5 26.9 26.8 27.4 28.1 28.6 29.1 29.9 28.8 28.3 28.6
ALL AFRICA 23.5 20.3 20.7 21.0 19.8 20.3 20.6 21.4 21.5 21.8 19.7 20.7
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

34 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.10 General government
fixed capital formation

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA .. 4.0 4.8 4.7 4.4 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.6 3.8 4.7
excluding South Africa .. 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.4 7.2 6.3 6.8 6.9 .. 6.4 6.7
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. 5.7 6.0 6.2 5.7 5.8 5.4 6.1 6.3 5.1 6.0 5.8
Angola .. 5.1 5.9 12.8 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.7 4.9 5.0 6.4 6.4
Benin .. 7.4 5.8 6.3 7.6 7.8 6.6 6.1 5.4 9.1 7.5 6.7
Botswana 0.0 12.7 13.2 13.2 12.6 10.8 11.4 11.9 11.4 0.0 12.6 11.6
Burkina Faso .. 3.9 12.4 14.9 12.1 8.2 7.2 7.5 8.3 6.7 9.5 8.7
Burundi 12.8 12.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 3.7 4.6 8.3 10.7 13.8 9.3 6.5
Cameroon 4.4 5.5 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 6.9 2.2 2.3
Cape Verde .. 10.3 21.3 6.5 12.5 10.8 13.0 9.8 8.8 19.3 20.3 11.0
Central African Republic 3.7 4.7 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.6 2.1 2.0 5.5 6.2 5.2
Chad .. 10.0 7.6 9.6 10.5 8.9 10.2 12.8 8.0 3.8 7.6 10.1
Comoros 23.2 5.0 7.7 5.4 3.8 4.4 5.9 5.5 4.3 18.7 6.8 4.8
Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.1 4.0 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 1.0 2.7 2.8 4.4 1.7 1.4
Congo, Rep. .. 5.6 4.7 6.1 7.0 10.1 8.6 6.5 7.0 11.1 6.4 7.8
Côte d’Ivoire 11.4 3.6 6.0 4.2 2.8 1.9 3.2 2.7 2.8 7.1 5.6 2.7
Djibouti .. .. 6.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.6 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 10.5 7.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 ..
Eritrea .. .. 26.2 30.3 26.8 23.5 21.7 17.8 17.5 .. 16.4 21.5
Ethiopia .. 4.0 6.2 8.1 5.2 8.5 11.5 10.5 10.8 6.9 6.4 9.3
Gabon 5.3 3.9 13.4 7.3 4.8 5.6 5.4 3.7 5.5 6.7 6.6 5.0
Gambia, The .. 7.4 5.2 4.7 4.6 11.2 7.9 5.7 10.9 10.4 7.8 8.0
Ghana .. 7.5 11.3 9.8 10.4 10.4 9.6 7.8 7.2 6.3 11.1 9.1
Guinea .. 9.2 5.6 7.2 7.1 7.1 4.0 3.7 3.7 7.4 7.0 5.1
Guinea-Bissau .. 27.4 6.2 10.8 10.3 14.8 9.0 13.1 19.9 33.3 20.2 13.4
Kenya 0.0 9.7 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3 0.8 7.0 4.3
Lesotho 0.0 23.0 12.0 8.7 8.0 10.3 11.0 8.5 7.1 4.6 16.1 9.0
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. 0.0
Madagascar .. 7.9 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.3 4.8 7.8 12.5 6.9 6.9 7.8
Malawi 17.5 7.7 8.8 10.3 10.0 10.3 7.7 9.3 12.6 9.5 9.2 10.0
Mali .. 10.5 9.5 9.4 8.6 7.0 7.0 6.9 7.5 10.2 10.1 7.4
Mauritania .. 6.2 4.9 6.2 17.5 10.6 10.4 14.7 15.5 7.6 4.9 13.7
Mauritius 9.1 4.6 3.1 3.4 3.7 6.7 7.0 7.8 7.7 6.0 3.7 6.6
Mozambique 7.6 12.0 9.8 11.6 10.4 15.4 12.5 11.7 9.4 9.5 11.7 11.9
Namibia 15.7 8.2 7.7 11.0 6.1 8.7 6.6 8.1 7.2 10.7 8.2 7.4
Niger 20.4 7.4 6.4 6.4 6.6 7.1 8.8 8.3 9.0 11.2 5.6 7.9
Nigeriab .. 10.8 11.3 10.4 9.3 12.1 10.2 9.7 9.1 .. 8.9 10.1
Rwanda 12.2 5.9 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 12.1 7.2 6.3
São Tomé and Principe .. .. 19.8 26.0 26.1 21.6 14.8 16.4 19.4 .. 25.3 19.7
Senegal 5.5 4.1 7.0 8.1 5.8 6.9 7.9 9.1 10.2 4.2 5.4 8.0
Seychelles .. 8.2 2.9 1.4 13.8 25.2 9.4 2.3 3.7 12.0 9.9 10.9
Sierra Leone 5.3 3.9 4.9 2.4 6.3 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.0 3.3 4.9
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.3 1.4
Sudan 6.9 .. 0.7 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 5.0 4.3 0.6 3.1
Swaziland 11.9 5.7 6.0 6.7 6.2 8.0 7.4 5.7 7.7 8.0 6.6 7.0
Tanzania .. 10.5 3.3 3.1 6.0 5.6 7.6 7.4 7.3 3.5 5.8 6.8
Togo 20.2 7.3 3.8 3.1 3.0 2.3 1.4 3.7 5.3 11.2 3.7 3.1
Uganda .. 6.2 4.7 5.4 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.7 5.2 4.4 5.6 5.5
Zambia .. 6.2 11.3 10.6 10.0 11.9 11.8 11.5 9.2 .. 6.8 10.9
Zimbabwe 1.8 3.4 1.7 1.7 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.6 2.1 2.9 2.9 1.3
NORTH AFRICA .. 9.8 10.3 8.9 8.3 .. .. .. .. 11.7 8.9 8.3
Algeria 11.0 8.2 7.6 5.9 8.0 .. .. .. .. 13.8 7.3 8.0
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 14.7 14.1 9.8 7.5 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.3 12.6 8.4 6.2
Libya 19.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.4 .. ..
Morocco 9.8 4.8 4.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.3 8.8 ..
Tunisia 15.0 11.0 11.6 12.4 12.5 .. .. .. .. 14.1 12.1 12.5
ALL AFRICA .. 5.9 6.8 6.1 5.7 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.4 5.6
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 35

Table
2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 12.7 12.6 13.9 13.0 12.0 12.1 12.5 13.4 13.3 13.5 13.2 12.7
excluding South Africa .. 8.6 12.9 12.3 10.9 11.6 12.0 12.6 12.2 8.3 11.3 11.8
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. 9.5 13.0 12.2 11.5 11.9 11.1 12.1 11.8 9.3 11.4 11.7
Angola .. 1.7 29.6 16.0 6.6 7.1 6.1 5.1 4.3 9.2 17.0 5.8
Benin .. 6.0 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.6 12.0 12.1 4.5 8.3 11.7
Botswana 34.5 19.7 14.2 14.8 12.9 13.4 12.6 12.0 13.2 29.0 15.0 12.8
Burkina Faso .. 13.6 14.8 8.9 10.6 10.8 10.6 11.2 10.8 11.5 12.2 10.8
Burundi 1.1 2.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 2.5 1.5 3.0 2.7 2.3 –0.3 2.1
Cameroon 15.6 11.9 15.5 13.8 13.9 18.1 17.5 15.7 15.7 14.2 13.8 16.2
Cape Verde .. 12.6 -1.5 14.4 7.2 7.5 7.9 8.9 11.6 7.4 9.3 8.6
Central African Republic 3.2 6.7 6.5 7.7 3.7 6.6 7.2 3.9 4.1 4.7 5.0 5.1
Chad .. 1.3 6.5 7.4 10.5 27.9 49.9 37.1 15.3 0.6 4.0 28.1
Comoros 5.3 6.4 7.0 6.5 6.5 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 5.5 7.5 4.9
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3.7 8.9 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.3 8.0 9.5 10.0 7.1 6.3 7.2
Congo, Rep. .. 11.6 19.6 20.4 12.3 16.3 13.8 16.4 16.6 11.4 18.5 15.1
Côte d’Ivoire 13.0 4.9 9.9 10.2 7.5 10.6 6.0 7.8 7.1 8.7 7.3 7.8
Djibouti .. .. 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 6.9 84.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.6 ..
Eritrea .. .. 6.2 5.6 5.1 5.2 4.3 7.6 5.3 .. 8.6 5.5
Ethiopia .. 8.9 14.8 8.9 10.7 9.3 9.0 10.0 9.0 9.1 8.1 9.6
Gabon 21.4 17.6 23.9 20.8 21.3 24.9 23.0 20.2 19.9 27.2 18.8 21.9
Gambia, The .. 14.9 13.2 13.1 12.8 6.2 13.3 13.5 13.9 8.6 12.3 11.9
Ghana .. 6.9 11.1 10.7 12.7 16.7 9.2 14.4 16.2 3.8 8.6 13.8
Guinea .. 8.3 14.0 14.0 14.0 9.5 8.9 6.1 7.1 8.7 11.8 9.1
Guinea-Bissau .. 8.4 5.2 6.0 1.0 0.2 0.6 1.5 2.1 10.0 7.7 1.1
Kenya 8.2 10.9 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.5 10.7 9.8 7.6
Lesotho 35.6 29.7 37.0 38.9 36.6 32.5 33.1 35.7 33.9 34.9 40.6 34.4
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 2.2 4.5 3.9 .. .. 3.2
Madagascar .. 6.9 6.9 8.0 8.3 11.2 9.5 10.1 11.8 3.6 5.5 10.2
Malawi 4.7 12.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 3.5 2.7 1.5 1.8 6.3 6.0 2.4
Mali .. 12.4 11.4 11.8 15.9 24.0 11.6 17.3 11.5 9.9 12.4 16.1
Mauritania .. 13.7 11.8 10.0 9.1 3.9 4.4 4.8 6.0 19.0 13.8 5.6
Mauritius 15.1 23.7 21.7 21.6 21.6 16.4 15.3 14.4 14.5 15.1 23.4 16.5
Mozambique 0.0 10.1 14.5 25.1 23.2 10.5 17.3 14.2 11.3 2.7 13.6 15.3
Namibia 11.4 13.0 15.3 12.0 12.7 13.2 14.6 21.1 17.9 7.8 12.8 15.9
Niger 5.1 4.0 4.6 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.7 6.8 3.0 3.4 5.4
Nigeriab .. 3.8 12.8 13.0 8.4 10.7 15.9 14.1 13.2 5.9 10.9 12.5
Rwanda .. 8.7 8.0 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.8 12.0 7.8 7.2 12.0
São Tomé and Principe .. .. 16.0 14.0 17.6 14.2 18.0 14.0 15.1 .. 19.3 15.8
Senegal 7.7 8.8 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.9 8.4 11.3 12.9 8.4 9.9 11.1
Seychelles .. 14.8 31.1 40.1 11.4 15.1 16.2 7.8 10.9 10.1 19.3 12.3
Sierra Leone 9.5 5.7 0.4 3.0 1.7 2.2 5.7 9.0 5.9 7.3 3.5 4.9
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 25.9 19.1 15.2 13.9 13.8 13.2 13.7 14.6 14.9 23.1 16.0 14.0
Sudan 3.8 .. 17.3 15.6 16.0 15.3 16.4 17.0 17.5 8.9 15.1 16.5
Swaziland 23.1 12.7 16.4 12.1 13.7 10.4 12.3 12.3 9.7 17.3 13.8 11.7
Tanzania .. 15.3 10.3 12.3 11.4 11.2 11.4 11.1 11.0 10.4 15.0 11.2
Togo 8.0 18.0 12.5 10.3 14.8 19.0 17.4 17.2 15.9 7.8 11.8 16.9
Uganda .. 6.5 11.3 13.8 13.3 12.4 13.7 15.4 16.9 5.4 10.3 14.3
Zambia .. 7.2 3.5 5.4 7.2 6.8 9.8 13.3 15.4 4.9 5.8 10.5
Zimbabwe 12.3 14.8 18.9 11.6 11.1 9.7 8.0 11.2 13.4 13.1 17.2 10.7
NORTH AFRICA .. 16.8 12.7 16.2 15.0 19.2 18.8 19.9 20.8 14.4 15.8 18.7
Algeria 22.8 18.8 19.0 20.1 13.5 24.6 19.2 20.1 20.7 17.7 19.2 19.6
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 12.3 7.2 13.0 14.1 14.4 16.1 17.1 17.9 11.0 11.9 15.9
Libya 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 .. ..
Morocco 16.7 19.3 17.8 20.7 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.1 22.5 18.0 18.5 21.6
Tunisia 13.3 19.7 13.3 12.9 13.8 23.7 24.2 24.7 25.5 13.5 14.9 22.4
ALL AFRICA .. 14.0 13.5 14.2 13.2 14.9 14.9 15.6 15.6 13.7 14.1 14.8
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

36 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.12 Gross domestic savings

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 27.6 19.9 15.3 16.2 19.1 18.3 17.5 20.0 21.9 22.0 16.6 19.4
excluding South Africa 23.3 17.4 13.3 14.2 19.2 17.9 16.2 19.0 22.0 18.3 14.4 18.8
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 16.7 15.1 12.0 13.1 15.4 13.9 13.9 15.3 16.7 17.3 12.5 15.0
Angola .. 29.7 19.3 20.7 39.5 15.1 25.2 19.4 24.5 24.0 22.5 24.7
Benin –6.3 2.2 6.6 4.8 6.0 6.5 3.7 6.0 5.5 –2.4 3.8 5.5
Botswana 26.7 42.6 39.8 38.7 41.7 40.5 38.9 38.6 38.2 35.3 39.3 39.6
Burkina Faso –7.2 5.2 11.6 8.1 6.5 5.0 4.7 3.9 4.8 –2.7 7.6 5.0
Burundi –0.6 –5.4 –4.7 –2.5 –7.3 –9.0 –11.4 –8.2 –8.4 3.1 –5.2 –8.9
Cameroon 21.7 20.7 19.2 31.2 20.3 19.0 19.0 18.6 18.5 24.2 20.1 19.1
Cape Verde .. –8.1 –15.3 –17.5 –14.2 –15.1 –15.7 –15.8 –12.2 –1.8 –5.6 –14.6
Central African Republic –8.9 –0.6 5.3 11.0 7.8 11.1 10.3 14.4 13.2 –1.1 3.7 11.4
Chad .. –7.7 5.9 –0.2 5.5 5.3 –1.3 18.5 30.5 –8.1 –0.5 11.7
Comoros –10.1 –3.0 –4.7 –5.7 1.1 –0.9 1.8 1.3 –1.5 –4.5 –4.4 0.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. 10.1 9.3 –1.0 9.1 4.5 3.4 4.0 5.0 3.9 10.9 8.8 4.2
Congo, Rep. 35.7 23.8 30.3 41.0 57.7 53.1 50.0 47.4 51.4 31.9 28.8 51.9
Côte d’Ivoire 20.4 11.3 19.7 21.3 17.9 19.0 26.3 20.6 20.5 19.6 17.8 20.8
Djibouti .. .. –0.8 –5.5 –5.3 .. .. .. .. .. –5.4 –5.3
Equatorial Guinea .. –20.1 19.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.7 ..
Eritrea .. .. –32.9 –41.2 –34.7 –27.1 –33.7 –60.4 –62.9 .. –30.9 –43.7
Ethiopia .. 9.6 13.1 2.1 0.9 3.1 2.5 1.0 0.5 6.9 5.3 1.6
Gabon 60.6 36.9 39.0 34.8 28.3 50.3 48.4 45.3 46.4 44.3 41.7 43.8
Gambia, The 5.8 10.7 11.8 11.0 8.5 12.0 12.9 11.1 10.5 6.5 7.4 11.0
Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 11.4 .. .. 10.2
Guinea .. 17.7 17.3 17.3 16.8 15.7 9.1 7.5 6.5 16.4 15.8 11.1
Guinea-Bissau –1.0 2.8 –10.1 –1.2 –8.5 –19.3 –12.1 1.2 –1.7 –0.9 1.5 –8.1
Kenya 18.1 18.5 10.3 10.7 9.4 11.3 12.8 13.0 12.6 17.9 15.6 11.8
Lesotho –51.9 –52.9 –33.5 –22.4 –20.4 –16.3 –18.0 –12.2 –7.7 –66.4 –38.1 –14.9
Liberia 14.8 .. .. .. .. –3.4 –3.3 –3.0 –0.6 2.2 .. –2.6
Madagascar –1.4 5.5 7.0 7.2 7.7 15.3 7.7 8.9 7.8 2.9 4.2 9.5
Malawi 10.8 13.4 8.1 –0.6 3.8 3.8 –10.1 –10.7 –9.1 12.7 3.4 –4.5
Mali 1.1 6.4 10.4 9.5 12.0 14.0 11.3 13.2 10.7 –0.4 7.6 12.2
Mauritania –3.5 4.9 4.4 5.0 13.2 –1.4 –4.9 –17.6 –18.8 3.1 7.4 –5.9
Mauritius 14.5 23.5 24.9 23.3 23.9 26.0 25.1 25.0 23.6 20.0 24.1 24.7
Mozambique –8.9 –5.8 10.8 13.7 11.6 8.0 11.0 10.1 12.3 –6.2 1.0 10.6
Namibia 38.4 18.2 13.7 12.5 14.0 17.0 17.8 26.2 26.7 10.8 12.7 20.3
Niger 14.6 1.2 2.7 3.7 3.5 4.4 5.3 5.0 5.8 7.3 2.7 4.8
Nigeriab 31.4 29.4 19.6 19.1 33.4 31.7 25.8 32.4 39.6 17.5 24.0 32.6
Rwanda 4.2 6.2 –2.8 0.0 1.3 2.6 0.0 –0.8 2.4 5.0 –5.5 1.1
São Tomé and Principe –11.6 –42.4 –7.0 –10.3 –4.1 –22.9 –17.2 –22.1 –29.0 –16.2 –20.0 –19.1
Senegal –5.0 8.9 11.9 11.3 10.9 9.5 5.6 7.7 9.8 0.1 10.1 8.7
Seychelles 27.1 20.3 18.7 25.6 22.3 19.9 23.3 19.6 21.4 24.1 21.7 21.3
Sierra Leone 0.9 8.7 2.5 –10.3 –13.3 –11.5 –9.3 –7.4 –4.9 9.1 2.9 –9.3
Somalia –12.9 –12.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. –6.3 –12.5 ..
South Africa 37.9 23.2 18.1 19.0 18.9 19.2 20.2 21.7 21.7 28.5 19.4 20.3
Sudan 2.1 .. 5.8 7.7 15.9 9.8 13.3 15.7 18.7 5.0 5.6 14.7
Swaziland 1.2 9.2 1.4 0.3 4.3 3.1 19.5 17.6 14.1 3.7 2.3 11.7
Tanzania .. 1.3 –0.8 2.8 9.3 8.6 11.6 9.5 8.5 8.8 1.4 9.5
Togo 23.2 14.7 2.8 3.2 –2.2 1.0 0.6 5.3 4.5 12.3 6.7 1.8
Uganda –0.4 0.6 5.6 8.1 9.2 6.3 5.5 6.5 9.1 2.3 5.8 7.3
Zambia 19.3 16.6 3.9 –1.1 8.3 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.2 14.0 7.1 16.0
Zimbabwe 13.8 17.5 19.0 16.0 13.3 10.2 6.0 5.9 4.8 16.5 16.9 8.1
NORTH AFRICA 40.5 22.3 18.2 21.8 25.1 24.9 24.4 24.8 25.6 28.4 20.8 25.0
Algeria 43.1 27.1 27.1 31.4 44.2 40.9 38.0 36.4 35.7 31.5 30.1 39.0
Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.2 16.1 12.0 16.9 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.5 19.0 15.5 14.0 18.1
Libya 56.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46.9 .. ..
Morocco 13.7 19.3 18.1 19.6 18.2 19.3 19.1 19.8 20.1 15.9 17.0 19.3
Tunisia 24.0 25.5 23.6 .. 25.3 24.5 24.9 25.6 26.7 20.5 21.2 25.4
ALL AFRICA 31.6 20.7 16.3 18.3 21.3 20.9 20.0 21.7 23.0 24.3 18.0 21.4
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 37

Table
2.13 Gross national savings

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 27.2 16.0 13.3 14.0 15.7 15.1 14.0 16.4 18.3 20.7 13.9 15.9
excluding South Africa 23.7 13.4 12.0 12.7 15.6 14.9 12.4 15.1 17.8 18.1 11.8 15.2
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 18.8 12.1 11.3 11.2 12.6 11.9 11.8 13.3 15.0 18.3 10.3 12.9
Angola .. 5.5 5.1 –1.7 21.4 –1.4 10.4 7.6 13.4 19.9 12.1 10.3
Benin 1.1 5.8 11.3 9.9 10.9 12.5 7.3 9.4 8.9 2.1 7.3 9.8
Botswana 28.7 43.3 47.1 38.5 39.1 41.7 30.0 38.8 41.8 33.7 41.3 38.3
Burkina Faso .. 13.4 15.1 6.6 5.6 6.9 6.8 7.7 10.5 .. 14.6 7.5
Burundi .. .. –0.2 –0.1 –0.1 0.4 1.3 6.5 7.9 .. 1.4 3.2
Cameroon 5.1 16.1 15.0 28.0 15.4 13.5 15.0 16.3 16.9 19.3 14.9 15.4
Cape Verde .. 17.6 8.4 8.1 9.1 8.0 9.4 9.2 14.2 21.8 21.2 10.0
Central African Republic 1.6 –0.4 5.9 12.0 8.0 12.3 7.6 14.7 13.2 5.6 3.9 11.2
Chad .. –2.7 8.7 2.4 7.9 6.6 –3.0 5.1 18.3 –3.3 3.5 7.0
Comoros –0.4 9.7 8.3 2.5 14.8 14.8 11.6 7.3 7.6 15.0 6.6 11.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. 7.9 0.8 –6.8 1.1 –1.3 0.3 5.3 10.3 6.9 5.9 1.1 4.3
Congo, Rep. .. 6.6 7.4 11.0 28.5 23.3 23.0 22.8 26.6 18.0 5.0 24.8
Côte d’Ivoire .. –4.3 10.7 11.7 8.0 10.1 16.3 11.9 13.6 8.6 6.2 12.0
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. –22.0 9.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 ..
Eritrea .. .. 8.3 4.9 20.4 28.7 26.3 –6.4 –20.8 .. 14.2 9.6
Ethiopia .. 11.9 19.7 8.5 10.5 13.0 12.6 13.7 14.3 8.8 12.2 12.8
Gabon .. 25.4 23.9 18.9 11.5 33.7 29.2 28.2 29.5 23.5 26.6 26.4
Gambia, The .. .. 16.4 14.2 13.6 14.8 18.2 18.6 14.3 .. 16.2 15.9
Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.5 22.8 .. .. 22.2
Guinea .. 10.6 14.3 14.8 14.7 14.3 8.8 6.5 4.6 8.7 11.6 9.8
Guinea-Bissau –6.3 15.3 –7.8 –3.3 –2.7 –15.7 –8.0 5.1 9.8 –0.3 5.5 –2.3
Kenya 15.4 18.6 12.8 13.7 15.2 15.6 16.3 17.1 16.9 15.8 16.1 16.2
Lesotho 34.6 39.0 14.3 22.4 22.6 26.2 25.6 29.3 35.8 32.9 29.4 27.9
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. –21.4 –11.1 –10.1 28.7 .. .. –3.5
Madagascar –2.4 9.2 7.3 9.5 9.4 17.2 8.3 13.0 13.5 2.1 4.9 12.3
Malawi 6.6 15.4 4.3 –2.5 2.2 2.4 –12.0 –5.1 –5.3 11.1 2.5 –3.6
Mali 1.9 15.1 12.9 11.9 16.0 12.9 8.5 14.5 11.0 3.5 14.4 12.6
Mauritania 3.9 17.6 14.3 18.7 24.0 7.6 15.6 –3.8 –5.4 17.1 14.0 7.6
Mauritius 14.0 26.3 26.7 24.9 25.3 27.6 26.5 26.5 24.0 19.7 26.5 26.0
Mozambique –6.9 2.1 9.8 14.7 15.4 6.4 11.1 11.3 12.5 –3.8 4.0 11.4
Namibia 26.9 34.8 28.2 24.3 27.7 27.7 27.7 41.6 39.7 18.5 27.3 32.9
Niger 13.0 –1.2 1.6 2.8 2.8 4.4 4.7 5.5 6.3 5.3 1.0 4.8
Nigeriab 26.1 19.4 15.4 13.9 27.2 25.4 15.1 21.5 27.1 13.4 17.0 23.3
Rwanda .. .. –4.0 –1.3 –0.5 0.2 –2.3 –3.8 –0.6 .. –9.2 –1.4
São Tomé and Principe –5.5 –51.1 –18.1 –19.0 –11.4 –29.6 –20.7 –24.4 –33.0 –17.6 –28.9 –23.8
Senegal –7.4 6.0 14.4 12.7 14.6 14.5 10.8 14.2 16.7 –4.2 10.1 14.2
Seychelles .. 21.7 16.9 23.2 15.7 15.5 15.2 14.8 18.5 .. 21.5 15.9
Sierra Leone 0.5 2.6 2.7 –5.6 –7.9 –3.1 5.2 6.2 5.6 7.2 0.1 1.2
Somalia –5.8 –21.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.2 –21.9 ..
South Africa 33.9 19.1 15.2 15.9 15.8 15.4 17.2 18.4 19.0 24.3 16.6 17.2
Sudan 4.0 .. 0.4 0.0 3.4 2.8 8.1 10.0 16.5 6.5 –0.8 8.2
Swaziland 16.7 27.4 15.5 16.2 14.5 13.9 24.7 19.9 19.0 20.2 19.9 18.4
Tanzania .. 5.9 –1.9 0.9 7.5 7.5 10.8 9.5 8.0 18.1 2.9 8.7
Togo 26.4 17.8 5.8 3.8 0.4 3.1 4.1 7.3 6.5 13.3 8.2 4.3
Uganda –0.9 0.6 6.0 8.2 9.6 6.9 6.7 7.3 10.4 2.6 8.0 8.2
Zambia 7.3 6.7 –3.6 –6.6 2.9 12.1 13.7 15.2 10.0 2.2 –1.2 10.8
Zimbabwe .. 15.7 16.4 16.1 9.6 9.3 5.7 4.8 3.1 17.3 16.0 6.5
NORTH AFRICA 37.1 19.8 20.8 20.1 23.3 26.7 26.2 26.4 26.8 24.6 18.2 25.9
Algeria .. .. .. .. 40.6 38.1 35.9 34.7 34.3 .. .. 36.7
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. 18.9 .. 23.0 22.7 22.5 22.9 23.1 .. .. 22.8
Libya 53.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.5 .. ..
Morocco .. .. 21.8 22.5 22.8 23.8 23.2 24.1 24.2 .. 21.9 23.6
Tunisia 25.0 .. 23.4 .. 24.7 23.8 24.2 25.0 26.1 20.9 20.7 24.8
ALL AFRICA 30.2 18.5 16.1 17.7 19.9 19.6 18.5 19.8 20.9 22.7 16.9 19.8
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

38 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.14 Resource balance
(exports minus imports)

Share of GDP
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 3.1 1.7 –3.7 –2.7 1.6 0.2 –0.7 0.6 2.5 –0.1 –1.0 0.8
excluding South Africa 0.8 –0.7 –7.0 –6.3 0.7 –1.9 –2.9 –1.9 1.3 –3.1 –3.8 –0.9
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria –5.1 –3.3 –7.5 –6.8 –3.2 –4.9 –3.5 –4.8 –3.5 –4.4 –5.3 –4.0
Angola .. 18.0 –16.3 –6.4 26.8 1.7 12.0 6.6 15.3 9.1 1.8 12.5
Benin –21.5 –12.0 –10.4 –12.7 –12.9 –12.7 –13.9 –12.8 –12.7 –17.5 –12.5 –13.0
Botswana –13.4 5.3 6.3 10.7 21.7 17.5 11.1 8.9 7.5 5.3 9.8 13.4
Burkina Faso –22.3 –13.0 –15.6 –15.7 –16.2 –13.9 –13.1 –14.8 –14.3 –20.2 –14.1 –14.5
Burundi –14.5 –19.9 –11.4 –8.4 –13.5 –15.2 –17.8 –19.5 –22.0 –13.5 –14.4 –17.6
Cameroon 0.8 2.9 1.7 –0.2 3.6 –1.3 –0.8 0.4 –0.4 0.4 2.5 0.3
Cape Verde .. –31.0 –35.1 –38.4 –33.9 –33.4 –36.6 –34.5 –32.6 –42.3 –35.2 –34.2
Central African Republic –15.9 –12.9 –8.2 –3.4 –3.1 –2.9 –4.5 –2.2 –4.4 –12.1 –7.7 –3.4
Chad –11.9 –14.4 –11.1 –13.9 –17.8 –35.2 –60.7 –35.0 5.6 –13.5 –13.6 –28.6
Comoros –43.2 –21.8 –22.6 –20.7 –12.0 –12.6 –10.4 –10.3 –11.6 –33.3 –22.2 –11.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1 0.3 –3.1 6.0 1.0 –2.0 –4.9 –7.2 –8.9 –0.8 1.2 –4.4
Congo, Rep. –0.1 7.9 3.7 13.2 36.7 26.6 26.7 24.5 27.2 –0.5 2.9 28.3
Côte d’Ivoire –6.2 4.6 6.4 8.2 7.1 7.8 16.2 10.4 9.7 3.2 6.5 10.3
Djibouti .. .. –16.1 –14.4 –18.2 .. .. .. .. .. –15.7 –18.2
Equatorial Guinea .. –37.4 –71.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. –28.6 –45.8 ..
Eritrea .. .. –65.3 –77.2 –66.6 –55.8 –59.7 –85.8 –85.7 .. –55.8 –70.7
Ethiopia .. –3.3 –8.0 –14.8 –15.0 –14.7 –18.0 –19.4 –19.4 –7.4 –9.2 –17.3
Gabon 33.1 15.2 1.7 6.8 2.2 19.8 20.0 21.4 21.0 9.7 16.0 16.9
Gambia, The –20.9 –11.7 –6.6 –6.8 –8.9 –5.4 –8.3 –9.2 –17.6 –13.2 –12.6 –9.9
Ghana –0.7 –9.0 –12.9 –17.5 –18.4 –19.6 –12.3 –13.9 –13.9 –3.1 –12.4 –15.6
Guinea .. 0.2 –3.7 –4.8 –5.1 –1.9 –4.0 –2.3 –4.3 0.2 –3.7 –3.5
Guinea-Bissau –29.2 –27.1 –21.4 –18.0 –19.8 –34.3 –21.7 –11.4 –14.9 –32.9 –24.5 –20.4
Kenya –6.4 –5.6 –6.3 –4.9 –8.0 –7.9 –3.5 –4.4 –5.6 –4.9 –2.7 –5.9
Lesotho –89.0 –105.6 –80.6 –71.0 –62.7 –56.5 –60.4 –57.0 –48.8 –106.3 –94.4 –57.1
Liberia –0.1 .. .. .. .. –8.4 –8.1 –11.8 –13.0 2.9 .. –10.3
Madagascar –16.4 –11.4 –7.8 –7.7 –7.3 –3.2 –6.6 –9.0 –16.5 –7.7 –8.2 –8.5
Malawi –14.0 –9.6 –5.3 –15.3 –9.7 –11.1 –21.4 –22.5 –24.4 –6.7 –14.3 –17.8
Mali –14.4 –16.6 –10.5 –11.7 –12.6 –17.0 –7.3 –10.9 –8.3 –17.6 –14.9 –11.2
Mauritania –29.8 –15.1 –12.3 –11.2 –13.3 –16.0 –19.7 –37.1 –40.3 –24.4 –11.3 –25.3
Mauritius –10.9 –7.2 –2.7 –2.2 –1.9 2.7 3.8 2.1 –0.6 –3.5 –4.3 1.2
Mozambique –16.5 –27.9 –13.5 –22.9 –21.9 –17.9 –18.8 –15.8 –8.3 –18.4 –24.2 –16.5
Namibia 7.8 –15.5 –12.0 –10.8 –5.5 –6.4 –2.0 –3.6 1.2 –7.6 –10.0 –3.3
Niger –13.5 –6.9 –8.6 –6.5 –7.9 –7.7 –8.9 –9.2 –10.0 –8.0 –6.2 –8.7
Nigeriab 10.2 14.6 –4.5 –4.2 15.7 8.9 –0.2 8.6 17.2 1.1 4.1 10.0
Rwanda –11.9 –8.5 –17.6 –17.3 –16.2 –15.8 –16.9 –19.3 –18.1 –10.3 –19.9 –17.3
São Tomé and Principe –28.4 –58.0 –42.8 –49.3 –47.7 –58.7 –50.0 –52.5 –63.5 –32.0 –61.7 –54.5
Senegal –16.7 –4.9 –6.7 –7.2 –10.0 –9.7 –11.2 –13.0 –13.6 –12.0 –5.9 –11.5
Seychelles –11.2 –4.3 –15.9 –17.6 –2.9 –20.4 –2.3 9.6 6.7 –2.3 –8.6 –1.9
Sierra Leone –15.4 –1.3 –2.8 –15.7 –21.3 –18.1 –19.3 –21.1 –15.4 –3.1 –4.5 –19.0
Somalia –55.3 –28.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. –35.1 –28.0 ..
South Africa 8.0 5.5 1.1 2.6 3.0 3.9 4.2 4.7 4.2 5.1 2.8 4.0
Sudan –12.6 .. –12.2 –9.1 –2.4 –7.8 –6.2 –4.3 –3.9 –9.4 –10.2 –4.9
Swaziland –39.4 –12.5 –21.0 –18.4 –15.6 –15.4 –0.3 –0.3 –3.3 –23.5 –19.1 –7.0
Tanzania .. –24.8 –14.7 –12.7 –8.3 –8.4 –7.5 –9.1 –9.9 –12.3 –19.6 –8.7
Togo –5.3 –11.9 –13.6 –10.1 –20.0 –19.4 –18.0 –13.6 –13.5 –7.2 –9.6 –16.9
Uganda –6.6 –12.1 –10.8 –12.0 –11.9 –12.1 –14.7 –14.1 –13.9 –6.2 –11.7 –13.3
Zambia –4.0 –0.7 –12.5 –18.7 –10.4 –2.8 –5.3 –7.4 –7.7 –2.1 –7.0 –6.7
Zimbabwe –3.2 0.1 –1.7 1.6 –0.3 0.8 –1.1 –4.7 –8.0 –0.8 –2.6 –2.6
NORTH AFRICA 4.7 –3.4 –2.8 –1.4 3.5 3.3 1.8 1.3 1.4 –3.1 –0.9 2.3
Algeria 4.0 –1.5 0.1 3.5 20.4 15.0 9.6 6.3 4.8 1.5 1.3 11.2
Egypt, Arab Rep. –12.4 –12.7 –9.5 –8.6 –6.6 –5.0 –5.2 –5.0 –4.9 –13.2 –6.7 –5.3
Libya 34.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.4 .. ..
Morocco –10.5 –6.0 –4.1 –3.8 –6.1 –5.3 –5.9 –5.5 –5.3 –8.5 –5.2 –5.6
Tunisia –5.4 –7.0 –3.4 –2.2 –3.5 –3.6 –3.7 –3.5 –3.2 –6.1 –4.3 –3.5
ALL AFRICA 3.6 0.1 –3.2 –2.1 2.4 1.4 0.3 1.0 2.4 –1.0 –0.8 1.5
a. Preliminary.
b. Since 1994 Nigeria’s ratios have been distorted because the official exchange rate used by the government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly overvalued.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 39

Table
2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal

Current prices
($ millions)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 79,589 77,334 90,678 93,010 110,599 107,305 110,298 140,988 177,280 62,624 85,417 129,294
excluding South Africa 51,112 50,175 56,228 59,268 73,564 71,811 74,034 94,618 120,252 36,479 53,877 86,856
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 31,308 37,841 45,451 46,437 51,149 51,042 55,002 65,625 80,879 28,593 41,344 60,739
Angola .. 3,993 3,666 5,311 8,182 6,847 8,406 9,709 13,722 2,613 4,223 9,373
Benin 222 264 399 385 342 360 380 487 539 214 327 422
Botswana 563 2,087 2,537 2,743 3,222 2,835 2,504 3,232 3,570 999 2,350 3,073
Burkina Faso 173 352 362 287 237 260 272 357 416 184 287 308
Burundi 81 89 71 61 55 45 39 55 59 111 89 51
Cameroon 1,880 2,251 2,306 2,241 2,343 2,104 2,169 2,762 3,061 2,240 2,179 2,488
Cape Verde 19 43 109 113 146 167 194 253 295 37 79 211
Central African Republic 201 220 178 117 126 121 126 138 150 181 185 132
Chad 175 234 323 282 234 251 253 675 2,274 153 254 738
Comoros 11 36 26 29 31 35 39 58 60 22 40 44
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,372 2,759 1,852 1,109 964 875 1,174 1,482 2,023 2,016 1,595 1,304
Congo, Rep. 1,024 1,502 1,487 1,702 2,586 2,232 2,434 2,766 3,669 1,092 1,393 2,737
Côte d’Ivoire 3,561 3,421 5,038 5,067 4,211 4,357 5,695 6,280 7,445 3,142 4,129 5,598
Djibouti .. .. 244 250 247 .. .. .. .. .. 222 247
Equatorial Guinea .. 42 464 .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 160 ..
Eritrea .. .. 111 66 96 133 128 103 122 .. 132 116
Ethiopia .. 672 1,038 918 984 980 983 1,139 1,369 607 727 1,091
Gabon 2,770 2,740 2,119 1,964 1,825 2,619 2,957 3,781 4,420 1,964 2,621 3,120
Gambia, The 103 190 213 199 202 150 157 158 184 108 195 170
Ghana 376 993 2,532 2,473 2,429 2,401 2,625 3,066 3,349 554 1,684 2,774
Guinea .. 870 770 759 735 822 785 807 824 660 740 794
Guinea-Bissau 14 24 30 56 68 57 61 77 98 15 32 72
Kenya 2,144 2,207 2,843 2,687 2,743 2,968 3,281 3,590 4,207 1,805 2,594 3,358
Lesotho 86 104 239 216 256 319 390 520 763 66 187 450
Liberia 613 .. .. .. .. 126 111 133 171 519 .. 135
Madagascar 539 512 805 909 1,190 1,317 704 1,264 1,425 414 673 1,180
Malawi 307 447 574 498 446 480 471 480 511 295 465 478
Mali 263 415 644 680 649 876 1,066 1,153 1,341 255 514 1,017
Mauritania 261 465 399 370 379 379 382 359 451 387 448 390
Mauritius 539 1,529 2,653 2,716 2,801 2,978 2,757 3,099 3,356 764 2,191 2,998
Mozambique 383 201 519 586 744 1,004 1,188 1,353 1,828 215 373 1,223
Namibia 1,712 1,220 1,562 1,563 1,558 1,446 1,548 2,300 2,644 1,139 1,543 1,899
Niger 617 372 369 321 320 329 330 438 491 420 325 382
Nigeria 18,859 12,366 10,776 12,832 22,416 20,774 19,044 28,997 39,372 7,725 12,563 26,120
Rwanda 168 145 111 114 151 157 132 139 189 173 107 154
São Tomé and Principe 10 8 12 16 15 16 20 22 25 12 11 20
Senegal 803 1,450 1,419 1,466 1,310 1,402 1,527 2,137 2,165 924 1,376 1,708
Seychelles 100 230 370 422 464 490 555 648 663 123 298 564
Sierra Leone 252 146 109 84 115 129 153 197 240 187 155 167
Somalia 200 90 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 90 ..
South Africa 28,555 27,149 34,451 33,742 37,034 35,495 36,266 46,372 57,032 26,088 31,523 42,440
Sudan 806 .. 607 828 1,891 1,711 1,996 2,613 3,822 875 682 2,407
Swaziland 405 658 1,059 1,006 1,133 1,156 1,131 1,641 2,357 394 886 1,484
Tanzania .. 538 1,144 1,166 1,307 1,537 1,667 1,881 2,016 478 913 1,681
Togo 580 545 471 455 409 421 498 595 691 464 441 523
Uganda 242 312 635 735 663 690 697 778 933 371 500 752
Zambia 1,608 1,180 865 701 682 980 875 891 1,059 1,060 1,083 897
Zimbabwe 1,561 2,009 2,632 2,767 2,660 2,357 2,012 1,855 1,694 1,530 2,469 2,116
NORTH AFRICA 41,644 42,750 52,125 55,873 69,479 70,139 69,781 76,628 83,995 32,437 49,017 74,004
Algeria 14,541 14,546 10,880 13,259 22,579 21,701 20,578 21,804 25,103 12,221 12,508 22,353
Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,992 8,647 13,754 13,500 15,940 17,072 16,332 16,009 14,997 6,654 12,493 16,070
Libya 23,523 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17,320 .. ..
Morocco 3,273 6,830 9,970 10,624 10,409 10,405 11,152 13,886 16,128 3,790 8,399 12,396
Tunisia 3,518 5,353 8,529 8,852 8,566 8,863 9,682 11,711 13,279 3,312 7,161 10,420
ALL AFRICA 119,851 120,832 143,447 149,272 180,196 177,254 180,144 219,111 264,541 95,467 135,057 204,249
a. Preliminary.

40 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal

Current prices
($ millions)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 71,605 72,339 102,796 101,854 105,173 106,736 112,819 138,198 164,342 62,943 88,497 125,453
excluding South Africa 49,598 51,408 69,879 71,567 72,066 75,860 81,220 99,694 116,289 41,489 60,580 89,026
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 37,269 43,207 57,643 57,263 56,271 59,350 62,065 75,690 89,320 34,079 49,338 68,539
Angola .. 2,147 4,714 5,705 5,736 6,697 7,110 8,801 10,728 1,895 4,019 7,814
Benin 524 486 642 688 634 662 772 944 1,055 447 579 813
Botswana 705 1,888 2,229 2,204 2,080 1,930 1,900 2,542 2,893 842 1,896 2,269
Burkina Faso 603 758 798 729 658 650 693 977 1,104 579 659 816
Burundi 214 314 174 129 151 146 151 171 205 254 234 165
Cameroon 1,829 1,931 2,159 2,268 1,981 2,228 2,254 2,712 3,128 2,219 1,926 2,461
Cape Verde 100 148 298 337 326 351 419 529 604 104 237 446
Central African Republic 327 411 264 153 155 149 174 164 207 292 282 170
Chad 298 485 516 495 480 850 1,457 1,611 2,034 305 469 1,286
Comoros 64 93 75 75 55 63 65 91 103 67 93 75
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,354 2,731 2,045 827 920 971 1,447 1,891 2,610 2,107 1,537 1,568
Congo, Rep. 1,026 1,282 1,416 1,391 1,404 1,490 1,629 1,891 2,488 1,093 1,309 1,780
Côte d’Ivoire 4,190 2,927 4,224 4,041 3,471 3,529 3,837 4,848 5,939 2,906 3,406 4,325
Djibouti .. .. 327 327 347 .. .. .. .. .. 302 347
Equatorial Guinea .. 92 791 .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 270 ..
Eritrea .. .. 597 597 518 507 505 744 917 .. 482 638
Ethiopia .. 1,069 1,655 1,882 1,961 1,938 2,073 2,430 2,934 1,096 1,351 2,267
Gabon 1,354 1,837 2,041 1,669 1,718 1,761 1,962 2,484 2,902 1,586 1,797 2,165
Gambia, The 153 227 240 228 239 173 188 192 255 137 242 209
Ghana 407 1,522 3,492 3,826 3,347 3,441 3,380 4,113 4,550 709 2,509 3,766
Guinea .. 864 903 924 894 880 913 892 986 658 867 913
Guinea-Bissau 46 90 74 96 111 125 105 104 138 67 91 117
Kenya 2,608 2,691 3,737 3,312 3,757 4,002 3,741 4,257 5,114 2,154 2,942 4,174
Lesotho 470 753 956 864 794 750 812 1,127 1,430 503 977 983
Liberia 614 .. .. .. .. 171 156 184 235 491 .. 187
Madagascar 1,202 864 1,095 1,197 1,474 1,463 993 1,756 2,146 668 942 1,566
Malawi 480 629 667 769 616 672 886 878 974 384 716 805
Mali 520 817 915 982 954 1,322 1,311 1,630 1,747 536 882 1,393
Mauritania 473 619 538 495 523 554 601 856 1,069 576 571 721
Mauritius 665 1,701 2,767 2,808 2,888 2,854 2,584 2,988 3,393 809 2,334 2,941
Mozambique 965 888 1,041 1,500 1,571 1,665 1,958 2,108 2,320 773 1,001 1,925
Namibia 1,542 1,584 1,972 1,927 1,746 1,652 1,610 2,461 2,573 1,284 1,844 2,008
Niger 957 545 547 452 462 479 523 688 795 583 448 589
Nigeria 12,324 8,203 12,236 14,304 15,794 16,511 19,151 23,997 26,965 7,362 11,214 20,484
Rwanda 307 364 462 448 445 427 425 464 521 354 405 456
São Tomé and Principe 24 42 30 40 38 44 46 54 61 28 41 49
Senegal 1,302 1,728 1,733 1,806 1,746 1,844 2,085 3,110 3,223 1,283 1,664 2,401
Seychelles 117 246 467 531 482 616 572 581 616 123 344 573
Sierra Leone 421 154 128 188 250 276 336 408 407 225 191 335
Somalia 534 346 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 403 346 ..
South Africa 22,073 21,016 32,917 30,287 33,107 30,889 31,615 38,525 48,071 21,441 27,961 36,442
Sudan 1,763 .. 1,955 1,802 2,189 2,756 2,924 3,367 4,650 1,853 1,750 3,177
Swaziland 619 768 1,342 1,260 1,349 1,350 1,134 1,648 2,441 515 1,116 1,584
Tanzania .. 1,595 2,375 2,263 2,064 2,333 2,403 2,816 3,138 1,060 1,977 2,551
Togo 640 738 687 615 674 678 763 833 969 542 586 784
Uganda 324 834 1,344 1,455 1,366 1,378 1,554 1,662 1,879 619 1,042 1,568
Zambia 1,764 1,203 1,268 1,287 1,018 1,080 1,072 1,212 1,478 1,148 1,313 1,172
Zimbabwe 1,771 2,002 2,737 2,670 2,680 2,249 2,341 2,225 2,068 1,598 2,661 2,312
NORTH AFRICA 35,735 48,320 58,282 59,057 61,124 62,285 65,481 73,361 80,245 36,910 50,712 68,499
Algeria 12,847 15,472 10,850 11,571 11,709 13,177 14,998 17,742 21,472 13,875 11,907 15,820
Egypt, Arab Rep. 9,822 14,109 21,812 21,144 22,457 21,963 21,010 20,264 18,706 10,787 16,635 20,880
Libya 11,167 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,722 .. ..
Morocco 5,247 8,374 11,425 11,959 12,458 12,220 13,362 16,426 18,932 5,136 9,979 14,680
Tunisia 3,987 6,220 9,194 9,317 9,257 9,583 10,494 12,636 14,251 3,834 7,840 11,244
ALL AFRICA 105,915 120,427 161,198 160,957 166,337 169,047 178,347 211,993 245,485 99,277 139,313 194,242
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 41

Table
2.17 Exports of goods and services, real

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 66,392 72,535 105,566 105,105 110,601 112,092 112,871 120,689 127,834 0.0 5.0 3.7
excluding South Africa 46,987 49,929 71,807 70,917 73,566 74,403 74,981 82,709 88,916 –0.3 4.8 4.9
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 24,776 33,884 46,903 49,120 51,151 52,877 55,871 57,458 62,879 0.0 4.7 5.0
Angola 3,618 4,804 8,223 8,499 8,182 7,951 9,753 9,443 10,632 1.6 7.2 7.2
Benin 391 247 351 344 342 359 359 376 378 –4.5 2.0 2.5
Botswana 691 1,993 2,509 2,680 3,222 3,063 2,736 2,603 2,595 13.8 4.0 –5.8
Burkina Faso 226 253 297 262 237 244 273 300 307 –1.7 –0.1 7.5
Burundi 10 18 30 41 55 69 66 116 89 3.8 5.2 16.0
Cameroon 1,054 1,870 2,184 2,466 2,343 2,387 2,363 2,453 2,495 6.5 2.7 1.5
Cape Verde 31 42 93 96 146 167 182 208 226 0.3 13.9 11.5
Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. –1.3 .. –8.4
Chad 159 214 259 254 234 225 211 481 1,301 7.4 2.8 52.1
Comoros 9 28 28 32 31 27 28 24 32 11.0 –2.2 –0.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. 667 1,224 669 1,000 964 983 1,062 1,065 1,279 11.2 –2.5 6.7
Congo, Rep. 1,118 2,024 3,032 2,553 2,586 2,635 2,917 2,800 3,027 4.9 5.6 3.8
Côte d’Ivoire 3,048 4,084 4,203 4,337 4,211 4,152 4,372 4,263 4,997 1.2 1.5 3.8
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. .. 111 67 96 131 127 86 80 .. –1.4 –7.4
Ethiopia .. 579 704 761 984 1,032 1,172 1,351 1,842 3.6 5.9 14.6
Gabon 1,118 1,647 2,027 1,893 1,825 1,857 1,915 1,976 2,041 1.8 2.3 2.9
Gambia, The 112 182 191 184 202 160 183 200 211 0.5 –1.1 3.2
Ghana 853 1,005 2,139 2,409 2,429 2,430 2,389 2,453 2,547 1.4 10.5 1.0
Guinea .. 501 691 713 735 791 781 739 765 .. 4.4 0.1
Guinea-Bissau 22 17 33 55 68 71 71 76 79 –3.9 14.2 3.7
Kenya 1,479 2,374 2,482 2,712 2,743 2,878 3,134 3,340 4,002 3.3 1.2 9.5
Lesotho 58 83 178 204 256 339 430 395 447 4.7 10.7 13.5
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 976 756 893 1,031 1,190 1,304 706 993 1,008 –1.8 3.3 –5.9
Malawi 315 354 574 479 446 491 499 480 465 2.1 4.8 0.6
Mali 175 266 559 657 649 811 1,067 907 905 4.7 10.1 8.1
Mauritania 338 412 363 377 379 365 338 306 332 3.5 –1.5 –4.3
Mauritius 732 1,739 2,726 2,859 2,801 3,101 3,394 3,632 3,570 10.1 5.8 6.6
Mozambique 436 237 572 564 744 1,127 1,310 1,485 1,840 –8.9 10.5 23.2
Namibia 1,096 954 1,504 1,571 1,558 1,525 1,739 2,139 1,994 1.4 4.3 8.7
Niger 257 214 291 261 320 298 286 282 287 –3.2 3.1 –2.7
Nigeria 21,726 16,042 24,883 21,797 22,416 21,536 19,138 25,252 26,045 –1.5 5.1 4.7
Rwanda 171 210 116 138 151 264 279 274 304 4.2 –6.4 15.5
São Tomé and Principe .. 9 10 14 15 22 26 28 34 .. 1.5 19.6
Senegal 520 807 1,203 1,364 1,310 1,424 1,470 1,472 1,526 3.7 6.2 3.4
Seychelles .. 252 360 378 464 503 533 613 638 .. 4.9 8.7
Sierra Leone 199 144 96 95 115 128 128 232 261 –1.1 –7.8 25.0
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 19,504 22,613 33,766 34,192 37,034 37,687 37,888 37,991 38,937 1.6 5.6 1.1
Sudan 764 334 462 845 1,891 1,736 1,790 2,135 2,434 –5.0 8.8 7.4
Swaziland 424 778 1,058 1,006 1,133 1,318 1,345 1,264 1,278 7.5 3.5 2.0
Tanzania .. 685 1,200 1,120 1,307 1,500 1,559 1,649 1,534 .. 7.8 4.2
Togo 499 414 432 426 409 460 476 508 523 0.4 1.4 6.1
Uganda .. 229 566 715 663 757 844 911 968 1.4 16.0 9.9
Zambia 812 559 759 797 682 880 939 1,034 1,164 –3.0 3.5 13.1
Zimbabwe 638 1,011 2,377 2,502 2,660 2,521 2,210 1,942 1,981 4.3 10.8 –8.2
NORTH AFRICA 28,647 46,965 61,588 65,859 69,829 72,299 72,627 76,518 84,537 4.9 3.7 4.3
Algeria 10,759 16,228 19,562 20,735 22,560 21,951 22,983 24,959 25,808 4.2 2.9 2.7
Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,893 11,050 14,282 15,584 16,175 16,707 15,406 17,226 21,981 4.4 3.3 6.0
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 2,848 6,337 9,495 10,196 10,452 11,529 12,276 12,083 12,647 7.6 5.0 2.8
Tunisia 3,205 5,248 7,625 7,985 8,597 9,641 9,434 9,050 9,520 5.1 5.1 6.9
ALL AFRICA 96,405 119,419 167,789 171,093 180,508 184,300 185,426 197,256 212,036 0.9 4.6 3.9
a. Preliminary.

42 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.18 Imports of goods and services, real

Constant prices Average annual growth

(2000 $ millions) (%)

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 31,471 63,935 101,955 102,576 105,176 111,306 120,963 129,714 143,743 6.6 6.1 8.1
excluding South Africa 18,973 45,474 67,641 71,152 72,071 78,138 86,122 91,787 100,476 8.4 5.2 8.6
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 9,032 35,618 55,134 56,769 56,278 60,712 66,628 70,018 78,220 14.9 5.6 8.3
Angola 3,008 2,461 4,871 5,410 5,736 6,833 7,885 10,188 11,166 –1.8 9.3 18.9
Benin 797 484 560 615 634 660 668 670 678 –7.4 1.8 1.5
Botswana 715 1,729 2,159 2,172 2,080 2,064 2,048 2,012 2,067 8.2 3.7 –0.4
Burkina Faso 517 650 816 752 658 718 762 1,000 1,035 2.6 1.7 13.2
Burundi 51 66 93 110 151 175 204 289 309 1.8 1.8 21.4
Cameroon 795 1,261 1,658 1,706 1,981 2,213 2,416 2,353 2,450 4.9 4.1 5.0
Cape Verde 122 145 254 288 326 351 393 435 448 –1.9 8.2 8.9
Central African Republic 110 99,316 .. 149 155 135 72 110 101 96.5 .. –10.0
Chad 318 535 413 447 480 762 3,550 1,147 1,163 11.5 –2.8 24.4
Comoros 83 84 69 75 55 65 63 73 74 0.3 –0.9 7.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. 566 1,063 492 785 920 1,012 1,387 1,767 2,233 13.1 –6.5 26.2
Congo, Rep. 1,031 1,044 1,135 1,344 1,404 1,493 1,854 2,178 3,531 –4.7 2.5 24.9
Côte d’Ivoire 3,345 2,313 4,398 4,316 3,471 3,624 3,554 3,984 4,486 –2.2 8.9 6.3
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. .. 596 607 518 520 502 508 434 .. 9.9 –3.7
Ethiopia .. 1,116 1,679 1,967 1,961 1,952 2,148 2,515 3,028 4.6 5.3 11.9
Gabon 1,662 1,729 2,009 1,679 1,718 1,757 1,806 1,865 1,936 –2.1 0.9 3.0
Gambia, The 303 218 216 211 239 184 219 242 260 –7.5 –1.6 4.5
Ghana 1,888 1,541 3,673 4,082 3,347 3,606 3,449 3,713 4,134 –0.5 11.8 4.6
Guinea .. 780 834 864 894 921 1,004 881 912 .. 1.0 0.0
Guinea-Bissau 79 84 64 82 111 107 92 84 91 1.1 –2.5 –6.3
Kenya 1,913 1,854 3,742 3,687 3,757 4,489 4,132 4,240 4,889 0.9 10.3 4.8
Lesotho 520 761 951 846 794 850 989 966 1,009 3.4 2.1 6.3
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 1,827 1,027 1,139 1,209 1,474 1,647 1,235 1,638 2,045 –7.7 3.3 6.7
Malawi 803 743 688 787 616 704 907 806 800 –1.5 –0.3 6.8
Mali 392 683 869 938 954 1,238 1,110 1,260 1,225 6.8 3.1 5.3
Mauritania 518 625 531 483 523 612 685 754 828 0.7 –0.8 12.0
Mauritius 829 1,793 2,691 2,853 2,888 2,955 3,108 3,233 3,230 9.5 5.2 3.2
Mozambique 1,232 851 1,146 1,610 1,571 1,246 1,756 1,985 2,067 –4.4 5.5 10.7
Namibia 1,107 1,151 1,817 1,842 1,746 1,918 1,983 2,096 1,868 0.5 6.0 2.3
Niger 1,017 569 468 378 462 504 526 533 558 –6.7 –2.1 4.4
Nigeria 25,771 9,462 12,527 14,392 15,794 17,425 19,492 21,761 22,257 –15.4 3.9 9.5
Rwanda 177 210 532 496 445 447 422 445 464 4.3 6.1 0.8
São Tomé and Principe .. 41 30 38 38 63 62 67 83 .. –2.3 17.9
Senegal 1,040 1,295 1,548 1,702 1,746 1,965 2,094 2,180 2,310 1.7 2.9 6.9
Seychelles .. 209 496 489 482 632 548 549 593 .. 11.1 2.8
Sierra Leone 381 176 178 158 250 380 512 553 487 –5.3 –1.7 18.7
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 19,907 18,795 34,297 31,429 33,107 33,179 34,859 37,943 43,278 –1.0 7.9 6.9
Sudan 1,742 1,083 2,739 2,064 2,189 2,182 2,346 2,470 4,643 –7.5 9.6 17.7
Swaziland 580 770 1,313 1,260 1,349 1,480 1,477 1,418 1,437 2.6 4.7 0.8
Tanzania .. 1,829 2,047 2,062 2,064 2,049 2,129 2,472 2,527 .. 0.1 6.1
Togo 708 803 776 710 674 681 716 736 758 3.0 1.0 3.2
Uganda .. 687 1,283 1,397 1,366 1,408 1,623 1,640 1,723 4.7 10.7 6.4
Zambia 1,977 1,180 1,253 1,274 1,018 1,295 1,219 1,264 1,401 –1.7 2.6 6.3
Zimbabwe 618 984 2,414 2,470 2,680 2,434 2,556 2,256 2,248 2.7 9.8 –4.2
NORTH AFRICA 48,971 50,959 57,810 57,821 61,124 63,329 67,352 70,614 74,372 –2.0 2.5 5.1
Algeria 16,346 14,285 11,799 10,943 11,709 13,722 14,970 15,771 16,501 –4.0 –1.4 8.6
Egypt, Arab Rep. 19,678 18,158 21,571 21,914 22,457 21,597 22,571 23,501 24,613 –2.2 3.0 2.7
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 4,291 7,787 11,284 11,560 12,458 12,743 13,601 14,184 15,073 2.4 5.7 5.0
Tunisia 4,456 6,357 8,196 8,444 9,257 9,835 10,432 11,100 11,805 0.6 3.5 6.3
ALL AFRICA 66,055 112,065 159,877 160,531 166,339 174,748 188,518 200,632 218,660 4.2 4.8 7.1
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 43

Table
2.19 Gross domestic product growth

Annual growth
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 4.2 1.1 2.3 2.6 3.3 3.5 3.4 4.1 5.1 1.8 2.4 4.0
excluding South Africa 2.0 2.1 3.5 2.8 2.7 3.9 3.2 4.8 5.5 2.2 2.7 4.3
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1.1 0.6 4.0 3.3 2.4 4.1 3.7 3.3 5.4 2.6 2.8 4.0
Angola .. –0.3 6.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 14.4 3.4 11.1 3.5 1.0 8.1
Benin 6.8 3.2 4.5 4.7 5.8 5.0 4.5 3.9 3.1 2.7 4.7 4.1
Botswana 12.0 6.8 6.0 5.4 7.6 5.2 5.0 6.7 4.9 10.9 4.7 5.5
Burkina Faso 0.8 –1.5 1.0 6.7 1.6 5.9 4.4 6.5 3.9 3.9 4.1 5.2
Burundi 1.0 3.5 4.8 –1.0 –0.9 2.1 4.4 –1.2 4.8 4.5 –3.2 2.3
Cameroon –2.0 –6.1 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.5 1.3 4.1
Cape Verde .. 0.7 7.4 8.6 6.6 3.8 4.6 6.2 4.4 6.3 5.9 4.9
Central African Republic –4.5 –2.1 4.7 3.6 2.3 1.5 –0.8 –7.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 –2.0
Chad –6.0 –4.2 7.0 –0.7 –0.4 10.4 8.4 14.9 29.5 6.7 2.3 14.7
Comoros .. 5.1 0.9 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.9 1.2 2.2
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2.2 –6.6 –1.6 –4.4 –6.9 –2.1 3.5 5.7 6.8 2.1 –5.0 3.7
Congo, Rep. 17.6 1.0 3.7 –3.0 8.2 3.8 4.6 0.8 3.6 3.8 0.9 3.1
Côte d’Ivoire –11.0 –1.1 4.8 1.6 –3.3 0.1 –1.6 –1.7 1.6 0.7 3.5 –0.6
Djibouti .. –1.9 0.5 2.2 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. –1.7 ..
Equatorial Guinea .. 3.3 21.9 41.4 1.5 1.5 17.6 14.7 10.0 .. 20.7 11.8
Eritrea .. .. 1.8 0.0 –13.1 9.2 0.7 3.9 2.0 .. 7.9 3.6
Ethiopia .. 2.1 –4.3 5.4 6.0 8.8 1.9 –3.7 13.4 2.1 4.0 3.7
Gabon 2.6 5.2 2.1 –6.2 2.0 2.5 0.0 2.6 1.4 0.5 3.2 1.6
Gambia, The 6.3 3.6 3.5 6.4 5.5 5.8 –3.2 6.9 5.1 3.5 2.7 3.2
Ghana 0.5 3.3 4.7 4.4 3.7 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 2.6 4.3 4.6
Guinea .. 4.4 4.8 4.6 1.9 4.0 4.2 1.2 2.7 .. 4.5 3.0
Guinea-Bissau –16.0 6.1 –28.1 7.8 7.5 0.2 –7.1 0.6 2.2 3.8 1.4 –1.5
Kenya 5.6 4.2 3.3 2.3 0.6 4.4 0.4 2.8 4.3 4.1 2.2 2.7
Lesotho –2.7 6.4 –4.6 0.2 1.3 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.1 4.1 4.2 3.2
Liberia –4.1 –51.0 29.7 22.9 25.7 2.9 3.7 –31.3 2.6 –3.3 0.2 –8.7
Madagascar 0.8 3.1 3.9 4.7 4.8 6.0 –12.7 9.8 5.3 0.8 1.7 0.9
Malawi 0.4 5.7 3.9 3.0 1.6 –5.0 2.9 6.1 7.1 2.4 3.8 3.0
Mali –4.3 –1.9 6.0 6.7 3.2 12.1 4.2 7.4 2.2 0.5 3.9 6.3
Mauritania 3.4 –1.8 3.5 7.8 6.7 3.6 2.3 6.4 6.9 1.9 4.5 4.7
Mauritius .. 5.8 6.0 5.8 4.0 5.6 2.9 2.9 4.4 5.9 5.3 3.7
Mozambique .. 1.0 12.6 7.5 1.9 13.1 8.2 7.9 7.5 –0.9 6.3 8.9
Namibia .. 2.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.4 6.7 3.5 6.0 1.1 4.0 4.7
Niger –2.2 –1.3 10.4 –0.6 –1.4 7.1 3.0 5.3 0.0 –0.4 2.4 3.9
Nigeria 4.2 8.2 1.9 1.1 4.2 3.1 1.5 10.7 6.0 0.8 2.4 5.4
Rwanda 9.0 –2.4 8.9 7.6 6.0 6.7 9.4 0.9 4.0 2.5 –1.6 5.2
São Tomé and Principe .. 1.8 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 .. 1.7 4.0
Senegal –3.3 3.9 4.5 6.2 3.0 4.7 1.1 6.5 6.2 3.2 3.0 4.4
Seychelles –4.2 7.0 8.4 1.9 4.8 –2.2 1.3 –6.3 –2.0 3.1 4.5 –2.4
Sierra Leone 4.8 3.3 1.7 –2.1 6.7 .. 28.2 9.8 9.6 0.5 –3.7 11.2
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 6.6 –0.3 0.5 2.4 4.2 2.7 3.7 3.0 4.5 1.4 2.0 3.4
Sudan 1.5 –5.5 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 2.4 5.3 6.0
Swaziland 12.4 8.6 3.3 3.5 2.0 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.1 6.5 3.3 2.4
Tanzania .. 7.0 3.7 3.5 5.1 6.2 7.2 7.1 6.7 .. 2.7 6.9
Togo 14.6 –0.2 –2.3 2.5 –0.8 –0.2 4.1 2.7 3.0 1.5 3.6 2.6
Uganda .. 6.5 4.9 8.1 5.6 4.9 6.5 4.4 5.6 2.3 7.2 5.4
Zambia 3.0 –0.5 –1.9 2.2 3.6 4.9 3.3 5.1 5.4 1.0 0.2 4.6
Zimbabwe 14.4 7.0 2.9 –3.6 –7.9 –2.7 –4.4 –10.4 –4.2 3.3 2.7 –5.9
NORTH AFRICA 5.3 4.1 6.0 4.2 3.7 4.1 3.6 4.4 5.0 4.2 3.3 4.2
Algeria 0.8 0.8 5.1 3.2 2.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 4.6 2.9 1.7 3.8
Egypt, Arab Rep. 10.0 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.1 3.3 3.0 4.5 5.5 5.5 4.4 4.0
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 3.6 4.0 7.7 0.0 0.9 6.5 4.4 3.4 3.6 4.2 2.4 4.4
Tunisia 7.4 8.0 4.8 6.1 4.7 5.4 6.0 6.5 6.0 3.2 4.6 6.0
ALL AFRICA 4.6 2.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 4.2 5.1 2.6 2.7 4.1
a. Preliminary.

44 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth

Annual growth
(%)
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 1.1 –1.8 –0.2 0.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.9 –0.8 –0.6 1.5
excluding South Africa –1.1 –0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.7 2.4 3.1 –0.9 –0.2 1.6
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria –2.1 –2.3 1.3 0.8 –0.1 1.6 1.1 0.9 2.9 –0.5 –0.3 1.3
Angola .. –3.0 4.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 11.2 0.5 7.9 –0.3 –1.7 4.1
Benin 3.5 –0.3 1.6 1.7 2.7 1.8 1.2 0.6 –0.2 –0.2 1.1 1.2
Botswana 8.2 3.9 4.2 3.9 6.5 4.6 4.7 6.7 5.0 8.0 2.8 5.5
Burkina Faso –1.3 –4.4 –1.7 3.8 –1.3 2.7 1.1 3.1 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.2
Burundi –1.9 1.0 3.9 –2.1 –2.5 –0.2 1.6 –4.3 1.3 1.0 –2.8 –0.8
Cameroon –4.8 –8.8 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.1 –2.1 2.1
Cape Verde .. –1.6 5.0 6.1 4.1 1.4 2.2 3.7 2.0 4.2 2.8 2.7
Central African Republic –7.0 –4.4 2.6 1.7 0.6 0.0 –2.1 –8.8 0.0 –1.6 –1.1 –2.1
Chad –8.0 –7.0 3.7 –3.8 –3.7 6.7 4.6 10.9 25.2 2.7 –0.8 8.7
Comoros .. 2.4 –1.2 0.7 –0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 –0.2 0.1 –0.6 0.0
Congo, Dem. Rep. –0.9 –9.7 –3.5 –6.3 –8.9 –4.5 0.8 2.7 3.7 –1.2 –8.2 –1.2
Congo, Rep. 14.0 –2.2 0.3 –6.1 4.8 0.6 1.4 –2.2 0.6 3.5 –2.3 1.0
Côte d’Ivoire –15.1 –4.4 2.1 –0.8 –5.4 –1.8 –3.2 –3.2 0.1 –4.4 –0.3 –2.7
Djibouti .. –6.4 –3.0 –1.2 –2.3 .. .. .. .. –6.8 –3.8 –2.3
Equatorial Guinea .. 1.4 19.0 38.1 –0.9 –0.9 14.9 12.1 7.5 –1.6 17.4 6.5
Eritrea .. .. –1.1 –3.3 –16.3 4.8 –3.7 –0.7 –2.3 .. 6.4 –3.7
Ethiopia .. –1.6 –6.7 4.0 2.9 5.5 –2.2 –5.1 10.1 –0.9 –0.1 2.3
Gabon –0.5 1.8 –0.6 –8.4 –0.2 0.5 –1.7 1.0 –0.2 –1.3 –0.2 –0.1
Gambia, The 2.9 –0.3 0.1 3.0 2.2 2.6 –6.1 3.9 2.2 0.3 –0.4 1.0
Ghana –2.0 0.5 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 –1.1 1.6 2.2
Guinea .. 0.9 2.6 2.5 –0.2 1.8 2.0 –1.0 0.5 1.6 0.9 0.6
Guinea-Bissau –18.8 3.1 –30.0 4.9 4.5 –2.7 –9.8 –2.4 –0.8 0.4 –1.0 –2.3
Kenya 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.0 –1.6 2.1 –1.7 0.6 2.0 0.5 –0.6 0.3
Lesotho –5.2 5.0 –5.8 –0.8 0.6 2.7 3.3 3.1 3.3 1.3 2.7 2.6
Liberia –7.2 –50.5 19.0 14.2 19.3 –0.2 2.2 –31.6 2.0 –6.2 –3.2 –1.7
Madagascar –2.0 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.7 3.0 –15.1 6.8 2.4 –2.4 –1.3 –0.2
Malawi –2.6 1.7 1.0 0.2 –1.1 –7.3 0.5 3.8 4.8 –2.4 2.0 0.2
Mali –6.5 –4.3 3.2 3.8 0.3 8.9 1.1 4.3 –0.8 –1.8 0.9 2.7
Mauritania 0.9 –4.0 0.7 4.8 3.6 0.6 –0.7 3.2 3.7 –0.2 1.2 2.1
Mauritius .. 5.0 4.9 4.5 2.9 4.4 2.1 1.9 3.4 4.9 4.2 2.9
Mozambique .. –0.3 10.0 5.2 –0.2 10.7 6.0 5.8 5.4 –0.6 2.8 5.5
Namibia .. –1.8 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.5 5.0 2.1 4.7 –2.3 0.8 2.7
Niger –5.2 –4.3 6.7 –3.9 –4.7 3.5 –0.5 1.8 –3.3 –3.0 –1.4 –0.6
Nigeria 1.2 5.1 –0.6 –1.3 1.8 0.7 –0.7 8.3 3.7 –1.9 0.4 2.7
Rwanda 5.5 –2.1 –1.7 –1.8 –1.0 2.2 6.5 –0.8 2.5 –0.3 1.2 1.9
São Tomé and Principe .. –0.4 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 –0.6 –0.1 1.5
Senegal –5.8 0.9 1.9 3.5 0.5 2.2 –1.3 4.0 3.7 –0.4 0.4 1.8
Seychelles –5.4 6.1 6.3 –0.1 3.9 –2.3 –1.7 –5.3 –3.0 1.2 3.3 –1.7
Sierra Leone 2.9 1.6 0.1 –4.3 3.5 .. 22.7 4.9 5.2 –1.2 –3.5 5.1
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 4.2 –2.3 –1.8 –0.1 1.6 0.9 2.5 1.9 5.2 –0.3 –0.8 2.4
Sudan –1.7 –7.5 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.6 2.1 4.1
Swaziland 9.0 5.2 0.0 0.6 –0.4 –0.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 3.6 0.6 0.3
Tanzania .. 3.5 1.4 1.3 2.9 4.1 5.1 5.0 4.7 0.4 0.2 4.4
Togo 11.1 –3.1 –5.8 –1.1 –4.0 –3.1 1.3 0.0 0.4 –0.9 –0.4 –1.1
Uganda .. 2.7 1.8 4.8 2.4 1.6 3.0 0.9 2.0 –0.6 3.5 2.0
Zambia –0.3 –3.4 –4.1 0.0 1.5 2.9 1.5 3.4 3.7 –1.8 –2.1 2.6
Zimbabwe 10.5 3.8 1.6 –4.7 –8.8 –3.5 –5.1 –10.9 –4.7 1.4 0.6 –6.6
NORTH AFRICA 2.5 1.8 4.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.6 3.1 2.5 1.7 1.5 2.3
Algeria –2.5 –1.7 3.6 1.8 1.0 1.1 2.5 5.7 3.6 –0.3 –0.4 2.8
Egypt, Arab Rep. 7.5 3.5 4.3 4.1 3.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 2.2 3.4 2.6 1.9
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 1.1 1.9 6.4 –1.2 –0.2 5.1 2.0 4.3 0.7 1.6 1.1 2.4
Tunisia 4.6 5.4 3.5 4.7 3.5 3.7 0.5 5.0 5.1 1.0 3.3 3.6
ALL AFRICA 1.5 –0.6 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 2.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 1.7
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 45

Table
2.21 Gross national income per capita

Dollarsa
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004b 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 650 577 514 498 482 473 464 510 600 576 534 506
excluding South Africa 519 372 317 309 300 306 313 349 397 412 322 333
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 434 393 325 315 304 303 311 343 390 386 335 330
Angola .. 730 460 390 430 470 610 690 930 740 452 626
Benin 390 330 340 340 340 330 330 380 450 319 329 366
Botswana 960 2,450 3,100 2,860 2,870 3,000 2,700 3,500 4,360 1,202 2,876 3,286
Burkina Faso 310 350 260 260 250 240 250 290 350 284 287 276
Burundi 220 210 140 130 110 100 100 90 90 231 166 98
Cameroon 620 960 610 600 580 560 570 650 810 883 749 634
Cape Verde .. 940 1,240 1,290 1,280 1,240 1,210 1,400 1,720 910 1,122 1,370
Central African Republic 340 460 290 280 270 260 250 260 310 345 365 270
Chad 230 260 210 200 180 190 200 230 250 217 236 210
Comoros .. 550 420 410 400 400 400 460 560 383 512 444
Congo, Dem. Rep. 600 220 110 100 80 80 90 100 110 347 154 92
Congo, Rep. 820 880 530 450 520 570 620 640 760 990 658 622
Côte d’Ivoire 1,120 730 740 710 650 600 570 630 760 811 712 642
Djibouti .. .. 750 760 780 780 790 870 950 .. 790 834
Equatorial Guinea .. 350 1,070 830 650 710 .. .. .. 343 546 680
Eritrea .. .. 220 210 180 180 170 170 190 .. 208 178
Ethiopia .. 170 100 100 110 110 100 90 110 156 131 104
Gabon 4,790 4,780 3,820 3,180 3,090 3,080 2,990 3,340 4,080 4,403 4,232 3,316
Gambia, The 370 310 320 320 320 310 270 270 280 304 333 290
Ghana 410 380 370 380 330 290 270 310 380 370 379 316
Guinea .. 430 460 440 400 370 360 380 410 415 460 384
Guinea-Bissau 150 220 140 150 160 140 130 140 160 178 202 146
Kenya 460 380 440 440 430 420 400 430 480 381 348 432
Lesotho 490 640 680 650 630 590 540 590 730 522 724 616
Liberia 530 .. 130 120 130 130 140 100 120 399 120 124
Madagascar 440 230 240 240 240 250 220 280 290 320 232 256
Malawi 190 180 200 180 150 140 140 150 160 168 187 148
Mali 250 260 240 230 220 220 220 270 330 204 253 252
Mauritania 450 540 440 440 460 410 450 460 530 458 480 462
Mauritius .. 2,300 3,760 3,710 3,690 3,850 3,850 4,100 4,640 1,390 3,199 4,026
Mozambique .. 170 200 220 210 210 210 230 270 251 167 226
Namibia .. 1,740 2,020 1,890 1,870 1,770 1,740 1,990 2,380 1,466 1,991 1,950
Niger 390 280 190 170 160 160 160 180 210 289 213 174
Nigeria 810 280 280 280 280 320 320 380 430 496 270 346
Rwanda 250 360 270 270 250 230 210 200 210 289 282 220
São Tomé and Principe .. 420 280 290 300 310 320 350 390 485 355 334
Senegal 500 660 470 460 450 440 420 510 630 474 560 490
Seychelles 2,080 5,020 7,320 7,290 7,320 7,220 6,800 7,430 8,190 2,764 6,420 7,392
Sierra Leone 380 200 160 150 140 150 160 190 210 280 173 170
Somalia 100 140 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 140 ..
South Africa 2,510 3,390 3,280 3,150 3,050 2,830 2,630 2,850 3,630 2,797 3,471 2,998
Sudan 450 550 300 310 310 340 390 440 530 528 326 402
Swaziland 960 1,200 1,460 1,470 1,370 1,380 1,190 1,310 1,660 934 1,404 1,382
Tanzania .. 200 250 270 280 290 300 310 320 .. 205 300
Togo 410 380 290 280 270 240 240 260 310 306 324 264
Uganda .. 320 280 280 260 240 230 230 250 285 245 242
Zambia 600 420 310 310 290 300 310 350 400 432 346 330
Zimbabwe 930 850 570 500 460 580 890 920 620 858 659 694
NORTH AFRICA 1,276 1,375 1,534 1,578 1,641 1,674 1,634 1,670 1,784 1,305 1,380 1,681
Algeria 2,060 2,420 1,560 1,540 1,570 1,660 1,710 1,930 2,270 2,462 1,755 1,828
Egypt, Arab Rep. 500 760 1,240 1,350 1,460 1,480 1,390 1,310 1,250 631 956 1,378
Libya 10,460 .. .. .. .. .. 4,760 4,350 4,400 7,826 .. 4,503
Morocco 970 1,030 1,290 1,240 1,220 1,230 1,220 1,370 1,570 806 1,170 1,322
Tunisia 1,360 1,430 2,050 2,080 2,080 2,060 1,990 2,260 2,650 1,264 1,808 2,208
ALL AFRICA 769 732 697 689 685 681 666 709 803 716 692 709
a. Calculated by the World Bank Atlas method.
b. Preliminary.

46 Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Table
2.22 Total consumption per capita

Dollars
Annual average

1980 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004a 1980–89 1990–99 2000–04
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 491 469 440 424 408 402 423 488 566 445 452 458
excluding South Africa 389 326 285 276 264 280 317 326 357 321 285 309
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 334 352 298 283 270 282 326 329 361 309 300 314
Angola .. 685 394 361 399 534 554 741 953 586 460 636
Benin 403 349 321 325 295 299 353 422 468 313 317 367
Botswana 742 1,523 1,736 1,774 1,746 1,747 1,870 2,684 3,136 780 1,714 2,236
Burkina Faso 314 347 232 236 215 229 254 324 355 277 252 276
Burundi 224 210 148 130 117 109 103 91 99 215 171 104
Cameroon 603 759 494 515 540 513 570 706 802 691 618 626
Cape Verde 458 1,030 1,446 1,558 1,347 1,373 1,509 1,910 2,148 550 1,189 1,657
Central African Republic 373 499 272 252 233 224 241 260 285 352 344 249
Chad .. 309 213 194 159 190 231 238 317 221 235 227
Comoros 406 622 436 445 373 402 430 544 637 394 519 477
Congo, Dem. Rep. 462 224 131 88 82 88 101 99 114 288 154 97
Congo, Rep. 609 859 421 417 396 369 413 497 543 681 592 444
Côte d’Ivoire 971 757 642 603 512 501 488 620 688 681 637 562
Djibouti .. .. 774 815 815 .. .. .. .. .. 828 815
Equatorial Guinea .. 450 853 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 463 ..
Eritrea .. .. 299 284 240 230 218 296 357 .. 251 268
Ethiopia .. 213 110 101 101 96 88 96 115 140 121 99
Gabon 2,420 3,926 2,320 2,280 2,779 1,659 1,942 2,468 2,844 2,501 2,713 2,339
Gambia, The 348 303 298 302 293 271 231 227 243 276 315 253
Ghana 374 359 353 383 237 243 275 322 357 340 348 287
Guinea .. 373 367 346 307 298 331 374 384 324 388 339
Guinea-Bissau 141 233 176 171 171 169 156 155 178 177 205 166
Kenya 365 299 431 384 375 369 359 400 420 301 312 385
Lesotho 507 591 676 628 579 494 459 664 819 475 690 603
Liberia 435 .. .. .. .. 178 180 139 153 446 .. 162
Madagascar 452 242 228 219 221 230 237 283 222 301 231 239
Malawi 179 172 148 159 146 140 176 158 165 150 180 157
Mali 254 255 211 206 183 188 240 297 332 206 230 248
Mauritania 456 478 434 416 355 409 417 545 611 433 442 467
Mauritius 1,020 1,725 2,686 2,780 2,861 2,796 2,818 3,215 3,736 1,078 2,413 3,085
Mozambique 319 194 202 196 186 186 195 226 267 277 173 212
Namibia 1,354 1,376 1,624 1,598 1,549 1,383 1,310 1,662 2,083 1,474 1,666 1,597
Niger 345 289 184 171 147 152 163 199 213 259 202 175
Nigeria 643 222 231 245 238 273 281 313 338 385 221 289
Rwanda 214 342 299 258 223 198 201 194 202 272 283 203
São Tomé and Principe 555 702 325 378 345 411 430 487 482 579 462 431
Senegal 526 651 419 418 378 390 435 623 616 480 498 488
Seychelles 1,667 4,196 6,270 5,762 5,891 6,101 6,398 6,823 6,609 2,170 5,142 6,364
Sierra Leone 337 145 153 167 159 194 211 210 213 250 181 197
Somalia 105 155 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 155 ..
South Africa 1,818 2,444 2,624 2,514 2,450 2,137 1,950 2,840 3,694 2,094 2,782 2,614
Sudan 373 .. 332 307 315 359 382 424 491 488 319 394
Swaziland 949 1,041 1,339 1,347 1,271 1,144 881 1,421 1,932 812 1,297 1,330
Tanzania .. 160 254 247 237 243 239 252 275 204 189 249
Togo 314 351 308 294 253 238 258 285 329 270 303 273
Uganda 99 241 272 234 221 212 213 218 223 231 217 217
Zambia 518 328 303 302 277 276 274 311 386 397 330 305
Zimbabwe 788 686 398 401 509 911 2,267 579 345 700 531 922
NORTH AFRICA 824 1,094 1,303 1,259 1,261 1,265 1,251 1,300 1,330 944 1,107 1,282
Algeria 1,281 1,789 1,166 1,088 976 1,084 1,145 1,280 1,491 1,697 1,212 1,195
Egypt, Arab Rep. 443 650 1,152 1,122 1,214 1,171 1,065 965 844 540 832 1,052
Libya 5,040 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,044 .. ..
Morocco 843 870 1,078 1,030 979 981 1,066 1,276 1,408 667 1,001 1,142
Tunisia 1,041 1,124 1,623 1,672 1,550 1,563 1,694 2,013 2,215 961 1,440 1,807
ALL AFRICA 563 590 596 573 559 553 569 633 706 545 576 604
a. Preliminary.

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Part I. Basic indicators and national accounts 47

Table
3.1 Millennium Development Goal 1:
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

International poverty line

Share of population below
national poverty linea Share of population below Poverty gap ratio at $1 a daya
(poverty headcount ratio) PPP $1 a daya (incidence x depth of poverty)
Survey Survey Survey
year Percentage year Percentage year Percentage
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola .. .. .. .. .. ..
Benin 1999 29.0 2003 30.9 2003 8.2
Botswana .. .. 1993 23.5 1993 7.7
Burkina Faso 2003 46.4 2003 27.2 2003 7.3
Burundi 1990 36.4 1998 54.6 1998 22.7
Cameroon 2001 40.2 2001 17.1 2001 4.1
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic .. .. 1993 66.6 1993 38.1
Chad 1996 64.0 .. .. .. ..
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire .. .. 2002 14.8 2002 4.1
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 1994 53.0 .. .. .. ..
Ethiopia 2000 44.2 2000 23.0 2000 4.8
Gabon .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 1998 57.6 1998 59.3 1998 28.8
Ghana 1998–99 39.5 1998–99 44.8 1998–99 17.3
Guinea 1994 40.0 .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 1997 52.0 1997 22.8 1997 5.9
Lesotho .. .. 1995 36.4 1995 19.0
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 1999 71.3 2001 61.0 2001 27.9
Malawi 1998 65.3 1998 41.7 1998 14.8
Mali 1998 63.8 1994 72.3 1994 37.4
Mauritania 2000 46.3 2000 25.9 2000 7.6
Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mozambique 1996–97 69.4 1996–97 37.8 1996–97 12.0
Namibia .. .. 1993 34.9 1993 14.0
Niger 1993 63.0 1995 60.6 1995 34.0
Nigeria 1992 34.1 2003 70.8 2003 34.5
Rwanda 1999 60.3 2000 51.7 2000 20.0
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 1992 33.4 1995 22.3 1995 5.7
Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 2003 70.2 .. .. .. ..
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa .. .. 2000 10.7 2000 1.7
Sudan .. .. .. .. .. ..
Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 2000–01 35.7 2000–01 57.8 2000–01 20.7
Togo .. .. .. .. .. ..
Uganda 2003 37.7 .. .. .. ..
Zambia 1998 72.9 2002–03 75.8 2002–03 36.4
Zimbabwe 1996 34.9 1995 56.1 1995 24.2
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 1995 22.6 1995 2.0 1995 0.5
Egypt, Arab Rep. 1999–2000 16.7 1999–2000 3.1 1999–2000 0.5
Libya .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 1998–99 19.0 1998–99 2.0 1998–99 0.5
Tunisia 1995 7.6 2000 2.0 2000 0.5
a. Data are based on expenditure shares, except for Namibia and Swaziland, where data are based on income shares
b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

48 Part II. Millennium Development Goals MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 Share of population below minimum
Share of poorest quintile in Prevalence of child malnutrition, underweight dietary energy consumption
national consumption or incomea (% of children under age 5) (%)
Survey
year Percentage 1989–94b 2000–04b 2003

.. .. 20.0 30.5 38
2003 7.4 .. 22.9 14
1993 2.2 .. 12.5 30
2003 6.9 32.7 37.7 17
1998 5.1 .. 45.1 67
2001 5.6 15.1 18.1 25
.. .. 13.5 .. ..
1993 2.0 .. 24.3 45
.. .. .. 36.7 33
.. .. 18.5 25.4 62
.. .. .. 31.0 72
.. .. .. .. 34
2002 5.2 23.8 17.2 14
.. .. 22.9 .. 26
.. .. .. 18.6 ..
.. .. 41.0 39.6 73
2000 9.1 47.7 47.2 46
.. .. .. 11.9 5
1998 4.8 .. 17.2 27
1998–99 5.6 27.3 22.1 12
1994 6.4 26.8 32.7 24
1993 5.2 .. 25.0 37
1997 6.0 22.5 19.9 31
1995 1.5 21.4 18.0 12
.. .. .. 26.5 49
2001 4.9 45.2 41.9 38
1997 4.9 27.6 21.9 34
1994 4.6 .. 33.2 28
2000 6.2 47.6 31.8 10
.. .. .. .. 6
1996–97 6.5 .. 23.7 45
1993 1.4 26.2 24.0 23
1995 2.6 42.6 40.1 32
2003 5.0 39.1 28.7 9
.. .. 29.4 24.3 36
.. .. .. 12.9 12
1995 6.4 22.2 22.7 23
.. .. .. .. 9
.. .. 28.7 27.2 50
.. .. .. 25.8 ..
2000 3.5 .. .. ..
.. .. 33.9 40.7 27
1994 2.7 .. 10.3 19
2000–01 7.3 28.9 .. 44
.. .. .. .. 25
1999 5.9 23.0 22.9 19
2002–03 6.1 25.2 23.0 47
1995 4.6 15.5 .. 45

1995 7.0 9.2 10.4 5

1999–2000 8.6 9.9 8.6 3
.. .. .. .. 3
1998–99 6.5 9.5 10.2 6
2000 6.0 .. 4.0 3

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Part II. Millennium Development Goals 49

Table
3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2:
achieve universal primary education

Net primary enrollment ratio Primary completion rate Share of cohort reaching grade 5 Youth literacy rate
(% of relevant age group) (% of relevant age group) (% of grade 1 students) (% ages 15–24)
1991 2004a 1991 2004a 1991 2003 1990 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 50 .. 35 .. .. .. .. 72
Benin 41 83 21 49 55 69 40 45
Botswana 83 82 79 92 84 .. 83 94
Burkina Faso 29 40 21 29 70 76 .. 31
Burundi 53 57 46 33 62 63 52 73
Cameroon 74 .. 56 63 .. .. 81 ..
Cape Verde 91 92 .. 95 .. 91 81 ..
Central African Republic 52 .. 27 .. 23 .. 52 59
Chad 35 57 18 29 51 46 48 38
Comoros 57 55 .. 50 .. 63 57 ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 54 .. 46 .. 55 .. 69 70
Congo, Rep. 79 .. 54 66 60 .. 93 ..
Côte d’Ivoire 45 56 43 .. 73 .. 53 61
Djibouti 29 33 27 29 87 .. 73 ..
Equatorial Guinea 91 59 .. .. .. .. 93 95
Eritrea 16 48 .. 44 .. 80 61 ..
Ethiopia 22 46 .. 51 18 .. 43 ..
Gabon 85 77 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 48 73 .. .. .. .. 42 ..
Ghana 54 58 63 65 80 .. 82 71
Guinea 27 64 17 48 59 82 44 47
Guinea-Bissau 38 45 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya .. 76 .. 89 77 75 90 80
Lesotho 71 86 58 71 66 63 87 ..
Liberia .. 66 .. .. .. .. 57 ..
Madagascar 64 89 33 45 21 57 72 70
Malawi 48 95 31 58 64 .. 63 76
Mali 21 46 11 44 70 79 .. 24
Mauritania 35 74 33 43 75 82 46 61
Mauritius 91 95 102 100 97 99 91 95
Mozambique 43 71 26 29 34 .. 49 ..
Namibia .. 74 .. .. 62 .. 87 92
Niger 22 39 17 25 62 74 17 37
Nigeria .. 88 .. 75 89 35 74 ..
Rwanda 66 73 47 37 60 46 73 78
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 75 .. .. .. ..
Senegal 43 66 .. 45 85 78 40 49
Seychelles .. 100 .. 106 93 .. .. 99
Sierra Leone 43 .. .. .. .. .. .. 48
Somalia 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 90 89 75 .. .. .. 88 94
Sudan 40 43 40 49 94 92 65 77
Swaziland 75 77 62 .. 77 .. 85 88
Tanzania 49 86 61 57 81 88 83 78
Togo 64 79 35 66 48 76 63 74
Uganda .. 98 .. 57 36 .. 70 77
Zambia .. 80 .. 66 .. .. 81 69
Zimbabwe .. 82 91 .. 76 .. 94 ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 89 97 79 94 95 96 77 90
Egypt, Arab Rep. 84 94 .. 95 .. .. 61 ..
Libya 96 .. .. .. .. .. 91 ..
Morocco 56 87 46 75 75 .. 55 70
Tunisia 94 97 74 97 86 .. 84 94
a. Provisional.

50 Part II. Millennium Development Goals MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Table
3.3 Millennium Development Goal 3:
promote gender equality and empower women

Share of women in wage

Ratio of girls to boys in primary Ratio of young literate Women in national employment in the
and secondary school women to men parliaments nonagricultural sector
(%) (% ages 15–24) (% of total seats) (%)
1991 2004a 1990 2004 1990 2006 2000 2003
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola .. .. .. 75 15 15 .. ..
Benin 49 71 44 56 3 7 .. ..
Botswana 109 .. 110 104 5 11 45 47
Burkina Faso 62 76 .. 65 .. 12 15 15
Burundi 82 82 77 92 .. 31 .. ..
Cameroon 83 87 88 .. 14 9 .. ..
Cape Verde .. 100 87 .. 12 .. .. ..
Central African Republic 60 .. 60 67 4 11 .. ..
Chad 41 58 65 42 .. 7 .. ..
Comoros 71 84 78 .. 0 .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. 72 81 5 12 .. ..
Congo, Rep. 85 .. 95 .. 14 9 .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 65 .. 62 74 6 9 21 20
Djibouti 70 75 78 .. 0 .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. 92 100 13 .. .. ..
Eritrea .. 73 68 .. .. 22 34 35
Ethiopia 68 73 66 .. .. 21 .. ..
Gabon .. .. .. .. 13 9 .. ..
Gambia, The 64 .. 68 .. 8 13 .. ..
Ghana 79 91 86 86 .. 19 .. ..
Guinea 46 72 43 57 .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 20 14 .. ..
Kenya 94 94 93 101 1 7 34 39
Lesotho 124 104 126 .. .. 12 .. ..
Liberia .. .. 51 .. .. 13 .. ..
Madagascar 98 .. 86 94 7 7 .. ..
Malawi 81 98 68 86 10 14 12 13
Mali 59 74 .. 52 .. 10 .. ..
Mauritania 67 96 65 82 .. .. .. ..
Mauritius 102 103 100 102 7 17 39 35b
Mozambique 72 82 48 .. 16 35 .. ..
Namibia 108 .. 104 103 7 27 49 51
Niger 57 71 37 44 5 12 .. ..
Nigeria 79 84 82 .. .. 6 .. ..
Rwanda 96 100 86 98 17 49 .. ..
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. 12 .. .. ..
Senegal 69 90 60 70 13 19 .. ..
Seychelles .. .. .. 101 16 .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 67 .. .. 63 .. 15 .. ..
Somalia .. .. .. .. 4 8 .. ..
South Africa 104 .. 100 101 3 33 .. ..
Sudan 78 88 71 84 .. 15 20 19
Swaziland 98 .. 101 103 4 11 32 31
Tanzania 97 .. 87 94 .. 30 .. ..
Togo 59 73 60 76 5 7 .. ..
Uganda 82 97 76 86 12 24 .. ..
Zambia .. 93 88 91 7 13 .. ..
Zimbabwe 92 .. 95 .. 11 16 20 22
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 83 99 79 92 2 6 12 16
Egypt, Arab Rep. 81 .. 72 .. 4 2 19 22
Libya .. .. 84 .. .. 5 .. ..
Morocco 70 88 62 75 0 11 26 26
Tunisia 86 .. 81 96 4 23 25 25
a. Provisional.
b. Data are for 2004.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Part II. Millennium Development Goals 51

Table
3.4 Millennium Development Goal 4:
reduce child mortality

Under-five mortality rate Infant mortality rate Child immunization rate, measles
(per 1,000) (per 1,000 live births) (% of children ages 12–23 months)

1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 260 260 154 154 38 64
Benin 185 152 111 90 79 85
Botswana 58 116 45 84 87 90
Burkina Faso 210 192 113 97 79 78
Burundi 190 190 114 114 74 75
Cameroon 139 149 85 87 56 64
Cape Verde 60 36 45 27 79 69
Central African Republic 168 193 102 115 83 35
Chad 203 200 117 117 32 56
Comoros 120 70 88 52 87 73
Congo, Dem. Rep. 205 205 129 129 38 64
Congo, Rep. 110 108 83 81 75 65
Côte d’Ivoire 157 194 103 117 56 49
Djibouti 163 126 122 101 85 60
Equatorial Guinea 170 204 103 122 88 51
Eritrea 147 82 88 52 .. 84
Ethiopia 204 166 131 110 38 71
Gabon 92 91 60 60 76 55
Gambia, The 154 122 103 89 86 90
Ghana 122 112 75 68 61 83
Guinea 240 155 145 101 35 73
Guinea-Bissau 253 203 153 126 53 80
Kenya 97 120 64 79 78 73
Lesotho 104 112 74 80 80 70
Liberia 235 235 157 157 .. 42
Madagascar 168 123 103 76 47 59
Malawi 241 175 146 110 81 80
Mali 250 219 140 121 43 75
Mauritania 133 125 85 78 38 64
Mauritius 23 15 20 14 76 98
Mozambique 235 152 158 104 59 77
Namibia 86 63 60 47 57 70
Niger 320 259 191 152 25 74
Nigeria 230 197 120 101 54 35
Rwanda 173 203 103 118 83 84
São Tomé and Principe 118 118 75 75 71 91
Senegal 148 137 90 78 51 57
Seychelles 19 14 17 12 86 99
Sierra Leone 302 283 175 165 .. 64
Somalia 225 225 133 133 30 40
South Africa 60 67 45 54 79 81
Sudan 120 91 74 63 57 59
Swaziland 110 156 78 108 85 70
Tanzania 161 126 102 78 80 94
Togo 152 140 88 78 73 70
Uganda 160 138 93 80 52 91
Zambia 180 182 101 102 90 84
Zimbabwe 80 129 53 79 87 80
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 69 40 54 35 83 81
Egypt, Arab Rep. 104 36 76 26 86 97
Libya 41 20 35 18 89 99
Morocco 89 43 69 38 80 95
Tunisia 52 25 41 21 93 95

52 Part II. Millennium Development Goals MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Table
3.5 Millennium Development Goal 5:
improve maternal health

Maternal mortality ratio, Births attended by

modeled estimate skilled health staff
(per 100,000 live births) (% of total)

2000 1989–94a 2000–04a

SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 1,700 .. 45
Benin 850 .. 66
Botswana 100 .. 94
Burkina Faso 1,000 42 38
Burundi 1,000 .. 25
Cameroon 730 58 62
Cape Verde 150 .. ..
Central African Republic 1,100 .. 44
Chad 1,100 .. 14
Comoros 480 .. 62
Congo, Dem. Rep. 990 .. 61
Congo, Rep. 510 .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 690 45 68
Djibouti 730 .. 61
Equatorial Guinea 880 5 65
Eritrea 630 .. 28
Ethiopia 850 .. 6
Gabon 420 .. 86
Gambia, The 540 44 55
Ghana 540 44 47
Guinea 740 31 56
Guinea-Bissau 1,100 .. 35
Kenya 1,000 45 42
Lesotho 550 50 60
Liberia 760 .. 51
Madagascar 550 57 51
Malawi 1,800 55 61
Mali 1,200 .. 41
Mauritania 1,000 40 57
Mauritius 24 97 99
Mozambique 1,000 .. 48
Namibia 300 68 76
Niger 1,600 15 16
Nigeria 800 31 35
Rwanda 1,400 26 31
São Tomé and Principe .. .. 76
Senegal 690 47 58
Seychelles .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 2,000 .. 42
Somalia 1,100 .. 25
South Africa 230 .. ..
Sudan 590 86 87
Swaziland 370 56 74
Tanzania 1,500 44 46
Togo 570 .. 61
Uganda 880 38 39
Zambia 750 51 43
Zimbabwe 1,100 69 ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 140 77 96
Egypt, Arab Rep. 84 41 69
Libya 97 .. ..
Morocco 220 31 63
Tunisia 120 .. 90
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Part II. Millennium Development Goals 53

Table
3.6 Millennium Development Goal 6:
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Prevalence Contraceptive Deaths due Malaria prevention

of HIV prevalence rate to malaria Children sleeping under Incidence of Tuberculosis cases
(% ages Share of women (per 100,000 insecticide-treated bednets tuberculosis detected under DOTS
15–49) ages 15–49 people) (% of children under age 5) (per 100,000 people) (% of estimated cases)
2005 Survey year Percentage 1997–2004a 2000 2001–04a 1990 2004 1995 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 6.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 45
Angola 3.7 2001 6 354 .. 2.3 214 259 .. 94
Benin 1.8 2001 19 177 .. 7.4 79 87 81 82
Botswana 24.1 2000 48 .. .. .. 236 670 72 67
Burkina Faso 2.0 2003 14 292 .. 2.0 158 191 12 18
Burundi 3.3 2000 16 .. 1.3 .. 125 343 20 29
Cameroon 5.4 2004 26 .. 1.3 .. 65 179 .. 91
Cape Verde .. 1998 53 .. .. .. 158 172 .. ..
Central African Republic 10.7 2000 28 .. 1.5 .. 117 322 .. 4
Chad 3.5 2004 3 .. 0.6 .. 101 279 37 16
Comoros <0.1 2000 26 .. 9.3 .. 88 46 54 39
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3.2 2001 31 224 .. 0.7 133 366 42 70
Congo, Rep. 5.3 .. .. .. .. .. 137 377 67 65
Côte d’Ivoire 7.1 1998 15 .. 1.1 4.0 143 393 52 38
Djibouti 3.1 .. .. .. .. .. 608 734 .. 43
Equatorial Guinea 3.2 .. .. .. 0.7 .. 87 239 83 82
Eritrea 2.4 2002 8 74 .. 4.2 225 271 .. 14
Ethiopia .. 2000 8 198 .. .. 128 353 15 36
Gabon 7.9 2000 33 .. .. .. 144 280 .. 81
Gambia, The 2.4 2001 18 .. 14.7 .. 193 233 75 66
Ghana 2.3 2003 25 70 .. 4.0 223 206 16 37
Guinea 1.5 2003 7 .. .. 4.0 122 240 43 52
Guinea-Bissau 3.8 2000 8 .. 7.4 .. 165 199 .. 75
Kenya 6.1 2003 39 63 2.9 5.0 108 619 56 46
Lesotho 23.2 2000 30 .. .. .. 179 696 63 86
Liberia .. 2000 10 201 .. .. 112 310 .. 58
Madagascar 0.5 2004 27 .. 0.2 .. 192 218 51 74
Malawi 14.1 2000 31 275 2.9 .. 257 413 38 40
Mali 1.7 2001 8 454 .. 8.4 304 281 14 19
Mauritania 0.7 2001 8 .. .. .. 238 287 .. 43
Mauritius 0.6 2002 76 .. .. .. 68 64 34 33
Mozambique 16.1 2003 17 232 .. .. 167 460 54 46
Namibia 19.6 2000 44 .. 3.4 .. 260 717 22 88
Niger 1.1 2000 14 469 5.8 .. 131 157 .. 46
Nigeria 3.9 2003 13 141 .. 1.0 105 290 11 21
Rwanda 3.1 2000 13 200 5.0 .. 135 371 34 29
São Tomé and Principe .. 2000 29 .. 22.8 .. 135 107 .. ..
Senegal 0.9 2000 11 72 1.7 .. 203 245 61 52
Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 34 .. 106
Sierra Leone 1.6 2000 4 .. 1.5 .. 224 443 28 36
Somalia 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. 341 411 .. 44
South Africa 18.8 1998 56 .. .. .. 268 718 .. 83
Sudan 1.6 2000 7 70 0.4 .. 182 220 .. 35
Swaziland 33.4 2002 48 .. 0.1 .. 263 1,226 .. 38
Tanzania 6.5 1999 25 130 .. 10.0 179 347 56 47
Togo 3.2 2000 26 .. 2.0 .. 351 355 13 17
Uganda 6.7 2001 23 152 .. 0.2 161 402 .. 43
Zambia 17.0 2002 34 141 .. 6.5 297 680 .. 54
Zimbabwe 20.1 1999 54 .. .. .. 135 674 .. 42
NORTH AFRICA 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 80
Algeria 0.1 2002 57 .. .. .. 37 54 .. 105
Egypt, Arab Rep. <0.1 2003 60 .. .. .. 42 27 43 61
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 20 .. 169
Morocco 0.1 2004 63 .. .. .. 135 110 93 80
Tunisia 0.1 2000 66 .. .. .. 33 22 .. 95
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

54 Part II. Millennium Development Goals MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Table
3.7 Millennium Development Goal 7:
ensure environmental sustainability

Nationally Population with

protected areas GDP per unit Carbon dioxide Solid fuel sustainable access Population with
as share of total of energy use emissions use to an improved sustainable access to
Forest area land area (constant 2000 PPP $ (metric tons (% of water source improved sanitation
(% of total land area) (%) per kg of oil equivalent) per capita) population) (%) (%)
1990 2005 2004 1990 2003 1990 2002 2000–04a 1990 2002 1990 2002
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 49 47 6.6 3.7 3.1 0.4 0.5 95 32 50 30 30
Benin 30 21 11.4 2.6 3.5 0.1 0.3 95 60 68 11 32
Botswana 24 21 18.5 .. .. 1.5 2.3 .. 93 95 38 41
Burkina Faso 26 25 11.5 .. .. 0.1 0.1 95 39 51 13 12
Burundi 11 6 5.7 .. .. 0.0 0.0 100 69 79 44 36
Cameroon 53 46 4.5 4.7 4.6 0.1 0.2 83 50 63 21 48
Cape Verde 14 21 .. .. .. 0.2 0.3 .. .. 80 .. 42
Central African Republic 37 37 8.7 .. .. 0.1 0.1 .. 48 75 23 27
Chad 10 9 9.1 .. .. 0.0 0.0 95 20 34 6 8
Comoros 5 2 .. .. .. 0.2 0.1 .. 89 94 23 23
Congo, Dem. Rep. 62 59 5.0 5.0 2.1 0.1 0.0 .. 43 46 18 29
Congo, Rep. 67 66 6.5 2.3 3.3 0.5 0.6 84 .. 46 .. 9
Côte d’Ivoire 32 33 6.0 5.2 3.8 0.4 0.4 74 69 84 31 40
Djibouti 0 0 .. .. .. 0.6 0.5 78 80 48 50
Equatorial Guinea 66 58 .. .. .. 0.3 0.4 .. .. 44 .. 53
Eritrea .. 15 4.3 .. .. .. 0.2 80 40 57 8 9
Ethiopia .. 13 16.9 2.1 2.1 0.1 0.1 95 25 22 4 6
Gabon 85 85 0.7 4.8 4.9 6.3 2.6 .. .. 87 .. 36
Gambia, The 44 47 2.3 .. .. 0.2 0.2 .. .. 82 .. 53
Ghana 33 24 5.6 4.6 5.0 0.2 0.4 88 54 79 43 58
Guinea 30 27 0.7 .. .. 0.2 0.1 .. 42 51 17 13
Guinea-Bissau 79 74 .. .. .. 0.2 0.2 .. .. 59 .. 34
Kenya 7 6 8.0 2.2 2.1 0.2 0.2 82 45 62 42 48
Lesotho 0 0 0.2 .. .. .. .. 83 .. 76 37 37
Liberia 42 33 1.7 .. .. 0.2 0.1 .. 56 62 38 26
Madagascar 24 22 4.3 .. .. 0.1 0.1 99 40 45 12 33
Malawi 41 36 11.2 .. .. 0.1 0.1 95 41 67 36 46
Mali 12 10 3.7 .. .. 0.0 0.0 98 34 48 36 45
Mauritania 0 0 1.7 .. .. 1.3 1.1 .. 41 56 28 42
Mauritius 19 18 .. .. .. 1.4 2.6 .. 100 100 99 99
Mozambique 26 25 8.4 1.3 2.5 0.1 0.1 .. .. 42 .. 27
Namibia 11 9 13.6 .. 9.9 0.0 1.1 63 58 80 24 30
Niger 2 1 7.7 .. .. 0.1 0.1 98 40 46 7 12
Nigeria 19 12 3.3 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.4 86 49 60 39 38
Rwanda 13 19 6.2 .. .. 0.1 0.1 100 58 73 37 41
São Tomé and Principe 28 28 .. .. .. 0.6 0.6 .. .. 79 .. 24
Senegal 49 45 11.6 5.0 5.2 0.4 0.4 41 66 72 35 52
Seychelles 87 87 .. .. .. 1.6 6.4 .. .. 87 .. ..
Sierra Leone 43 38 2.1 .. .. 0.1 0.1 .. .. 57 .. 39
Somalia 13 11 0.8 .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. 29 .. 25
South Africa 8 8 5.5 3.8 3.9 8.1 7.6 .. 83 87 63 67
Sudan 32 28 5.2 2.7 3.7 0.2 0.3 .. 64 69 33 34
Swaziland 27 31 .. .. .. 0.6 0.9 .. .. 52 .. 52
Tanzania 47 40 29.8 1.4 1.3 0.1 0.1 .. 38 73 47 46
Togo 13 7 7.9 4.3 3.2 0.2 0.3 .. 49 51 37 34
Uganda 25 18 24.6 .. .. 0.0 0.1 97 44 56 43 41
Zambia 66 57 31.9 1.5 1.4 0.3 0.2 85 50 55 41 45
Zimbabwe 57 45 12.1 3.0 2.6 1.6 1.0 73 77 83 49 57
NORTH AFRICA 5
Algeria 1 1 5.0 5.7 5.6 3.0 2.9 5 95 87 88 92
Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 9.7 5.1 5.1 1.4 2.1 5 94 98 54 68
Libya 0 0 0.1 .. .. 8.7 9.1 5 71 72 97 97
Morocco 10 10 0.7 11.9 10.2 1.0 1.5 5 75 80 57 61
Tunisia 4 7 0.3 6.7 8.1 1.6 2.3 5 77 82 75 80
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Part II. Millennium Development Goals 55

Table
3.8 Millennium Development Goal 8:
develop a global partnership for development
Debt sustainability
Estimated total nominal debt
Heavily Indebted service relief committed under
Poor Country (HIPC) Enhanced HIPC Initiative Debt service
Debt Initiative ($ millions) (% of exports)
Decision point Completion point as of Mar. 2006 1990 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 13.5 7.9
Angola 8.1 14.8
Benin Jul. 2000 Mar. 2003 460 8.2 ..
Botswana 4.3 ..
Burkina Faso Jul. 2000 Apr. 2002 930 6.8 ..
Burundi Jul. 2005 Floating 1,472 43.4 ..
Cameroon Oct. 2000 Floating 2,800 20.5 ..
Cape Verde 4.8 ..
Central African Republic 13.2 ..
Chad May 2001 Floating 260 4.4 ..
Comoros 2.3 ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. Jul. 2003 Floating 10,389 .. ..
Congo, Rep. Mar. 2006 2,881 35.3 ..
Côte d’Ivoire 35.4 6.9
Djibouti .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 12.1 ..
Eritrea .. ..
Ethiopia Nov. 2001 Apr. 2004 3,275 39.0 5.3
Gabon 6.4 ..
Gambia, The Dec. 2000 Floating 90 22.2 ..
Ghana Feb. 2002 Jul. 2004 3,500 38.1 6.6
Guinea Dec. 2000 Floating 800 20.0 19.9
Guinea-Bissau Dec. 2000 Floating 790 31.0 ..
Kenya 35.4 8.6
Lesotho 4.2 4.5
Liberia .. ..
Madagascar Dec. 2000 Oct. 2004 1,900 45.5 ..
Malawi Dec. 2000 Floating 1,000 29.3 ..
Mali Sep. 2000 Mar. 2003 895 12.3 ..
Mauritania Feb. 2000 Jun. 2002 1,100 29.8 ..
Mauritius 8.8 7.4
Mozambique Apr. 2000 Sep. 2001 4,300 26.2 4.5
Namibia .. ..
Niger Dec. 2000 Apr. 2004 1,190 17.4 ..
Nigeria 22.6 8.2
Rwanda Dec. 2000 Apr. 2005 1,400 14.2 11.2
São Tomé and Principe Dec. 2000 Floating 200 34.0 ..
Senegal Jun. 2000 Apr. 2004 850 20.0 ..
Seychelles 9.0 8.1
Sierra Leone Mar. 2002 Floating 950 10.1 10.9
Somalia .. ..
South Africa .. 6.4
Sudan 8.7 6.0
Swaziland 5.7 1.7
Tanzania Apr. 2000 Nov. 2001 3,000 32.9 5.3
Togo 11.9 ..
Uganda Feb. 2000 May. 2000 1,950 81.4 6.9
Zambia Dec. 2000 Apr. 2005 3,900 14.7 ..
Zimbabwe 23.1 ..
NORTH AFRICA .. ..
Algeria 63.4 ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 20.4 7.6
Libya .. ..
Morocco 21.5 14.0
Tunisia 24.5 13.7

56 Part II. Millennium Development Goals MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 Youth unemployment rate Information and communications
Total Men Women Fixed-line and mobile
Share of total labor Share of male labor Share of female labor phone subscribers Personal computers Internet users
force ages 15–24 force ages 15–24 force ages 15–24 (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people)
Year Percentage Year Percentage Year Percentage 1990 2004 1996 2004 1996 2004
.. .. .. .. .. .. 10 84 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. 7 54 .. 3 0 11
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 1 4 0 12
2001 40 2001 34 2001 46 18 396 12 45 2 34
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 37 0 2 0 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 5 0 3
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 103 2 10 .. 10
.. .. .. .. .. .. 23 281 .. 97 .. 50
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 .. 3 0 2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 14 .. 2 .. 6
.. .. .. .. .. .. 8 .. .. 9 .. 14
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 37 .. .. 0 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. 6 102 .. 4 0 9
.. .. .. .. .. .. 6 98 1 15 0 17
.. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. 7 27 0 12
.. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. 14 .. 10
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 .. 4 0 12
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 3 0 2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 22 388 6 29 0 29
.. .. .. .. .. .. 7 .. 2 16 0 33
2000 16 2000 13 2000 19 3 93 1 5 0 17
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. 2 5 0 5
.. .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. .. 17
.. .. .. .. .. .. 7 85 2 13 0 45
.. .. .. .. .. .. 8 109 .. .. 0 24
.. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. 5 0 5
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 25 .. 2 .. 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 36 0 3 0 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 6 14 .. 5
.. .. .. .. .. .. 55 700 53 279 2 146
.. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. 1 6 0 7
2001 45 2001 40 2001 49 38 206 12 109 0 37
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 13 .. 1 0 2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 79 5 7 0 14
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 18 .. .. 0 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. 19 .. .. .. .. 131
.. .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. 9 21 0 42
.. .. .. .. .. .. 124 842 .. 179 7 239
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 27 .. .. 0 2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 88 .. 6 0 25
2003 60 2003 56 2003 65 94 .. 36 82 9 78
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 58 1 17 0 32
.. .. .. .. .. .. 18 .. .. 32 1 32
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. 7 0 9
.. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 4 29 0 37
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 44 1 4 0 7
.. .. .. .. .. .. 8 34 .. 10 0 20
2002 25 2002 28 2002 21 12 55 7 77 0 63
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. 32 215 5 9 0 26
2001 28 2001 19 2001 51 29 235 6 32 1 54
.. .. .. .. .. .. 51 .. .. .. .. 36
2003 17 2003 17 2003 16 17 357 4 21 0 117
.. .. .. .. .. .. 37 480 .. 48 0 84

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Part II. Millennium Development Goals 57

Results framework

Table
4.1 Status of Paris Declaration indicators
PDI-1. Operational PDI-2a. Reliable public PDI-2b. Reliable country PDI-6. Avoidance PDI-12. Mutual
development strategies financial management procurement systems of parallel project accountability
implementation
Comprehensive Benchmark rating of System adheres to units (PIUs)
Development public expenditure broadly accepted good
Framework composite management (PEM) Benchmark Indicator Independent
rating of national systems System (BIS) Reform program in place Number of assessment
development strategya (0–15) b (0–100) c AFR Observatory Indexd parallel PIUs framework in place
Angola Yes No
Benin C 8 Yes No
Botswana No
Burkina Faso C 9 55.0 Yes No
Burundi C Yes No
Cameroon C 7 40.3 Yes 1 No
Cape Verde C Yes No
Central African Republic D No No
Chad C 7 Yes No
Comoros No No
Congo, Dem. Rep. C 3 Yes No
Congo, Rep. C No No
Côte d’Ivoire D Yes No
Djibouti C No No
Equatorial Guinea No No
Eritrea Yes No
Ethiopia C 7 Yes 107 Yes
Gabon No No
Gambia, The D Yes 7 No
Ghana C 7 Yes 21 Yes
Guinea C 5 Yes
Guinea-Bissau E 0 Yes
Kenya C Yes 3 No
Lesotho Yes No
Liberia Yes No
Madagascar C 4 Yes No
Malawi C 5 Yes 22 No
Mali C 11 Yes 22 No
Mauritania B Yes 35 No
Mauritius Yes No
Mozambique C 4 Yes 19 Yes
Namibia No No
Niger C 5 Yes 46 No
Nigeria Yes 54 No
Rwanda B 8 Yes No
São Tomé and Principe D 4 No No
Senegal C 7 Yes 72 No
Seychelles No No
Sierra Leone D 7 Yes No
Somalia No No
South Africa Yes No
Sudan No No
Swaziland No No
Tanzania B 11 Yes 25 Yes
Togo Yes No
Uganda B 8 Yes 39 Yes
Zambia C 3 Yes 24 No
Zimbabwe No No
Note: See technical notes for further details. PDI is Paris Declaration Indicator.
a. Comprehensive Development Framework Ratings from A to E, where A means the development strategy substantially achieves good practices; B means it is largely developed toward
achieving good practices; C means it reflects action taken toward achieving good practices; D means it incorporates some elements of good practices; and E means it reflects little action
toward achieving good practices.
b. Public expenditure and financial accountability benchmark rating of public expenditure management systems ranges from 0 to 15 and indicates the total number of the 15 required
standard benchmarks that a country has met. The higher the number the less system upgrading is required.
c. The Benchmark Indicator System ranges from 0 to 100 and assesses a country’s procurement system based on 4 pillars and 12 indicators. It does not provide information on the
performance of the system but rather on the available procurement framework. Indicators on performance are being developed. The procurement system has not been measured yet for most
countries.
d. The AFR Observatory was put in place in 2000 to monitor procurement reform efforts. These efforts are measured against an action plan prepared in partnership with the country.

58 Part III. Development outcomes PARIS DECLARATION INDICATORS

Drivers of growth

Table
5.1 Business environment
Protecting Rigidity of
Number investors employment
of startup Time required Cost to start Number of Time required Number of Time required disclosure Time to index
procedures to start a business procedures to register procedures to enforce index resolve (0 least
for new a business (% of GNI to register a property to enforce a contract (0 low to insolvency rigid to 100
business (days) per capita) a property (days) a contract (days) 10 high) (years) most rigid)
2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 11 64 215 7 118 36 439 5 3 53
Angola 14 146 643 7 334 47 1,011 5 6 64
Benin 8 32 191 3 50 49 570 5 3 53
Botswana 11 108 11 6 69 26 154 8 2 30
Burkina Faso 12 45 150 8 107 41 446 6 4 84
Burundi 11 43 201 5 94 47 433 1 4 69
Cameroon 12 37 173 5 93 58 585 8 3 56
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 10 14 212 3 69 45 660 .. 5 76
Chad 19 75 361 6 44 52 526 3 10 72
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 13 155 503 8 106 51 909 3 5 90
Congo, Rep. 8 67 289 6 103 47 560 4 3 80
Côte d’Ivoire 11 45 134 7 369 25 525 6 2 45
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 13 91 129 6 91 27 385 4 2 27
Ethiopia 7 32 65 15 56 30 420 1 2 41
Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ghana 12 81 79 7 382 23 200 7 2 34
Guinea 13 49 179 6 104 44 306 5 4 48
Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 13 54 48 8 73 25 360 4 5 28
Lesotho 9 92 56 6 101 49 285 2 3 42
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 11 38 54 8 134 29 280 5 .. 59
Malawi 10 35 140 6 118 16 277 4 3 21
Mali 13 42 191 5 44 28 340 6 4 66
Mauritania 11 82 144 4 49 28 410 .. 8 73
Mauritius 6 46 9 5 210 17 367 6 2 37
Mozambique 14 153 95 8 42 38 580 2 5 61
Namibia 10 95 19 9 28 31 270 8 1 27
Niger 13 35 465 5 49 33 330 6 5 90
Nigeria 9 43 74 21 274 23 730 6 2 38
Rwanda 9 21 280 5 371 27 310 .. .. 59
São Tomé and Principe 9 192 97 6 51 67 405 6 .. 60
Senegal 9 57 109 6 114 33 485 7 3 64
Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 9 26 835 8 58 58 305 3 3 80
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 9 38 9 6 23 26 277 8 2 52
Sudan 10 38 68 .. .. 67 915 .. .. 43
Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 13 35 161 12 61 21 242 3 3 69
Togo 13 53 218 6 212 37 535 4 3 79
Uganda 17 36 118 8 48 15 209 7 2 13
Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 .. ..
Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 .. ..
NORTH AFRICA 11 28 37 9 112 41 333 .. 3 57
Algeria 14 26 25 16 52 49 407 8 4 51
Egypt, Arab Rep. 10 34 105 7 193 55 410 5 4 53
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 5 11 12 3 82 17 240 6 2 60
Tunisia 9 14 10 5 57 14 27 0 1 54

PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 59

Drivers of growth

Table
5.2 Investment climate
Viewed by firms as a major constraint (% of firms)
Net Domestic Lack of
foreign credit to confidence
Private direct private courts will
investment investment sector Policy uphold Labor Labor
(% of GDP) ($ millions) (% of GDP) uncertainty Corruption Courts property rights Crime Tax rates Finance Electricity regulation skills
2004a 2004 2004 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA .. 10,117 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Angola 4.3 853 5.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Benin 12.1 47 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Botswana 13.2 58 19.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 10.8 21 14.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Burundi 2.7 12 22.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cameroon 15.7 242 9.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cape Verde 11.6 39 37.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 4.1 6 7.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Chad 15.3 479 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Comoros 4.2 1 9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 10.0 435 1.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. 16.6 551 3.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 7.1 175 14.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Djibouti .. 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. –159 3.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 5.3 10 32.8 31.5 2.7 .. .. 1.3 31.1 53.7 38.2 5.2 41.0
Ethiopia 9.0 101 24.3 39.3 39.0 .. .. 9.5 73.6 40.2 42.5 4.6 17.9
Gabon 19.9 –51 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 13.9 50 11.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ghana 16.2 70 13.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Guinea 7.1 98 3.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 2.1 .. 1.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 7.5 108 26.8 51.5 73.8 .. 51.3 69.8 68.2 58.3 48.1 22.5 27.6
Lesotho 33.9 53 6.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Liberia 3.9 0 6.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 11.8 53 10.0 41.5 46.6 34.8 44.6 37.7 44.9 62.9 41.3 14.8 30.5
Malawi 1.8 44 8.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mali 11.5 62 20.1 21.9 48.7 16.9 33.1 22.1 36.6 57.0 24.2 3.9 20.8
Mauritania 6.0 7 25.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mauritius 14.5 35 59.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mozambique 11.3 245 2.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Namibia 17.9 246 50.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Niger 6.8 18 6.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Nigeria 13.2 4,409 15.6 .. .. .. .. 36.3 .. .. 97.4 .. ..
Rwanda 12.0 4 10.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
São Tomé and Principe 15.1 9 33.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 12.9 109 21.2 31.3 39.9 13.3 40.5 15.4 50.8 60.3 30.7 16.3 18.5
Seychelles 10.9 30 37.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 5.9 .. 4.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 14.9 –1,021 141.3 17.9 16.1 8.8 20.8 29.0 18.6 14.5 9.0 32.9 35.5
Sudan 17.5 1,481 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Swaziland 9.7 65 19.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 11.0 478 9.0 31.5 51.1 20.0 55.1 25.5 73.4 53.0 58.9 12.1 25.0
Togo 15.9 125 16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Uganda 16.9 202 6.8 27.6 38.2 .. 30.1 26.8 48.3 52.8 44.5 10.8 30.8
Zambia 15.4 239 8.0 57.0 46.4 38.6 .. 48.8 .. 67.7 39.6 16.9 35.7
Zimbabwe 13.4 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA .. 1,442 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria 20.7 0 11.0 .. 35.2 .. 27.3 .. 44.8 51.3 11.5 12.9 25.5
Egypt, Arab Rep. 17.9 0 54.5 65.8 51.3 27.4 .. .. 81.8 39.0 26.5 28.1 29.8
Libya .. .. 16.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 22.5 822 56.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tunisia 25.5 620 65.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
a. Provisional.
b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

60 Part III. Development outcomes PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

 Regulation and tax administration
Time dealing Interest rate Market Turnover
Total tax Highest with officials Average time Bank spread capitalization ratio for
Time to prepare payable marginal tax (% of to clear branches (lending Listed of listed traded
Number of and pay taxes (% of rate, corporate management customs (per 100,000 rate minus domestic companies stocks
tax payments (hours) gross profits) (%) time) (days) people) deposit rate) companies (% of GDP) (%)
2005 2005 2005 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b 2004 2004 2000–05b 2000–05b 2000–05b
41 394 58.1 .. .. .. .. 12.5 904 129.6 27.6
30 656 32.5 .. .. .. .. 66.9 .. .. ..
75 270 53.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
24 140 52.9 15.0 .. .. 3.8 5.9 18 28.4 2.0
40 270 48.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
41 140 173.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
51 1,300 47.6 38.5 .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 .. .. ..
66 504 60.9 .. .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
65 122 51.3 .. .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 .. .. ..
34 312 134.7 40.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
94 576 66.9 .. .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
71 270 46.9 35.0 .. .. .. .. 39 13.5 1.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.4 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
18 216 66.3 .. 5.9 9.1 .. .. .. .. ..
20 52 43.6 .. 5.7 13.5 0.4 3.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 35.0 .. .. .. 13.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.5 .. .. ..
35 304 45.3 32.5 .. .. 1.6 .. 30 29.8 3.2
55 416 51.2 .. .. .. .. 11.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17 372 68.2 30.0 13.8 8.9 1.4 10.1 47 24.2 9.6
19 564 37.7 .. .. .. .. 8.1 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.3 .. .. ..
29 400 58.9 .. 25.4 7.0 0.7 10.3 .. .. ..
33 782 56.5 38.0 .. .. .. 23.1 8 9.1 13.8
60 270 44.0 .. 10.8 10.0 .. .. .. .. ..
61 696 75.8 .. .. .. .. 13.0 40 99.3 ..
7 158 38.2 25.0 .. .. 11.9 12.9 42 39.4 6.1
35 230 50.9 32.0 .. .. .. 12.2 .. .. ..
23 50 43.9 35.0 .. .. 4.5 5.0 13 7.7 1.6
44 270 49.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
36 1,120 27.1 30.0 .. 17.8 1.6 5.5 214 20.1 11.5
42 168 53.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
29 1,008 27.4 .. .. .. .. 18.3 .. .. ..
59 696 45.0 35.0 13.8 7.0 .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 .. .. ..
20 399 163.9 .. .. .. .. 11.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
32 350 43.8 30.0 10.7 6.5 6.0 4.7 388 214.1 41.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 30.0 .. .. .. 6.7 6 9.4 0.0
48 248 51.3 30.0 16.2 17.5 0.6 9.7 6 6.2 1.9
51 270 50.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
31 237 42.9 30.0 5.0 .. 0.5 12.9 5 1.4 ..
36 132 38.6 35.0 .. .. 1.5 19.2 11 8.0 22.5
59 216 48.6 30.0 .. .. 3.3 175.7 79 41.3 6.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
63 504 58.5 .. .. 21.6 .. 5.5 .. .. ..
39 504 32.1 40.0 .. 9.9 3.6 5.7 744 48.9 42.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.0 .. .. ..
28 690 54.8 35.0 .. 2.7 6.6 7.9 56 50.1 16.4
31 112 52.7 .. .. .. .. .. 46 9.4 16.8

PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 61

Drivers of growth

Table
6.1 International trade and tariff barriers

Trade
Annual growth
Merchandise (%) Terms of
trade Exports Imports Exports Imports trade index
(% of GDP) ($ millions) ($ millions) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) Exports Imports 2000=100
2004a 2004a 2004a 2004a 2004a 2003–04a 2003–04a 2004a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 65 177,280 164,342 33.7 31.2 .. 10.8 ..
Angola 125 13,722 10,728 70.1 54.8 12.6 9.6 134.3
Benin 39 539 1,055 13.3 26.1 0.4 1.3 91.8
Botswana 72 3,570 2,893 39.8 32.2 –0.3 2.7 98.3
Burkina Faso 32 416 1,104 8.6 22.9 2.4 3.5 126.9
Burundi 40 59 205 8.9 30.9 –24.0 6.8 ..
Cameroon 39 3,061 3,128 19.4 19.8 1.7 4.1 96.1
Cape Verde 95 295 604 31.2 63.7 8.4 3.0 97.2
Central African Republic 27 150 207 11.5 15.8 9.6 –8.2 77.7
Chad 100 2,274 2,034 52.8 47.2 170.4 1.4 ..
Comoros 44 60 103 16.1 27.8 33.2 1.1 133.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. 70 2,023 2,610 30.5 39.4 20.1 26.4 135.3
Congo, Rep. 142 3,669 2,488 84.5 57.3 8.1 62.1 172.0
Côte d’Ivoire 86 7,445 5,939 48.1 38.4 17.2 12.6 112.5
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 112 122 917 13.2 98.8 –7.4 –14.6 72.2
Ethiopia 44 1,369 2,934 17.0 36.3 17.3 20.4 84.4
Gabon 101 4,420 2,902 61.1 40.1 3.3 3.8 144.4
Gambia, The 110 184 255 46.0 63.7 5.4 7.2 89.0
Ghana 92 3,349 4,550 38.9 52.8 3.8 11.3 119.5
Guinea 48 824 986 21.8 26.1 3.6 3.5 99.6
Guinea-Bissau 87 98 138 36.2 51.1 4.1 7.2 80.8
Kenya 58 4,207 5,114 26.2 31.8 19.8 15.3 100.5
Lesotho 160 763 1,430 55.8 104.6 13.0 4.5 120.6
Liberia 83 171 235 34.8 47.8 .. .. ..
Madagascar 82 1,425 2,146 32.6 49.2 1.5 24.8 134.7
Malawi 78 511 974 26.8 51.2 –3.0 –0.7 90.0
Mali 63 1,341 1,747 27.5 35.8 –0.2 –2.8 103.8
Mauritania 99 451 1,069 29.4 69.7 8.5 9.8 105.2
Mauritius 112 3,356 3,393 55.6 56.2 –1.7 –0.1 89.5
Mozambique 70 1,828 2,320 30.9 39.2 23.9 4.2 88.5
Namibia 91 2,644 2,573 46.3 45.0 –6.8 –10.9 96.2
Niger 42 491 795 16.1 26.0 1.6 4.8 120.3
Nigeria 92 39,372 26,965 54.6 37.4 3.1 2.3 124.8
Rwanda 39 189 521 10.3 28.4 11.2 4.2 55.3
São Tomé and Principe 151 25 61 43.9 107.5 20.7 23.5 ..
Senegal 69 2,165 3,223 27.8 41.5 3.6 5.9 101.7
Seychelles 182 663 616 94.3 87.6 4.2 8.0 ..
Sierra Leone 60 240 407 22.1 37.5 12.6 –11.9 110.0
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 49 57,032 48,071 26.6 22.4 2.5 14.1 131.9
Sudan 39 3,822 4,650 17.8 21.7 14.0 88.0 156.7
Swaziland 191 2,357 2,441 93.6 97.0 1.1 1.3 108.5
Tanzania 46 2,016 3,138 17.8 27.7 –7.0 2.2 105.8
Togo 81 691 969 33.5 47.0 3.0 3.0 103.5
Uganda 41 933 1,879 13.7 27.5 6.2 5.1 88.4
Zambia 47 1,059 1,478 19.5 27.3 12.6 10.9 86.2
Zimbabwe 80 1,694 2,068 36.1 44.0 2.0 –0.4 93.0
NORTH AFRICA 59 83,995 80,245 31.2 .. .. 5.3 94.5
Algeria 55 25,103 21,472 33.4 28.6 6.1 4.6 76.9
Egypt, Arab Rep. 43 14,997 18,706 19.8 24.7 6.4 4.7 97.7
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 70 16,128 18,932 30.7 36.0 5.2 6.3 110.0
Tunisia 98 13,279 14,251 44.3 47.5 7.1 6.3 98.4

62 Part III. Development outcomes TRADE

 Export
Structure of merchandise exports Structure of merchandise imports diversification
(% of total) (% of total) index
Agricultural Ores and Agricultural Ores and (0 low to
Food raw materials Fuel metals Manufactures Food raw materials Fuel metals Manufactures 100 high)
2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2003
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1
40.8 49.4 0.4 0.1 9.3 23.9 5.3 17.4 0.8 52.6 2.1
3.1 0.5 0.1 5.5 90.6 13.9 0.8 6.5 2.0 71.8 ..
16.4 72.3 2.8 0.6 8.0 12.0 0.6 24.4 0.6 62.5 2.2
92.2 1.2 0.0 1.5 5.1 9.0 1.1 16.5 1.1 72.2 1.6
19.3 23.7 46.7 5.1 5.2 18.3 1.7 17.8 1.3 60.9 4.4
6.4 5.9 48.5 0.0 87.7 30.9 2.5 13.1 0.6 52.9 9.2
1.5 25.2 0.1 36.1 37.1 23.4 5.4 11.0 4.2 55.9 3.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.6
88.7 0.0 .. 0.0 8.2 21.9 0.4 4.1 0.2 72.5 1.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.6
55.8 9.2 12.8 0.2 20.0 21.7 0.6 17.1 1.2 48.5 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.2
62.0 25.9 0.0 0.7 11.4 21.5 0.7 12.0 1.5 64.0 4.0
1.2 9.8 76.2 5.5 7.0 24.2 0.6 3.2 1.2 69.7 1.6
63.3 7.3 0.8 1.6 27.0 37.6 2.2 10.6 0.9 48.7 5.2
71.6 9.9 0.1 3.9 14.4 20.8 1.3 1.6 2.1 74.2 4.0
2.0 0.8 0.1 71.6 25.3 23.1 1.2 21.7 0.8 53.0 4.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.8
39.7 12.0 23.0 4.2 21.1 10.4 2.1 24.3 1.6 61.3 16.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.0
60.7 6.2 4.4 5.1 22.5 13.5 0.4 23.3 0.4 61.8 8.1
77.8 5.3 0.2 0.3 16.4 12.7 1.2 2.7 1.2 82.2 3.0
9.6 22.3 11.3 0.3 54.6 16.2 0.7 21.9 0.7 60.3 1.3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8
27.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 70.9 17.5 2.3 13.2 1.0 65.9 11.7
19.1 5.6 16.4 54.8 3.1 10.6 0.7 11.7 0.2 43.3 2.0
48.3 1.3 1.0 7.3 40.9 14.9 0.7 10.4 3.6 69.4 ..
30.4 3.6 1.6 54.9 7.9 33.5 4.3 16.9 1.2 44.0 1.9
0.0 0.0 97.9 0.0 2.1 15.5 0.6 16.0 1.6 66.3 1.3
52.3 7.3 6.8 23.3 10.3 11.7 4.0 15.6 2.0 66.7 2.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5
35.0 2.8 19.4 3.9 38.5 28.3 2.0 18.3 2.5 48.9 12.2
63.3 0.0 30.0 0.0 6.4 28.3 0.7 26.3 0.4 44.2 2.7
91.6 0.8 .. 0.1 7.5 22.5 7.6 39.7 0.8 29.3 3.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.1
8.8 2.3 9.1 22.2 57.6 5.0 1.3 14.5 2.0 68.8 ..
10.2 6.1 81.2 0.4 1.6 16.4 0.9 3.1 0.8 78.2 1.6
14.6 7.8 0.7 0.2 76.4 18.2 2.2 12.6 1.0 64.4 ..
52.7 12.9 2.2 12.0 20.2 15.0 1.6 16.5 1.1 65.8 21.7
24.0 15.6 0.4 12.7 47.3 18.4 0.8 23.0 2.2 55.5 5.3
64.3 15.5 4.6 0.4 15.3 16.8 1.9 10.0 1.5 69.5 7.3
15.5 10.3 1.7 62.4 10.0 6.5 1.1 11.2 2.6 78.5 5.0
30.9 15.7 1.6 23.2 28.5 18.7 1.8 13.7 9.8 54.2 8.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
0.2 0.0 97.4 0.4 2.0 21.9 1.9 0.9 1.3 73.9 3.3
9.8 7.0 43.1 3.7 30.6 22.2 5.1 8.3 3.5 49.8 20.4
.. .. .. .. .. 16.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 81.1 1.4
19.0 1.7 2.0 8.2 69.1 10.9 3.0 16.7 2.9 66.5 38.3
11.1 0.7 9.6 1.1 77.6 8.6 2.8 10.3 2.7 75.6 31.2

(continues)

TRADE Part III. Development outcomes 63

Drivers of growth

Table
6.1 International trade and tariff barriers (continued)
Tariff barriers, all products Tariff barriers, Tariff barriers, Shipping 20 ft
(%) primary products manufactured products container from port Average
Simple Share of Share of (%) (%) to final destination time to
mean Simple Weighted lines with lines with Simple Weighted Simple Weighted Average Average clear
Binding bound mean mean international specific mean mean mean mean cost time customs
coverage rate tariff tariff peaks rates tariff tariff tariff tariff ($) (days) (days)
2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–04b 2000–05b
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Angola .. .. 8.1 8.5 15.2 1.6 11.6 14.7 7.5 5.9 .. .. ..
Benin 39.1 28.6 14.0 12.7 54.1 0.0 15.5 12.9 13.7 12.5 .. .. ..
Botswana 89.0 17.3 5.0 1.0 16.0 1.4 2.1 0.3 5.4 1.1 .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 39.3 41.9 13.2 11.4 49.5 0.0 13.7 11.3 13.1 11.5 1,310 17.1 ..
Burundi 20.9 67.6 20.0 14.7 32.6 0.6 22.4 10.6 19.6 16.9 .. .. ..
Cameroon 31.0 79.9 18.1 15.0 49.5 .. 21.1 16.5 17.7 14.4 .. 17.1 ..
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,400 7.0 ..
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 ..
Djibouti 100.0 40.9 30.9 26.8 92.3 2.3 21.9 19.7 32.6 32.3 .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 771 10.0 9
Ethiopia .. .. 19.4 13.5 52.0 0.2 22.0 6.7 19.1 15.7 451 3.0 14
Gabon 100.0 21.4 18.6 14.7 52.3 .. 23.2 19.7 17.9 13.5 .. .. ..
Gambia, The 13.6 100.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 ..
Ghana 14.3 92.1 13.1 11.0 45.0 0.2 17.6 17.1 12.3 8.8 .. 5.0 ..
Guinea 39.0 20.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau .. .. 13.9 13.6 56.0 0.0 16.6 14.5 13.4 12.9 .. .. ..
Kenya 14.0 95.1 16.2 10.3 39.1 0.1 19.5 10.1 15.8 10.2 .. .. 9
Lesotho .. .. 10.8 17.8 42.1 2.9 16.0 9.2 10.5 17.8 .. .. ..
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 29.7 27.4 5.2 3.6 4.4 0.0 5.5 1.7 5.1 4.6 .. .. 7
Malawi 30.2 75.0 12.9 10.2 40.4 0.0 12.6 9.0 12.9 10.7 .. .. ..
Mali 40.7 28.8 12.8 10.7 45.9 0.0 15.4 11.5 12.4 10.4 .. .. 10
Mauritania 39.4 19.6 12.8 9.3 51.5 0.0 12.6 7.9 12.8 10.0 .. .. ..
Mauritius 18.0 94.0 23.5 13.0 40.0 0.1 19.6 9.9 23.8 14.4 .. .. ..
Mozambique .. .. 12.7 9.9 36.8 0.0 16.0 9.9 12.1 9.9 .. .. ..
Namibia 88.9 17.3 4.5 0.5 13.8 2.4 3.5 0.4 4.6 0.6 .. .. ..
Niger 96.8 44.3 12.8 13.8 48.3 0.0 15.6 15.9 12.4 13.0 .. .. ..
Nigeria 19.3 118.0 24.8 18.5 51.8 1.0 36.8 26.7 23.2 15.7 .. .. 18
Rwanda 100.0 89.1 8.3 6.6 10.7 0.0 11.8 6.4 7.9 6.6 .. .. ..
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 100.0 30.0 13.4 9.2 50.4 0.0 14.7 8.1 13.2 10.5 1,310 14.0 7
Seychelles .. .. 27.2 23.4 57.6 0.3 38.8 46.6 25.4 18.5 .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 100.0 47.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 88.9 17.3 8.5 5.6 30.9 2.0 6.7 3.9 8.6 5.8 .. .. 7
Sudan .. .. 21.1 19.6 43.8 0.0 28.2 24.0 20.5 18.9 .. .. ..
Swaziland 88.9 17.3 1.8 0.6 7.0 0.8 0.9 0.1 2.0 0.9 .. .. ..
Tanzania 13.4 120.0 14.1 8.2 37.4 0.0 15.2 7.4 14.0 8.6 .. 12.7 18
Togo 13.2 80.0 14.4 10.8 55.7 0.0 15.5 10.1 14.1 11.3 .. .. ..
Uganda 14.9 73.5 6.7 5.4 0.0 0.0 9.5 6.4 6.4 5.0 .. .. ..
Zambia 15.9 105.6 13.2 9.6 29.5 0.0 13.4 11.4 13.1 9.0 .. .. 5
Zimbabwe 20.8 91.3 15.9 18.7 36.3 5.7 19.2 27.2 15.4 15.7 .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria .. .. 17.9 12.0 39.4 0.0 18.1 10.5 17.8 12.5 .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 99.0 37.2 18.9 13.9 46.2 6.8 18.1 7.9 19.0 16.9 .. .. 10
Libya .. .. 20.2 25.2 46.6 2.1 19.2 15.1 20.1 28.5 .. .. ..
Morocco 100.0 41.3 28.3 24.9 75.1 0.0 33.5 25.4 27.8 24.6 .. .. 3
Tunisia 57.8 57.7 25.3 22.3 65.6 0.0 36.8 18.4 24.2 23.5 .. .. ..
a. Preliminary.
b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

64 Part III. Development outcomes TRADE

Drivers of growth

6.2
Table
Regional integration, trade blocs

Value of trade Share of total bloc exports Share of world exports

($ millions) (%) (%)
Year
established 1990 1995 2000 2004 1990 1995 2000 2004 1990 1995 2000 2004
Economic and Monetary Community
of Central African States (CEMAC ) 1994 139 120 97 176 2.3 2.1 1.1 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
Economic Community of the Countries
of the Great Lakes (CEPGL) 1976 7 8 10 19 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Common Market for Eastern
and Southern Africa (COMESA) 1994 963 1,386 1,536 2,848 6.6 7.7 5.7 6.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
Cross-Border Initiative (CBI) 1992 613 1,002 1,058 1,700 10.3 11.9 10.6 13.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
East African Community (EAC) 1996 230 530 485 753 13.4 17.4 16.1 14.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Economic Community of
Central African States (ECCAS) 1983 163 163 191 238 1.4 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) 1975 1,557 1,936 2,835 3,973 7.9 9.0 7.9 8.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5
Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) 1984 73 127 106 155 4.1 6.0 4.4 4.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mano River Union (MRU) 1973 0 1 5 6 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Southern African Development
Community (SADC) 1992 1,630 3,373 4,282 6,384 4.8 8.7 9.3 9.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7
Central African Customs
and Economic Union (UDEAC) 1964 139 120 96 174 2.3 2.1 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
West African Economic and
Monetary Union (WAEMU/UEMOA) 1994 621 560 741 1,283 13.0 10.3 13.1 13.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Note: Regional bloc memberships are as follows: Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Principe; Economic Community of the Countries of the Great Lakes (CEPGL), Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rwanda;
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Angola, Burundi, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Cross Border Initiative (CBI), Burundi, Comoros,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; East African Community (EAC), Kenya, Tanzania, and
Uganda; Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and São Tomé and Principe; Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo; Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Réunion, and Seychelles; Mano River Union (MRU), Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone; Southern African Development Community (SADC; formerly Southern African Development
Coordination Conference), Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC; formerly Union Douanière et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale), Cameroon, the Central African
Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon; West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,
Niger, Senegal, and Togo.

TRADE Part III. Development outcomes 65

Drivers of growth

Table
7.1 Water and sanitation
Access, supply side Access, demand side
Population with sustainable access Population with sustainable access
Internal fresh water to an improved water source to improved sanitation
resources per capita (% of population with access) (% of population with access)
(cubic meters) Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 13,607 50 70 40 30 56 16
Benin 1,488 68 79 60 32 58 12
Botswana 1,742 95 100 90 41 57 25
Burkina Faso 1,074 51 82 44 12 45 5
Burundi 555 79 90 78 36 47 35
Cameroon 16,970 63 84 41 48 63 33
Cape Verde .. 80 86 73 42 61 19
Central African Republic 36,332 75 93 61 27 47 12
Chad 1,748 34 40 32 8 30 0
Comoros .. 94 90 96 23 38 15
Congo, Dem. Rep. 16,932 46 83 29 29 43 23
Congo, Rep. 59,086 46 72 17 9 14 2
Côte d’Ivoire 4,574 84 98 74 40 61 23
Djibouti .. 80 82 67 50 55 27
Equatorial Guinea 52,632 44 45 42 53 60 46
Eritrea 683 57 72 54 9 34 3
Ethiopia 1,603 22 81 11 6 19 4
Gabon 121,984 87 95 47 36 37 30
Gambia, The 2,111 82 95 77 53 72 46
Ghana 1,451 79 93 68 58 74 46
Guinea 28,575 51 78 38 13 25 6
Guinea-Bissau 10,744 59 79 49 34 57 23
Kenya 627 62 89 46 48 56 43
Lesotho 2,789 76 88 74 37 61 32
Liberia 59,285 62 72 52 26 49 7
Madagascar 19,948 45 75 34 33 49 27
Malawi 1,460 67 96 62 46 66 42
Mali 5,150 48 76 35 45 59 38
Mauritania .. 56 63 45 42 64 9
Mauritius .. 100 100 100 99 100 99
Mozambique 5,268 42 76 24 27 51 14
Namibia 2,978 80 98 72 30 66 14
Niger 340 46 80 36 12 43 4
Nigeria 1,620 60 72 49 38 48 30
Rwanda 596 73 92 69 41 56 38
São Tomé and Principe .. 79 89 73 24 32 20
Senegal 2,539 72 90 54 52 70 34
Seychelles .. 87 100 75 .. .. 100
Sierra Leone .. 57 75 46 39 53 30
Somalia 623 29 32 27 25 47 14
South Africa 982 87 98 73 67 86 44
Sudan 894 69 78 64 34 50 24
Swaziland .. 52 87 42 52 78 44
Tanzania 2,285 73 92 62 46 54 41
Togo 2,468 51 80 36 34 71 15
Uganda 1,543 56 87 52 41 53 39
Zambia 7,690 55 90 36 45 68 32
Zimbabwe 1,069 83 100 74 57 69 51
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 440 87 92 80 92 99 82
Egypt, Arab Rep. 30 98 100 97 68 84 56
Libya 180 72 72 68 97 97 96
Morocco 963 80 99 56 61 83 31
Tunisia 404 82 94 60 80 90 62
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

66 Part III. Development outcomes INFRASTRUCTURE

 Financing
Quality of supply Pricing
Committed nominal investment Average annual ODA
Average Water supply failure Average household tariffs for in potable water projects with disbursements
nonrevenue water for firms receiving water water services, largest city private participation for water and sanitation
(% of total water supplied) (average days per year) ($ per cubic meter) (2000 $ millions) ($ millions)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04

.. .. .. .. 3.4
.. .. .. .. 7.9
.. .. 0.4 .. 2.5
21 .. 0.8 .. 14.9
44 .. 0.2 .. 0.8
34 .. 0.6 .. 3.1
.. .. .. .. 1.8
.. .. .. .. 1.1
.. .. .. 0.0 8.1
.. .. .. .. 0.2
.. .. 0.7 .. 2.2
.. .. .. .. 0.2
20 .. 0.6 .. 4.2
.. .. .. .. 2.8
.. .. .. .. 1.1
.. 79.2 .. .. 1.3
40 .. 0.4 .. 12.1
16 .. 0.5 .. 0.0
.. .. .. .. 0.5
.. .. .. 0.0 21.7
.. .. .. .. 8.7
.. .. .. .. 1.1
50 85.2 0.3 .. 14.8
30 .. 0.7 .. 2.8
.. .. .. .. 0.1
.. 5.2 .. .. 3.7
30 .. 0.3 .. 5.2
27 2.1 0.5 73.2 9.4
.. .. .. .. 5.3
.. .. .. .. 7.1
60 .. 0.5 .. 15.7
.. .. .. 0.0 2.8
17 .. 0.5 3.4 6.4
.. .. 0.4 .. 3.6
.. .. .. 0.0 2.5
.. .. .. .. 0.8
20 5.6 .. 9.9
.. .. .. .. 0.0
.. .. .. .. 1.1
.. .. .. .. 1.2
.. 4.8 6.3 8.1
.. .. .. .. 2.1
.. .. .. .. 1.0
40 105.0 0.4 2.1 16.5
.. .. .. 0.0 3.6
.. 2.7 .. .. 18.8
55 13.6 0.6 .. 15.5
.. .. .. .. 4.1

.. 41.8 0.2 182.0 7.7

.. 8.5 0.9 .. 48.4
.. .. .. ..
31 .. 1.0 172.3 43.6
14 .. .. .. 34.5

INFRASTRUCTURE Part III. Development outcomes 67

Drivers of growth

Table
7.2 Transportation
Access, supply side Access, demand side
Road density
Energy Rural access
Road network (km) Ratio to Ratio to consumption for (rural population
Total length arable land total land transportation within 2 km of an all- Vehicle fleet
of national Rail lines (road km/thousand (road km/thousand (thousand tons season road as % of Commercial Passenger
Total length network (total route km) sq km arable land) sq km of land area) of oil equivalent) total rural population) vehicles cars
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 51,429 .. 2,761 .. .. 884 .. .. ..
Benin .. .. 438 .. .. 371 32 13,850 44,324
Botswana 25,233 .. 888 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Burkina Faso .. 15,272 .. 316 56 .. 25 25,749 44,805
Burundi .. 4,478 .. 452 174 .. .. .. ..
Cameroon 80,932 21,083 988 354 45 769 20 80,178 149,934
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 21,082 13,050
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 41,453 4,499 619 18 285 26 .. ..
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. 220 .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire .. 15,413 639 467 49 .. .. 92,826 415,013
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. 18,540 306 3,299 184 102 .. 385 6,774
Ethiopia .. 8,755 .. 79 9 893 17 52,169 67,614
Gabon .. 1,159 731 357 5 198 .. 18,170 28,005
Gambia, The .. 11,177 .. 3,548 1,118 .. .. .. ..
Ghana .. 7,254 977 173 32 1,168 .. 48,158 102,494
Guinea .. .. 837 .. .. .. .. 24,080 16,520
Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 63,942 .. 2,634 .. .. 1,372 .. 96,726 244,836
Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Liberia .. .. 490 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33,045 31,152
Mali .. 13,013 733 279 11 .. .. 22,000 30,547
Mauritania .. .. 717 .. .. .. .. 13,068 22,153
Mauritius 2,015 .. .. .. .. .. .. 33,615 92,969
Mozambique .. 12,155 .. 279 16 309 .. 28,021 28,951
Namibia 42,237 .. .. .. .. 529 .. 81,002 82,580
Niger .. 9,677 .. 67 8 .. 37 17,248 41,206
Nigeria .. .. 3,557 .. .. .. 47 573,273 976,376
Rwanda .. 5,408 .. 451 219 .. .. 19,648 15,035
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 13,576 10,261 906 417 53 607 .. 35,753 98,260
Seychelles 11,300 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,615 11,353
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 362,099 .. 20,041 .. .. 14,834 .. 2,386,968 4,162,933
Sudan .. .. 4,578 .. .. 1,469 .. .. ..
Swaziland .. .. 301 .. .. .. .. 38,201 37,272
Tanzania 78,891 67,718 2,600 1,693 77 .. 38 46,799 28,701
Togo .. .. 568 .. .. 284 .. .. ..
Uganda 70,746 10,500 259 202 53 .. .. .. ..
Zambia 91,440 .. 1,273 .. .. 328 .. .. ..
Zimbabwe 97,267 .. .. .. .. 644 .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria .. .. .. .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 5,637 .. .. .. .. ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco .. 58,051 1,919 .. 129 .. .. .. ..
Tunisia .. 19,505 1,939 .. 122 .. .. .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

68 Part III. Development outcomes INFRASTRUCTURE

 Quality Pricing Financing
Roads Average time to Firms identifying transport Average cost to Committed nominal Average annual
Length of national Ratio of ship 20 ft container as major or very severe ship 20 ft container investment in transport ODA disbursements
network in good paved to from port to final obstacle to business from port to final Price of Price of super projects with private for transportation
condition total roads destination operation and growth destination diesel fuel gasoline participation and storage Existence of
(km) (%) (days) (%) ($) ($/liter) ($/liter) (2000 $ millions) ($ millions) road fund
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04 2000–04a

.. 10.4 .. .. .. 0.3 0.4 13.8 3.0 Yes

.. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 0.0 25.5 Yes
.. 35.1 .. .. .. 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 ..
52.7 .. 17.1 .. 1,310 0.9 1.2 0.0 16.4 No
24.1 .. .. .. .. 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.8 Yes
8.9 .. 17.1 .. .. 0.8 0.9 0.0 32.7 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.8 1.4 0.0 2.2 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 1.1 1.3 0.0 8.6 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 1.0 1.2 0.0 13.2 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 0.1 ..
1.2 .. 7.0 .. 2,400 0.8 0.9 0.0 2.1 No
.. .. .. .. .. 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.7 ..
44.4 .. 3.0 .. .. 0.9 1.1 35.0 2.0 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.8 0.5 ..
37.0 .. 10.0 11.7 771 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.2 Yes
24.1 12.9 3.0 15.0 451 0.4 0.6 0.0 36.2 Yes
28.0 3.7 .. .. .. 0.7 0.9 21.4 6.4 Yes
42.4 19.3 15.0 .. .. 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.1 Yes
27.4 17.9 5.0 .. .. 0.4 0.5 1.3 27.4 Yes
.. 9.8 .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 0.0 8.8 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 4.7 ..
.. 12.1 .. 37.4 .. 0.8 0.9 0.0 12.5 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.7 0.0 9.5 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 ..
.. .. .. 16.1 .. 0.8 1.1 5.1 10.7 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.9 1.0 0.0 16.7 Yes
18.5 .. .. 20.1 .. 0.9 1.2 0.0 16.7 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.6 0.8 0.0 5.7 ..
.. 100.0 .. .. .. 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.2 ..
50.0 .. .. .. .. 0.8 0.9 158.1 28.3 Yes
.. 12.8 .. .. .. 0.6 0.7 112.5 8.3 ..
65.2 .. .. .. .. 0.9 1.0 0.0 8.6 Yes
.. .. .. 10.4 .. 0.5 0.9 5.7 0.7 No
.. .. .. .. .. 1.0 1.0 0.0 2.4 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.4 ..
44.3 29.3 14.0 36.0 1,310 0.9 0.9 0.0 7.9 No
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 ..
.. 8.0 .. .. .. 0.9 0.8 0.0 1.6 ..
.. .. .. .. .. 0.9 1.4 0.0 .. ..
.. 20.3 .. 10.1 .. 0.8 0.8 63.1 0.5 ..
.. .. .. .. .. 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 ..
.. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 0.0 1.7 ..
43.6 8.6 12.7 22.9 .. 0.9 0.9 1.6 33.7 Yes
.. .. .. .. .. 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.3 Yes
30.1 23.0 .. 22.9 .. 0.9 1.0 0.0 12.5 No
.. 22.0 .. 30.4 .. 1.0 1.1 0.0 26.6 Yes
.. 19.0 .. .. .. 0.7 0.6 0.0 3.8 Yes

.. .. .. .. .. .. 0.8 ..
.. .. 4.6 .. 0.1 .. 367.0 5.1 ..
.. .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. ..
.. 56.4 .. 4.6 .. 0.7 .. .. 13.9 ..
.. 65.4 .. 4.9 .. 0.4 .. .. 17.4 ..

INFRASTRUCTURE Part III. Development outcomes 69

Drivers of growth

Table
7.3 Information and communication technology
Access, supply side Access, demand side
Delay for firm
Telephone subscribers Unmet demand Households with own telephone in obtaining a
(per 1,000 people) (% of main Total Urban Rural telephone connection
Main telephone Cellular telephone lines (% of total (% of urban (% of rural (average number
Total line telephone in operation) households) households) households) of days)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 84.4 10.3 74.1
Angola 54.0 6.2 47.8 .. .. .. .. ..
Benin 38.2 8.9 29.8 44.5 3.7 8.7 0.7 ..
Botswana 395.8 77.1 318.7 .. .. .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 37.4 6.3 31.0 20.1 3.8 17.6 0.3 ..
Burundi 12.5 3.4 9.1 22.8 .. .. .. ..
Cameroon 102.7 6.9 95.8 .. 1.8 3.5 0.1 ..
Cape Verde 281.1 148.3 132.8 1.1 .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 17.6 2.5 15.1 13.3 .. .. .. ..
Chad 14.4 1.4 13.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Comoros 26.5 23.0 3.5 32.9 .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 37.0 0.2 36.8 .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. 102.4 3.6 98.8 .. .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 98.3 12.6 85.7 1.4 .. .. .. ..
Djibouti 43.4 14.3 30.1 .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 106.2 20.0 112.8 .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 14.0 9.3 4.7 121.4 4.4 11.3 0.1 256.3
Ethiopia 7.8 6.3 2.5 33.6 1.3 7.9 0.0 130.8
Gabon 387.6 28.4 359.2 10.8 12.8 17.2 1.1 ..
Gambia, The 99.0 27.4 118.4 27.7 .. .. .. ..
Ghana 92.7 14.5 78.2 63.9 6.9 14.3 0.7 ..
Guinea 15.3 2.9 12.4 5.6 .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 7.9 7.1 0.9 45.8 .. .. .. ..
Kenya 85.0 8.9 76.1 34.2 12.8 32.7 6.2 80.6
Lesotho 109.1 20.7 88.4 72.9 .. .. .. ..
Liberia 2.8 2.2 14.7 .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 19.5 3.4 18.4 3.1 .. .. .. 54.1
Malawi 25.0 7.4 17.6 23.8 .. .. .. ..
Mali 36.2 5.7 30.5 .. 2.4 9.3 0.1 51.0
Mauritania 134.5 13.2 175.3 .. 2.9 6.8 0.2 ..
Mauritius 699.9 286.7 413.2 4.1 .. .. .. ..
Mozambique 26.9 4.1 36.4 15.1 1.6 5.5 0.1 ..
Namibia 206.1 63.7 142.4 2.1 .. .. .. ..
Niger 12.8 1.8 11.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Nigeria 79.1 8.0 71.1 0.0 5.5 11.8 1.9 ..
Rwanda 18.2 2.6 15.6 .. 1.1 7.8 0.1 ..
São Tomé and Principe 78.9 46.6 32.2 10.4 .. .. .. ..
Senegal 72.4 20.6 90.3 4.1 .. .. .. 10.8
Seychelles 841.9 253.4 588.6 9.0 .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 27.2 4.9 22.3 .. .. .. .. ..
Somalia 87.9 25.1 62.8 625.0 .. .. .. ..
South Africa 473.1 105.2 428.5 1.0 .. .. .. 6.6
Sudan 58.5 29.0 29.5 99.1 .. .. .. ..
Swaziland 118.7 41.8 100.9 49.0 .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 32.2 4.0 43.6 4.9 .. .. .. 18.3
Togo 48.1 10.4 37.7 53.7 .. .. .. ..
Uganda 44.4 2.6 41.9 .. 2.7 14.5 0.6 25.4
Zambia 33.7 7.6 26.1 13.3 3.8 10.2 0.4 54.8
Zimbabwe 55.2 24.5 30.7 43.5 .. .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA .. .. ..
Algeria 215.4 70.7 144.7 .. .. .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 235.5 130.3 105.2 1.1 27.8 44.7 11.0 ..
Libya 155.8 133.2 22.6 .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 356.9 43.9 313.1 0.4 51.8 65.8 29.0 ..
Tunisia 479.9 121.2 358.7 11.3 .. .. .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

70 Part III. Development outcomes INFRASTRUCTURE

 Quality Pricing Financing
Firms identifying Committed nominal Committed nominal
telecommunications Cost of phone investment in fixed- investment in Average
as major or very severe Cost of cellular Cost of local call to the line and long distance mobile phone annual ODA
Duration of Reported obstacle to business local call phone call United States projects with private projects with disbursements for
telephone outages phone faults operation and growth (US cents per (US cents per (US cents participation private participation communications
(hours) (per 100 mainlines) (%) 3 off-peak min) 3 peak min) per 3 min) (2000 $ millions) (2000 $ millions) ($ millions)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04 a 2000–04a 2000–04

.. .. .. 8.0 9.0 134.0 .. 69.7 5.1

.. 6.0 .. 59.4 11.4 576.2 .. 21.4 0.2
.. .. .. 33.3 2.2 .. .. 17.0 0.1
.. 19.7 .. 103.2 10.2 258.0 .. 8.4 1.4
.. .. .. 67.9 6.7 371.0 .. 10.7 0.3
.. .. .. 103.2 5.7 .. .. 73.1 2.6
.. 43.0 .. 89.5 4.6 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1
.. .. .. 51.6 43.0 1,359.0 .. .. 0.2
.. 60.8 .. .. 10.8 910.6 .. 2.8 0.5
.. 55.8 .. 73.4 17.2 .. .. .. 0.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86.3 0.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.4 0.0
.. 81.0 .. 61.9 9.1 638.0 0.0 23.0 0.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 ..
.. 51.1 9.0 0.0 2.9 355.0 .. 40.0 0.3
.. 100.0 29.4 10.5 2.3 705.0 .. .. 0.9
.. 0.5 .. 64.5 25.8 1,088.0 .. 5.3 0.5
.. .. .. 47.8 2.8 346.0 .. 3.3 0.0
.. 67.4 .. 70.9 2.5 113.0 11.7 20.2 0.4
.. 1.6 .. 45.6 7.6 461.4 6.0 4.5 0.2
.. 70.5 .. 0.0 .. .. 5.0 6.3 0.4
20.2 149.0 44.1 57.1 9.4 436.0 .. 157.4 0.3
.. 75.0 .. 25.6 22.2 230.7 18.7 17.1 0.0
.. .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. 25.0 0.0
14.3 42.5 16.4 58.0 7.3 741.0 12.6 0.0 0.7
.. .. .. 64.5 5.9 6.0 .. 2.3 0.4
10.3 177.6 14.3 98.2 7.0 1,227.8 .. 27.5 2.0
.. .. .. .. 11.4 .. 24.0 29.9 0.0
.. 41.5 .. 10.0 4.3 250.0 101.5 101.1 0.2
.. 70.0 .. 34.7 7.9 .. 54.5 27.3 3.3
.. 40.4 .. 29.9 4.4 427.5 .. 8.8 0.6
.. 104.6 .. 22.5 10.2 876.6 25.8 20.0 0.2
.. 20.6 59.4 89.6 10.0 .. 409.2 1,036.8 0.8
.. .. .. 36.8 8.8 .. .. 7.9 0.9
.. .. .. 0.0 16.5 495.0 2.4 .. 0.2
9.5 17.3 3.5 42.8 20.3 180.9 65.8 68.5 0.3
.. 6.0 .. 48.6 16.2 .. .. 7.2 0.0
.. .. .. 48.0 2.9 .. .. 9.7 0.6
.. .. .. 1.0 5.0 .. 0.5 0.5 0.2
.. 48.2 3.0 24.8 14.7 58.3 1,115.3 713.5 1.8
.. .. .. 25.3 3.4 391.8 62.0 136.2 0.1
.. 70.0 .. 33.7 5.2 242.0 .. 4.9 0.1
49.6 24.0 11.8 40.8 12.1 528.0 43.6 78.2 5.6
.. 6.2 .. 71.0 10.2 215.0 .. 0.0 0.1
17.8 .. 3.5 42.8 20.9 351.0 37.4 48.5 0.5
40.0 90.8 32.9 76.7 9.1 645.0 .. 16.3 0.4
.. .. .. 32.7 1.3 436.3 .. 14.8 11.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.7
.. 0.5 .. 12.8 1.5 257.0 .. .. 0.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0
.. 24.8 .. 32.7 16.9 163.0 .. .. 1.1
.. 28.0 .. 40.7 2.3 228.0 .. .. 18.1

INFRASTRUCTURE Part III. Development outcomes 71

Drivers of growth

Table
7.4 Energy

Access, Access, demand side

supply side Energy use per
PPP GDP Access to electricity Solid fuels use
(kg of oil
Installed Electric power equivalent per Total Urban access Rural access Total Urban Rural
capacity consumption 2000 PPP $, (% of total (% of urban (% of rural (% of (% of urban (% of rural
(MW) (kWh per capita) thousands) population) population) population) total population) population) population)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 618.0 103.5 312.9 12.0 .. .. 95.0 .. ..
Benin 120.6 12.2 329.7 22.0 49.6 5.5 95.0 87.5 98.7
Botswana 132.0 538.5 .. 22.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 121.0 36.6 .. 13.0 39.7 0.2 95.0 .. ..
Burundi 43.0 18.0 .. 5.0 45.1 0.4 99.8 98.1 99.9
Cameroon 880.0 212.2 212.6 20.0 84.6 21.0 83.0 62.2 98.2
Cape Verde 7.0 87.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 39.9 .. .. 5.0 8.0 0.3 .. .. ..
Chad 29.0 10.9 .. 3.0 9.4 0.1 95.0 .. ..
Comoros 5.0 34.2 .. 51.8 19.6 .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2,515.5 109.9 463.4 6.7 .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. 121.0 77.3 268.0 20.9 .. .. 84.0 .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 915.0 219.4 267.4 38.5 85.9 22.5 74.0 .. ..
Djibouti .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 12.0 45.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. 44.4 .. 17.0 80.6 2.1 79.7 30.4 97.4
Ethiopia 533.8 25.7 417.3 4.7 76.2 0.4 95.0 72.9 99.9
Gabon 403.3 957.3 196.3 31.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 29.0 162.2 .. 5.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Ghana 1,227.5 334.1 201.0 50.0 82.4 20.9 88.0 88.0 99.4
Guinea 261.3 97.4 .. 5.0 53.8 1.5 .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 21.0 63.9 .. 7.9 .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 1,084.3 119.7 498.1 7.9 47.5 4.3 81.8 33.8 94.7
Lesotho 75.8 173.6 .. 5.0 .. .. 83.0 .. ..
Liberia 330.0 112.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 285.0 48.5 .. 8.0 47.8 5.2 98.6 96.2 98.9
Malawi 272.5 68.8 .. 5.0 28.7 1.0 95.0 83.0 99.6
Mali 208.5 46.7 .. 7.6 37.0 2.2 97.9 98.4 99.8
Mauritania 114.5 65.4 .. 50.0 49.7 2.5 .. .. ..
Mauritius 582.6 1,487.6 .. 100.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Mozambique 2,378.0 462.6 433.1 7.2 25.8 2.1 .. .. ..
Namibia .. 695.4 98.5 34.0 .. .. 63.0 .. ..
Niger 105.0 26.7 .. 7.9 36.5 0.2 97.8 94.8 98.4
Nigeria 5,888.0 140.2 788.9 40.0 84.3 27.9 85.7 57.4 94.2
Rwanda 34.3 19.9 .. 5.0 38.9 0.9 99.8 98.1 99.9
São Tomé and Principe 10.1 105.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 237.5 166.3 208.3 30.1 68.9 6.0 41.0 .. ..
Seychelles 28.0 2,573.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 124.0 33.8 .. 5.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Somalia 79.5 24.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 41,365.5 4,559.5 256.6 66.1 .. .. .. .. ..
Sudan 727.3 71.3 278.2 30.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Swaziland 127.5 359.0 .. 20.0 .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 847.3 67.8 728.8 10.5 27.3 1.1 .. .. ..
Togo 35.5 9.1 203.0 9.0 41.2 2.4 .. .. ..
Uganda 291.5 68.5 .. 3.7 43.9 2.4 96.8 85.0 98.7
Zambia 1,786.0 739.4 792.4 12.0 45.1 2.9 85.0 62.4 98.1
Zimbabwe 1,942.0 532.0 333.3 39.7 87.4 8.3 73.0 4.7 93.6
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 6,400.0 913.5 98.0 .. .. 5.0 .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,337.4 215.2 93.8 .. .. 5.0 .. ..
Libya 4,700.0 3,338.5 99.8 .. .. 5.0 .. ..
Morocco 17,600.0 592.1 99.0 71.1 .. .. 5.0 .. ..
Tunisia 2,900.0 1,239.6 130.0 94.6 .. .. 5.0 .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

72 Part III. Development outcomes INFRASTRUCTURE

 Quality Pricing Financing
Firms identifying Electricity
Committed nominal
Delay for firm in electricity as major end-user prices
investment in Average
obtaining electrical Electric power Electrical outages Firms that share or very severe obstacle (US cents
energy projects annual ODA
connection transmission and of firms or own their own to business operation per kWh)
with private disbursements
(average number distribution losses (average number generator and growth participation for energy
of days) (% of output) of days per year) (% of total) (%) Households Industry (2000 $ millions) ($ millions)
2000–05a 2000–04a 2000–05a 2000–05a 2000–05a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04 a 2000–04

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42.1 4.4
.. 17.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9
.. .. .. .. .. 4.0 2.9 .. 0.2
.. 8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 44.5 2.3
.. 15.0 .. .. .. .. .. 143.4 0.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.6
.. 30.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.4
.. .. 0.1
.. .. 0.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1
65.4 18.0 93.9 43.0 38.2 .. .. .. 4.6
105.5 23.0 .. 17.1 42.5 .. .. 280.6 1.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. 167.7 8.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2
43.7 18.7 83.6 70.9 48.1 8.2 6.7 .. 21.3
.. .. .. .. .. 8.0 2.6 .. 0.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
49.5 .. 78.0 21.5 41.3 .. .. .. 0.6
.. 4.4 4.7 .. 4.4
32.0 .. 10.5 45.3 24.2 .. .. 697.3 3.4
.. 26.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1
.. .. .. .. .. 14.3 10.0 .. 0.1
.. 21.0 .. .. .. 3.1 2.2 1,122.5 25.9
.. .. .. .. .. 3.6 2.4 1.0 1.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.4
.. 34.0 .. .. 97.4 7.0 .. 227.1 6.4
.. 22.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.6
10.3 17.5 26.1 62.5 30.7 .. .. .. 4.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. 33.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1
5.3 .. 5.5 9.5 9.0 3.1 2.0 388.7 1.4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0
.. .. .. .. .. 3.9 3.1 .. 0.0
44.0 24.0 60.6 55.4 58.9 5.1 8.6 330.8 10.0
.. 67.7 0.1
25.6 19.6 70.8 36.0 44.5 8.6 6.6 16.9 3.3
142.4 .. 30.0 38.2 39.6 2.4 2.6 12.4 1.4
.. 3.6 .. .. .. 5.7 10.3 .. 0.9

.. .. .. 11.5 .. .. 0.9
.. 21.0 .. 26.5 .. .. 659.6 44.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0
.. 6.0 .. 16.7 .. .. .. 336.8 25.2
.. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2

INFRASTRUCTURE Part III. Development outcomes 73

Drivers of growth

Table
7.5 Financial sector infrastructure
Macroeconomy Size
Claims on
Bank assets
Sovereign ratings Gross national governments and Money and quasi Real
(long-term savings other public entities money (M2) interest rate Value Share of GDP
foreign currency) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP) (%) ($ millions) (%)
2006 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola .. 13 –1 13 28 3,825 19.0
Benin B 9 –5 25 .. 1,144 28.1
Botswana .. 42 –22 28 10 2,801 32.3
Burkina Faso .. 10 –1 24 .. 1,162 24.1
Burundi 8 16 26 11 201 30.6
Cameroon B– 17 5 18 18 2,839 19.3
Cape Verde B+ 14 31 69 10 753 79.4
Central African Republic .. 13 10 15 20 134 10.2
Chad .. 18 5 8 4 311 7.3
Comoros 8 1 23 8 64 17.4
Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 7 0 7 .. 436 6.6
Congo, Rep. 27 9 13 10 384 8.8
Côte d’Ivoire .. 14 4 23 .. 3,468 22.7
Djibouti .. .. 6 70 8 536 80.9
Equatorial Guinea .. .. –19 11 29 428 13.2
Eritrea .. –21 109 147 .. 1,313 142.0
Ethiopia .. 14 35 53 –2 4,722 58.5
Gabon .. 29 3 16 10 1,478 20.4
Gambia, The CCC 14 8 40 19 163 39.2
Ghana B+ 23 17 29 .. 3,121 36.2
Guinea .. 5 12 15 .. 529 15.1
Guinea-Bissau .. 10 7 25 .. 27 9.6
Kenya .. 17 10 37 5 7,096 45.5
Lesotho BB– 36 –8 28 10 396 28.8
Liberia .. 29 213 15 16 123 27.5
Madagascar .. 14 5 22 10 975 22.3
Malawi CCC –5 11 20 23 348 19.2
Mali B– 11 –2 30 .. 1,496 30.8
Mauritania .. –5 .. .. .. 396b 25.8b
Mauritius .. 24 23 85 14 6,132 84.3
Mozambique B 12 3 25 8 1,680 30.3
Namibia BBB– 40 .. .. 8 2,507 45.9
Niger .. 6 5 13 .. 343 11.1
Nigeria BB– 27 –3 22 –1 22,153 30.7
Rwanda .. –1 .. .. .. 330 17.9
São Tomé and Principe .. –33 8 48 20 38c 61.4c
Senegal .. 17 1 34 .. 2,737 35.7
Seychelles .. 18 103 110 6 941 133.7
Sierra Leone .. 6 25 17 5 160 14.9
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa BBB+ 19 3 62 5 219,303 103.1
Sudan .. 17 4 16 .. 2,332 11.9
Swaziland .. 19 –4 20 6 633 26.2
Tanzania .. 8 0 22 10 2,196 20.2
Togo .. 6 1 26 .. 594 28.8
Uganda .. 10 4 19 14 1,738 25.4
Zambia .. 10 27 19 9 1,392 25.8
Zimbabwe .. 3 25 25 –16 5,979 33.7
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria .. 34 14 57 –2 42,860 50.6
Egypt, Arab Rep. BB+ 23 50 89 2 95,367 121.0
Libya .. .. –20 31 –11 13,162 45.2
Morocco .. 24 17 90 10 47,828 95.6
Tunisia BBB 26 6 55 .. 20,409 72.4
a. Data are consolidated for regional security markets where they exist.
b. Data are for 2003.
c. Calculated using 2003 exchange rate.

74 Part III. Development outcomes INFRASTRUCTURE

 Intermediation Capital marketsa
Ratio of bank
Domestic credit Interest rate spread nonperfoming loans Bank Listed Market capitalization of Turnover ratio for
to private sector (lending rate minus to total branches domestic listed companies traded stocks
(% of GDP) deposit rate) (%) (per 100,000 people) companies (% of GDP) (%)
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004

5 67 13.3 .. .. .. ..
14 .. .. .. .. .. ..
19 6 2.8 3.8 18 28.4 2
15 .. .. .. .. .. ..
23 .. .. .. .. .. ..
10 13 .. .. .. .. ..
37 9 .. .. .. .. ..
7 13 .. .. .. .. ..
3 13 .. .. .. .. ..
9 8 .. .. .. .. ..
2 .. .. .. .. .. ..
3 13 .. .. .. .. ..
14 .. .. .. 39 13.5 3
21 10 .. .. .. .. ..
4 13 .. .. .. .. ..
33 .. .. .. .. .. ..
24 4 .. 0.4 .. .. ..
9 13 15.8 .. .. .. ..
12 15 .. .. .. .. ..
13 .. 16.1 1.6 29 29.8 3
4 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2 .. .. .. .. .. ..
27 10 22.9 1.4 47 24.2 8
7 8 .. .. .. .. ..
6 14 .. .. .. .. ..
10 10 11.4 0.7 .. .. ..
8 23 .. .. .. .. ..
20 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
59 13 .. 11.9 41 39.4 4
2 12 6.4 .. .. .. ..
.. 5 .. 4.5 13 7.7 5
6 .. .. .. .. .. ..
16 5 21.6 1.6 207 20.1 14
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33 18 .. .. .. .. ..
21 .. 14.2 .. .. .. ..
37 7 .. .. .. .. ..
5 12 14.8 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
141 5 1.8 6.0 403 214.1 47
8 .. .. .. .. .. ..
20 7 .. .. 6 9.4 ..
9 10 .. 0.6 6 6.2 ..
16 .. .. .. .. .. ..
7 13 2.2 0.5 5 1.4 ..
8 19 7.6 1.5 11 8.0 ..
22 176 .. 3.3 79 41.3 9

11 6 .. .. .. .. ..
55 6 24.2 3.6 792 48.9 17
17 4 .. .. .. .. ..
57 8 19.4 6.6 52 50.1 9
65 .. 23.7 .. 44 9.4 9

INFRASTRUCTURE Part III. Development outcomes 75

Participating in growth

Table
8.1 Education
Literacy rate
(%)
Primary education
Gross enrollment ratio Net enrollment ratio Student-
Youth Adult (% of relevant age group) (% of relevant age group) teacher
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female ratio
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 98 87 64 68 60 49
Angola 72 84 63 67 83 54 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Benin 45 59 33 35 48 23 99 111 86 83 93 72 52
Botswana 94 92 96 81 80 82 104 105 104 82 80 84 26
Burkina Faso 31 38 25 22 29 15 53 59 47 40 46 35 49
Burundi 73 77 70 59 67 52 80 87 73 57 60 54 51
Cameroon .. .. .. 68 77 60 114 123 105 .. .. .. 53
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 113 108 92 92 91 27
Central African Republic 59 70 47 49 65 33 64 76 52 .. .. .. ..
Chad 38 56 23 26 41 13 71 86 56 57 68 46 69
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 91 80 55 60 50 35
Congo, Dem. Rep. 70 78 63 67 81 54 64 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 92 85 .. .. .. 83
Côte d’Ivoire 61 71 52 49 61 39 72 80 63 56 62 50 42
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 44 35 33 36 29 34
Equatorial Guinea 95 95 95 87 93 80 99 102 96 59 61 58 30
Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 74 59 48 52 44 47
Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 85 69 46 49 44 65
Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. 130 130 129 77 77 77 36
Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 82 75 73 76 70 37
Ghana 71 76 65 58 66 50 81 84 79 58 62 62 32
Guinea 47 59 34 29 43 18 79 87 71 64 69 58 45
Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 84 56 45 53 37 44
Kenya 80 80 81 74 78 70 111 114 108 76 76 77 40
Lesotho .. .. .. 82 74 90 131 131 131 86 83 88 44
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 115 83 66 74 58 38
Madagascar 70 73 68 71 77 65 134 136 131 89 89 89 52
Malawi 76 82 71 64 75 54 125 123 126 95 93 98 ..
Mali 24 32 17 19 27 12 64 71 56 46 50 43 52
Mauritania 61 68 55 51 60 43 94 95 93 74 75 74 45
Mauritius 95 94 95 84 88 81 103 103 103 95 94 96 22
Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 104 86 71 75 67 65
Namibia 92 91 93 85 87 83 101 100 102 74 71 76 28
Niger 37 52 23 29 43 15 45 52 37 39 46 32 44
Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 107 91 88 95 81 36
Rwanda 78 79 77 65 71 60 119 118 120 73 72 75 62
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 134 129 .. .. .. 33
Senegal 49 58 41 39 51 29 76 78 74 66 68 64 43
Seychelles 99 99 99 92 91 92 113 116 110 100 100 99 14
Sierra Leone 48 59 37 35 47 24 79 93 65 .. .. .. 37
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 94 93 94 82 84 81 105 107 103 89 88 89 34
Sudan 77 85 71 61 71 52 60 64 56 43 47 39 29
Swaziland 88 87 90 80 81 78 101 103 98 77 76 77 31
Tanzania 78 81 76 69 78 62 101 103 99 86 87 85 58
Togo 74 84 64 53 69 38 101 110 92 79 85 72 44
Uganda 77 83 71 67 77 58 125 126 125 98 97 99 50
Zambia 69 73 66 68 76 60 99 101 97 80 80 80 49
Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 97 95 82 81 82 39
NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria 90 94 86 70 80 60 112 116 107 97 98 96 27
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 103 98 94 96 93 22
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 113 112 .. .. .. ..
Morocco 70 81 60 52 66 40 106 111 100 87 89 84 28
Tunisia 94 96 92 74 83 65 111 113 109 97 97 97 22
a. Data are for most recent year during the period specified.

76 Part III. Development outcomes HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

 Secondary education Tertiary education Public spending on education
Gross enrollment ratio Gross enrollment ratio (%)
(% of relevant age group) (% of relevant age group)
Share of government Share of
Total Male Female Total Male Female expenditure GDP
2004 2004 2004 2001 2001 2001 2000–05a 2002
30 33 26 5 .. .. .. 3.4
17 19 15 1 1 1 .. 3.0
26 34 18 3 5 1 .. 3.3
74 71 76 6 7 6 25.6 2.2
12 14 10 1 2 1 .. ..
12 14 10 2 3 1 13.0 5.2
44 46 42 5 6 4 17.2 3.8
66 63 69 6 5 6 20.7 7.3
12 .. .. 2 3 1 .. ..
15 23 7 1 1 0 .. ..
35 40 30 2 3 2 24.1 3.9
23 24 12 .. .. .. .. ..
32 37 27 4 6 1 12.6 3.2
25 32 18 .. .. .. 21.5 4.6
22 25 18 2 2 1 20.5 6.1
30 38 22 3 4 2 1.6 0.6
28 35 21 1 2 0 .. 3.8
28 34 21 2 4 1 20.4 6.1
50 49 42 .. .. .. .. 3.9
34 40 28 1 2 0 8.9 1.9
42 45 38 3 4 2 .. ..
26 34 17 2 4 1 25.6 1.8
18 23 13 0 1 0 .. ..
48 50 46 .. .. .. 29.2 7.0
36 32 41 3 2 3 18.5 9.0
32 37 27 16 18 13 .. ..
.. .. .. 3 3 2 18.2 3.3
29 32 26 0 1 0 .. 6.0
22 28 17 2 3 1 .. ..
20 22 18 3 5 2 .. 3.4
80 78 82 17 14 20 15.7 4.7
11 13 9 1 2 1 .. ..
58 54 62 6 6 7 21.0 7.2
8 9 6 1 1 0 .. 2.3
35 38 31 10 13 7 .. ..
14 15 14 3 3 2 .. 2.8
39 42 36 1 1 1 .. ..
19 22 16 5 .. .. .. 4.0
112 113 111 .. .. .. .. 5.4
26 31 22 2 3 1 .. 3.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
90 87 94 15 14 17 18.1 5.4
33 34 32 6 6 6 .. ..
42 42 42 4 4 5 .. 6.2
.. .. .. 1 2 1 .. ..
39 52 26 4 6 1 13.6 2.6
19 21 17 3 4 3 18.3 5.2
26 29 23 2 3 1 14.8 2.8
36 38 35 4 5 3 .. 4.7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
81 78 84 20 19 20 .. ..
87 90 84 29 .. .. .. ..
104 101 107 56 54 59 .. ..
47 51 43 11 11 10 27.8 6.3
77 74 80 26 23 29 18.2 6.4

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 77

Participating in growth

Table
8.2 Health
Mortality Diseases

Life expectancy at birth Under-five mortality rate Infant Maternal Deaths Prevalence Incidence of Deaths due to
(years) (per,1 000) mortality rate mortality ratio due to of HIV tuberculosis malaria
(per 1,000 (per 100,000 HIV/AIDS (% ages (per 100,000 (per 100,000
Male Female Male Female live births) live births) (thousands) 15–49) people) people)
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2000 2005 2005 2004 1997–2004b
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 38 42 276 243 154 1,700 30 3.7 259 354
Benin 52 53 152 153 90 850 10 1.8 87 177
Botswana 40 40 123 109 84 100 18 24.1 670 ..
Burkina Faso 47 48 193 191 97 1,000 12 2.0 191 292
Burundi 42 47 196 184 114 1,000 13 3.3 343 ..
Cameroon 50 51 156 143 87 730 46 5.4 179 ..
Cape Verde 67 71 38 35 27 150 .. .. 172 ..
Central African Republic 40 41 201 185 115 1,100 24 10.7 322 ..
Chad 45 48 212 188 117 1,100 11 3.5 279 ..
Comoros 62 67 76 64 52 480 <0.1 <0.1 46 ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 42 47 217 192 129 990 90 3.2 366 224
Congo, Rep. 53 55 113 103 81 510 11 5.3 377 ..
Côte d’Ivoire 41 47 225 162 117 690 65 7.1 393 ..
Djibouti 54 57 131 120 101 730 1 3.1 734 ..
Equatorial Guinea 42 44 213 195 122 880 <1 3.2 239 ..
Eritrea 58 62 89 75 52 630 6 2.4 271 74
Ethiopia 49 51 175 158 110 850 .. .. 353 198
Gabon 55 59 102 80 60 420 5 7.9 280 ..
Gambia, The 55 59 129 115 89 540 1 2.4 233 ..
Ghana 56 58 113 111 68 540 29 2.3 206 70
Guinea 52 55 160 150 101 740 7 1.5 240 ..
Guinea-Bissau 45 48 212 194 126 1,100 3 3.8 199 ..
Kenya 51 50 129 110 79 1,000 140 6.1 619 63
Lesotho 39 44 87 76 80 550 23 23.2 696 ..
Liberia 39 44 249 220 157 760 .. .. 310 201
Madagascar 55 59 128 117 76 550 3 0.5 218 ..
Malawi 41 41 179 172 110 1,800 78 14.1 413 275
Mali 44 47 230 208 121 1,200 11 1.7 281 454
Mauritania 55 60 134 115 78 1,000 <1 0.7 287 ..
Mauritius 69 75 17 14 14 24 <0.1 0.6 64 ..
Mozambique 44 46 154 150 104 1,000 140 16.1 460 232
Namibia 52 55 70 57 47 300 17 19.6 717 ..
Niger 42 41 256 262 152 1,600 8 1.1 157 469
Nigeria 45 46 198 195 101 800 220 3.9 290 141
Rwanda 44 47 211 195 118 1,400 21 3.1 371 200
São Tomé and Principe 57 60 122 114 75 .. .. .. 107 ..
Senegal 54 57 141 132 78 690 5 0.9 245 72
Seychelles 67 78 14 13 12 .. .. .. 34 ..
Sierra Leone 37 40 296 269 165 2,000 5 1.6 443 ..
Somalia .. .. .. .. 133 1,100 4 0.9 411 ..
South Africa 47 49 72 62 54 230 320 18.8 718 ..
Sudan .. .. .. .. 63 590 34 1.6 220 70
Swaziland 36 39 163 150 108 370 16 33.4 1,226 ..
Tanzania 47 49 134 117 78 1,500 140 6.5 347 130
Togo 52 56 151 128 78 570 9 3.2 355 ..
Uganda 48 51 144 132 80 880 91 6.7 402 152
Zambia 40 40 190 173 102 750 98 17.0 680 141
Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. 79 1,100 180 20.1 674 ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 69 72 41 39 35 140 <0.5 0.1 54 ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 66 70 36 36 26 84 <0.5 <0.1 27 ..
Libya 70 75 20 19 18 97 .. .. 20 ..
Morocco 69 73 47 38 38 220 1 0.1 110 ..
Tunisia 70 74 29 22 21 120 <0.1 0.1 22 ..

78 Part III. Development outcomes HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

 Prevention and treatment
Children sleeping People with advanced Tuberculosis Children with
Contraceptive under insecticide- HIV infection cases detected DOTS treatment fever receiving
Child immunization rate Births attended by prevalance treated bednets receiving antiretroviral under DOTS success rate antimalarial drugs
(% of children ages 12–23 months) skilled health staff rate (% of children combination therapy (% of estimated (% of (% of children
Measles DPT3a (%) (%) under age 5) (%) cases) registered cases) under age 5 with fever)
2004 2004 2000–04b 1997–2004b 2000–04b 2005 2004 2003 2001

64 59 45 6 2.3 6 94 68 63
85 83 66 19 7.4 33 82 81 60
90 97 94 48 .. 85 67 77 ..
78 88 38 14 1.6 24 18 66 50
75 74 25 16 1.3 14 29 79 31
64 73 62 26 0.9 36 91 .. 53
69 75 .. 53 .. .. .. .. ..
35 40 44 28 1.5 .. 4 59 69
56 50 14 3 0.6 3 16 78 56
73 76 62 26 9.3 43 39 .. 63
64 64 61 31 0.7 4 70 83 45
65 67 .. .. .. .. 65 69 ..
49 50 68 15 1.1 80 38 72 58
60 64 61 .. .. 16 43 73 ..
51 33 65 .. 0.7 0 82 51 49
84 83 28 8 4.2 5 14 85 4
71 80 6 8 .. 7 36 70 3
55 38 86 33 .. 23 81 34 ..
90 92 55 18 14.7 9 66 75 55
83 80 47 25 3.5 7 37 66 63
73 69 56 7 .. 9 52 75 ..
80 80 35 8 7.4 1 75 80 58
73 73 42 39 4.6 24 46 80 27
70 78 60 30 .. 14 86 70 ..
42 31 51 10 .. 3 58 73 ..
59 61 51 27 0.2 0 74 71 41
80 89 61 31 35.5 20 40 73 32
75 76 41 8 .. 31 19 65 38
64 70 57 8 2.1 40 43 58 33
98 98 99 76 .. .. 33 87 ..
77 72 48 17 .. 9 46 76 ..
70 81 76 44 .. 71 88 63 14
74 62 16 14 1.0 5 46 70 48
35 25 35 13 1.2 6 21 59 34
84 89 31 13 5.0 39 29 67 13
91 99 76 29 22.8 .. .. .. 61
57 87 58 11 1.7 47 52 70 36
99 99 .. .. .. .. 106 100 ..
64 61 42 4 1.5 2 36 83 61
40 .. 25 .. .. .. 44 .. ..
81 93 .. 56 .. 21 83 67 ..
59 .. 87 7 .. .. 35 .. ..
70 83 74 48 0.1 31 38 42 26
94 95 46 25 2.1 7 47 81 53
70 71 61 26 2.0 27 17 63 60
91 87 39 23 0.2 51 43 68 ..
84 80 43 34 6.5 26 54 75 52
80 .. .. 54 .. .. 42 .. ..

81 86 96 57 .. 39 105 90 ..
97 97 69 60 .. 12 61 80 ..
99 97 .. .. .. 35 169 62 ..
95 97 63 63 .. 48 80 86 ..
95 97 90 66 .. 34 95 91 ..

(continues)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 79

Participating in growth

Table
8.2 Health (continued)
Water and sanitation Human resources Expenditure on health
General government Out-of-pocket Per capita
Population with Population with expenditure on health expenditure government
sustainable access sustainable access (%)
Health workers (% of general expenditure
to improved water source to improved sanitation
(per 1,000 people) Share of total Share of total government on health
(%) (%)
expenditure government expenditure at average
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Physicians Nurses Midwives on health expenditure on health) exchange rate
2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 1997 1997 1997 2003 2003 2003 2003
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 50 70 40 30 56 16 0.1 1.1 0.0 84 5 100 22
Benin 68 79 60 32 58 12 0.0 0.8 .. 43 10 90 9
Botswana 95 100 90 41 57 25 0.4 2.6 .. 58 8 29 135
Burkina Faso 51 82 44 12 45 5 0.1 0.4 0.1 47 13 98 9
Burundi 79 90 78 36 47 35 0.0 0.2 .. 23 2 100 1
Cameroon 63 84 41 48 63 33 0.2 1.6 .. 29 8 98 11
Cape Verde 80 86 73 42 61 19 0.5 0.9 .. 73 11 100 57
Central African Republic 75 93 61 27 47 12 0.1 0.3 0.1 39 12 95 5
Chad 34 40 32 8 30 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 40 11 96 7
Comoros 94 90 96 23 38 15 0.1 0.7 .. 54 6 100 6
Congo, Dem. Rep. 46 83 29 29 43 23 0.1 0.5 .. 18 5 100 1
Congo, Rep. 46 72 17 9 14 2 0.2 1.0 .. 64 4 100 12
Côte d’Ivoire 84 98 74 40 61 23 0.1 0.6 .. 28 5 91 8
Djibouti 80 82 67 50 55 27 0.2 0.4 0.1 67 11 100 31
Equatorial Guinea 44 45 42 53 60 46 0.3 0.4 0.1 68 7 81 65
Eritrea 57 72 54 9 34 3 0.1 0.6 .. 46 4 100 4
Ethiopia .. 81 11 .. 19 4 0.0 0.2 0.0 58 10 79 3
Gabon 87 95 47 36 37 30 0.3 5.2 .. 67 13 100 130
Gambia, The 82 95 77 53 72 46 0.1 1.2 0.1 40 14 67 8
Ghana 79 93 68 58 74 46 0.2 0.9 .. 32 5 100 5
Guinea 51 78 38 13 25 6 0.1 0.6 0.0 17 5 99 4
Guinea-Bissau 59 79 49 34 57 23 0.1 0.7 0.0 46 7 80 4
Kenya 62 89 46 48 56 43 0.1 1.1 .. 39 7 83 8
Lesotho 76 88 74 37 61 32 0.0 0.6 .. 80 10 18 25
Liberia 62 72 52 26 49 7 0.0 0.2 0.1 57 18 99 4
Madagascar 45 75 34 33 49 27 0.3 0.3 .. 63 9 92 5
Malawi 67 96 62 46 66 42 0.0 0.6 .. 35 9 43 5
Mali 48 76 35 45 59 38 0.1 0.5 0.0 57 9 89 9
Mauritania 56 63 45 42 64 9 0.1 0.6 .. 77 14 100 13
Mauritius 100 100 100 99 100 99 1.1 3.7 0.0 61 9 100 105
Mozambique 42 76 24 27 51 14 0.0 0.2 0.1 62 11 39 7
Namibia 80 98 72 30 66 14 0.3 3.1 .. 70 12 19 101
Niger 46 80 36 12 43 4 0.0 0.2 0.0 53 12 89 5
Nigeria 60 72 49 38 48 30 0.3 1.7 .. 26 3 91 6
Rwanda 73 92 69 41 56 38 0.0 0.4 0.0 44 7 42 3
São Tomé and Principe 79 89 73 24 32 20 0.5 1.6 0.3 84 11 100 29
Senegal 72 90 54 52 70 34 0.1 0.3 .. 42 9 95 12
Seychelles 87 100 75 .. .. 100 1.5 7.9 .. 73 10 63 382
Sierra Leone 57 75 46 39 53 30 0.0 0.4 .. 58 8 100 4
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 87 98 73 67 86 44 0.8 4.1 .. 39 10 17 114
Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Swaziland 52 87 42 52 78 44 0.2 6.3 .. 57 11 42 61
Tanzania 73 92 62 46 54 41 0.0 0.4 .. 55 13 81 7
Togo 51 80 36 34 71 15 0.0 0.4 0.0 25 9 88 4
Uganda 56 87 52 41 53 39 0.1 0.6 0.1 30 11 53 5
Zambia 55 90 36 45 68 32 0.1 1.7 0.3 51 12 68 11
Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 87 92 80 92 99 82 1.1 2.2 0.0 81 10 95 71
Egypt, Arab Rep. 98 100 97 68 84 56 0.5 2.0 .. 43 8 93 24
Libya 72 72 68 97 97 96 1.3 3.6 .. 63 6 100 108
Morocco 80 99 56 61 83 31 0.5 0.8 .. 33 6 76 24
Tunisia 82 94 60 80 90 62 1.3 2.9 .. 46 7 83 63
a. Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus toxoid.
b. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

80 Part III. Development outcomes HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Participating in growth

Table
9.1 Rural development
Rural population Share of rural population with sustainable access
(%) (%)
Rural population Share of rural
density households
Share (rural population To transportation with own
of total Annual per sq km of Rural population below To an improved To improved To (within 2 km of an telephone
population growth arable land) the poverty line water source sanitation electricity all-season road) (%)
2004 2004 2004 Survey year Percentage 2004 2004 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 64 1.2 355 .. 45 26 6.1 .. 0.8
Angola 64 1.7 293 .. 40 16 .. .. ..
Benin 55 1.8 166 .. 60 12 5.5 32 0.7
Botswana 48 –1.1 228 .. 90 25 .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 82 2.8 211 2003 52 44 5 0.2 25 0.3
Burundi 90 3.1 640 .. 78 35 0.4 .. ..
Cameroon 48 0.2 129 2001 50 41 33 21.0 20 0.1
Cape Verde 43 0.4 464 .. 73 19 .. .. ..
Central African Republic 57 0.4 117 .. 61 12 0.3 .. ..
Chad 75 2.9 190 .. 32 0 0.1 5 ..
Comoros 64 1.2 467 .. 96 15 19.6 .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 68 2.2 552 .. 29 23 .. 26 ..
Congo, Rep. 46 2.0 354 .. 17 2 .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 55 0.7 294 .. 74 23 22.5 .. ..
Djibouti 16 –1.0 12,513 .. 67 27 .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 51 0.4 192 .. 42 46 .. .. ..
Eritrea 80 3.8 577 .. 54 3 2.1 .. 0.1
Ethiopia 84 1.6 523 2000 45 11 4 0.4 17 0.0
Gabon 16 –3.1 67 .. 47 30 .. .. 1.1
Gambia, The 74 2.8 337 .. 77 46 .. .. ..
Ghana 54 1.2 277 .. 68 46 20.9 .. 0.7
Guinea 64 1.0 533 .. 38 6 1.5 .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 65 1.8 329 .. 49 23 .. .. ..
Kenya 60 0.3 427 .. 46 43 4.3 .. 6.2
Lesotho 82 –0.3 447 .. 74 32 .. .. ..
Liberia 53 –0.6 450 .. 52 7 .. .. ..
Madagascar 73 2.5 438 .. 34 27 5.2 .. ..
Malawi 83 1.7 421 .. 62 42 1.0 .. ..
Mali 67 2.0 185 .. 35 38 2.2 .. 0.1
Mauritania 37 –0.5 227 2000 61 45 9 2.5 .. 0.2
Mauritius 56 0.6 693 .. 100 99 .. .. ..
Mozambique 63 0.1 282 .. 24 14 2.1 .. 0.1
Namibia 67 0.4 165 .. 72 14 .. .. ..
Niger 77 2.7 70 .. 36 4 0.2 37 ..
Nigeria 53 0.6 220 .. 49 30 27.9 47 1.9
Rwanda 80 –0.6 595 .. 69 38 0.9 .. 0.1
São Tomé and Principe 62 2.2 1,162 .. 73 20 .. .. ..
Senegal 50 0.9 228 .. 54 34 6.0 .. ..
Seychelles 50 0.8 4,138 .. 75 100 .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 60 3.0 550 2003 79 46 30 .. .. ..
Somalia 65 2.5 480 .. 27 14 .. .. ..
South Africa 43 –1.8 134 .. 73 44 .. .. ..
Sudan 60 0.3 125 .. 64 24 .. .. ..
Swaziland 76 1.1 475 .. 42 44 .. .. ..
Tanzania 64 0.3 596 2000–01 39 62 41 1.1 38 ..
Togo 64 1.7 151 .. 36 15 2.4 .. ..
Uganda 88 3.4 453 2003 42 52 39 2.4 .. 0.6
Zambia 64 1.2 137 .. 36 32 2.9 .. 0.4
Zimbabwe 65 –0.1 260 .. 74 51 8.3 .. ..
NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria 41 0.2 174 .. 80 82 .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 58 1.9 1,409 .. 97 56 .. .. ..
Libya 13 –0.5 43 .. 68 96 .. .. ..
Morocco 42 1.9 145 .. 56 31 .. .. ..
Tunisia 36 0.0 128 .. 60 62 .. .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 81

Participating in growth

Table
9.2 Agriculture
Food
Crop Food Nonfood Livestock production
production production production Cereal production per capita
Agriculture index index index production index index Agricultural Agricultural
value added (1999– (1999– (1999– (thousands of (1999– (1999– exports imports
(% of GDP) 2001=100) 2001=100) 2001=100) metric tons) 2001=100) 2001=100) ($ millions) ($ millions)
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 8.5 119 113 89 626 100 100 2 983
Benin 32.1 134 137 108 1,102 116 124 228 381
Botswana 2.3 113 104 91 45 102 100 52 155
Burkina Faso 30.8 130 115 183 3,063 110 103 314 152
Burundi 36.1 104 104 94 280 100 93 23 42
Cameroon 40.0 105 105 102 1,412 103 97 654 401
Cape Verde 6.8 85 92 100 4 102 85 0 113
Central African Republic 57.0 98 108 31 202 115 103 1 29
Chad 23.5 116 112 121 1,394 108 100 123 74
Comoros 36.2 106 105 103 21 96 93 26 34
Congo, Dem. Rep. 47.4 97 98 84 1,570 100 87 39 317
Congo, Rep. 6.0 106 109 102 9 121 98 40 261
Côte d’Ivoire 22.1 97 101 81 2,205 111 95 3,093 711
Djibouti .. 115 110 .. 0 109 102 11 163
Equatorial Guinea .. 94 93 100 .. 102 84 7 57
Eritrea 12.6 72 86 98 102 100 74 3 130
Ethiopia 41.4 111 112 114 9,280 116 102 380 423
Gabon 8.1 102 102 100 32 102 95 17 226
Gambia, The 30.0 66 69 180 162 103 62 22 163
Ghana 35.3 121 121 74 1,943 112 111 1,212 1,038
Guinea 24.3 110 114 71 1,142 115 107 51 216
Guinea-Bissau 63.4 110 110 115 193 109 98 62 41
Kenya 23.9 102 104 109 2,709 109 98 1,296 483
Lesotho 15.5 111 106 103 248 100 105 6 65
Liberia 54.9 99 97 110 110 110 82 96 118
Madagascar 26.2 109 108 100 3,391 104 96 118 90
Malawi 33.7 92 96 86 1,847 102 88 392 58
Mali 33.4 111 110 133 2,728 118 97 336 148
Mauritania 17.0 101 109 .. 153 110 97 18 345
Mauritius 5.4 104 106 92 0 114 102 407 408
Mozambique 21.2 107 104 129 1,813 101 97 124 342
Namibia 9.0 111 114 118 98 114 107 237 280
Niger 0.0 122 118 25 3,169 105 103 27 136
Nigeria 16.3 106 106 103 22,783 109 96 487 2,264
Rwanda 41.2 113 113 103 319 110 102 34 60
São Tomé and Principe 18.5 109 109 61 3 108 99 4 20
Senegal 17.0 77 82 230 1,200 101 74 182 847
Seychelles 2.6 94 92 95 .. 91 88 6 49
Sierra Leone 43.2 115 114 113 309 105 97 14 153
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 2.7 103 106 87 12,225 109 103 3,421 2,650
Sudan 33.2 110 108 129 3,792 107 99 395 638
Swaziland 6.5 101 106 44 71 111 102 269 71
Tanzania 42.3 107 106 137 4,458 110 98 481 406
Togo 41.2 111 104 137 787 109 95 131 98
Uganda 29.5 109 109 111 2,625 110 96 359 281
Zambia 18.8 108 108 73 1,364 99 103 201 97
Zimbabwe 14.2 66 86 56 1,227 99 85 846 465
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 8.6 128 117 104 3,994 105 109 55 4,050
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 106 111 111 20,261 122 102 1,314 3,014
Libya .. 100 104 109 213 101 96 12 1,148
Morocco 15.2 149 132 98 8,591 100 124 964 2,058
Tunisia 11.9 102 102 96 2,155 99 97 974 1,181
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

82 Part III. Development outcomes AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

 Fertilizer Agricultural Agricultural
Permanent Land under cereal consumption machinery Agricultural productivity
cropland production (hundred grams (tractors per employment (agriculture Cereal yield
(thousands of (thousands of Irrigated land per hectare of 100 hectares of (% of total Incidence of value added per (kilograms per
hectares) hectares) (% of cropland) arable land) arable land) employment) drought worker 2000 $) hectare)
2003 2004 2003 2002 2003 2000–03a 2005 2003 2005

290 1,388 2.2 0.0 0.3 .. No 175 597

267 968 0.4 187.6 0.0 .. No 610 1,147
3 188 0.3 122.0 1.6 12 Yes 412 241
60 3,085 0.5 3.6 0.0 .. No 164 941
365 211 1.5 25.8 0.0 .. Yes 101 1,329
1,200 881 0.4 58.6 0.0 .. No 1,215 1,727
3 26 6.1 47.8 0.0 .. No 1,666 156
94 185 0.1 3.1 0.0 .. No 423 1,042
30 1,807 0.8 48.6 0.0 .. No 199 671
52 16 .. 37.5 0.0 .. No 353 1,338
1,100 2,048 0.1 15.7 0.0 .. No 197 767
52 11 0.4 4.8 0.1 .. No 347 806
3,600 1,747 1.1 330.3 0.1 .. No 763 1,262
.. 0 .. 0.0 0.6 .. Yes 70 1,500
100 .. .. 0.0 0.1 .. No 654 ..
3 364 3.7 65.4 0.1 .. Yes 57 405
713 7,405 2.5 151.0 0.0 .. Yes 109 1,244
170 20 1.4 9.2 0.5 .. No 1,805 1,641
5 189 0.6 25.4 0.0 .. No 220 1,123
2,200 1,333 0.5 74.2 0.1 55 No 346 1,458
650 778 5.4 30.5 0.1 .. No 231 1,468
250 141 4.5 80.0 0.0 .. No 229 1,220
562 2,085 2.0 310.3 0.3 .. Yes 319 1,322
4 265 0.9 342.4 0.6 .. No 491 936
220 120 0.5 0.0 0.1 .. No .. 917
600 1,424 30.6 30.9 0.1 78 Yes 173 2,380
140 1,683 2.2 839.2 0.1 .. Yes 134 1,097
40 3,391 5.0 90.1 0.1 .. No 245 839
12 148 9.8 59.4 0.1 .. No 287 1,448
6 0 20.8 2,500.0 0.4 9 No 4,659 3,455
230 2,132 2.6 59.3 0.1 .. Yes 147 959
5 244 1.0 3.7 0.4 31 No 1,122 447
17 6,739 0.5 3.4 0.0 .. No 174 394
2,900 21,563 0.8 55.0 0.1 .. No 890 1,057
270 324 0.6 137.1 0.0 .. Yes 224 1,016
47 1 18.2 .. 1.6 .. No 226 2,455
47 1,081 4.8 136.1 0.0 .. No 254 975
6 .. .. 170.0 4.0 .. No 554 ..
75 253 4.7 5.6 0.0 .. No .. 1,223
26 .. 18.7 4.8 0.2 .. Yes .. ..
959 4,330 9.5 654.2 0.4 10 No 2,372 3,330
420 9,105 10.7 42.8 0.1 .. No 688 398
14 61 26.0 393.3 2.2 .. No 1,180 1,160
1,100 3,410 3.6 17.9 0.2 82 Yes 290 1,472
120 744 0.3 67.9 0.0 .. No 405 1,058
2,150 1,549 0.1 18.2 0.1 69 Yes 231 1,695
29 855 2.9 123.9 0.1 .. Yes 210 1,595
130 1,501 5.2 341.6 0.7 .. Yes 241 717

670 2,726 6.9 129.9 1.3 21 No 2,113 1,466

502 2,822 99.9 4,342.2 3.1 28 No 2,048 7,516
335 341 21.9 341.0 2.2 .. No .. 627
892 5,708 15.4 475.2 0.6 44 No 1,711 814
2,140 1,590 8.0 368.1 1.3 .. No 2,639 1,450

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Part III. Development outcomes 83

Participating in growth

Table
10.1 Labor
Labor force Employment
Agriculture Industry Services
Participation rate
(% ages 15–64) Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total (% of male (% of female (% of male (% of female (% of male (% of female
(millions) Male Female employment) employment) employment) employment) employment) employment)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 298.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Angola 6.8 92 76 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Benin 3.2 87 55 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Botswana 0.6 69 47 16.8 5.9 31.1 17.4 51.4 75.6
Burkina Faso 5.6 90 80 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Burundi 3.7 93 93 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cameroon 6.2 82 54 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cape Verde 0.2 79 37 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 1.8 89 71 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Chad 3.6 77 66 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Comoros 0.2 87 60 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 22.3 91 63 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Rep. 1.5 87 56 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 6.7 89 40 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Djibouti 0.3 84 55 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea 1.7 94 52 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ethiopia 30.9 91 60 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gabon 0.6 91 74 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 0.6 84 64 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ghana 9.6 87 60 59.8 50.3 13.5 14.5 26.5 35.6
Guinea 4.3 76 72 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 0.6 89 83 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya 15.1 93 63 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Lesotho 0.6 90 71 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Liberia 1.2 74 49 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 8.3 84 56 76.7 79.3 7.4 6.0 16.0 14.6
Malawi 5.8 86 80 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mali 5.3 90 86 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mauritania 1.2 86 75 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Mauritius 0.6 85 56 11.0 6.1 35.7 39.6 53.2 54.2
Mozambique 9.1 84 46 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Namibia 0.6 32.8 29.1 17.2 6.7 49.4 63.3
Niger 5.7 83 85 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Nigeria 46.7 65 49 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rwanda 4.1 96 73 .. .. .. .. .. ..
São Tomé and Principe 0.0 86 47 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 4.5 85 82 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Seychelles .. 77 32 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 2.3 84 59 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Somalia 3.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa 19.1 94 58 12.6 7.4 33.3 13.6 53.9 78.9
Sudan 10.3 95 61 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Swaziland 0.3 82 50 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 18.9 73 24 80.2 84.0 4.0 1.2 15.7 14.8
Togo 2.4 75 33 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Uganda 11.5 91 88 60.1 77.3 10.7 4.8 28.8 17.8
Zambia 4.9 90 52 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Zimbabwe 5.7 88 81 .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA .. 91 68 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria 12.9 85 65 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 22.3 .. .. 27.5 27.6 22.9 10.4 49.6 61.9
Libya 2.2 83 37 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 10.9 77 22 39.2 56.8 20.7 18.6 40.0 24.5
Tunisia 3.7 82 32 .. .. .. .. .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Components may not sum to 100 percent because of unclassified data.

84 Part III. Development outcomes L ABOR, MIGRATION, AND POPULATION

 Employment
Status in employmentb (%) Composition of self-employmentb (%)
Wage and salaried Self-employed Contributing family workers Own-account Members of producer
workers (employees) workers (unpaid workers) Employers workers cooperatives
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999– 1999–
2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a 2003 a
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
82.7 83.2 81.9 15.9 15.3 16.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 3.6 4.2 2.9 12.3 11.2 13.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
19.2 29.3 8.7 59.3 57.0 61.7 18.2 9.5 27.2 1.6 2.1 1.1 57.7 54.9 60.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.8 23.0 6.1 68.8 66.0 70.5 17.2 10.7 23.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33.4 46.4 19.3 23.8 23.1 24.6 39.6 26.9 53.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
15.0 17.8 12.0 43.7 51.6 35.4 40.6 29.7 51.9 2.1 2.5 1.7 41.6 49.2 33.7 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.8 6.8 4.5 10.2 8.3 12.7 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
81.8 82.4 81.1 17.4 17.1 17.7 0.8 0.5 1.1 15.1 14.8 15.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
6.9 9.8 4.0 89.3 87.2 91.4 3.8 3.0 4.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14.5 22.2 7.5 59.4 67.5 52.1 26.1 10.3 40.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 59.1 67.1 51.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
37.7 51.0 23.1 50.4 38.6 63.2 11.9 10.4 13.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 49.9 38.0 62.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.4 20.1 5.7 11.9 13.1 6.8 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.5 3.3 0.5 26.1 31.2 12.1 2.5 3.1 0.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

L ABOR, MIGRATION, AND POPULATION Part III. Development outcomes 85

Participating in growth

Table
10.2 Migration and population
International migration Population
Stock Age composition Geographic
Share Workers Population dynamics (%) distribution
of remittances Growth Fertility rate Rural Urban
population Net received Total rate (births Ages Ages Ages Dependency areas areas
(%) Total migration ($ millions) (millions) (%) per woman) 0–14 15–64 65+ ratio (% of total) (% of total)
2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04b 2004 2004 2004 2004 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2000–04a 2004 2004
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 7,339 725.8 2.1 5.3 .. .. .. .. 63.6 36.4
Angola 0.3 46,108 –120,090 .. 15.5 2.9 6.6 47 51 2 1.0 63.5 36.5
Benin 1.9 133,730 –29,290 55 1.8 0.1 3.1 44 53 3 0.9 54.7 45.3
Botswana 3.2 55,890 –7,000 55 8.2 3.2 5.7 38 59 3 0.7 48.0 52.0
Burkina Faso 5.1 572,829 –120,590 50 12.8 3.2 6.5 47 50 3 1.0 81.8 18.2
Burundi 1.2 76,990 –400,000 .. 7.3 3.4 6.8 46 52 3 0.9 89.7 10.3
Cameroon 1.0 147,573 –250 11 16.0 1.8 4.8 42 55 4 0.8 47.8 52.2
Cape Verde 2.3 10,375 –5,000 92 0.5 2.3 3.6 40 56 4 0.8 43.3 56.7
Central African Republic 1.9 71,612 11,290 .. 4.0 1.2 4.8 43 53 4 0.9 56.8 43.3
Chad 1.3 104,825 99,440 .. 9.4 3.4 6.4 47 50 3 1.0 74.6 25.4
Comoros 11.3 60,792 –6,000 12 0.6 2.1 4.1 42 55 3 0.8 64.3 35.7
Congo, Dem. Rep. 1.4 717,082 –1,410,320 .. 55.9 2.9 6.7 47 50 3 1.0 67.7 32.3
Congo, Rep. 6.4 220,493 41,550 1 3.9 3.0 6.3 47 50 3 1.0 46.0 54.0
Côte d’Ivoire 14.0 2,336,362 150,000 148 17.9 1.5 4.8 42 55 3 0.8 54.6 45.4
Djibouti 4.0 28,481 20,280 .. 0.8 1.8 4.9 42 55 3 0.8 15.9 84.1
Equatorial Guinea 1.0 4,517 0 .. 0.5 2.3 5.9 44 52 4 0.9 51.0 49.0
Eritrea 0.4 12,952 –8,890 3 4.2 4.3 5.3 45 53 2 0.9 79.6 20.4
Ethiopia 1.0 662,444 –76,910 133 70.0 1.9 5.4 45 52 3 0.9 84.1 15.9
Gabon 16.5 210,486 14,370 6 1.4 1.6 3.8 40 55 4 0.8 15.6 84.4
Gambia, The 14.1 185,116 45,000 8 1.5 2.7 4.5 40 56 4 0.8 73.8 26.1
Ghana 7.6 1,504,715 –51,310 82 21.7 2.1 4.2 39 57 4 0.8 54.2 45.8
Guinea 8.7 735,231 –227,000 42 9.2 2.2 5.8 44 53 4 0.9 64.3 35.7
Guinea-Bissau 1.4 19,233 –10,700 23 1.5 3.0 7.1 47 50 3 1.0 65.2 34.8
Kenya 1.1 327,446 –21,390 494 33.5 2.2 5.0 43 54 3 0.8 59.5 40.5
Lesotho 0.3 5,462 –36,000 355 1.8 –0.1 3.5 39 56 5 0.8 81.9 18.1
Liberia 5.2 159,586 555,110 .. 3.2 0.6 6.8 47 51 2 1.0 52.7 47.3
Madagascar 0.4 61,237 –3,000 16 18.1 2.7 5.1 44 53 3 0.9 73.2 26.8
Malawi 2.4 280,096 –50,000 1 12.6 2.2 5.9 47 50 3 1.0 83.3 16.7
Mali 0.4 48,093 –283,900 154 13.1 3.0 6.8 48 49 3 1.0 67.0 33.0
Mauritania 2.4 62,514 9,900 2 3.0 3.0 5.7 43 54 3 0.9 37.0 63.0
Mauritius 1.3 15,539 –2,000 215 1.2 1.0 2.0 25 69 7 0.5 56.5 43.5
Mozambique 2.0 366,694 75,000 58 19.4 1.9 5.4 44 53 3 0.9 63.2 36.8
Namibia 7.5 142,638 20,100 15 2.0 1.2 3.8 42 54 3 0.8 67.0 33.0
Niger 1.0 120,494 –5,940 26 13.5 3.4 7.7 49 49 2 1.0 77.3 22.7
Nigeria 0.6 751,126 –95,030 2,273 128.7 2.2 5.6 45 52 3 0.9 52.5 47.5
Rwanda 1.1 89,003 1,977,020 10 8.9 1.4 5.5 44 53 2 0.9 79.9 20.1
São Tomé and Principe 5.2 7,314 –5,000 1 0.2 2.3 3.9 40 56 4 0.8 62.1 37.9
Senegal 2.9 297,216 –100,000 511 11.4 2.4 4.8 43 54 3 0.9 49.7 50.3
Seychelles 5.6 4,527 .. 2 0.1 1.0 2.1 .. .. .. .. 49.9 50.1
Sierra Leone 1.0 46,662 –110,120 25 5.3 4.2 6.5 43 54 3 0.9 60.5 39.5
Somalia 0.3 21,937 –214,310 .. 8.0 3.3 6.3 44 53 3 0.9 64.6 35.4
South Africa 2.3 1,022,374 364,290 521 45.5 –0.7 2.7 33 63 4 0.6 42.6 57.4
Sudan 2.6 853,867 –206,850 1,403 35.5 1.9 4.2 40 57 4 0.8 60.2 39.8
Swaziland 4.0 41,504 –12,000 89 1.1 1.3 4.0 42 55 3 0.8 76.3 23.7
Tanzania 2.6 892,553 –205,880 11 37.6 1.9 4.8 43 54 3 0.9 63.5 36.5
Togo 3.3 176,117 127,710 149 6.0 2.6 5.1 44 53 3 0.9 64.3 35.8
Uganda 2.2 528,562 –66,000 306 27.8 3.5 7.1 50 47 2 1.1 87.7 12.4
Zambia 3.3 357,469 86,210 .. 11.5 1.6 5.5 46 51 3 1.0 63.8 36.2
Zimbabwe 5.2 655,671 –125,000 .. 12.9 0.6 3.4 40 56 4 0.8 64.6 35.4
NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Algeria 0.8 250,110 –184,880 2,460 32.4 1.5 2.5 30 65 5 0.5 40.6 59.4
Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.3 169,147 –500,000 3,341 72.6 1.9 3.2 34 61 5 0.6 57.8 42.2
Libya 10.5 558,770 10,000 10 5.7 2.0 2.9 30 66 4 0.5 13.4 86.6
Morocco 0.4 116,715 –300,000 4,221 29.8 3.4 2.5 31 64 5 0.6 41.9 58.1
Tunisia 0.4 37,901 –20,000 1,432 9.9 0.9 2.0 27 67 6 0.5 35.9 64.1
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.
b. Data are five-year estimates.

86 Part III. Development outcomes L ABOR, MIGRATION, AND POPULATION

Participating in growth

Table
11.1 HIV/AIDS

Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS Estimated prevalence rate

(thousands) (%)
Deaths due AIDS orphans
Adults Women Children Adults Young women Young men to HIV/AIDS (ages 0–17,
Total (ages 15–49) (ages 15–49) (ages 0–14) (ages 15–49) (ages 15–24) (ages 15–24) (thousands) thousands)
2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 24,500 22,400 13,200 2,000 6.1 4.3 1.5 2,000 12,000
excluding South Africa 19,000 17,100 10,100 1,760 .. .. .. 1,680 10,800
excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 16,100 14,500 8,500 1,520 .. .. .. 1,460 9,870
Angola 320 280 170 35 3.7 2.5 0.9 30 160
Benin 87 77 45 10 1.8 1.1 0.4 10 62
Botswana 270 260 140 14 24.1 15.3 5.7 18 120
Burkina Faso 150 140 80 17 2.0 1.4 0.5 12 120
Burundi 150 130 79 20 3.3 2.3 0.8 13 120
Cameroon 510 470 290 43 5.4 4.9 1.4 46 240
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 250 230 130 24 10.7 7.3 2.5 24 140
Chad 180 160 90 16 3.5 2.2 0.9 11 57
Comoros <0.5 <0.5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,000 890 520 120 3.2 2.2 0.8 90 680
Congo, Rep. 120 100 61 15 5.3 3.7 1.2 11 110
Côte d’Ivoire 750 680 400 74 7.1 5.1 1.7 65 450
Djibouti 15 14 8 1 3.1 2.1 0.7 1 6
Equatorial Guinea 9 8 5 <1 3.2 2.3 0.7 <1 5
Eritrea 59 53 31 7 2.4 1.6 0.6 6 36
Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gabon 60 56 33 4 7.9 5.4 1.8 5 20
Gambia, The 20 19 11 1 2.4 1.7 0.6 1 4
Ghana 320 300 180 25 2.3 1.3 0.2 29 170
Guinea 85 78 53 7 1.5 1.4 0.5 7 28
Guinea-Bissau 32 29 17 3 3.8 2.5 0.9 3 11
Kenya 1,300 1,200 740 150 6.1 5.2 1.0 140 1,100
Lesotho 270 250 150 18 23.2 14.1 5.9 23 97
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 49 47 13 2 0.5 0.3 0.6 3 13
Malawi 940 850 500 91 14.1 9.6 3.4 78 550
Mali 130 110 66 16 1.7 1.2 0.4 11 94
Mauritania 12 11 6 1 0.7 0.5 0.2 <1 7
Mauritius 4 4 <1 .. 0.6 .. .. <0.1 ..
Mozambique 1,800 1,600 960 140 16.1 10.7 3.6 140 510
Namibia 230 210 130 17 19.6 13.4 4.4 17 85
Niger 79 71 42 9 1.1 0.8 0.2 8 46
Nigeria 2,900 2,600 1,600 240 3.9 2.7 0.9 220 930
Rwanda 190 160 91 27 3.1 1.9 0.8 21 210
São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Senegal 61 56 33 5 0.9 0.6 0.2 5 25
Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 48 43 26 5 1.6 1.1 0.4 5 31
Somalia 44 40 23 5 0.9 0.6 0.2 4 23
South Africa 5,500 5,300 3,100 240 18.8 14.8 4.5 320 1,200
Sudan 350 320 180 30 1.6 .. .. 34 ..
Swaziland 220 210 120 15 33.4 22.7 7.7 16 63
Tanzania 1,400 1,300 710 110 6.5 3.8 2.8 140 1,100
Togo 110 100 61 10 3.2 2.2 0.8 9 88
Uganda 1,000 900 520 110 6.7 5.0 2.3 91 1,000
Zambia 1,100 1,000 570 130 17.0 12.7 3.8 98 710
Zimbabwe 1,700 1,500 890 160 20.1 14.7 4.4 180 1,100
NORTH AFRICA 440 400 190 31 0.22 0.20 0.10 37
Algeria 19 19 4 .. 0.1 .. .. <0.5 ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 5 5 <1 .. <0.1 .. .. <0.5 ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 19 19 4 .. 0.1 .. .. 1 ..
Tunisia 9 9 2 .. 0.1 .. .. <0.1 ..
ALL AFRICA 24,940 22,800 13,390 2,031 .. .. .. 2,037 12,000

HIV/AIDS Part III. Development outcomes 87

Participating in growth

Table
12.1 Malaria

Children Children with fever receiving Pregnant women

sleeping under antimalarial drugs receiving two doses
Deaths due insecticide- (% of children under of intermittent
Risk of malaria to malaria Under-five treated bednets age 5 with fever) preventive
Population (% of population) (per 100,000 mortality rate (% of children Any antimalarial Effective treatment
(millions) Endemic Epidemic Negligible people) (per 1,000) under age 5) drugs antimalarial drugs (%)
1997–2004a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a 2000–04a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a 1997–2004a
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola 15.5 90 8 1 354 260 2.3 63 20 ..
Benin 8.2 100 0 0 177 152 7.4 60 19 ..
Botswana 1.8 .. .. .. .. 116 .. .. .. ..
Burkina Faso 12.8 100 0 0 292 192 1.6 50 45 ..
Burundi 7.3 68 17 15 .. 190 1.3 .. .. ..
Cameroon 16.0 94 4 2 .. 149 0.9 .. .. ..
Cape Verde 0.5 .. .. .. .. 36 .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic 4.0 100 0 0 .. 193 1.5 .. .. ..
Chad 9.4 96 4 0 .. 200 0.6 .. .. ..
Comoros 0.6 .. .. .. .. 70 9.3 .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 55.9 92 3 6 224 205 0.7 45 .. ..
Congo, Rep. 3.9 100 0 0 .. 108 .. .. .. ..
Côte d’Ivoire 17.9 100 0 0 .. 194 1.1 .. .. ..
Djibouti 0.8 .. .. .. .. 126 .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 0.5 98 1 1 .. 204 0.7 .. .. ..
Eritrea 4.2 92 7 1 74 82 4.2 4 7 ..
Ethiopia 70.0 40 24 36 198 166 .. 3 .. ..
Gabon 1.4 96 0 4 .. 91 .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 1.5 100 0 0 .. 122 14.7 .. .. ..
Ghana 21.7 100 0 0 70 112 3.5 63 44 1
Guinea 9.2 100 0 0 .. 155 .. .. .. ..
Guinea-Bissau 1.5 100 0 0 .. 203 7.4 .. .. ..
Kenya 33.5 53 24 22 63 120 4.6 27 11 4
Lesotho 1.8 .. .. .. .. 112 .. .. .. ..
Liberia 3.2 100 0 0 201 235 .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 18.1 89 7 4 .. 123 0.2 .. .. ..
Malawi 12.6 97 3 1 275 175 35.5 27 .. 47
Mali 13.1 99 1 0 454 219 .. 38 .. ..
Mauritania 3.0 65 35 0 .. 125 2.1 .. .. ..
Mauritius 1.2 .. .. .. .. 15 .. .. .. ..
Mozambique 19.4 100 0 0 232 152 .. .. .. ..
Namibia 2.0 .. .. .. .. 63 .. .. .. ..
Niger 13.5 97 3 0 469 259 1.0 48 .. ..
Nigeria 128.7 100 0 0 141 197 1.2 34 25 1
Rwanda 8.9 53 14 33 200 203 5.0 13 .. ..
São Tomé and Principe 0.2 0 0 100 .. 118 22.8 .. .. ..
Senegal 11.4 100 0 0 72 137 1.7 36 .. ..
Seychelles 0.1 .. .. .. .. 14 .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 5.3 100 0 0 .. 283 1.5 .. .. ..
Somalia 8.0 20 79 1 .. 225 .. .. .. ..
South Africa 45.5 .. .. .. .. 67 .. .. .. ..
Sudan 35.5 74 25 1 70 91 .. 61 .. ..
Swaziland 1.1 .. .. .. .. 156 0.1 .. .. ..
Tanzania 37.6 93 3 4 130 126 2.1 53 11 ..
Togo 6.0 100 0 0 .. 140 2.0 .. .. ..
Uganda 27.8 90 3 7 152 138 0.2 .. 7 33
Zambia 11.5 96 3 1 141 182 6.5 52 50 ..
Zimbabwe 12.9 .. .. .. .. 129 .. .. .. ..
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria 32.4 .. .. .. .. 40 .. .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 72.6 .. .. .. .. 36 .. .. .. ..
Libya 5.7 .. .. .. .. 20 .. .. .. ..
Morocco 29.8 .. .. .. .. 43 .. .. .. ..
Tunisia 9.9 .. .. .. .. 25 .. .. .. ..
a. Data are for most recent year available during the period specified.

88 Part III. Development outcomes MALARIA

Capable states and partnership

Table
13.1 Aid and debt relief
Net aid Net aid Estimated total
(2003 $ millions) Aid (%) nominal debt
Heavily Indebted service relief
Share of Share of Share of Poor Country (HIPC) committed
From Share of Per gross imports of central Debt Initiative under Enhanced
From all From DAC multilateral GDP capita capital goods and government HIPC Initiative
donors donors donors (%) ($) formation services expenditure Decision point Completion point ($ millions)
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 as of Mar. 2006 as of Mar. 2006 as of Mar. 2006
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA 21,740 13,961 8,446 4.5 32.9 23.9 17.8 .. 50,282
Angola 1,036 919 131 5.8 73.9 63.5 18.0 15.8
Benin 343 191 168 9.3 46.2 51.2 47.9 46.5 Jul. 2000 Mar.2003 460
Botswana 343 191 168 0.4 22.1 51.2 47.9 46.5
Burkina Faso 553 299 278 12.6 47.6 66.2 77.0 55.9 Jul. 2000 Apr. 2002 930
Burundi 320 169 166 52.8 48.2 386.6 245.6 132.6 Jul. 2005 Floating 1,472
Cameroon 688 515 189 4.8 47.5 25.5 28.9 30.1 Oct. 2000 Floating 2,800
Cape Verde 126 82 49 14.7 282.4 72.3 35.8 49.4
Central African Republic 95 50 50 8.0 26.2 45.6 105.4 58.9
Chad 292 149 154 7.4 33.8 29.7 43.2 50.4 May 2001 Floating 260
Comoros 22 12 11 6.6 41.7 65.1 37.6 33.7
Congo, Dem. Rep. 1,645 1,053 650 27.4 32.5 213.7 88.3 178.1 Jul. 2003 Floating 10,389
Congo, Rep. 105 42 68 2.7 29.9 11.0 11.0 9.3 Mar. 2006 2,881
Côte d’Ivoire 138 177 –43 1.0 8.6 9.2 3.8 4.9 ..
Djibouti 59 36 27 .. 82.3 .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea 26 20 7 0.9 60.3 .. .. ..
Eritrea 242 168 86 28.0 61.3 122.6 56.4 34.9
Ethiopia 1,682 952 760 22.6 26.1 88.2 70.5 74.7 Nov. 2001 Apr. 2004 3,275
Gabon 34 21 14 0.5 27.7 2.1 3.4 2.4
Gambia, The 58 11 51 15.7 42.5 55.8 26.7 50.3 Dec. 2000 Floating 90
Ghana 1,234 812 451 15.7 62.7 65.1 .. 57.7 Feb. 2002 Jul. 2004 3,500
Guinea 256 165 101 7.4 30.3 68.6 39.4 42.5 Dec. 2000 Floating 800
Guinea-Bissau 69 26 48 28.2 49.5 213.9 78.9 57.1 Dec. 2000 Floating 790
Kenya 586 436 166 3.9 19.0 21.6 14.7 17.1
Lesotho 93 31 68 7.5 56.8 18.2 8.3 17.9
Liberia 197 153 48 42.8 65.0 346.8 78.5 307.5
Madagascar 1,119 616 552 28.3 68.2 116.6 85.6 112.9 Dec. 2000 Oct. 2004 1,900
Malawi 432 280 166 25.0 37.8 163.8 55.0 57.0 Dec. 2000 Floating 1,000
Mali 516 299 241 11.6 43.2 61.1 49.6 51.4 Sep. 2000 Mar.2003 895
Mauritania 163 75 96 11.7 60.3 54.5 19.4 36.8 Feb. 2000 Jun. 2002 1,100
Mauritius 34 13 25 0.6 30.7 2.6 1.6 2.4
Mozambique 1,117 661 497 20.8 63.2 100.6 60.4 84.3 Apr. 2000 Sep. 2001 4,300
Namibia 164 119 34 3.1 89.1 12.3 8.5 9.1
Niger 485 276 230 17.6 39.7 111.2 96.0 89.2 Dec. 2000 Apr. 2004 1,190
Nigeria 525 289 260 0.8 4.5 3.6 3.0 2.2
Rwanda 426 198 250 25.5 52.6 124.5 169.4 97.7 Dec. 2000 Apr. 2005 1,400
São Tomé and Principe 30 20 12 58.5 218.5 169.5 91.8 65.5 Dec. 2000 Floating 200
Senegal 953 682 296 13.5 92.4 57.9 42.4 55.2 Jun. 2000 Apr. 2004 850
Seychelles 9 6 3 1.5 123.6 10.0 2.5 2.9
Sierra Leone 326 147 196 33.2 67.4 316.8 .. 128.4 Mar. 2002 Floating 950
Somalia 174 127 51 .. 24.0 .. .. ..
South Africa 560 420 156 0.3 13.6 1.6 1.3 1.1
Sudan 821 696 112 4.1 24.8 18.2 33.5 22.3
Swaziland 105 95 12 4.6 104.1 26.6 6.1 14.3
Tanzania 1,583 929 714 15.4 46.4 83.8 73.8 75.7 Apr. 2000 Nov. 2001 3,000
Togo 55 47 9 3.0 10.3 16.5 7.3 20.4
Uganda 1,062 627 475 17.0 41.7 75.5 87.7 72.6 Feb. 2000 May. 2000 1,950
Zambia 974 669 333 19.9 94.2 76.8 62.6 74.7 Dec. 2000 Apr. 2005 3,900
Zimbabwe 169 150 21 4.0 14.4 31.0 9.4 9.7
NORTH AFRICA 2,578 1,887 677 1.2 19.4 12.5 9.1 ..
Algeria 279 209 78 0.4 9.7 .. .. ..
Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,368 1,115 261 1.9 20.1 .. .. ..
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco 636 354 242 1.3 23.7 5.6 4.3 4.7
Tunisia 295 208 96 1.1 33.0 4.7 2.7 4.4

CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP Part III. Development outcomes 89

Capable states and partnership

Table
13.2 Capable states

Investment climate Enforcing contracts Protecting investorsa

Public financial (viewed by firms as
management major constraint, %) Time Director Shareholder Investor
(number of HIPC Number of required Cost Disclosure liability suits protection
benchmarks met) Courts Crime procedures (days) (% of debt) index index index indexb
as of Mar 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005
SUB–SAHARAN AFRICA
Angola .. .. .. 47 1,011 11.2 5 6 6 5.7
Benin 8 .. .. 49 570 29.6 5 8 4 5.7
Botswana .. .. .. 26 154 24.8 8 2 3 4.3
Burkina Faso 9 .. .. 41 446 95.4 6 5 3 4.7
Burundi .. .. .. 47 433 32.5 1 .. .. ..
Cameroon 7 .. .. 58 585 36.4 8 3 6 5.7
Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Central African Republic .. .. .. 45 660 72.2 .. .. .. ..
Chad 7 .. .. 52 526 54.9 3 6 5 4.7
Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3 .. .. 51 909 256.8 3 4 5 4.0
Congo, Rep. .. .. .. 47 560 43.0 4 5 6 5.0
Côte d’Ivoire .. .. .. 25 525 47.6 6 5 3 4.7
Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Eritrea .. .. 1.3 27 385 19.9 4 5 5 4.7
Ethiopia 7 .. 9.5 30 420 14.8 1 4 3 2.7
Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Gambia, The 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ghana 7 .. .. 23 200 14.4 7 7 4 6.0
Guinea 5 .. .. 44 306 27.6 5 6 3 4.7
Guinea-Bissau 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Kenya .. .. 69.8 25 360 41.3 4 2 10 5.3
Lesotho .. .. .. 49 285 23.9 2 2 8 4.0
Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Madagascar 4 34.8 37.7 29 280 22.8 5 6 6 5.7
Malawi 5 .. .. 16 277 136.5 4 7 5 5.3
Mali 11 16.9 22.1 28 340 34.6 6 5 3 4.7
Mauritania .. .. .. 28 410 29.3 .. .. .. ..
Mauritius .. .. .. 17 367 8.6 6 8 9 7.7
Mozambique 4 .. .. 38 580 16.0 2 .. .. ..
Namibia .. .. .. 31 270 28.3 8 5 7 6.7
Niger 5 .. .. 33 330 42.0 6 5 3 4.7
Nigeria .. .. 36.3 23 730 37.2 6 7 4 5.7
Rwanda 8 .. .. 27 310 43.2 .. .. .. ..
São Tomé and Principe 4 .. .. 67 405 69.5 6 1 6 4.3
Senegal 7 13.3 15.4 33 485 23.8 7 1 3 3.7
Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sierra Leone 7 .. .. 58 305 31.0 3 6 5 4.7
Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
South Africa .. 8.8 29.0 26 277 11.5 8 8 8 8.0
Sudan .. .. .. 67 915 30.0 .. .. .. ..
Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tanzania 11 20.0 25.5 21 242 35.3 3 3 .. 2.0
Togo .. .. .. 37 535 24.3 4 3 5 4.0
Uganda 8 26.8 15 209 22.3 7 4 4 5.0
Zambia 3 38.6 48.8 16 274 28.7 10 4 8 7.3
Zimbabwe .. .. .. 33 350 19.1 8 1 4 4.3
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria .. .. .. 49 407 28.7 8 5 1 4.7
Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 27.4 .. 55 410 18.4 5 2 5 4.0
Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morocco .. .. .. 17 240 17.7 6 5 1 4.0
Tunisia .. .. .. 14 27 12.0 0 3 6 3.0
a. Indexes run from 0 least desirable to 10 most desirable.
b. Average of the disclosure, director liability, and shareholder suits indexes.

90 Part III. Development outcomes CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP

 Regulation and tax administration
Time to prepare Extractive Industries Corruption Perceptions Index
Number of and pay taxes Total tax payable Transparency Initiative transparency indexa
tax payments (hours) (% of gross profits) implementing or endorsed (mean score)
2005 2005 2005 since 2003 2005

30 656 32.5 Endorsed 2.0

75 270 53.1 .. 2.9
24 140 52.9 .. 5.9
40 270 48.3 .. 3.4
41 140 173.5 .. 2.3
51 1,300 47.6 Endorsed 2.2
.. .. .. .. 3.4
66 504 60.9 .. 2.4
65 122 51.3 Endorsed 1.7
.. .. .. .. 2.6
34 312 134.7 Endorsed 2.1
94 576 66.9 Implementing 2.3
71 270 46.9 .. 1.9
.. .. .. .. 2.6
.. .. .. Endorsed 1.9
18 216 66.3 .. 2.6
20 52 43.6 .. 2.2
.. .. .. Endorsed 2.9
.. .. .. .. 2.7
35 304 45.3 Implementing 3.5
55 416 51.2 Endorsed 1.7
.. .. .. .. 4.4
17 372 68.2 .. 2.1
19 564 37.7 .. 3.4
.. .. .. .. 2.2
29 400 58.9 .. 2.8
33 782 56.5 .. 2.8
60 270 44.0 .. 2.9
61 696 75.8 Endorsed 4.9
7 158 38.2 .. 4.2
35 230 50.9 .. 2.8
23 50 43.9 .. 4.3
44 270 49.4 Endorsed 2.4
36 1,120 27.1 Implementing 1.9
42 168 53.9 .. 3.1
29 1,008 27.4 Implementing 2.6
59 696 45.0 .. 3.2
.. .. .. .. 4.0
20 399 163.9 Endorsed 2.4
.. .. .. .. 2.1
32 350 43.8 .. 4.5
.. .. .. .. 2.1
.. .. .. .. 2.7
48 248 51.3 .. 2.9
51 270 50.9 .. 2.7
31 237 42.9 .. 2.5
36 132 38.6 .. 2.6
59 216 48.6 .. 2.6

63 504 58.5 .. 2.8

39 504 32.1 .. 3.4
.. .. .. .. 2.5
28 690 54.8 .. 3.2
31 112 52.7 .. 4.9

CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP Part III. Development outcomes 91

Capable states and partnership

Table
13.3 Governance and anticorruption indicators

Composite aggregate indicator Bottom quintile 2nd quintile 3rd quintile 4th quintile Top quintile
Voice and accountability <–1.09 –1.04 to –0.34 0.14 to 0.39 0.47 to 0.94
Burundi, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Comoros, Botswana, Cape
Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Congo, Rep., Verde, Mauritius,
Central African Djibouti, Egypt, Ghana, Lesotho, Namibia, São
Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Madagascar, Mali, Tomé and
Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Principe, South
Congo, Dem. Rep., Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Senegal, Africa
Equatorial Guinea, Morocco, Seychelles
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sierra
Guinea, Liberia, Leone, Tanzania,
Mauritania, Uganda, Zambia
Rwanda, Somalia,
Sudan, Swaziland,
Togo, Tunisia,
Zimbabwe
Political stability <–0.91 –1.04 to –0.34 –0.21 to 0.38 0.46 to 0.91
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Comoros, Botswana, Cape
Burundi, Central Faso, Cameroon, Eritrea, Gabon, Verde, Mauritius,
African Republic, Djibouti, Gambia, Ghana, Namibia, Senegal
Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Lesotho, Libya,
Dem. Rep., Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar,
Congo, Rep., Côte Malawi, Niger, Mali, Mauritania,
d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, Mozambique,
Guinea, Kenya, South Africa, São Tomé and
Liberia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo Principe, Senegal,
Rwanda, Somalia, Swaziland,
Sudan, Uganda, Tunisia, Zambia
Zimbabwe
Government effectiveness –0.87 –0.84 to –0.39 –0.37 to –0.03 0.22 to 0.83
Angola, Burundi, Algeria, Benin, Cape Verde, Botswana,
Central African Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Mauritania,
Republic, Chad, Cameroon, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius,
Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Gabon, Morocco, Namibia, South
Dem. Rep., Gambia, Senegal, Africa
Congo, Rep., Kenya, Libya, Seychelles,
Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Tanzania, Tunisia
Equatorial Guinea, Malawi,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique,
Guinea, Guinea- Rwanda,
Bissau, Liberia, Swaziland,
Niger, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia,
São Tomé and Zimbwabwe
Principe, Sierra
Leone, Somalia,
Sudan, Togo
Note: Within each quintile, countries are listed in alphabetical order.

92 Part III. Development outcomes CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP

 Composite aggregate indicator Bottom quintile 2nd quintile 3rd quintile 4th quintile Top quintile
Regulatory quality <–0.83 –0.78 to –0.36 0.31 to 0.10 0.27 to 0.96
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cape
Burundi, Central Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Verde, Mauritius,
African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Namibia, South
Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Africa
Congo, Dem. Lesotho, Malawi, Morocco,
Rep., Congo, Rep., Niger, Rwanda, Mozambique,
Côte d’Ivoire, São Tomé Senegal, Tunisia,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Principe, Uganda
Guinea, Guinea- Swaziland,
Bissau, Liberia, Tanzania,
Libya, Nigeria, Togo, Zambia,
Seychelles, Sierra Zimbwabwe
Leone, Somalia,
Sudan
Rule of law <–0.95 –0.92 to –0.49 –0.47 to 0.26 0.32 to 0.84
Angola, Burundi, Algeria, Burkina Benin, Cape Botswana,
Cameroon, Central Faso, Djibouti, Verde, Egypt, Mauritius, South
African Republic, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Africa
Chad, Comoros, Libya, Mauritania, Madagascar,
Congo, Dem. Rep., Niger, Rwanda, Malawi, Mali,
Congo, Rep., Côte São Tomé Morocco,
d’Ivoire, Equatorial and Principe, Namibia, Senegal,
Guinea, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Seychelles,
Guinea, Guinea- Uganda, Zambia Tunisia
Bissau, Kenya,
Liberia, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone,
Somalia, Sudan,
Swaziland, Togo,
Zimbabwe
Control of corruption <–0.88 –0.87 to –0.52 –0.49 to 0.02 0.18 to 0.48 >0.80
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Algeria, Benin, Cape Verde, Botswana
Cameroon, Central Eritrea, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Mauritius,
African Republic, Gabon, Gambia, Egypt, Ghana, Namibia, South
Chad, Comoros, Guinea, Guinea- Lesotho, Africa, Tunisia
Congo, Dem. Rep., Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar,
Congo, Rep., Côte Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Mozambique, Morocco,
Equatorial Guinea, Niger, São Tomé Rwanda, Senegal,
Kenya, Libya, and Principe, Seychelles
Nigeria, Sierra Tanzania,
Leone, Somalia, Uganda, Zambia
Sudan, Swaziland,
Togo, Zimbabwe

CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP Part III. Development outcomes 93

Capable states and partnership

Table
13.4 Country Policy and Institutional
Assessment ratings, 2005

Criterion
Cluster indicators <2.6 2.6 to 2.9 3.0 to 3.2 3.3 to 3.5 >3.5
Overall rating Economic Central African Angola, Chad, Burundi, Djibouti, Cameroon, Benin, Burkina
management, Republic, Congo, Dem. Gambia, Guinea, Ethiopia, Faso, Cape
structural Comoros, Côte Rep., Congo, Mauritania, Lesotho, Verde, Ghana
policies, policies d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Rep., Guinea- Nigeria, São Madagascar, Kenya, Mali,
for social Togo, Zimbabwe Bissau, Sudan Tomé and Malawi, Senegal,
inclusion and Principe, Sierra Mozambique, Tanzania,
equity, and Leone Niger, Rwanda, Uganda
public sector Zambia
management and
institutions
Economic Macroeconomic Angola, Central Guinea, Congo, Dem. Burundi, Benin, Burkina
management management, African Republic, Mauritania, Rep., Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Faso, Cape
fiscal policy, and Côte d’Ivoire, São Tomé and Rep., Djibouti, Madagascar, Verde, Ethiopia,
debt policy Eritrea, Guinea- Principe, Sudan Gambia, Malawi Niger, Rwanda, Ghana, Kenya,
Bissau, Togo, Zambia Lesotho, Mali,
Zimbabwe Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal,
Sierra Leone,
Tanzania,
Uganda
Structual Trade, financial Comoros, Eritrea, Angola, Burundi, Chad, Congo, Burkina Faso, Benin, Cape
policies sector and Zimbabwe Central African Dem. Rep., Côte Cameroon, Verde, Ghana,
business Republic, Congo, d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya,
regulatory Rep., Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Lesotho, Madagascar,
environment Sudan Mozambique, Malawi, Mali, Senegal,
São Tomé and Mauritania, Tanzania,
Principe, Sierra Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda
Leone, Togo Zambia
Policies for Gender equality, Cape Verde, Côte Angola, Chad, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Burkina Faso,
social inclusion equity of public d’Ivoire, Sudan, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Lesotho, Malawi, Cape Verde,
and equity resource use, Zimbabwe Dem. Rep., Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Ghana,
building human Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Niger, Mozambique, Madagascar,
resources, São Tomé and Nigeria Senegal, Zambia Rwanda,
social protection Principe, Sierra Tanzania,
and labor, and Leone, Togo Uganda
policies and
institutions for
environmental
sustainability
Public sector Property rights Central African Burundi, Cameroon, Benin, Kenya, Burkina Faso,
management and rule-based Republic, Chad, Congo, Rep., Ethiopia, Lesotho, Cape Verde,
and institutions governance, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Mozambique, Madagascar, Ghana, Mali,
quality of Dem. Rep., Côte Gambia, Guinea, Nigeria, São Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal,
budgetary d’Ivoire, Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Tomé and Uganda Tanzania
and financial Togo, Zimbabwe Mauritania, Principe, Zambia
management, Nigeria, Sierra
quality of public Leone
administration
and transparency
accountability
and corruption in
public sector
Note: Within each range of ratings, countries are listed in alphabetical order. Only members of the International Development Association are included. Ratings for each indicator are
averaged to calculate the rating for each cluster; the ratings for each cluster are averaged to calculate the overall rating.

94 Part III. Development outcomes CAPABLE STATES AND PARTNERSHIP

Table
14.1 Burkina Faso household survey, 2003

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 8,494 5,894 618 853 1,020 1,278 2,125 2,600 253 326 387 573 1,061
Total population (thousands) 11,385 9,317 1,387 1,672 1,804 1,947 2,506 2,068 319 349 390 458 554
Age dependency ratio 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Average household size 6.4 6.6 9.8 8.4 7.5 6.5 4.7 5.6 8.4 7.4 6.8 5.5 3.9
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 4 3 0 1 1 2 5 10 1 3 4 5 21
Polygamous male 60 59 44 50 57 60 68 63 60 59 67 68 62
Single male 29 33 53 44 37 33 21 13 24 25 18 12 5
De facto female 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0
De jure female 7 5 3 4 4 5 6 13 14 13 12 14 12
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (CFA francs) 75,614 65,140 36,960 46,013 58,598 71,470 112,679 129,090 55,311 81,398 106,453 146,524 256,278
Mean monthly share on food (%) 58 65 72 70 69 65 57 42 54 51 48 44 34
Mean monthly share on health (%) 5 5 2 3 3 3 9 6 3 2 6 7 8
Mean monthly share on education (%) 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 8 4 8 8 7 8
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) 63 55 56 58 58 54 53 91 87 86 89 93 93
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 93 91 87 90 92 91 93 96 95 95 94 97 97
Male 93 91 88 90 94 90 93 96 95 93 96 96 98
Female 92 91 84 90 90 92 94 95 94 97 93 97 95
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 34 21 16 20 17 23 27 48 24 36 42 52 68
Male 32 21 19 18 14 26 29 47 26 34 41 51 70
Female 36 21 9 24 24 19 23 48 23 38 43 53 66
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000)
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 22 13 9 11 10 12 17 56 34 43 49 57 76
Male 29 19 14 18 17 17 23 66 44 54 58 67 83
Female 15 7 4 5 5 7 11 47 25 33 39 49 69
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 31 19 15 20 19 18 20 71 53 70 70 74 80
Male 38 26 22 26 26 24 28 78 58 76 75 83 90
Female 25 13 8 13 12 13 14 65 47 62 63 67 72
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 65 57 56 55 55 57 59 95 91 89 94 95 97
Morbidity (% of population) 6 6 3 4 6 6 8 7 5 4 6 7 10
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 64 62 44 49 56 65 71 71 55 54 72 77 77
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 70 72 57 62 67 70 79 62 66 67 57 64 61
Private, modern medicine 7 2 1 4 2 2 2 25 8 13 27 25 31
Private, traditional healers 17 20 39 28 25 18 14 8 22 14 12 6 3
Missionary or nongovernmental organization .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff 52 43 32 42 43 46 50 94 86 94 93 96 98
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) 43 46 45 46 47 44 47 33 34 29 36 36 31
Wasting (6–59 months) 31 32 35 32 33 32 30 28 24 33 33 28 24
Underweight (6–59 months) 47 50 52 51 51 49 48 35 31 38 43 38 28
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 35 20 12 16 18 20 25 91 70 85 92 95 97
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 90 88 88 90 90 88 85 98 98 97 97 97 98
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 83 80 80 80 80 81 79 97 94 96 96 96 98
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 27 15 14 16 15 15 16 72 52 63 75 76 77
Own tap 19 5 4 5 4 5 6 70 44 59 71 74 76
Other piped .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Well, protected 9 10 10 11 11 11 10 3 8 4 5 2 1
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 95 98 99 99 99 99 96 85 99 99 98 93 67
Firewood 91 96 97 98 98 97 94 73 99 94 93 82 47
Charcoal 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 12 1 5 5 11 21
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 95

Table
14.2 Burundi household survey, 1998

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 6,668 3,908 740 649 723 817 979 2,760 473 494 562 541 690
Total population (thousands) 6,026 5,717 1,143 1,153 1,135 1,143 1,144 309 62 62 62 62 62
Age dependency ratio 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4
Average household size 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.0 4.8 6.4 6.1 5.0 4.7 3.3
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 68 68 57 67 71 71 74 66 62 72 68 68 61
Polygamous male 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. ..
Single male 5 5 4 4 4 6 6 14 5 5 10 14 25
De facto female 3 3 2 1 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3
De jure female 23 23 37 27 20 20 17 17 29 19 18 13 11
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Burundi francs) 6,574 5,438 1,438 2,925 4,221 5,910 10,765 27,314 4,454 9,137 15,444 26,007 58,137
Mean monthly share on food (%) 74 75 69 77 77 77 75 48 59 58 52 44 37
Mean monthly share on health (%) 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2
Mean monthly share on education (%) 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 2
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) 72 70 63 73 70 73 73 97 94 96 98 99 98
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 56 55 40 50 59 63 66 83 67 84 90 93 94
Male 60 59 44 56 62 69 67 83 67 84 89 93 94
Female 51 50 36 44 55 57 65 83 66 83 91 93 94
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 9 7 2 4 7 13 11 48 14 34 56 74 74
Male 10 8 3 6 6 15 11 48 16 33 56 71 73
Female 9 7 1 3 8 12 11 48 13 35 56 76 74
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 49 47 33 45 47 52 54 84 58 76 87 95 97
Male 58 56 43 55 55 61 62 90 70 85 90 97 98
Female 42 39 26 37 40 44 47 79 50 68 83 93 97
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 71 70 55 71 66 77 77 90 72 88 91 98 99
Male 72 71 56 72 66 78 79 92 75 91 93 99 98
Female 71 70 55 70 66 77 76 89 69 86 90 97 100
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 66 65 64 66 59 66 67 98 94 97 99 99 99
Morbidity (% of population) 21 21 22 18 19 21 25 15 18 17 17 13 11
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 60 59 51 54 59 62 69 72 52 69 77 86 87
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, modern medicine .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, traditional healers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) 56 59 62 64 56 59 52 30 47 31 23 22 23
Wasting (6–59 months) 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 7 5 6 6 5 11
Underweight (6–59 months) 44 47 48 50 54 44 38 15 25 19 12 9 9
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 88 87 84 88 87 87 89 97 98 96 98 97 96
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 77 76 76 80 72 77 76 100 100 100 100 100 100
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 85 84 80 83 85 84 87 98 94 96 98 99 100
Own tap 4 1 1 1 0 1 2 57 11 28 50 76 88
Other piped 16 14 14 17 14 12 14 40 80 66 48 23 11
Well, protected 66 69 65 66 71 71 71 1 3 2 1 0 1
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 99 99 100 100 98 100 98 97 99 100 99 98 93
Firewood 94 98 99 100 98 100 95 15 54 23 11 4 2
Charcoal 5 1 0 .. 0 0 4 82 46 77 88 94 91
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

96 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.3 Cameroon household survey, 2001

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 10,992 6,017 646 764 1,026 1,217 2,364 4,975 759 786 886 1,061 1,483
Total population (thousands) 15,473 10,089 2,019 2,016 2,019 2,018 2,018 5,383 1,077 1,076 1,076 1,076 1,078
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4
Average household size 5.0 5.0 7.2 6.8 5.5 5.0 3.0 4.9 7.3 6.3 5.7 4.5 3.1
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 44 46 50 50 50 48 40 40 47 49 46 38 32
Polygamous male 14 16 22 22 16 17 11 9 16 11 10 9 6
Single male 18 15 5 6 11 11 26 25 15 15 17 26 38
De facto female 4 4 5 5 5 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 4
De jure female 19 19 18 17 18 20 20 21 17 20 22 23 21
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (CFA francs) 30,619 22,063 6,609 10,217 13,705 18,951 40,025 46,540 11,847 18,846 25,889 37,099 93,334
Mean monthly share on food (%) 59 69 68 71 70 69 68 42 48 45 44 42 36
Mean monthly share on health (%) 7 7 7 6 7 7 8 7 6 6 7 7 8
Mean monthly share on education (%) 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 7 7 6 5
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) 85 79 75 77 79 77 83 96 96 96 96 95 96
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 93 92 92 91 93 93 92 94 94 95 95 93 89
Male 93 93 93 92 94 93 90 94 94 95 95 94 91
Female 92 92 90 90 93 93 93 93 94 96 95 92 87
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 40 29 14 22 28 33 48 57 38 53 59 64 72
Male 39 29 15 22 28 33 49 55 35 49 59 64 73
Female 41 28 12 21 27 33 47 58 40 57 59 64 71
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 89 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 68 56 50 50 55 58 62 88 76 85 89 92 94
Male 77 67 61 60 66 69 72 92 83 91 94 96 96
Female 60 47 42 42 46 49 51 83 70 80 84 88 92
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 82 73 69 69 76 74 78 94 89 93 95 96 97
Male 88 82 76 78 85 84 85 96 90 95 97 97 98
Female 77 66 62 61 69 67 71 93 87 91 93 95 95
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 90 84 77 83 84 84 88 100 99 100 100 100 100
Morbidity (% of population) 31 31 28 29 31 33 35 31 30 31 31 30 33
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 53 55 53 53 53 59 58 48 44 49 51 49 48
Private, modern medicine 13 7 6 5 7 8 9 23 19 20 20 24 31
Private, traditional healers 15 18 18 21 21 15 14 11 18 12 9 7 6
Other 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 1 1 0 1 1 1
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 43 26 13 15 21 29 36 75 58 68 75 79 84
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 68 75 71 80 73 74 76 56 56 59 61 57 50
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 90 85 82 85 84 86 88 99 99 99 99 100 99
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 66 50 47 44 47 48 58 96 88 94 97 97 98
Own tap 15 6 3 4 4 5 10 32 11 17 24 35 49
Other piped 27 14 12 11 11 13 17 52 58 62 59 51 41
Well, protected 24 31 32 30 32 30 31 12 19 15 14 10 8
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 75 94 99 99 97 96 86 41 75 58 51 34 17
Firewood 75 93 99 99 96 96 85 40 75 58 49 33 16
Charcoal 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 97

Table
14.4 Côte d’Ivoire household survey, 1998

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 4,200 2,280 445 403 459 475 498 1,920 154 270 307 427 762
Total population (thousands) 16,816 9,225 2,724 2,173 1,880 1,470 978 7,590 578 1,143 1,471 1,889 2,509
Age dependency ratio 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5
Average household size 5.7 5.9 8.3 6.9 6.1 5.0 3.6 5.6 8.5 7.7 6.7 5.7 3.9
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 58 58 49 63 62 57 59 58 51 52 65 66 55
Polygamous male 13 18 30 18 18 19 7 7 22 14 9 5 2
Single male 14 12 7 8 9 12 20 16 6 10 9 11 25
De facto female 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 5 7 5 5 4 4
De jure female 12 10 12 8 7 10 12 14 14 19 12 13 14
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (CFA francs) 35,406 28,573 7,452 12,962 18,475 27,084 69,649 43,455 8,148 13,222 18,741 27,490 78,858
Mean monthly share on food (%) 57 65 68 65 66 65 63 47 56 54 51 49 41
Mean monthly share on health (%) 6 6 4 6 5 6 7 7 5 6 6 7 7
Mean monthly share on education (%) 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 3
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 52 43 32 43 45 50 59 64 55 56 61 65 79
Male 55 47 37 45 51 52 65 67 58 59 66 68 84
Female 49 40 27 42 40 48 54 61 52 52 54 64 75
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 21 10 5 8 13 16 13 31 15 20 34 36 39
Male 26 14 7 10 18 21 20 40 20 23 45 48 51
Female 16 6 2 7 7 10 7 24 10 18 23 25 31
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 48 33 24 31 34 38 43 64 44 56 61 64 76
Male 61 46 36 45 48 52 54 77 57 69 76 79 86
Female 35 21 14 18 21 24 31 51 32 44 45 52 65
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 61 47 38 46 50 51 55 73 60 70 75 71 79
Male 72 59 48 59 61 64 65 86 71 79 88 89 91
Female 50 36 29 32 38 39 46 61 50 62 61 58 68
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 15 14 11 11 14 17 17 16 13 14 14 17 20
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 54 48 35 51 48 51 58 60 43 55 58 65 65
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, modern medicine .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, traditional healers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 67 42 33 41 41 41 51 96 94 92 95 96 97
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 64 70 65 72 68 69 71 55 55 57 60 56 49
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 78 82 84 83 82 77 84 72 79 72 72 69 74
Own tap 19 6 4 4 4 8 11 35 18 24 30 34 44
Other piped 7 2 1 2 3 2 3 13 3 11 9 14 16
Well, protected 51 73 79 77 76 68 69 25 58 37 33 22 14
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 89 93 96 98 96 93 86 83 94 92 94 90 69
Firewood 64 90 96 97 95 88 79 32 75 57 44 29 13
Charcoal 25 3 0 1 2 4 7 51 19 35 50 60 56
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

98 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.5 Ethiopia household survey, 2000

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 16,672 8,459 1,469 1,382 1,519 1,678 2,411 8,213 1,118 1,358 1,506 1,883 2,348
Total population (thousands) 54,756 47,531 9,502 9,513 9,504 9,507 9,505 7,225 1,446 1,443 1,446 1,445 1,445
Age dependency ratio 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5
Average household size 4.9 4.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 3.8 4.5 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 3.5
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 68 71 75 72 74 74 64 48 53 50 50 49 41
Polygamous male 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Single male 6 5 3 4 3 4 8 11 6 4 7 10 23
De facto female 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 4 4 3 2
De jure female 25 23 20 22 21 22 27 38 39 42 39 38 34
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (birr) 103 93 42 60 75 95 161 162 49 76 103 147 346
Mean monthly share on food (%) 66 68 72 71 69 68 62 55 66 62 59 53 43
Mean monthly share on health (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mean monthly share on education (%) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 30 25 19 23 29 25 32 75 66 70 76 84 85
Male 32 27 20 25 30 27 35 75 68 68 75 85 86
Female 29 22 18 20 28 21 29 75 64 71 77 82 84
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 9 3 2 3 3 3 5 40 30 36 41 50 47
Male 10 4 4 3 3 5 7 43 29 38 47 54 54
Female 8 2 1 2 2 2 3 38 30 35 36 46 42
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 28 21 15 19 20 23 25 67 54 59 66 71 79
Male 41 34 26 32 33 39 39 81 70 75 80 86 91
Female 17 9 6 8 8 9 11 56 43 47 56 61 69
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 39 29 24 32 29 30 31 84 80 81 86 87 86
Male 50 43 35 47 43 45 42 90 84 86 91 95 95
Female 28 17 12 17 16 16 20 80 76 78 82 81 81
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 5 km away (% of population) 47 38 37 39 40 37 37 98 97 98 99 99 98
Morbidity (% of population) 26 27 27 27 27 26 31 20 20 20 20 19 20
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 41 39 30 36 40 41 46 67 60 65 68 70 71
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 45 44 44 49 45 42 41 52 56 59 52 49 43
Private, modern medicine 45 45 46 40 46 46 48 42 36 36 41 43 51
Private, traditional healers 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1
Other 6 7 6 7 5 9 7 4 4 3 4 3 4
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 45 41 35 48 42 38 45 85 81 81 84 96 88
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 51 47 44 50 47 49 46 90 84 88 90 98 94
Stunting (6–59 months) 59 61 64 60 61 61 55 47 56 51 49 43 29
Wasting (6–59 months) 11 11 12 11 11 9 11 7 8 9 6 4 7
Underweight (6–59 months) 45 46 53 46 48 41 43 27 36 30 27 22 14
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 17 9 7 8 7 9 11 71 48 63 72 78 86
Water source less than 5 km away (% of population) 90 99 90 89 88 90 87 98 97 98 98 98 99
Market less than 5 km away (% of population) 58 52 54 52 52 52 50 98 98 98 99 99 97
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 29 19 15 18 18 19 21 92 83 91 93 92 96
Own tap 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2
Other piped 17 7 7 7 6 6 8 82 74 79 84 83 88
Well, protected 11 12 8 11 12 13 13 8 9 11 8 7 6
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 77 78 82 78 77 78 77 66 80 74 70 65 51
Firewood 75 78 82 78 77 78 77 58 75 67 61 57 40
Charcoal 1 0 0 .. .. .. 0 8 5 7 9 8 11
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 99

Table
14.6 Gambia household survey, 1998

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 1,958 933 138 158 166 191 280 1,025 119 148 177 230 351
Total population (thousands) 1,699 942 190 189 188 187 188 757 151 152 151 151 153
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6
Average household size 7.8 9.2 13.6 11.2 10.2 8.6 6.1 6.5 11.3 8.8 7.4 5.8 3.9
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 50 49 36 39 46 57 58 51 43 48 57 55 48
Polygamous male 27 38 55 48 42 31 28 17 38 27 17 14 8
Single male 7 4 4 4 2 2 6 10 6 3 6 8 18
De facto female 9 5 5 5 6 6 4 12 9 12 13 12 11
De jure female 7 3 1 3 4 4 4 10 4 9 7 10 14
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (dalasi) 393 203 51 85 119 166 415 560 121 196 284 423 1,111
Mean monthly share on food (%) 66 73 70 71 73 75 74 60 68 65 65 61 52
Mean monthly share on health (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mean monthly share on education (%) 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 49 44 30 49 44 50 48 57 44 49 56 64 75
Male 51 47 37 50 45 50 53 59 46 58 57 62 75
Female 46 41 23 47 42 50 44 54 42 42 54 67 75
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 18 8 1 8 10 10 14 30 16 20 31 35 54
Male 22 11 1 11 15 12 18 36 21 28 34 40 57
Female 14 5 .. 4 3 7 9 24 12 12 27 30 50
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 6 4 5 6 7 5
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 75 72 72 69 79 75 65 81 78 85 86 81 78
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 82 82 84 80 82 80 87 82 77 88 90 78 75
Private, modern medicine 14 13 10 18 18 15 6 16 17 9 9 21 24
Private, traditional healers 3 4 6 2 1 6 7 2 6 3 1 1 1
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) 24 28 34 21 27 29 31 17 27 21 15 10 12
Wasting (6–59 months) 7 8 8 6 9 7 8 7 3 7 5 10 13
Underweight (6–59 months) 21 26 33 22 23 26 27 13 14 14 17 11 9
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 95 92 96 90 92 93 90 97 99 97 95 96 98
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 79 66 74 74 73 56 63 90 78 85 89 92 96
Own tap 21 2 1 .. 1 2 3 39 15 16 26 39 64
Other piped 38 25 19 23 32 24 25 50 60 65 63 52 31
Well, protected 20 40 54 51 40 31 34 2 4 4 1 1 1
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Firewood .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Charcoal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

100 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.7 Ghana household survey, 1998/99

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 5,998 3,799 568 625 665 776 1,165 2,199 310 343 403 435 708
Total population (thousands) 18,239 11,493 2,295 2,191 2,267 2,241 2,500 6,746 1,150 1,265 1,331 1,440 1,559
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5
Average household size 4.4 4.7 6.3 5.7 5.3 4.7 3.1 4.0 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.3 2.6
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 53 56 63 57 63 57 48 48 49 54 54 57 37
Polygamous male 3 4 7 5 3 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 0
Single male 12 10 5 6 4 8 17 15 6 7 7 11 28
De facto female 12 10 8 10 13 9 10 14 20 12 15 14 12
De jure female 21 20 16 21 16 22 23 22 21 25 23 17 24
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (cedi) 119,877 91,524 23,107 39,132 55,065 77,592 176,149 161,067 38,436 66,819 96,992 136,526 286,033
Mean monthly share on food (%) 59 62 63 64 63 62 61 55 59 56 55 53 53
Mean monthly share on health (%) 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3
Mean monthly share on education (%) 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 5 6 5 5 7 4
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 61 54 39 48 53 68 68 74 67 70 73 81 79
Male 61 53 38 50 50 70 64 77 68 76 73 87 79
Female 61 56 40 46 58 67 71 71 65 65 74 75 80
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 10 7 3 6 6 8 12 16 7 12 19 21 19
Male 11 8 3 6 10 10 12 16 5 10 22 21 23
Female 10 6 3 6 3 7 12 15 9 13 17 21 16
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 53 43 24 35 44 50 55 67 45 59 64 75 82
Male 67 59 36 50 63 66 72 79 60 75 76 84 91
Female 40 29 13 23 28 36 39 57 34 47 54 67 73
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 66 57 42 48 56 66 68 78 67 74 79 80 86
Male 73 65 47 56 69 77 77 85 74 80 86 87 91
Female 59 47 34 39 42 55 58 72 59 67 70 75 81
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 26 28 24 26 27 28 34 23 23 22 21 22 27
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 44 40 33 37 39 39 47 53 42 49 53 56 62
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 47 47 47 39 59 47 45 46 50 49 38 52 45
Private, modern medicine 44 42 43 52 33 42 44 45 35 37 51 42 52
Private, traditional healers 5 6 8 6 4 7 5 5 9 6 7 3 2
Other 4 4 2 3 4 4 6 4 6 7 4 3 2
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 72 67 36 58 71 79 76 79 73 79 77 80 81
Water source less than 5 km away (% of population) 98 97 98 97 97 98 97 98 97 96 97 99 99
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 61 48 44 43 47 48 54 79 62 74 77 81 86
Own tap 4 1 .. .. 0 1 2 8 0 2 4 8 14
Other piped 40 19 7 15 15 19 29 70 60 70 71 72 72
Well, protected 17 28 38 28 32 29 22 1 2 3 2 2 1
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 92 97 95 98 99 99 96 85 99 98 89 83 74
Firewood 57 81 93 91 89 83 65 23 64 37 24 17 6
Charcoal 35 16 2 7 10 16 31 62 35 61 65 66 68
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 101

Table
14.8 Kenya household survey, 1997

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 10,874 8,963 1,339 1,521 1,646 1,813 2,644 1,911 273 262 327 514 535
Total population (thousands) 25,468 21,490 4,298 4,299 4,293 4,303 4,298 3,978 797 793 798 795 795
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
Average household size 4.6 4.9 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.8 3.3 3.5 5.3 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.5
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 58 56 57 55 57 59 53 66 76 63 58 64 68
Polygamous male 7 8 11 12 7 8 5 4 6 6 4 2 2
Single male 7 6 2 3 4 4 11 10 2 2 12 12 16
De facto female 12 14 16 14 14 15 11 4 6 3 5 4 2
De jure female 17 17 14 15 17 15 19 17 10 27 20 17 12
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Kenyan shillings) 2,244 1,716 455 711 998 1,431 3,569 4,299 1,048 1,637 2,255 3,541 9,396
Mean monthly share on food (%) 70 74 77 76 77 75 69 57 65 64 58 57 48
Mean monthly share on health (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean monthly share on education (%) 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) 69 63 57 63 62 64 66 91 88 89 93 90 95
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 73 73 65 73 72 77 82 78 69 81 83 82 80
Male 72 71 64 71 69 77 82 77 66 87 81 78 74
Female 75 74 66 74 74 78 81 78 72 74 85 85 86
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 12 10 4 6 9 13 18 29 10 14 22 38 62
Male 12 9 3 5 8 13 19 36 18 13 34 42 73
Female 11 10 4 7 10 13 17 22 3 14 14 33 49
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 28 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 78 75 67 72 74 78 79 92 87 91 94 93 95
Male 86 83 77 80 82 86 88 96 92 93 98 96 98
Female 71 67 59 64 67 71 71 89 83 89 89 90 91
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 94 93 91 91 94 94 95 95 92 98 95 95 96
Male 95 94 92 93 96 95 96 98 95 99 99 98 98
Female 92 92 90 90 92 93 94 93 90 98 90 93 93
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 72 65 56 62 61 66 73 98 98 99 98 98 99
Morbidity (% of population) 16 15 12 15 14 17 18 17 14 13 22 17 21
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 90 90 86 89 87 93 92 92 88 93 96 96 88
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 32 31 34 30 38 28 27 36 54 35 31 39 28
Private, modern medicine 51 49 48 46 41 53 55 59 41 56 65 54 69
Private, traditional healers 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 0
Other 7 8 7 12 11 7 6 1 0 1 2 2 1
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff 47 42 30 37 40 50 61 75 62 71 76 88 94
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 72 68 52 74 69 72 80 86 73 96 83 97 92
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 83 80 69 80 83 83 91 92 87 96 91 100 92
Stunting (6–59 months) 38 40 50 40 34 35 35 32 44 31 26 28 21
Wasting (6–59 months) 6 6 7 5 8 6 6 5 5 7 8 2 2
Underweight (6–59 months) 22 24 32 26 21 19 19 13 20 12 14 7 8
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 66 65 53 59 61 66 75 71 61 56 66 75 82
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 68 62 53 59 61 61 68 92 89 96 90 92 94
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 82 78 77 79 78 77 79 99 99 98 99 99 100
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 49 39 29 39 34 41 46 86 81 82 83 91 90
Own tap 17 10 3 6 8 9 17 44 32 33 38 45 59
Other piped 19 14 10 15 10 14 17 40 42 46 44 45 30
Well, protected 13 16 16 18 17 18 12 2 6 3 1 1 1
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 82 96 100 99 99 97 89 26 48 26 28 26 13
Firewood 73 91 99 97 97 93 78 5 16 5 2 4 2
Charcoal 8 5 1 2 2 4 11 21 32 21 26 22 12
Note: Due to logisitcal and financial constraints, the survey did not adequately cover the northeastern provinces and parts of the eastern provinces.
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

102 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.9 Madagascar household survey, 1999

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 5,120 2,880 452 495 554 622 757 2,240 298 367 415 487 673
Total population (thousands) 14,631 11,377 2,277 2,275 2,277 2,272 2,275 3,254 652 649 651 650 651
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
Average household size 5.1 5.2 6.7 6.1 5.4 4.9 3.8 4.9 6.8 5.5 5.1 4.5 3.5
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 76 77 77 81 81 80 69 72 74 73 73 73 67
Polygamous male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Single male 7 7 5 4 4 6 12 6 3 5 3 7 12
De facto female 8 8 10 7 8 7 8 8 10 11 7 8 5
De jure female 10 9 8 8 7 8 11 14 13 11 17 12 16
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Malagasy francs) 67,747 54,210 15,780 26,142 36,507 51,866 108,173 112,001 26,008 47,759 72,121 107,535 226,090
Mean monthly share on food (%) 72 75 75 77 76 77 73 63 68 65 63 62 60
Mean monthly share on health (%) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
Mean monthly share on education (%) 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 2
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 67 64 52 66 64 64 77 82 67 78 84 94 97
Male 67 63 55 63 65 63 74 82 66 74 91 97 95
Female 68 64 50 68 64 65 81 82 68 81 79 92 98
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 10 6 2 4 4 6 16 24 6 18 24 34 46
Male 9 6 1 3 3 8 14 23 5 20 18 30 53
Female 11 6 2 4 5 4 19 25 8 16 28 37 40
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 67 61 44 58 58 66 74 84 66 81 85 90 94
Male 71 66 49 64 62 71 77 87 68 86 87 93 95
Female 63 57 40 52 54 61 70 82 63 76 83 87 93
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 70 64 47 60 63 72 78 87 69 89 91 91 95
Male 70 65 47 62 64 74 76 87 66 92 89 92 96
Female 70 64 48 58 63 71 79 88 72 86 93 91 94
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 11 11 10 10 11 12 13 9 9 11 8 9 9
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 46 42 29 39 41 48 52 61 56 58 61 64 68
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 59 61 76 69 68 59 47 53 62 70 56 39 39
Private, modern medicine 32 30 20 22 23 32 42 36 23 21 36 48 53
Private, traditional healers 4 4 3 6 6 2 5 4 4 5 4 5 2
Other 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 61 57 45 57 51 63 76 76 70 78 63 84 91
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) 49 50 50 48 50 52 49 44 48 51 44 42 32
Wasting (6–59 months) 14 15 16 15 16 13 10 14 17 17 11 15 11
Underweight (6–59 months) 35 35 40 33 40 33 29 31 36 36 27 34 18
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 46 38 27 30 34 40 49 72 50 64 73 74 86
Water source less than 5 km away (% of population) 98 98 99 99 100 99 97 97 98 98 98 96 97
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 24 10 3 6 6 10 19 70 43 57 71 76 85
Own tap 4 1 .. .. .. 1 2 15 1 3 7 16 32
Other piped 19 8 3 5 6 8 15 52 40 51 60 54 51
Well, protected 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 4 6 2
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 98 99 99 99 99 98 98 95 98 98 97 96 89
Firewood 80 92 99 98 96 92 80 40 84 63 39 28 14
Charcoal 18 7 0 1 3 6 18 55 14 35 59 69 75
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 103

Table
14.10 Malawi household survey, 1997/98

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 6,586 5,657 902 1,024 1,106 1,198 1,427 929 200 184 174 194 177
Total population (thousands) 9,795 8,795 1,760 1,759 1,758 1,759 1,759 1,000 200 200 200 200 200
Age dependency ratio 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Average household size 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.6 4.1 5.4 4.5 4.2 3.5 3.6
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 68 68 65 68 71 70 66 70 78 80 75 65 56
Polygamous male 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Single male 6 5 2 3 3 6 11 14 4 4 9 21 24
De facto female 7 8 10 8 8 6 7 3 5 3 2 2 4
De jure female 18 18 23 20 18 18 15 13 13 13 13 11 17
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Malawi kwacha) 431 308 91 155 218 310 637 1,456 298 510 759 1,212 3,820
Mean monthly share on food (%) 71 74 78 77 77 75 67 42 56 52 46 40 26
Mean monthly share on health (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
Mean monthly share on education (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 4
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 62 61 60 58 59 61 68 70 70 63 76 75 68
Male 61 60 58 59 55 59 70 70 62 66 80 76 71
Female 63 62 63 57 62 63 66 70 80 60 72 73 65
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 5 3 1 3 2 3 6 20 11 13 21 20 34
Male 5 3 1 4 2 3 7 21 12 11 25 20 36
Female 5 3 .. 3 2 3 5 19 9 15 16 19 33
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 51 47 35 44 44 50 58 85 74 80 93 91 86
Male 62 58 47 55 55 61 68 89 83 88 96 90 86
Female 41 37 26 33 35 40 48 82 65 73 90 92 87
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 63 59 50 57 57 63 66 88 79 84 96 94 87
Male 69 66 58 62 64 68 73 90 85 88 98 93 87
Female 58 54 42 53 51 58 61 87 75 81 95 95 87
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 52 48 46 45 46 48 52 90 78 85 92 96 96
Morbidity (% of population) 28 29 24 27 30 31 34 15 16 18 15 15 13
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, modern medicine .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, traditional healers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 87 86 89 85 83 90 84 97 91 100 100 100 100
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 89 89 91 89 87 91 85 99 96 100 100 100 100
Stunting (6–59 months) 56 56 58 56 57 58 51 57 54 47 67 68 55
Wasting (6–59 months) 11 11 11 12 11 9 11 10 14 17 7 4 ..
Underweight (6–59 months) 25 26 33 22 27 23 25 17 27 18 11 3 5
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 68 64 63 63 63 65 66 98 96 98 99 98 99
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 50 45 47 46 43 43 46 89 79 83 92 96 93
Own tap 6 1 0 0 1 1 3 43 13 22 44 49 72
Other piped 21 19 20 21 18 18 20 39 52 51 45 35 19
Well, protected 23 25 27 24 25 25 24 8 14 11 3 11 2
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 94 98 99 99 97 97 96 67 94 88 78 59 29
Firewood 92 97 99 99 97 97 96 49 76 68 56 40 18
Charcoal 2 0 0 0 .. 1 1 18 18 20 22 18 12
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

104 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.11 Mozambique household survey, 1996

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 8,250 5,811 987 948 1,059 1,215 1,602 2,439 337 383 463 519 737
Total population (thousands) 15,867 12,634 2,527 2,518 2,536 2,527 2,527 3,233 646 647 647 647 646
Age dependency ratio 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6
Average household size 4.8 4.7 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.2 5.5 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.5
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 65 65 66 68 67 66 60 66 63 71 67 65 65
Polygamous male 8 9 15 10 10 8 7 3 2 5 5 4 2
Single male 5 5 2 2 4 4 9 8 2 6 6 10 14
De facto female 6 6 5 9 6 6 7 5 7 4 5 5 6
De jure female 15 15 13 12 14 16 17 17 25 15 18 16 13
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (meticais) 192,481 182,572 53,118 86,604 119,027 164,442 350,674 237,861 52,180 93,179 132,226 203,191 592,973
Mean monthly share on food (%) 68 70 68 71 72 71 69 59 63 65 61 60 51
Mean monthly share on health (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Mean monthly share on education (%) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 36 32 25 30 33 36 39 54 34 48 60 68 71
Male 38 35 27 32 36 39 42 54 34 53 63 70 66
Female 33 29 22 27 31 33 35 53 34 43 57 67 76
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 10 5 3 3 6 7 7 26 11 15 23 34 44
Male 10 6 4 3 7 8 9 26 14 19 22 37 40
Female 9 4 2 3 4 5 5 25 8 11 24 31 47
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 41 33 28 33 35 33 35 72 52 62 73 79 86
Male 58 51 44 51 53 52 53 84 70 80 84 88 94
Female 25 17 14 16 19 16 20 60 36 45 63 70 78
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 51 42 35 42 47 39 45 82 71 75 83 86 90
Male 64 56 42 56 61 57 63 88 79 87 89 91 93
Female 40 29 28 28 34 25 32 76 61 65 78 82 88
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 11 12 9 10 11 13 15 11 11 10 10 12 11
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 60 57 54 58 55 59 59 74 64 71 73 83 76
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 78 74 68 76 73 82 72 88 90 83 94 85 89
Private, modern medicine 6 5 3 6 6 4 6 9 10 13 4 13 7
Private, traditional healers 14 18 23 16 18 13 21 2 0 4 2 2 4
Other 2 2 6 2 2 1 1 0 .. 0 0 0 0
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 43 35 30 32 36 38 41 76 82 53 86 85 80
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 57 50 42 56 46 48 56 88 84 84 93 92 91
Stunting (6–59 months) 55 61 61 62 62 59 58 34 49 36 30 27 24
Wasting (6–59 months) 9 9 11 7 7 11 8 9 13 11 6 6 7
Underweight (6–59 months) 37 40 49 38 39 36 37 25 38 27 20 18 19
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 35 29 26 29 28 29 29 67 44 55 70 76 81
Water source less than 5 km away (% of population) 94 93 92 94 92 93 94 99 99 98 99 98 100
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 18 11 9 8 10 10 14 51 42 40 48 53 65
Own tap 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 2 5 9 25
Other piped 16 11 9 8 10 10 14 41 41 38 43 44 40
Well, protected .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 97 99 99 99 99 98 99 87 97 96 94 86 70
Firewood 90 99 99 99 99 98 98 50 70 66 51 41 31
Charcoal 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 37 27 30 44 45 38
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 105

Table
14.12 Nigeria household survey, 2004

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 19,158 14,512 2,321 2,446 2,717 3,120 3,908 4,646 783 779 834 988 1,262
Total population (thousands) 126,305 70,599 14,115 14,127 14,116 14,122 14,118 55,706 11,144 11,138 11,140 11,131 11,153
Age dependency ratio 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5
Average household size 4.7 4.8 6.5 6.0 5.2 4.5 3.4 4.6 5.6 5.7 5.1 4.4 3.3
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 58 58 54 63 65 62 51 57 56 61 59 59 51
Polygamous male 15 18 32 26 20 14 8 12 16 17 15 10 7
Single male 11 9 4 3 5 8 19 14 10 7 8 13 25
De facto female 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3
De jure female 13 12 8 7 9 14 19 14 13 12 14 16 14
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Nigerian naira) 11,635 9,924 3,922 6,391 8,008 9,939 16,272 13,705 4,548 8,809 11,580 14,279 22,892
Mean monthly share on food (%) 54 61 57 65 65 64 54 45 36 51 51 50 41
Mean monthly share on health (%) 8 8 3 4 5 7 16 7 4 5 6 6 13
Mean monthly share on education (%) 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 8 11 7 8 7 7
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 62 50 38 42 48 55 63 75 71 68 73 80 83
Male 69 57 44 49 55 62 71 83 78 77 81 86 89
Female 54 43 31 36 41 49 54 68 65 59 65 73 75
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 78 68 55 60 66 72 81 88 84 86 89 93 89
Male 82 74 60 67 75 81 86 90 85 88 92 96 92
Female 73 62 50 53 58 65 77 86 82 84 85 90 87
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 12 12 8 10 11 14 21 11 7 9 10 11 17
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 57 57 31 41 50 62 74 57 30 50 56 58 71
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 38 37 27 26 31 32 47 40 36 41 41 39 40
Private, modern medicine 57 58 69 69 63 64 49 55 58 54 56 56 53
Private, traditional healers 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 1 2
Other 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 6 4 3 4 4
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 60 50 47 48 50 50 52 72 73 71 71 72 75
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 61 42 41 41 43 41 43 83 81 82 82 86 84
Own tap 13 4 3 3 4 3 5 23 18 21 23 24 28
Other piped 11 4 3 4 5 4 5 18 24 18 17 17 16
Well, protected 38 34 35 35 35 34 33 42 39 43 42 45 40
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 65 88 92 93 91 89 79 38 44 52 43 36 24
Firewood 64 87 92 93 90 89 79 37 42 51 42 35 23
Charcoal 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
Note: Data are provisional.
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

106 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.13 São Tomé and Principe household survey, 2000

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 2,416 1,173 179 197 215 244 338 1,243 187 202 242 264 348
Total population (thousands) 128 57 11 11 11 11 11 71 14 14 14 14 14
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6
Average household size 4.6 4.5 6.3 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.0 4.6 6.2 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.3
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 51 53 62 66 66 48 37 50 51 50 46 56 46
Polygamous male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Single male 16 18 9 5 10 16 36 15 4 9 12 14 26
De facto female 7 6 5 5 5 8 7 8 7 11 12 5 8
De jure female 25 23 25 24 19 27 20 27 37 29 30 25 20
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (dobras) 451,490 318,313 80,362 128,371 175,196 243,054 679,373 560,829 108,471 179,366 252,850 359,041 1,403,366
Mean monthly share on food (%) 72 75 78 77 78 76 71 69 76 74 69 68 62
Mean monthly share on health (%) 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 5
Mean monthly share on education (%) 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 2
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) 34 33 46 44 37 35 16 35 51 39 35 38 23
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 70 67 68 68 63 68 67 73 71 73 78 73 74
Male 71 70 67 75 62 71 70 73 72 71 75 80 66
Female 69 64 68 60 63 64 63 73 69 75 81 65 79
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 43 29 13 26 23 34 50 52 32 39 64 62 64
Male 43 29 15 24 24 42 47 52 30 41 65 66 66
Female 42 28 11 28 22 25 51 52 35 37 62 59 63
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 83 80 76 82 79 77 85 86 78 83 85 89 91
Male 92 89 87 89 89 87 92 94 90 92 92 95 97
Female 76 72 67 76 70 69 77 79 68 75 80 84 84
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 94 92 90 92 91 91 95 96 91 94 98 98 96
Male 95 93 95 91 90 94 96 96 94 96 97 98 98
Female 93 91 86 92 92 88 95 95 88 92 98 98 95
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) 84 81 77 74 81 82 85 87 86 90 85 89 87
Morbidity (% of population) 18 15 12 14 14 17 20 19 12 19 19 22 24
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 48 45 41 45 40 50 47 50 38 44 50 56 57
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 70 81 94 88 78 83 68 64 80 78 68 62 53
Private, modern medicine 25 14 4 9 16 10 27 31 15 18 29 32 43
Private, traditional healers 3 2 .. 3 .. 3 4 4 5 1 3 6 2
Other 1 2 2 .. 6 3 1 1 .. 3 .. .. 2
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 28 21 18 12 20 20 27 35 14 26 36 41 46
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) 88 93 93 94 93 95 92 84 82 80 87 86 85
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) 87 81 74 73 80 86 86 92 90 88 91 93 94
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 77 67 74 70 64 70 63 84 82 79 81 89 88
Own tap 20 10 7 9 7 13 12 27 12 20 26 29 40
Other piped 8 13 19 15 15 11 10 4 4 3 5 5 4
Well, protected 49 44 48 46 42 46 41 53 65 56 49 56 43
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 84 95 100 98 99 94 88 75 96 83 81 72 57
Firewood 73 91 98 96 97 90 82 59 88 74 63 50 36
Charcoal 11 4 1 2 2 4 6 16 8 9 18 22 20
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 107

Table
14.14 Sierra Leone household survey, 2002/03

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 3,713 2,396 412 451 453 511 569 1,317 223 246 277 276 295
Total population (thousands) 5,337 3,440 688 689 688 688 688 1,897 379 379 380 379 380
Age dependency ratio 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6
Average household size 7.4 7.3 8.2 7.6 7.5 6.8 6.3 7.5 8.4 7.6 7.1 7.2 7.4
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 61 60 52 56 61 65 64 63 56 62 66 67 64
Polygamous male 19 23 31 28 26 19 15 10 13 13 13 8 6
Single male 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 6 2 3 3 7 14
De facto female 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1
De jure female 14 12 12 13 10 11 15 19 27 19 16 16 16
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (leones) 294,515 239,364 103,175 150,703 197,851 237,999 438,780 378,978 154,151 242,246 322,612 385,918 685,453
Mean monthly share on food (%) 52 59 60 61 62 61 53 42 49 46 45 43 32
Mean monthly share on health (%) 10 2 6 9 7 10 14 13 9 10 12 12 19
Mean monthly share on education (%) 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 6 5 6 6 6 5
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households)
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 73 67 62 64 67 69 75 86 78 85 89 87 91
Male 72 66 58 65 66 70 72 85 78 83 88 88 93
Female 74 68 66 63 68 67 77 86 78 87 90 87 89
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 19 10 7 7 11 10 18 33 27 23 24 37 51
Male 22 13 9 10 12 13 22 36 31 28 24 47 48
Female 17 7 4 3 9 7 13 30 23 18 24 27 54
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 27 13 11 10 11 14 20 49 32 37 41 52 75
Male 35 20 17 17 17 21 27 58 43 50 49 59 81
Female 19 8 6 5 6 8 14 40 24 26 33 46 68
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 40 23 18 17 17 28 35 62 49 51 56 62 81
Male 47 31 26 24 25 36 42 68 59 62 64 65 85
Female 33 16 12 11 11 20 27 55 39 42 48 60 78
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 44 42 34 40 42 42 49 45 37 44 45 45 54
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 59 65 49 64 67 68 75 56 41 50 49 58 75
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 53 55 50 39 53 51 61 51 51 52 49 55 51
Private, modern medicine 30 27 16 31 27 33 25 36 18 32 28 31 48
Private, traditional healers 9 11 23 16 12 8 9 4 6 5 12 5
Other 8 7 11 14 8 9 5 8 25 11 12 10 2
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 72 72 74 57 64 71 96 73 70 75 71 63 87
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 16 16 16 24 15 13 8 18 19 17 21 21 9
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 4 2 2 2 1 2 4 7 1 2 4 5 23
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 37 25 24 25 23 22 31 59 40 51 52 67 79
Own tap 7 1 0 1 1 0 4 18 0 3 10 20 49
Other piped 12 5 6 8 5 3 5 24 19 23 19 33 23
Well, protected 18 19 18 17 17 20 22 17 21 24 22 15 7
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 97 99 99 99 99 99 98 95 99 98 98 95 86
Firewood 93 98 98 98 98 98 97 83 98 96 91 83 55
Charcoal 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 12 1 2 7 12 32
Note: Data are provisional.
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

108 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Table
14.15 Uganda household survey, 2002/03

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 9,710 5,648 937 1,019 1,036 1,182 1,474 4,062 894 877 766 701 824
Total population (thousands) 25,273 21,795 4,359 4,358 4,358 4,363 4,357 3,477 695 696 696 696 695
Age dependency ratio 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.4
Average household size 5.1 5.3 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.3 4.0 4.1 5.7 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.0
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 54 56 56 61 60 57 50 45 52 53 45 45 37
Polygamous male 12 13 13 12 14 14 12 7 9 8 7 8 3
Single male 8 7 3 3 4 6 15 12 5 6 13 14 18
De facto female 8 8 10 9 8 8 7 9 8 8 6 7 12
De jure female 18 16 18 15 14 15 17 27 25 25 28 27 30
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Ugandan shillings) 1,523 1,322 593 854 1,121 1,393 2,175 2,499 864 1,208 1,689 2,281 4,926
Mean monthly share on food (%) 56 58 60 62 61 59 52 43 52 49 45 42 34
Mean monthly share on health (%) 4 4 2 3 3 4 6 7 5 6 6 6 9
Mean monthly share on education (%) 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 4 3
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 63 62 50 59 63 67 73 73 64 69 80 75 82
Male 62 61 51 58 63 65 72 71 63 65 77 75 78
Female 64 63 50 60 64 68 74 75 64 73 82 75 86
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 13 11 2 5 10 15 22 26 15 19 27 30 40
Male 13 11 1 4 7 19 21 26 13 23 26 29 39
Female 14 12 2 5 14 11 23 27 17 16 28 31 41
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total 70 66 49 61 66 71 79 87 72 83 86 92 95
Male 80 77 66 75 75 81 85 91 80 91 90 93 95
Female 61 56 34 48 58 62 73 84 65 77 82 92 94
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total 80 78 62 73 79 81 86 90 78 89 88 94 95
Male 85 83 72 84 83 86 88 91 80 92 88 93 96
Female 76 73 52 63 76 77 84 89 77 86 88 94 95
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Morbidity (% of population) 29 29 28 28 28 29 33 28 25 29 29 28 28
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 93 92 87 91 94 94 95 94 91 91 96 96 97
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public 30 32 44 36 29 25 26 18 28 23 18 15 10
Private, modern medicine 64 62 51 59 63 67 65 76 66 72 77 78 84
Private, traditional healers 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0
Missionary or nongovernmental organization 5 5 4 3 5 6 7 5 4 3 5 7 4
Other 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 .. 2
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stunting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wasting (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Underweight (6–59 months) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 76 72 50 67 74 77 84 95 86 94 96 98 99
Water source less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Market less than 1 hour away (% of population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 60 56 57 55 55 56 57 81 77 79 81 82 85
Own tap .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Other piped 9 2 1 1 1 2 5 48 22 34 46 58 65
Well, protected 51 54 56 54 54 54 52 34 55 45 35 24 20
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 97 98 99 99 99 99 97 89 99 97 93 93 73
Firewood 79 90 97 96 97 92 76 22 54 33 19 12 7
Charcoal 18 8 1 3 3 8 20 67 45 64 74 81 66
Note: The survey did not collect data in the Kitgum, Gulu, Kasese, and Bundibugio districts.
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD WELFARE Part IV. Household welfare 109

Table
14.16 Zambia household survey, 1998

Expenditure quintile
Rural Urban
National
Indicator total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Demographic indicators
Sample size (households) 16,422 8,317 1,414 1,461 1,561 1,655 2,226 8,105 1,298 1,384 1,518 1,752 2,153
Total population (thousands) 9,989 6,276 1,239 1,252 1,265 1,260 1,260 3,712 712 743 752 752 753
Age dependency ratio 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5
Average household size 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.3 5.5 6.9 6.3 6.0 5.2 4.2
Marital status of head of household (%)
Monogamous male 70 70 66 69 75 73 67 70 68 74 76 72 62
Polygamous male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Single male 7 6 3 5 4 7 11 10 6 6 7 9 17
De facto female 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 2
De jure female 19 19 26 21 17 17 18 18 23 18 16 16 19
MDG 1: extreme poverty and hunger
Mean monthly expenditure (Zambian kwacha) 46,798 32,948 5,268 11,113 17,218 27,740 85,708 71,512 13,061 25,361 37,361 56,295 174,264
Mean monthly share on food (%) 68 74 76 77 75 72 70 57 67 63 59 56 45
Mean monthly share on health (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
Mean monthly share on education (%) 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 3
MDGs 2 and 3: education and literacy; gender equality
Primary school within 30 minutes (% of households) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Net primary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 66 59 46 55 60 67 70 77 65 75 78 84 86
Male 65 59 49 56 59 66 70 77 64 77 77 82 87
Female 66 59 44 55 60 68 69 77 65 73 79 84 86
Net secondary enrollment rate (% of relevant age group)
Total 23 14 8 10 14 18 21 38 21 31 36 45 55
Male 25 16 10 11 16 20 24 40 21 33 38 52 58
Female 22 12 5 8 12 17 18 36 21 28 34 40 53
Tertiary enrollment rate (per 10,000) 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Adult literacy rate (%)
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Youth literacy rate (% ages 15–24)
Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Male .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Female .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MDGs 4 and 5: child mortality; maternal health
Health center less than 5 km away (% of population) 67 50 47 49 51 50 52 97 96 97 97 98 98
Morbidity (% of population) 11 12 9 12 12 14 15 10 10 9 8 10 11
Health care provider consulted when sick (%) 37 33 30 31 31 34 38 46 38 43 43 45 56
Type of health care provider consulted (% of total)
Public .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, modern medicine .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Private, traditional healers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Other .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Child survival and malnutrition (%)
Birth assisted by trained staff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 59 56 46 54 56 57 67 64 64 68 58 61 70
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds 89 87 79 88 88 90 92 94 95 92 93 92 95
Stunting (6–59 months) 62 66 70 65 65 62 65 57 64 64 55 54 45
Wasting (6–59 months) 6 6 8 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5
Underweight (6–59 months) 27 30 37 30 32 26 24 23 31 27 20 20 14
MDG 7: environmental sustainability
Access to sanitation facilities (% of population) 78 68 57 65 69 70 74 98 95 97 98 98 99
Water source less than 5 km away (% of population) 98 98 98 97 98 98 98 100 100 100 100 100 100
Market less than 5 km away (% of population) 60 38 35 36 34 40 43 99 97 99 99 99 99
Access to improved water source (% of population)
Totala 56 37 33 35 38 36 42 89 79 87 91 91 93
Own tap 16 1 0 0 1 1 4 41 27 35 39 42 55
Other piped 17 4 3 3 3 4 5 40 41 42 43 43 32
Well, protected 23 32 29 31 34 31 33 8 11 9 8 7 6
Traditional fuel use (%)
Totala 85 99 100 100 99 99 97 60 85 74 65 54 37
Firewood 62 90 95 93 91 89 84 12 29 11 9 6 8
Charcoal 23 9 5 7 9 9 13 48 57 63 56 47 29
a. Components may not sum to total because of rounding.

110 Part IV. Household welfare HOUSEHOLD WELFARE

Technical notes
General notes
.. means that data are not available or
that aggregates cannot be calculated because
of missing data in the years shown
$ means U.S. dollars
A blank means not applicable or, for an ag-
gregate, not analytically meaningful.
A billion is 1,000 million.
1. Basic indicators
T .. B 
Population is World Bank estimates, usually
projected from the most recent population
censuses or surveys (mostly from 1980–
2004). Refugees not permanently settled
in the country of asylum are generally con-
sidered to be part of the population of their
country of origin.
Land area is the land surface area of a coun-
try, excluding inland waters.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita is the
total domestic and foreign value added claimed
by residents, which comprises gross domestic
Box 1 The World Bank Atlas method
The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year
average of conversion factors to convert gross
national income (GNI) data, expressed in differ-
ent national currencies, to a common denomina-
tion, conventionally U.S. dollars. The Atlas con-
version factor for any year is the average of the
official exchange rate or alternative conversion
factor for that year and for the two preceding
years, after adjusting them for differences in rela-
tive inflation between that country and the United
States. This three-year average smoothes fluc-
tuations in prices and exchange rates for each
country. The resulting GNI in U.S. dollars is di-
vided by the midyear population for the latest of
the three years to derive GNI per capita.
product plus net factor income from abroad
(the income residents receive from abroad for
factor services including labor and capital) less
similar payments made to nonresidents who
contribute to the domestic economy, divided
by midyear population. It is calculated by the
World Bank Atlas method (box 1). Growth
rates are shown in real terms. They have been
calculated by the least-squares method using
constant (2000) GNI per capita series in na-
tional currency (see also table 2.21).
Life expectancy at birth is the number of
years a newborn infant would live if prevail-
ing patterns of mortality at the time of its
birth were to remain the same throughout
its life. Data are World Bank estimates based
on data from the United Nations Population
Division, the United Nations Statistics Divi-
sion, and national statistical offices.
Under-five mortality rate is the probability
that a newborn baby will die before reaching
age 5, if subject to current age-specific mor-
tality rates. The probability is expressed as a
rate per 1,000.
The following formulas describe the pro-
cedures for computing the conversion factor
for year t:
and for calculating per capita GNI in U.S. dol-
lars for year t:
where Yt = current GNI (local currency) for year
t, Pt = GNI deflator for year t,
Nt midyear population for year t, and P$ t = U.S.
GNI deflator for year t.
Technical notes 111
 Gini coefficient is the most commonly used
measure of inequality. The coefficient varies
between 0, which reflects complete equality,
and 1, which indicates complete inequality
(one person has all the income or consump-
tion, all others have none). Graphically, the
Gini coefficient can be easily represented by
the area between the Lorenz curve and the
line of equality.
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of
adults ages 15 and older who can, with un-
derstanding, read and write a short, simple
statement on their everyday life.
Total net official development assistance
per capita is net disbursements of loans and
grants from all official sources on conces-
sional financial terms divided by the midyear
population for the corresponding year
Regional aggregates for GNI per capita, life
expectancy at birth, and adult literacy rates
are weighted by population.
Source: Data on population, land area, GNI
per capita, life expectancy at birth, under-five
mortality, Gini coefficient, and adult literacy
are from the World Bank’s World Develop-
ment Indicators database. Data on aid flows
are from the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development’s Geographic
Distribution of Aid Flows to Developing
Countries database.
2. National accounts
T .. G  ,

Gross domestic product (GDP), real, is the to-
tal output of goods and services for final use
produced by residents and nonresidents,
regardless of the allocation to domestic and
foreign claims. It is calculated without mak-
ing deductions for depreciation of fabricated
capital assets or depletion and degradation of
natural resources. GDP figures are shown at
market prices (also known as purchaser val-
ues) and have been converted to U.S. dollars
using constant (2000) exchange rates. For
countries where the official exchange rate
does not effectively reflect the rate applied
to actual foreign exchange transactions, an
alternative currency conversion factor has
been used.
The sum of the components of GDP by
industrial origin (presented here as value
112 Africa Development Indicators 2006
added) will not normally equal total GDP for
several reasons. First, components of GDP
by expenditure are individually rescaled and
summed to provide a partially rebased series
for total GDP. Second, total GDP is shown
at purchaser value, while value added com-
ponents are conventionally reported at pro-
ducer prices. As explained above, purchaser
values exclude net indirect taxes, while pro-
ducer prices include indirect taxes. Third, cer-
tain items, such as imputed bank charges, are
added in total GDP.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G   
, 
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, real, is
calculated by dividing GDP (see table 2.1) by
corresponding midyear population.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. A  
Agriculture value added is shown at factor
cost. It comprises the gross output of for-
estry, hunting, and fishing less the value
of their intermediate inputs. However, for
Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Re-
public of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon,
Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger,
Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Zambia, it is
shown at market prices, that is, including
intermediate inputs.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. I  
Industry value added is shown at factor cost. It
comprises the gross output of mining, manu-
facturing, construction, electricity, water,
and gas, less the value of their intermediate
inputs. However, for Botswana, Cameroon,
Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Repub-
lic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar,
Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo,
and Zambia, it is shown at market prices, that
is, including intermediate inputs.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. S  
Services value added is shown at factor cost
and consists of the gross output of all other
branches of economic activity, including
government, less the value of their inter-
mediate inputs. However, for Botswana,
Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea,
Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda,
Senegal, Togo, and Zambia, it is shown at
market prices, that is, including intermedi-
ate inputs. Other items, such as imputed
bank service charges (which are difficult to
assess in the same fashion for all countries)
and any corrections for statistical discrepan-
cies, are not included.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  ,

Gross domestic product (GDP), nominal is ob-
tained by converting national currency GDP
series in current prices to U.S. dollars at of-
ficial annual exchange rates.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. Total consumption
Total consumption is the sum of private con-
sumption and general government consump-
tion (table 2.8). Private consumption, not
separately shown here, is the value of all goods
and services purchased or received as income
in kind by households and nonprofit institu-
tions. It excludes purchases of dwellings, but
includes imputed rent for owneroccupied
dwellings. In practice, it includes any statisti-
cal discrepancy in the use of resources.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  -

General government consumption includes all
current expenditure for purchases of goods and
services by all levels of government, including
capital expenditure on national defense and
security. Other capital expenditure by govern-
ment is included in capital formation.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G   
Gross fixed capital formation consists of gross
domestic fixed capital formation plus net
changes in the level of inventories. Gross
capital formation comprises outlays by the
public sector (table 2.10) and the private sec-
tor (table 2.11). Examples include improve-
ments in land, dwellings, machinery, and
other equipment. For some countries the sum
of gross private investment and gross public
investment does not total gross domestic in-
vestment due to statistical discrepancies.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  
 
General government fixed capital formation is
gross domestic fixed capital formation (see
table 2.9) for the public sector.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. P   

Private sector fixed capital formation is gross
domestic fixed capital formation (see table
2.9) for the private sector.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  
Gross domestic savings is calculated by deduct-
ing total consumption (table 2.7) from nomi-
nal gross domestic product (table 2.6).
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  
Gross national savings is the sum of gross do-
mestic savings (table 2.12), net factor income
from abroad, and net private transfers from
abroad. The estimate here also includes net
public transfers from abroad.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. R  (
 )
Resource balance is the difference between free
on board exports (table 2.15) and cost, insur-
ance, and freight imports (table 2.16) of goods
and services (or the difference between gross
domestic savings and gross capital formation).
The resource balance is shown as a share of
nominal gross domestic product (table 2.6).
Source: World Bank country desk data.
Technical notes 113
 Box 2 Discrepancies in gross domestic product growth
estimates for Sub-Saharan Africa
Three major databases supply information on
gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates:
the World Bank Africa Region Live Database
(AFRLDB), the World Bank World Develop-
ment Indicators (WDI) database, and the Inter-
national Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic
Outlook (WEO) database. The GDP growth
rates presented in the World Bank databases
and the IMF database often differ, sometimes
substantially. For example, the 2004 GDP re-
gional growth rate was cited as 4.3 percent
by the AFRLDB and 5.2 percent by the WEO
(see figure).
Sub-Saharan Africa annual GDP growth reported by different databases
Percentage
–1
–2
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
WDI AFRLDB
Source: World Bank Africa Region Live Database, World Bank World Development Indicators database, and International Monetary Fund
World Economic Outlook database.
The minor difference between the two
World Bank databases is due to different fre-
quencies of data updates. The sometimes sub-
stantial differences between the World Bank
and the IMF databases are due to three main
reasons: data source, aggregation methodol-
ogy, and selection of the weighting variable.
For data sources, the two World Bank
databases use the GDP estimates reported
by the Bank’s country economists, while the
IMF database uses the estimates reported by
IMF country economists. Although the World
Bank and the IMF country economists coor-
dinate their GDP estimates, some differences
remain.
114 Africa Development Indicators 2006
To calculate the growth of regional ag-
gregates, the two World Bank databases use
the ratio of the sum method. This method con-
verts individual country GDP in current local
currency into base year U.S. dollars using the
base year exchange rate. The aggregate GDP
growth rate is then calculated as the total re-
gional GDP in base year U.S. dollars (the ratio
of the sum). The implicit weighting variable of
this method is the country GDP in constant
U.S. dollars.
The IMF database uses the sum of the ra-
tios method. This method first calculates the
IMF
GDP growth rates of each individual country
using the country GDP in constant local cur-
rency. The aggregate GDP growth rate is then
calculated using the country growth rates and
the country GDP in current purchasing power
parity U.S. dollars as the weighting variable
(the sum of ratios).
The implications of these differences are
twofold. If the difference is small, it causes con-
fusion. If the difference is large, it can cause
serious miscalculation in economic planning
or in policymaking. For further details visit the
Africa Region Office of the Chief Economist’s
website at www.worldbank.org/afr/ce.
T .  .. E  -
    , 
Exports and imports of goods and services,
nominal, comprise all transactions between
residents of an economy and the rest of the
world involving a change in ownership of
general merchandise, goods sent for process-
ing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and ser-
vices expressed in current U.S dollars.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .  .. E  -
    , 
Exports and imports of goods and services, real,
are defined as in tables 2.15 and 2.16, but ex-
pressed in constant 2000 U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G  

Gross domestic product (GDP) growth is the av-
erage annual growth rates of real GDP (table
2.1). See box 2 for information on discrepan-
cies in GDP growth estimates for Sub-Saha-
dollars (see table 2.7) by the corresponding
midyear population.
Source: World Bank country desk data.
3. Millennium Development Goals
T .. M D
G :    

Survey year is the year in which the underly-
ing data were collected.
Share of population below national poverty
line (poverty headcount ratio) is the percentage
of the population living below the national
poverty line. National estimates are based
on population-weighted subgroup estimates
from household surveys.
Share of population below purchasing power
parity (PPP) $1 a day is the percentage of the
Table 1 Method used to calculate regional aggregates
and period averages in section 2
Method Method Method Method Method
Table 1 2 3 4 5

ran Africa. 2.1 Gross domestic product, real X X

2.2 Gross domestic product per capita, real X X

Source: World Bank country desk data. 2.3 Agriculture value added X X
2.4 Industry value added X X

T .. G   2.5 Services value added X X

  
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth
is the average annual growth rate of real GDP
per capita (table 2.2).
Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. G   

Gross national income (GNI) per capita is
calculated using the World Bank Atlas meth-
od (see box 1). It similar in concept to GNI
per capita in current prices, except that
the use of threeyear averages of exchange
rates smoothes out sharp fluctuations from
year to year.
2.6 Gross domestic product, nominal
2.7 Total consumption
2.8 General government consumption
2.9 Gross fixed capital formation
2.10 General government fixed capita formation
2.11 Private sector fixed capital formation
2.12 Gross domestic savings
2.13 Gross national savings
2.14 Resource balance (exports minus imports)
2.15 Exports of goods and services, nominal
2.16 Imports of goods and services, nominal
2.17 Exports of goods and services, real
2.18 Imports of goods and services, real
2.19 Gross domestic product growth
2.20 Gross domestic product per capita growth
2.21 Gross national income per capita
2.22 Total consumption per capita
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X

Source: World Bank country desk data.
T .. T  

Total consumption per capita is obtained by
dividing total consumption at current U.S.
Note: Method 1 is the simple total of the gap-filled indicator; method 2 is the simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple
total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; method 3 is the simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator minus the simple total of the
second gap-filled main indicator, divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; method 4 is the arithmetic mean (using the same series
as shown in the table; that is, ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest
is shown as growth rate, and so on); method 5 is the least-squares growth rate (using the main indicator).

Technical notes 115

 population living on less than $1.08 a day at
1993 international prices. As a result of re-
visions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates
for individual countries cannot be compared
with poverty rates reported in earlier edi-
tions.
Poverty gap ratio at $1 a day is the mean
shortfall from the poverty line (counting the
nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed
as a percentage of the poverty line. This mea-
sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as
its prevalence.
Share of poorest quintile in national consump-
tion or income is the share of consumption, or
in some cases income, that accrues to the
poorest 20 percent of the population.
Prevalence of child malnutrition, under-
weight, is the percentage of children under
age 5 whose weight for age is more than two
standard deviations below the median for the
international reference population ages 0–59
months. The reference population, adopted
by the World Health Organization in 1983,
is based on children from the United States,
who are assumed to be well nourished.
Share of population below minimum dietary
energy consumption (also referred to as preva-
lence of undernourishment) is the percent-
age of the population whose food intake is
insufficient to meet dietary energy require-
ments continuously. A value of 2.5 percent
signifies a prevalence of undernourishment
of 2.5 percent or less.
Source: Data on poverty measures are
prepared by the World Bank’s Development
Research Group. The national poverty lines
are based on the World Bank’s country pov-
erty assessments. The international poverty
lines are based on nationally representative
primary household surveys conducted by
national statistical offices or by private agen-
cies under the supervision of government
or international agencies and obtained from
government statistical offices and World
Bank country departments. The World Bank
has prepared an annual review of its poverty
work since 1993. For details on data sourc-
es and methods used in deriving the World
Bank’s latest estimates, see Chen and Raval-
lion (2004).
Data have been compiled by World Bank
staff from primary and secondary sources.
Efforts have been made to harmonize these
116 Africa Development Indicators 2006
data series with those published on the Unit-
ed Nations Millennium Development Goals
website (www.un.org/millenniumgoals), but
some differences in timing, sources, and defi-
nitions remain.
Data on child malnutrition and share of
population below minimum dietary energy
consumption are from the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization (see www.fao.org/faostat/
foodsecurity/index_en.htm).
T .. M D
G :    -

Primary education provides children with
basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills
along with an elementary understanding of
such subjects as history, geography, natural
science, social science, art, and music.
Net primary enrollment ratio is the ratio of
children of official primary school age based
on the International Standard Classification
of Education 1997 who are enrolled in pri-
mary school to the population of the corre-
sponding official primary school age.
Primary completion rate is the percentage of
students completing the last year of primary
school. It is calculated as the total number of
students in the last grade of primary school
minus the number of repeaters in that grade
divided by the total number of children of of-
ficial graduation age.
Share of cohort reaching grade 5 is the per-
centage of children enrolled in grade 1 of
primary school who eventually reach grade
5. The estimate is based on the reconstructed
cohort method.
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of peo-
ple ages 15–24 who can, with understanding,
both read and write a short, simple statement
about their everyday life.
Source: Data are from the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organi-
zation Institute for Statistics. Data have been
compiled by World Bank staff from primary
and secondary sources. Efforts have been
made to harmonize these data series with
those published on the United Nations Mil-
lennium Development Goals website (www.
un.org/millenniumgoals), but some differenc-
es in timing, sources, and definitions remain.
T .. M D
G :    
 
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary
school is the ratio of female to male gross
enrollment rate in primary and secondary
school.
Ratio of young literate women to men is the
ratio of the female to male youth literacy rate.
Women in national parliaments are the per-
centage of parliamentary seats in a single or
lower chamber occupied by women.
Share of women in wage employment in the
nonagricultural sector are women wage em-
ployees in the nonagricultural sector as a
share of total nonagricultural employment.
Source: Data on net enrollment and lit-
eracy are from the United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
Institute for Statistics. Data on women in
national parliaments are from the Inter-
Parliamentary Union. Data on women’s em-
ployment are from the International Labour
Organization’s Key Indicators of the Labour
Market, fourth edition.
T .. M D
G :   
Under-five mortality rate is the probability
that a newborn baby will die before reaching
age 5, if subject to current age-specific mor-
tality rates. The probability is expressed as a
rate per 1,000.
Infant mortality rate is the number of in-
fants dying before reaching one year of age,
per 1,000 live births.
Child immunization rate, measles, is the per-
centage of children ages 12–23 months who
received vaccinations for measles before 12
months or at any time before the survey. A
child is considered adequately immunized
against measles after receiving one dose of
vaccine.
Source: Data on under-five and infant mor-
tality are the harmonized estimates of the
World Health Organization, United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World
Bank, based mainly on household surveys,
censuses, and vital registration, supplement-
ed by the World Bank’s estimates based on
household surveys and vital registration.
Other estimates are compiled and produced
by the World Bank’s Human Development
Network and Development Data Group in
consultation with its operational staff and
country offices. Data on child immunization
are from the World Health Organization and
UNICEF estimates of national immunization
coverage.
T .. M D
G :   
Maternal mortality ratio, modeled estimate, is
the number of women who die from preg-
nancy-related causes during pregnancy and
childbirth, per 100,000 live births.
Births attended by skilled health staff are the
percentage of deliveries attended by personnel
trained to give the necessary supervision, care,
and advice to women during pregnancy, labor,
and the postpartum period; to conduct deliv-
eries on their own; and to care for newborns.
Source: Data on maternal mortality are
from AbouZahr and Wardlaw (2003). Data
on births attended by skilled health staff are
from the United Nations Children’s Fund’s
State of the World’s Children 2006 and Child-
info, and Demographic and Health Surveys
by Macro International.
T .. M D
G :  HIV/AIDS, , 
 
Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people
ages 15–49 who are infected with HIV.
Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percent-
age of women who are practicing, or whose
sexual partners are practicing, any form of
contraception. It is usually measured for
married women ages 15–49 only.
Deaths due to malaria is the number of ma-
laria deaths per 100,000 people.
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets are the percentage of children under
age 5 who slept under an insecticide-treated
bednet to prevent malaria.
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated
number of new tuberculosis cases (pulmo-
nary, smear positive, and extrapulmonary),
per 100,000 people.
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS is
the percentage of estimated new infectious
tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS, the
internationally recommended tuberculosis
control strategy.
Technical notes 117
 Source: Data on HIV prevalence are from
the Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organiza-
tion’s (WHO) 2006 Report on the Global AIDS
Epidemic. Data on contraceptive prevalence
are from household surveys, including De-
mographic and Health Surveys by Macro
International and Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys by the United Nations Children’s
Fund (UNICEF). Data on deaths due to ma-
laria are from the WHO. Data on children
sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
are from UNICEF’s State of the World’s Chil-
dren 2006 and Childinfo, and Demographic
and Health Surveys by Macro International.
Data on tuberculosis are from the WHO’s
Global Tuberculosis Control Report 2006.
T .. M D-
 G :  

Forest area is land under natural or planted
stands of trees, whether productive or not.
Nationally protected areas as share of total
land area are totally or partially protected ar-
eas of at least 1,000 hectares that are desig-
nated as scientific reserves with limited public
access, national parks, natural monuments,
nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, and
protected landscapes. Marine areas, unclassi-
fied areas, and litoral (intertidal) areas are not
included. The data also do not include sites
protected under local or provincial law.
Gross domestic product (GDP) per unit of
energy use is the GDP in purchasing power
parity (PPP) U.S. dollars per kilogram of oil
equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross
domestic product converted to 2000 con-
stant international dollars using purchasing
power parity rates. An international dollar
has the same purchasing power over GDP as
a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stem-
ming from the burning of fossil fuels and the
manufacture of cement. They include carbon
dioxide produced during consumption of sol-
id, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Solid fuel use is the percentage of the popu-
lation using solid fuels as opposed to modern
fuels. Solid fuels are defined to include fuel
wood, straw, dung, coal, and charcoal. Mod-
ern fuels are defined to include electricity, liq-
uefied petroleum gas, natural gas, kerosene,
and gasoline.
118 Africa Development Indicators 2006
Population with sustainable access to an im-
proved water source is the percentage of the
population with reasonable access to an ad-
equate amount of water from an improved
source, such as a household connection,
public standpipe, borehole, protected well or
spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved
sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and
unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable
access is defined as the availability of at least
20 liters a person a day from a source within
1 kilometer of the dwelling.
Population with sustainable access to improved
sanitation is the percentage of the population
with at least adequate access to excreta dis-
posal facilities that can effectively prevent
human, animal, and insect contact with ex-
creta. Improved facilities range from simple
but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with
a sewerage connection. The excreta disposal
system is considered adequate if it is private
or shared (but not public) and if it hygieni-
cally separates human excreta from human
contact. To be effective, facilities must be cor-
rectly constructed and properly maintained.
Source: Data on forest area are from the
Food and Agricultural Organization’s Global
Forest Resources Assessment. Data on na-
tionally protected areas are from the United
Nations Environment Programme and the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Data on energy use are from electronic files
of the International Energy Agency. Data
on carbon dioxide emissions are from the
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Cen-
ter, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, in the U.S. state
of Tennessee. Data on solid fuel use are from
household survey data, supplemented by
World Bank estimates. Data on access to wa-
ter and sanitation are from the World Health
Organization and United Nations Children’s
Fund’s Meeting the MDG Drinking Water
and Sanitation Target (www.unicef.org/wes/
mdgreport).
T .. M D
G :    
 
Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt
Initiative decision point is the date at which a
HIPC with an established track record of good
performance under adjustment programs
supported by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and the World Bank commits to
undertake additional reforms and to develop
and implement a poverty reduction strategy.
HIPC completion point is the date at which
the country successfully completes the key
structural reforms agreed on at the decision
point, including developing and implement-
ing its poverty reduction strategy. The coun-
try then receives the bulk of debt relief under
the HIPC Initiative without further policy
conditions.
Estimated total nominal debt service relief
committed under Enhanced HIPC Initiative is
the amount of debt service relief, calculat-
ed at the decision point, that will allow the
country to achieve debt sustainability at the
completion point.
Debt service is the sum of principal repay-
ments and interest actually paid on total
long-term debt (public and publicly guaran-
teed and private nonguaranteed), use of IMF
credit, and interest on short-term debt.
Youth unemployment rate is the percentage
of the labor force ages 15–24 without work
but available for and seeking employment.
Definitions of labor force and unemployment
may differ by country.
Fixed-line and mobile phone subscribers are
subscribers to a fixed-line telephone service,
which connects a customer’s equipment to
the public switched telephone network, or to
a public mobile telephone service, which uses
cellular technology.
Personal computers are self-contained com-
puters designed for use by a single individual.
Internet users are people with access to the
worldwide network.
Source: Data on HIPC countries are from
the IMF’s March 2006 “HIPC Status Re-
ports.” Data on external debt are mainly from
reports to the World Bank through its Debtor
Reporting System from member countries
that have received International Bank for Re-
construction and Development loans or In-
ternational Development Association cred-
its, as well as World Bank and IMF files. Data
on youth unemployment are from the Inter-
national Labour Organization’s Key Indicators
of the Labour Market, fourth edition. Data on
phone subscribers, personal computers, and
Internet users are from the International
Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World
Telecommunication Development Report
database and World Bank estimates.
4. Paris Declaration indicators
T .. S  P D

Source: World Bank data (see box 3).
5. Private sector development
T .. B 
Number of startup procedures for new business
is the number of procedures required to start
a business, including interactions to obtain
necessary permits and licenses and to com-
plete all inscriptions, verifications, and noti-
fications to start operations.
Time required to start a business is the num-
ber of calendar days needed to complete the
procedures to legally operate a business. If a
procedure can be speeded up at additional
cost, the fastest procedure, independent of
cost, is chosen.
Cost to start a business is normalized by
presenting it as a percentage of gross nation-
al income (GNI) per capita.
Number of procedures to register a property is
the number of procedures required for a busi-
ness to secure rights to property.
Time required to register a property is the
number of calendar days needed for a busi-
ness to secure rights to property.
Number of procedures to enforce a contract is
the number of independent actions, mandat-
ed by law or courts, that demand interaction
between the parties of a contract or between
them and the judge or court officer.
Time required to enforce a contract is the
number of calendar days from the filing of
the lawsuit in court until the final determina-
tion and, in appropriate cases, payment.
Protecting investors disclosure index mea-
sures the degree to which investors are pro-
tected through disclosure of ownership and
financial information.
Time to resolve insolvency is the number of
years from the filing for insolvency in court
until the resolution of distressed assets.
Rigidity of employment index measures the
regulation of employment, specifically the
hiring and firing of workers and the rigidity
of working hours. This index is the average
Technical notes 119
 Box 3 About the Paris Declaration
In the Paris Declaration, partner countries and
donors agreed on an international monitoring
process to track and encourage progress
in implementing the Paris Declaration at the
country level. As much as possible, surveys
will use local processes to build a common
understanding of how more effective aid con-
tributes to achieving development results, to
provide an accurate picture of how aid is man-
aged, and to support broad-based dialogue
at the country level on how to make aid more
effective. The multidonor Working Party on Aid
Effectiveness has created a subgroup to de-
velop technical guidance, survey instruments,
and a methodology for collecting and report-
ing on country-level data for most of the Paris
Declaration indicators.
Status of Paris Declaration indicators
Number Indicator
Ownership; operational poverty
1
reduction strategies
Quality of public financial
2a
management system
2b Quality procurement system
3 Aid reported on budget
4 Coordinated capacity building
Use of country public financial
5a
managment systems
5b Use of country procurement systems
6 Parallel project implementation units
7 In year predicitability
8 Untied aid
9 Use of program-based approaches
Joint missions and
10
country analytical work
11 Sound performance assessment framework
12 Review of mutual accountability
Twelve indicators were agreed on at Paris.
They are measured through qualitative desk
reviews undertaken by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development’s
Development Assistance Committee (indicator
2b), the World Bank (indicators 1, 2a, and 11),
of three subindexes: a difficulty of hiring
index, a rigidity of hours index, and a dif-
ficulty of firing index.
120 Africa Development Indicators 2006
and a questionnaire for governments and do-
nors (remaining eight indicators; see table).
The assessment criteria for indicators 1
and 11 are based on analysis by the World
Bank for the 2005 Comprehensive Develop-
ment Framework Progress Report “Enabling
Country Capacity to Achieve Results.” The
World Bank is now conducting an Aid Effec-
tiveness Review that will build on this earlier
work and will provide information on these two
qualitative indicators.
The survey-based tool was launched in
May 2006. As of June 2006, 26 countries had
confirmed their participation in the 2006 Sur-
vey of Monitoring the Paris Declaration. An
international report on this first round is tar-
geted for publication at the end of 2006. Other
Source of assessment
Qualitative review, Comprehensive Development
Framework method: desk review (World Bank)
World Bank Country Policy and Institutional
Assessment desk review
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-
ment’s Development Assistance Committee desk review
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Questionaire
Qualitative review, Comprehensive Development
Framwork method: desk review (World Bank)
Questionaire
monitoring rounds will be undertaken in early
2008 and 2010. To reduce the level of detail
and complexity, the definitions and guidance
are principle based and objective oriented.
Detailed guidance on each of the eight indica-
tors is provided.
Source: Data are from the World Bank’s
Doing Business project (http://rru.world-
bank.org/DoingBusiness/).
T .. I 
Private investment is private sector fixed capi-
tal formation (table 2.11) divided by nominal
gross domestic product (table 2.6).
Net foreign direct investment is investment
by residents of the Organisation for Econom-
ic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD)
Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
member countries to acquire a lasting man-
agement interest (at least 10 percent of vot-
ing stock) in an enterprise operating in the
recipient country. The data reflect changes
in the net worth of subsidiaries in recipient
countries whose parent company is in the
DAC source country.
Domestic credit to private sector is financial
resources provided to the private sector, such
as through loans, purchases of nonequity
securities, and trade credits and other ac-
counts receivable, that establish a claim for
repayment. For some countries these claims
include credit to public enterprises.
Policy uncertainty is the share of senior
managers who ranked economic and regu-
latory policy uncertainty as a major or very
severe constraint.
Corruption is the share of senior managers
who ranked corruption as a major or very se-
vere constraint.
Courts are the share of senior managers
who ranked courts and dispute resolution
systems as a major or very severe constraint.
Lack of confidence courts will uphold property
rights is the share of senior managers who do
not agree with the statement: “I am confi-
dent that the judicial system will enforce my
contractual and property rights in business
disputes.”
Crime is the share of senior managers who
ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major
or very severe constraint.
Tax rates are the share of senior managers
who ranked tax rates as a major or very se-
vere constraint.
Finance is the share of senior managers
who ranked access to finance or cost of fi-
nance as a major or very severe constraint.
Electricity is the share of senior managers
who ranked electricity as a major or severe
constraint.
Labor regulation is the share of senior man-
agers who ranked labor regulations as a ma-
jor or severe constraint.
Labor skills are the share of senior manag-
ers who ranked skills of available workers as
a major or severe constraint.
Number of tax payments is the number of
taxes paid by businesses, including electronic
filing. The tax is counted as paid once a year
even if payments are more frequent.
Time to prepare and pay taxes is the number
of hours it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or
withhold) three major types of taxes: the cor-
porate income tax, the value added or sales
tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes
and social security contributions.
Total tax payable is the total amount of tax-
es payable by the business (except for labor
taxes) after accounting for deductions and
exemptions as a percentage of gross profit.
For further details on the method used for
assessing the total tax payable.
Highest marginal tax rate, corporate, is the
highest rate shown on the schedule of tax
rates applied to the taxable income of corpo-
rations.
Time dealing with officials is the average per-
centage of senior management’s time that is
spent in a typical week dealing with require-
ments imposed by government regulations
(for example, taxes, customs, labor regula-
tions, licensing, and registration), including
dealings with officials, completing forms, and
the like.
Average time to clear customs is the number
of days to clear an imported good through
customs.
Bank branches are deposit money bank
branches.
Interest rate spread is the interest rate
charged by banks on loans to prime custom-
ers minus the interest rate paid by commer-
cial or similar banks for demand, time, or
savings deposits.
Listed domestic companies are domestically
incorporated companies listed on a coun-
try’s stock exchanges at the end of the year.
They exclude investment companies, mutual
funds, and other collective investment ve-
hicles.
Market capitalization of listed companies,
also known as market value, is the share price
of a listed domestic company’s stock times
the number of shares outstanding.
Turnover ratio for traded stocks is the total
value of shares traded during the period di-
vided by the average market capitalization
for the period. Average market capitalization
Technical notes 121
 Box 4 Investment climate survey data and perception of constraints by firms

Investment climate surveys or Enterprise surveys have been under-
taken by the World Bank on an Africawide basis since 2003. En-
terprise surveys measure business perceptions of the investment
climate and can be used to analyze the link to job creation and pro-
ductivity growth. Surveys are undertaken on the basis of a standard-
ized survey instrument, identical for each country. The data gathered
during these surveys fall into two categories: objective data, such as
accounting or labor data, and perception data, where interviewees
are asked to provide their own assessment of specific issues. Infer-
ences from the use of survey data and of perception information
must be done carefully, as sampling and contextual issues may af-
fect the numbers reported.
Sector coverage in samples. Until 2005 enterprise surveys
mostly surveyed manufacturing firms across countries, which
implies that the reported data will not cover the entire economy.
Hence, some of the reported issues may be sector specific.
Items perceived as a severe constraint (percent)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Access Tax Courts Corruption Policy Electricity Labor
to rates undertainty
Finance
Sample numbers Weighted population estimates
Source: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
Inference. The data reported are unweighted numbers from
random stratified samples, which implies that population esti-
mates of the same variable may differ somewhat. Although expe-
rience shows that it does not often change the ranking of the most
important constraints, reported numbers may vary slightly from
population estimates (see figure for a hypothetical example).
Context for perception data. The social environment in which a
survey takes place may affect the nature of the replies. The sense
of responsibility of managers and the perceived legitimacy of the
survey itself (and of its questions) will affect the replies: for exam-
ple, a survey taking place in a country with no tradition in survey
data gathering—and thus with little perceived legitimacy for a sur-
vey—will yield more uncertain answers. Some topics, by their sen-
sitive nature—for example, questions on corruption—may yield
unexpected results. In addition, the psychology of the respondent
and the overall socioeconomic context of the interview may affect
the answers. For example, assume a country
where a survey takes place between period t–1
and t+1. In period t, a major dispute erupts be-
tween manufacturers and the authorities about
tax issues. It is most likely that replies provided
in t+1 will be much more negative when as-
sessing tax issues than the ones provided in
t–1. In this case, samplewide computations
may be misleading, and it is better for analyti-
cal purposes to separate the answers into be-
fore and after the event.
These issues have two major implications.
First, it is often better to also refer to the In-
vestment Climate Assessment reports for each
country to know the sampling methodology
used in order to assess how generalizations can
Labor Crime be made from the data. Second, these replies,
skills regulation because of their contextual nature, should be
correlated with other sources of information,
which can be found in Investment Climate As-
sessment reports or other analytical works.

is calculated as the average of the end-of-pe-
riod values for the current period and the
previous period.
Source: Data on private investment are
from the World Bank’s World Development
Indicators database. Data on net foreign di-
rect investment are from the World Bank’s
World Development Indicators database.
Data on domestic credit to the private sector
are from the International Monetary Fund’s
International Financial Statistics database
and data files, World Bank and OECD gross
domestic product (GDP) estimates, and the
World Bank’s World Development Indica-
tors database. Data on investment climate
constraints to firms are based on enterprise
surveys conducted by the World Bank and
its partners during 2001–05 (http://rru.
worldbank.org/EnterpriseSurveys) (box 4).
Data on regulation and tax administration
and highest marginal corporate tax rates are
from the World Bank’s Doing Business proj-
ect (http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness).
Data on time dealing with officials and
average time to clear customs are from
World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
rru.worldbank.org/EnterpriseSurveys/).

122 Africa Development Indicators 2006

Data on bank branches are from surveys of
banking and regulatory institutions by the
World Bank’s Research Department and Fi-
nancial Sector and Operations Policy Depart-
ment and the World Development Indicators
database. Data on interest rate spreads are
from the IMF’s International Financial Sta-
tistics database and data files and the World
Bank’s World Development Indicators da-
tabase. Data on listed domestic companies
and turnover ratios for traded stocks are
from Standard & Poor’s Emerging Stock Mar-
kets Factbook and supplemental data and the
World Bank’s World Development Indicators
database. Data on market capitalization of
listed companies are from Standard & Poor’s
Emerging Stock Markets Factbook and supple-
mental data, World Bank and OECD esti-
mates of GDP, and the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database.
6. Trade
T .. I  
 
Merchandise trade is the sum of imports and
exports of divided by nominal gross domes-
tic product.
Exports and imports comprise all transac-
tions between residents of an economy and
the rest of the world involving a change in
ownership of general merchandise, goods
sent for processing and repairs, and non-
monetary gold. Data are shown in current
U.S. dollars. Exports and imports as a share
of gross domestic product (GDP) are calcu-
lated as merchandise exports and imports
divided by nominal GDP. Annual growth of
exports and imports is calculated using the
real imports and exports series in tables 2.17
and 2.18.
Terms of trade index measures the relative
movement of export and import prices. This
series is calculated as the ratio of a country’s
export unit values or prices to its import unit
values or prices shows changes over a base
year (2000) in the level of export unit values
as a percentage of import unit values.
Structure of merchandise exports and imports
components may not sum to 100 percent be-
cause of unclassified trade.
Food comprises the commodities in Stan-
dard International Trade Classification
(SITC) sections 0 (food and live animals), 1
(beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and
vegetable oils and fats) and SITC division 22
(oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels).
Agricultural raw materials comprise the
commodities in SITC section 2 (crude ma-
terials except fuels), excluding divisions 22,
27 (crude fertilizers and minerals excluding
coal, petroleum, and precious stones), and 28
(metalliferous ores and scrap).
Fuels comprise SITC section 3 (mineral
fuels).
Ores and metals comprise the commodities
in SITC sections 27, 28, and 68 (nonferrous
metals).
Manufactures comprise the commodities in
SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manu-
factures), 7 (machinery and transport equip-
ment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured
goods), excluding division 68.
Export diversification index measures the
extent to which exports are diversified. It is
constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl
index, using disaggregated exports at four
digits (following the SITC). A higher index
indicates more export diversification.
Binding coverage is the percentage of prod-
uct lines with an agreed bound rate.
Simple mean bound rate is the unweighted
average of all the lines in the tariff schedule
in which bound rates have been set.
Simple mean tariff is the unweighted aver-
age of effectively applied rates or most fa-
vored nation rates for all products subject to
tariffs calculated for all traded goods.
Weighted mean tariff is the average of ef-
fectively applied rates or most favored nation
rates weighted by the product import shares
corresponding to each partner country.
Share of lines with international peaks is the
share of lines in the tariff schedule with tariff
rates that exceed 15 percent.
Share of lines with specific rates is the share
of lines in the tariff schedule that are set on
a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem
and per unit rates.
Primary products are commodities classi-
fied in SITC revision 2 sections 0ñ4 plus divi-
sion 68.
Manufactured products are commodities
classified in SITC revision 2 sections 5ñ8 ex-
cluding division 68.
Tariff barriers are a form of duty based on
the value of the import.
Average cost to ship 20 ft container from port
Technical notes 123
 to final destination is the cost of all operations
associated with bringing a container from
onboard a ship to the considered economic
center, weighted based on container traffic
for each corridor.
Average time to ship 20 ft container from port
to final destination is the time in days from
when the ship is available for unloading (be
it moored at the berth or offshore) until the
content of the container is made available to
the final customer at the destination in the
considered economic center, weighted based
on container traffic for each corridor.
Average time to clear customs is the number
of days to clear an imported good through
customs.
Source: All indicators in the table were cal-
culated by World Bank staff using the World
Integrated Trade Solution system. Data on
the export diversification index are from the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development. Data on tariffs are from the
United Nations Conference on Trade and De-
velopment and the World Trade Organization.
Data on global imports are from the United
Nations Statistics Division’s COMTRADE
database. Data on merchandise exports and
imports are from World Bank country desks.
Data on shipping time and costs are from the
World Bank’s Sub-Saharan Africa Transport
Policy Program (SSATP). Data on average
time to clear customs are from World Bank
Enterprise Surveys (http://rru.worldbank.
org/EnterpriseSurveys/).
T . R , 

Value of trade is the sum of merchandise ex-
ports by members of a trade bloc .
Share of total bloc exports is the sum of mer-
chandise exports by members of a trade bloc
as a percentage of total merchandise exports
by the bloc.
Share of world exports is the ratio of the bloc’s
total merchandise exports (within the bloc and
to the rest of the world) to total merchandise
exports by all economies in the world.
Source: Data on merchandise trade flows
are published in the International Monetary
Fund’s (IMF) Direction of Trade Statistics Year-
book and Direction of Trade Statistics Quar-
terly. The data in the table were calculated
124 Africa Development Indicators 2006
using the IMF’s Direction of Trade database.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development publishes data on intraregional
trade in its Handbook of International Trade
and Development Statistics. The information
on trade bloc membership is from World
Bank (2000), the World Bank’s Global Eco-
nomic Prospects 2005, and the World Bank’s
International Trade Unit.
7. Infrastructure
T .. W  
Internal fresh water resources per capita is the
sum of total renewable resources, which in-
clude internal flows of rivers and ground-
water from rainfall in the country, and river
flows from other countries.
Population with sustainable access to an im-
proved water source is the percentage of popu-
lation with reasonable access to an adequate
amount of water from an improved source,
such as a household connection, public
standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring,
or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources
include vendors, tanker trucks, and unpro-
tected wells and springs. Reasonable access is
defined as the availability of at least 20 liters
a person a day from a source within 1 kilome-
ter of the user’s dwelling.
Population with sustainable access to im-
proved sanitation is the percentage of the
population with at least adequate access to
excreta disposal facilities that can effectively
prevent human, animal, and insect contact
with excreta. Improved facilities range from
simple but protected pit latrines to flush toi-
lets with a sewerage connection. The excreta
disposal system is considered adequate if it
is private or shared (but not public) and if it
hygienically separates human excreta from
human contact. To be effective, facilities
must be correctly constructed and properly
maintained.
Average nonrevenue water is the difference
between water supplied and water sold (that
is, the volume of water “lost”) expressed as a
percentage of net water supplied.
Water supply failure for firms receiving water
is the average number of days per year that
firms experienced insufficient water supply
for production.
Average household tariffs for water services,
largest city are the average tariffs for wastewa-
ter services for household consumers in the
largest city.
Committed nominal investment in potable
water projects with private participation is an-
nual committed investment in potable water
projects with private investment.
Average annual official development assis-
tance (ODA) disbursements for water and sani-
tation are average annual ODA for water and
sanitation, including bilateral, multilateral,
and other donors.
Source: Data on fresh water resources are
from the World Bank’s World Development
Indicators database. Data on access to water
and sanitation are from the World Health
Organization and United Nations Children’s
Fund’s Meeting the MDG Drinking Water
and Sanitation Target (www.unicef.org/wes/
mdgreport). Data on average nonrevenue
water and average household tariffs for wa-
ter services in the largest city are from the
International Benchmarking Network for
Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET). Data
on water supply failure are from World Bank
Investment Climate Surveys. Data on com-
mitted nominal investment in potable water
projects with private participation are from
the World Bank’s Private Participation in
Infrastructure database. Data on ODA dis-
bursements are from the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development.
T .. T
Total length of road network is the length
of motorways, highways, main or national
roads, secondary or regional roads, and other
roads.
Total length of national road network is the
length of the interurban classified network
without the urban and rural network.
Rail lines are the length of railway route
available for train service, irrespective of the
number of parallel tracks.
Road density, ratio to arable land is the total
length of national road network per 1,000
square kilometers of arable land area. The use
of arable land area in the denominator focus-
es on inhabited sectors of total land area by
excluding wilderness areas.
Road density, ratio to total land is the total
length of national road network per 1,000
square kilometers of total land area.
Energy consumption for transportation is the
transportation sector’s contribution to total
final energy consumption.
Rural access is the percentage of the rural
population who live within 2 kilometers of
an all-season passable road as a share of the
total rural population.
Commercial vehicles are the number of com-
mercial vehicles, which use at least 24 liters
of diesel fuel per 100 kilometers.
Passenger cars are the number of passenger
vehicles, which use at least 9 liters of gasoline
fuel per 100 kilometers.
Length of national network in good condition
is the length of the national road network,
including the interurban classified network
without the urban and rural network, that is
in good condition, as defined by each coun-
try’s road agency.
Ratio of paved to total roads is the length of
paved roadsówhich are those surfaced with
crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon
binder or bituminized agents, with concrete,
or with cobblestonesóas a percentage of all
the country’s roads.
Average time to ship 20 ft container from port
to final destination is the time in days from
when the ship is available for unloading (be
it moored at the berth or offshore) until the
content of the container is made available to
the final customer at the destination in the
considered economic center, weighted based
on container traffic for each corridor.
Firms identifying transport as major or very
severe obstacle to business operation and growth
is the percentage of firms that responded
“major” or “very severe” obstacle to the fol-
lowing question: “Please tell us if any of the
following issues are a problem for the opera-
tion and growth of your business. If an is-
sue (infrastructure, regulation, and permits)
poses a problem, please judge its severity as
an obstacle on a five-point scale that rang-
es from 0 = no obstacle to 5 = very severe
obstacle.”
Average cost to ship 20 ft container from
port to final destination is the costs of all op-
erations associated with bringing a container
from onboard a ship to the considered eco-
nomic center, weighted based on container
traffic for each corridor.
Price of diesel fuel and super gasoline is the
price as posted at filling stations in a coun-
try’s capital city. When several fuel prices for
major cities were available, the unweighted
Technical notes 125
 average is used. Since super gasoline (95 oc-
tane/A95/premium) is not available every-
where, it is sometime replaced by regular gas-
oline (92 octane/A92), premium plus gasoline
(98 octane/A98), or an average of the two.
Committed nominal investment in transport
projects with private participation is annual
committed investment in transport (includ-
ing roads, airport, seaport, toll road, and rail-
road) projects with private investment.
Average annual official development assis-
tance (ODA) disbursements for transportation
and storage are average annual ODA for trans-
portation and storage, including bilateral,
multilateral, and other donors.
Existence of road fund includes first genera-
tion (funded primarily by earmarked taxes)
and second generation (funded primarily by
user charges) road funds.
Source: Data on total length of road network
are from the International Road Federation’s
World Road Statistics. Data on total length of
national network, length of national network
in good condition, average time and cost to
ship 20 ft container, and existence of a road
fund are from the World Bank’s Sub-Saharan
Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP).
Data on rail lines and ratio of paved to total
roads are from the World Bank’s World De-
velopment Indicators database. Data on road
density and rural access to roads are from
the World Bank’s SSATP and World Devel-
opment Indicators database. Data on energy
consumption for transportation are from the
International Energy Agency. Data on vehicle
fleet and fuel and gasoline prices are from the
German Society for Technical Cooperation
(GTZ). Data on firms identifying transport
as a major or very severe constraint to busi-
ness operation and growth are from World
Bank Investment Climate Surveys. Data on
committed nominal investment in transport
projects with private participation are from
the World Bank’s Private Participation in
Infrastructure database. Data on ODA dis-
bursements are from the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development.
T .. I  -
 
Telephone subscribers are subscribers to a
main telephone line service, which connects a
customer’s equipment to the public switched
126 Africa Development Indicators 2006
telephone network, or to a cellular telephone
service, which uses cellular technology.
Unmet demand is unmet applications for
connection to the public switched telephone
network that have had to be held over owing
to a lack of technical facilities (equipment,
lines, and the like) divided by the number of
main telephone lines in operation.
Households with own telephone is the per-
centage of households possessing a tele-
phone.
Delay for firm in obtaining a telephone con-
nection is the average actual delay in days that
firms experience when obtaining a telephone
connection, measured from the day the es-
tablishment applied to the day it received the
service or approval.
Duration of telephone outages is the average
duration in hours of instances of telephone
unavailability related to production.
Reported phone faults is the total number
of reported faults for the year divided by
the total number of mainlines in operation
multiplied by 100. The definition of fault can
vary. Some countries include faulty customer
equipment; others distinguish between re-
ported and actual found faults. There is also
sometimes a distinction between residential
and business lines. Another consideration is
the time period: some countries report this
indicator on a monthly basis; in these cases
data are converted to yearly estimates.
Firms identifying telecommunications as ma-
jor or very severe obstacle to business operation
and growth is the percentage of firms that re-
sponded “major” or “very severe” obstacle to
the following question: “Please tell us if any
of the following issues are a problem for the
operation and growth of your business. If an
issue (infrastructure, regulation, and permits)
poses a problem, please judge its severity as an
obstacle on a five-point scale that ranges from
0 = no obstacle to 5 = very severe obstacle.”
Cost of a cellular local call is the cost of a
three-minute cellular local call during off-
peak hours.
Cost of a local phone call is the cost of a three-
minute local call during peak hours. Local call
refers to a call within the same exchange area
using the subscriber’s own terminal (that is,
not from a public telephone).
Cost of phone call to the United States is
the cost of a three-minute call to the United
States during peak hours.
 Committed nominal investment in fixed-line
and long distance projects with private partici-
pation is annual committed investment in
fixed-line and long distance projects with pri-
vate investment.
Committed nominal investment in mobile
projects with private participation is annual
committed investment in mobile projects
with private investment.
Average annual official development assistance
(ODA) disbursements for communications are av-
erage annual ODA for communications, includ-
ing bilateral, multilateral, and other donors.
Source: Data on telephone subscribers, re-
ported phone faults, and cost of local and cel-
lular calls are from the International Telecom-
munications Union. Data on unmet demand
are from the World Bank’s Infrastructure
Vice Presidency. Data on households with
own telephone are from Demographic and
Health Surveys. Data on delays for firms in
obtaining a telephone connection, duration
of telephone outages, and firms identifying
telecommunications as a major or very severe
obstacle to business operation and growth
are from World Bank Investment Climate As-
sessments. Data on cost of a call to the Unit-
ed States are from the World Bank’s Global
Development Finance and World Develop-
ment Indicator databases. Data on commit-
ted nominal investment are from the World
Bank’s Private Participation in Infrastructure
database. Data on ODA disbursements are
from the Organisation for Economic Co-op-
eration and Development.
T .. E
Installed capacity is the sum of conventional
thermal electricity installed capacity; hydro-
electricity installed capacity; nuclear electric-
ity installed capacity; and geothermal, solar,
wind, wood, and waste electricity installed
capacity.
Electric power consumption is the produc-
tion of power plants and combined heat and
power plants, less distribution losses and
own use by heat and power plants.
Energy use per purchasing power parity (PPP)
gross domestic product (GDP) is apparent con-
sumption, which is equal to indigenous pro-
duction plus imports and stock changes mi-
nus exports and fuels supplied to ships and
aircraft engaged in international transport,
divided by nominal GDP in PPP U.S. dollars.
Access to electricity is the percentage of the
population living in households with access
to electricity.
Solid fuels use is the percentage of the
population using solid fuels as opposed to
modern fuels. Solid fuels include fuel wood,
straw, dung, coal, and charcoal. Modern fuels
include electricity, liquefied petroleum gas,
natural gas, kerosene, and gasoline.
Delay for firm in obtaining electrical connec-
tion is the average actual delay in days that
firms experience when obtaining an electri-
cal connection, measured from the day the
establishment applied to the day it received
the service or approval.
Electric power transmission and distribution
losses are technical and nontechnical losses,
including electricity losses due to operation
of the system and the delivery of electricity
as well as those caused by unmetered supply.
This comprises all losses due to transport and
distribution of electrical energy and heat.
Electrical outages of firms are the average
number of days per year that establishments
experienced power outages or surges from
the public grid.
Firms that share or own their own genera-
tor is the percentage of firms that responded
“Yes”to the following question: “Does your
establishment own or share a generator?”
Firms identifying electricity as major or
very severe obstacle to business operation
and growth is the percentage of firms that
responded “major” or “very severe” obstacle
to the following question: “Please tell us if
any of the following issues are a problem for
the operation and growth of your business.
If an issue (infrastructure, regulation, and
permits) poses a problem, please judge its
severity as an obstacle on a five-point scale
that ranges from 0 = no obstacle to 5 = very
severe obstacle.”
Electricity end-user prices are prices actually
paid, net of rebates and including transport
costs to the consumer and taxes that have to
be paid as part of the transaction and that are
not refundable (this excludes value added tax).
Committed nominal investment in energy
projects with private participation is annual
committed investment in energy projects
with private investment.
Average annual official development assis-
tance (ODA) disbursements for energy are aver-
Technical notes 127
 age annual overseas ODA for energy, includ-
ing bilateral, multilateral, and other donors).
Source: Data on installed capacity are
from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Inter-
national Energy Annual 2004. Data on elec-
tric power consumption and energy use per
PPP GDP are from the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database. Data
on access to electricity and solid fuels use
are from household survey data, supple-
mented by World Bank Project Appraisal
Documents. Data on delays for firms in ob-
taining an electrical connection, electrical
outages of firms, firms that share or own
their own generator, and firms identifying
electricity as a major or very severe obstacle
to business operation and growth are from
World Bank Investment Climate Assess-
ments. Data on transmission and distribu-
tion losses are from the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database, supple-
mented by World Bank Project Appraisal
Documents. Data on end-user prices are
from South African Development through
Electricity (SAD-ELEC). Data on commit-
ted nominal investment are from the World
Bank’s Private Participation in Infrastruc-
ture database. Data on ODA disbursements
are from the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development.
T .. F  -

Sovereign ratings are long-term foreign cur-
rency ratings.
Gross national savings are the sum of gross
domestic savings (table 2.12) and net fac-
tor income and net private transfers from
abroad. The estimate here also includes net
public transfers from abroad.
Claims on governments and other public en-
tities correspond to the sum of lines 32an,
32b, 32bx, and 32c in the International
Monetary Fund’s (IMF) International Finan-
cial Statistics and usually comprise direct
credit for specific purposes such as financ-
ing of the government budget deficit or
loans to state enterprises, advances against
future credit authorizations, and purchases
of treasury bills and bonds, net of deposits
by the public sector. Public sector deposits
with the banking system also include sinking
funds for the service of debt and temporary
128 Africa Development Indicators 2006
deposits of government revenues. Data are
in current local currency.
Money and quasi money (M2) are the sum
of currency outside banks, demand deposits
other than those of the central government,
and the time, savings, and foreign currency
deposits of resident sectors other than the
central government. This definition of mon-
ey supply is frequently called M2 and corre-
sponds to lines 34 and 35 in the IMF’s Inter-
national Financial Statistics.
Real interest rate is the lending interest
rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the
gross domestic product (GDP) deflator.
Bank assets include deposit money bank
reserves (line 20 of the IMF’s International
Financial Statistics), claims on monetary au-
thorities, securities (line 20c), other claims
on monetary authorities (line 20n), foreign
assets (line 21), and claims on other resident
sectors (lines 22). Calculated using period av-
erage exchange rate (line rf).
Domestic credit to private sector is financial
resources provided to the private sector, such
as through loans, purchases of nonequity
securities, and trade credits and other ac-
counts receivable, that establish a claim for
repayment. For some countries these claims
include credit to public enterprises.
Interest rate spread is the interest rate
charged by banks on loans to prime custom-
ers minus the interest rate paid by commer-
cial or similar banks for demand, time, or
savings deposits.
Ratio of bank nonperforming loans to total is
the value of nonperforming loans divided by
the total value of the loan portfolio (includ-
ing nonperforming loans before the deduc-
tion of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan
amount recorded as nonperforming should
be the gross value of the loan as recorded on
the balance sheet, not just the amount that
is overdue.
Bank branches are deposit money bank
branches.
Listed domestic companies are domestically
incorporated companies listed on a country’s
stock exchanges at the end of the year. They
exclude investment companies, mutual funds,
and other collective investment vehicles.
Market capitalization of listed companies,
also known as market value, is the share price
of a listed domestic company’s stock times
the number of shares outstanding.
Box 5 Infrastructure indicators
The availability of performance indicators for the infrastructure
sector is unfortunately rather sparse. One reason for the diffi-
culties with data collection is the institutional fragmentation of
the sectors, with information dispersed across a wide range of
institutions including ministries, (often subnational) state-owned
enterprises, roads funds, and regulatory entities.
Efforts have been made across all sectors to organize the lim-
ited data available according to a common conceptual framework
that shed lights on some of the key policy issues affecting the sec-
tor, namely access, quality of service, pricing, and financing. The
access indicators are further broken down between the supply
side, which reflects the situation from the service provider’s per-
spective, and the demand side, which reflects the situation from
the user’s perspective. The disconnect that sometimes exists be-
tween these two sets of indicators itself reveals some of the chal-
lenges inherent in providing effective infrastructure services.
Water and sanitation
There has been a great deal of international effort to improve mea-
surement of access to water and sanitation, since increasing ac-
cess is one of the Millennium Development Goals. The latest fig-
ures suggest that an average of 64 percent of the population has
access to an improved water source and 37 percent to improved
sanitation. Less than half of those with access to an improved
water source enjoy a piped connection to the household.
Transportation
Road density for the region remains low by international stan-
dards. Due to the existence of relatively large sparsely populated
areas in many countries, road density is less dramatic when
measured relative to total arable land rather than total land area.
Nevertheless, only about 33 percent of the rural population lives
within 2 kilometers of an all-season road. Road quality is also a
major concern, with only around 30 percent of the national net-
work classified as being in reasonable condition. One area where
significant progress has been made is the creation of road funds,
which aim to provide a stable source of finance for road main-
tenance. More than 80 percent of countries for which data are
available report having such a fund.
Information and communication technology
The information and communication technology sector is by far
the best documented. The data testify to the huge expansion of
cellular telephone coverage across Africa during the last decade,
with the average number of mobile subscribers at the country
level rising from 13 per 1,000 people in the late 1990s to 73 in
the early 2000s. Nevertheless, unmet demand for fixed telephone
lines remains high at 46 percent of existing capacity, and firms re-
port average wait times of 69 days for a new connection. The cost
of international telephone calls has declined significantly since the
late 1990s but remains very high in absolute terms, with an aver-
age rate of $4.85 for a three minute call to the United States.
Energy
Access and use of modern energy remains extremely limited in
the region. In countries for which data are available around 27
percent of the population has access to electricity and 13 percent
to modern cooking fuels. Investment Climate Surveys indicate
that unreliable power supply is a major constraint for firms in the
region, with around 40 percent of enterprises identifying defi-
cient power supply as a major constraint to doing business and
as many as 50 percent maintaining their own generation facilities
to insulate themselves from unreliable public supplies. Notwith-
standing the major shortfalls in access, official development as-
sistance flows to the sector are very low, at no more than a few
million dollars per country per year.
Financial sector infrastructure
Macroeconomics. Low domestic savings and limited access
to foreign savings through international borrowing constrain the
supply of funding for viable investments. Domestic savings to
gross domestic product (GDP) amounts to a low 15.5 percent on
average for all of Africa and 15.2 percent for Sub-Saharan Africa.
Low savings coupled with inefficient intermediation capacity of
the financial sector result in high cost of finance. Interest rates
average above 10 percent for the region, in some countries inter-
est rates reach 20 percent and higher.
Size. Although figures vary drastically between countries, on
average the size of the financial sector remains small. For a bank-
dominated financial system, the economies exhibit a very low
penetration of bank assets at 39 percent of GDP. The data also
show the stark contrast between the average amount of bank as-
sets in Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While Sub-Saharan
Africa bank assets stand at 35 percent of GDP, with assets stand-
ing as low as 7 percent in some countries, North Africa registers a
deep banking system with assets averaging 77 percent of GDP.
Intermediation. With very few exceptions, financial systems in
the region fulfill their intermediation function poorly. Cross-coun-
try, industry-level, firm-level, and country case studies confirm
that countries with higher levels of financial development experi-
ence better resource allocation, higher GDP per capita growth,
and faster rates of poverty reduction. Financial intermediation
contributes to economic growth through mobilizing savings and
identifying, assessing, and monitoring productive investments in
an economy. However, capacity for intermediation in many Afri-
can countries is strained by inefficiency, high costs, and lack of
outreach. Typically, banks have very high liquidity but fail to de-
ploy funds into productive investments, and lending to the private
sector is constrained. Domestic credit to the private sector aver-
ages less than 20 percent of GDP in Africa. Lack of competition
and high overhead costs contribute to high interest rate spreads,
which average 18 percent. Access to finance and outreach of
the banking system are limited with many countries having less
then 3 bank branches per 100,000 people. Financial systems are
dominated by banks and lack product and institutional diversity.
The share of nonbank financial institutions in the financial sys-
tem, including pension funds and insurance companies, which
have an important role in promoting long-term savings, remains
negligible. At the same time, ongoing reforms in the pension and
insurance sector in several African countries set the basis for in-
Technical notes 129
 Box 5 Infrastructure indicators

creased long-term savings which, subject to efficient intermedia-
tion, can be channeled to long-term investments in the future.
Capital markets. Capital markets act as a natural source of
long-term finance in developed financial systems. Although capi-
tal markets are growing in Africa, most markets still play a limited
role in funding investments. Security markets are small, underde-
veloped, and illiquid both by global and emerging market stan-
dards, although 12 countries have set up stock exchanges in Sub-
Saharan Africa in addition to one regional exchange, the Bourse
des Valeurs d’Abidjan. The markets suffer from poor liquidity and
limited secondary market activity. Only 4 exchanges listed more
than 50 domestic companies in 2004, and turnover averaged less
than 10 percent of their market capitalization. While limited trad-
ing discourages further listings on the exchanges, additional list-
ings can also contribute to improved scale and liquidity.

Turnover ratio for traded stocks is the total
value of shares traded during the period di-
vided by the average market capitalization
for the period. Average market capitalization
is calculated as the average of the end-of-pe-
riod values for the current period and the
previous period.
Source: Data on sovereign ratings are from
Fitch Ratings. Data on gross national savings
are from World Bank country desks. Data on
claims on governments and other public en-
tities are from the IMF’s International Finan-
cial Statistics database and data files and the
World Bank’s World Development Indicators
database. Data on money and quasi money
and domestic credit to the private sector are
from the IMF’s International Financial Sta-
tistics database and data files, World Bank
and OECD estimates of GDP, and the World
Bank’s World Development Indicators data-
base. Data on real interest rates are from the
IMF’s International Financial Statistics data-
base and data files using World Bank data on
the GDP deflator and the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database. Data on
bank assets are from the IMF’s International
Financial Statistics database. Data on inter-
est rate spreads are from the IMF’s Interna-
tional Financial Statistics database and data
files and the World Bank’s World Develop-
ment Indicators database. Data on ratios of
bank nonperforming loans to total are from
the IMF’s Global Financial Stability Report
and the World Bank’s World Development
Indicators database. Data on bank branches
are from surveys of banking and regulatory
institutions by the World Bank’s Research
Department and Financial Sector and Opera-
tions Policy Department and the World De-
velopment Indicators database. Data on list-
ed domestic companies and turnover ratios
for traded stocks are from Standard & Poor’s
Emerging Stock Markets Factbook and supple-
mental data and the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators database. Data on
market capitalization of listed companies are
from Standard & Poor’s Emerging Stock Mar-
kets Factbook and supplemental data, World
Bank and OECD estimates of GDP, and the
World Bank’s World Development Indicators
database.
8. Human development
T .. E
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people
ages 15–24 who can, with understanding,
both read and write a short, simple state-
ment about their everyday life.
Adult literacy rate is the proportion of
adults ages 15 and older who can, with un-
derstanding, read and write a short, simple
statement on their everyday life.
Primary education provides children with
basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills
along with an elementary understanding of
such subjects as history, geography, natural
science, social science, art, and music.
Secondary education completes the provi-
sion of basic education that began at the pri-
mary level and aims to lay the foundations
for lifelong learning and human development
by offering more subject- or skill-oriented in-
struction using more specialized teachers.
Tertiary education, whether or not to an
advanced research qualification, normally
requires, as a minimum condition of admis-
sion, the successful completion of education
at the secondary level.
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total
enrollment, regardless of age, to the popu-
lation of the age group that officially corre-
sponds to the level of education shown.

130 Africa Development Indicators 2006

 Net enrollment ratio is the ratio of children
of official school age based on the Internation-
al Standard Classification of Education 1997
who are enrolled in school to the population
of the corresponding official school age.
Student-teacher ratio is the number of stu-
dents enrolled in school divided by the num-
ber of teachers, regardless of their teaching
assignment.
Public spending on education is current and
capital public expenditure on education plus
subsidies to private education at the primary,
secondary, and tertiary levels.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific, and Cultural Organization Institute for
Statistics.
T .. H
Life expectancy at birth is the number of years
a newborn infant would live if prevailing pat-
terns of mortality at the time of its birth were
to remain the same throughout its life. Data
are World Bank estimates based on data from
the United Nations Population Division, the
United Nations Statistics Division, and na-
tional statistical offices.
Under-five mortality rate is the probability
that a newborn baby will die before reaching
age 5, if subject to current age-specific mor-
tality rates. The probability is expressed as a
rate per 1,000.
Infant mortality rate is the number of in-
fants dying before reaching one year of age,
per 1,000 live births.
Maternal mortality ratio is the number
of women who die from pregnancy-related
causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per
100,000 live births.
Deaths due to HIV/AIDS are the estimated
number of adults and children that have died
in a specific year based in the modeling of
HIV surveillance data using standard and ap-
propriate tools.
Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of peo-
ple ages 15–49 who are infected with HIV.
Prevalence of tuberculosis is the number
of tuberculosis cases (pulmonary, smear
positive, and extrapulmonary) in a popula-
tion at a given point in time, per 100,000
people. This indicator is sometimes referred
to as “point prevalence.” Estimates include
cases of tuberculosis among people with
HIV.
Deaths due to malaria is the number of ma-
laria deaths per 100,000 people.
Child immunization rate is the percentage
of children ages 12–23 months who received
vaccinations before 12 months or at any time
before the survey for four diseasesómeasles
and diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough),
and tetanus (DPT). A child is considered ad-
equately immunized against measles after re-
ceiving one dose of vaccine and against DPT
after receiving three doses.
Births attended by skilled health staff are the
percentage of deliveries attended by personnel
trained to give the necessary supervision, care,
and advice to women during pregnancy, labor,
and the postpartum period; to conduct deliv-
eries on their own; and to care for newborns.
Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percent-
age of women who are practicing, or whose
sexual partners are practicing, any form of
contraception. It is usually measured for
married women ages 15–49 only.
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets are the percentage of children under
age 5 who slept under an insecticide-treated
bednet to prevent malaria.
People with advanced HIV infection receiv-
ing antiretroviral combination therapy are the
percentage of people with advanced HIV
infection receiving antiretroviral therapy ac-
cording to nationally approved treatment
protocol (or World Health Organization/
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/
AIDS standards).
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS are
the percentage of estimated new infectious
tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS, the
internationally recommended tuberculosis
control strategy.
DOTS treatment success rate is the percent-
age of new smear-positive tuberculosis cases
registered under DOTS in a given year that
successfully completed treatment, wheth-
er with bacteriologic evidence of success
(“cured”) or without (“treatment completed”).
Children with fever receiving antimalarial
drugs are the percentage of children under
age 5 in malaria-risk areas with fever being
treated with effective antimalarial drugs.
Population with sustainable access to an im-
proved water source is the percentage of the
population with reasonable access to an ad-
equate amount of water from an improved
source, such as a household connection,
Technical notes 131
 public standpipe, borehole, protected well or
spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved
sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and
unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable
access is defined as the availability of at least
20 liters a person a day from a source within
1 kilometer of the dwelling.
Population with sustainable access to im-
proved sanitation is the percentage of the
population with at least adequate access to
excreta disposal facilities that can effectively
prevent human, animal, and insect contact
with excreta. Improved facilities range from
simple but protected pit latrines to flush toi-
lets with a sewerage connection. The excreta
disposal system is considered adequate if it
is private or shared (but not public) and if it
hygienically separates human excreta from
human contact. To be effective, facilities
must be correctly constructed and properly
maintained.
Physicians are the number of physicians,
including generalists and specialists.
Nurses are the number of nurses, includ-
ing professional nurses, auxiliary nurses, en-
rolled nurses, and other nurses, such as den-
tal nurses and primary care nurses.
Midwives are the number of midwives,
including professional midwives, auxiliary
midwives, and enrolled midwives. Tradition-
al birth attendants, who are counted as com-
munity health workers, are not included.
General government expenditure on health is
the direct outlays earmarked for the enhance-
ment of the health status of the population
and for the distribution of medical goods and
services among the population. They can be
financed through domestic funds or through
external resources.
Out-of-pocket expenditure is any direct out-
lay by households, including gratuities and
in-kind payments, to health practitioners and
suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic ap-
pliances, and other goods and services whose
primary intent is to contribute to the restora-
tion or enhancement of the health status of
individuals or population groups. It is a part
of private health expenditure.
Total government expenditure includes con-
solidated direct outlays and indirect outlays,
including capital of all levels of government,
social security institutions, autonomous bod-
ies, and other extrabudgetary funds
Source: Data are from the latest Core Health
132 Africa Development Indicators 2006
Indicators from World Health Organization
sources, including World Health Statistics
2006 and World Health Report 2006 (http://
www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select.cfm
?path=whosis,core&language=english).
9. Agriculture
T .. R 
Rural population is the difference between the
total population and the urban population.
Rural population density is the rural popula-
tion divided by the arable land area. Arable
land includes land defined by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) as land un-
der temporary crops (double-cropped areas
are counted once), temporary meadows for
mowing or for pasture, land under market or
kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow.
Land abandoned as a result of shifting culti-
vation is excluded.
Rural population below the poverty line is the
percentage of the rural population living be-
low the national poverty line.
Share of rural population with sustainable ac-
cess to an improved water source is the percent-
age of the rural population with reasonable
access to an adequate amount of water from
an improved source, such as a household
connection, public standpipe, borehole, pro-
tected well or spring, or rainwater collection.
Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker
trucks, and unprotected wells and springs.
Reasonable access is defined as the availabil-
ity of at least 20 liters a person a day from a
source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling.
Share of rural population with sustainable access
to improved sanitation is the percentage of the
rural population with at least adequate access
to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively
prevent human, animal, and insect contact with
excreta. Improved facilities range from simple
but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with
a sewerage connection. The excreta disposal
system is considered adequate if it is private
or shared (but not public) and if it hygienically
separates human excreta from human contact.
To be effective, facilities must be correctly con-
structed and properly maintained.
Share of rural population with access to elec-
tricity is the percentage of the rural population
living in households with access to electricity.
Share of rural population with access to
transportation is the percentage of the rural
population who live within 2 kilometers of
an all-season passable road as a share of the
total rural population.
Share of rural households with own telephone
is the percentage of rural households pos-
sessing a telephone.
Source: Data on rural population are calcu-
lated from urban population shares from the
United Nations Population Division’s World
Urbanization Prospects and from total popu-
lation figures from the World Bank. Data on
rural population density are from the FAO
and World Bank population estimates. Data
on rural population below the poverty line
are national estimates based on population-
weighted subgroup estimates from house-
hold surveys. Data on rural population with
access to water and rural population with
access to sanitation are from World Health
Organization and United Nations Children’s
Fund’s Meeting the MDG Water and Sanita-
tion Target (www.unicef.org/wes/mdgre-
port). Data on rural population with access
to electricity are from household survey data,
supplemented by World Bank Project Ap-
praisal Documents. Data on rural population
with access to transport are from the World
Bank’s Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy
Program (SSATP). Data on rural households
with own telephone are from Demographic
and Health Surveys.
T .. A
Agriculture value added is shown at factor cost
in current U.S. dollars divided by nominal
gross domestic product. Value added in agri-
culture comprises the gross output of forestry,
hunting, and fishing less the value of their
intermediate inputs. However, for Botswana,
Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of Con-
go, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Mada-
gascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal,
Togo, and Zambia, it is shown at market prices,
that is, including intermediate inputs.
Crop production index shows agricultural
production for each year relative to the base
period 1999–2001. It includes all crops ex-
cept fodder crops. Regional and income
group aggregates for the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization’s (FAO) production index-
es are calculated from the underlying values
in international dollars, normalized to the
base period 1999–2001.
Food production index covers food crops that
are considered edible and that contain nutri-
ents. Coffee and tea are excluded because, al-
though edible, they have no nutritive value.
Nonfood production index includes 29
products that are not considered nutritious,
including coffee, rubber, cotton lint, and to-
bacco leaves.
Cereal production is crops harvested for dry
grain only. Cereals include wheat, rice, maize,
barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat,
and mixed grains. Cereal crops harvested for
hay or harvested green for food, feed, or si-
lage and those used for grazing are excluded.
Livestock production index includes meat
and milk from all sources, dairy products
such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk,
wool, and hides and skins.
Food production index per capita is the ratio
of food production index to the estimated to-
tal midyear population figures.
Agricultural exports and imports are ex-
pressed in current U.S. dollars at free on
board prices.
Permanent cropland is land under permanent
crops as defined and reported by the FAO.
Land under cereal production refers to har-
vested area, although some countries report
only sown or cultivated area.
Irrigated land is areas equipped to provide
water to the crops, including areas equipped
for full and partial control irrigation, spate
irrigation areas, and equipped wetland or in-
land valley bottoms.
Fertilizer consumption is the aggregate of ni-
trogenous, phosphate, and potash fertilizers.
Agricultural machinery refers to the num-
ber of wheel and crawler tractors (excluding
garden tractors) in use in agriculture at the
end of the calendar year specified or during
the first quarter of the following year. Arable
land includes land defined by the FAO as
land under temporary crops (double-cropped
areas are counted once), temporary meadows
for mowing or for pasture, land under market
or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fal-
low. Land abandoned as a result of shifting
cultivation is excluded.
Agricultural employment includes people
who work for a public or private employer
and who receive remuneration in wages, sal-
ary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in
kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1
(ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A
Technical notes 133
 and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting,
forestry, and fishing.
Incidence of drought shows whether a country
experienced a significant shortage of rain that
unfavorably affected agricultural production.
Agricultural productivity measures agricul-
ture value added per worker. Value added
in agriculture measures the output of the
agricultural sector (ISIC divisions 1ñ5) less
the value of intermediate inputs. Agriculture
comprises value added from forestry, hunt-
ing, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops
and livestock production. Data are in con-
stant 2000 U.S. dollars.
Cereal crop yield is includes wheat, rice,
maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum,
buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production
data on cereals relate to crops harvested for
dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay
or harvested green for food, feed, or silage
and those used for grazing are excluded..
Source: Data on agriculture value added
are from World Bank country desks. Data
on crop, food, nonfood, cereal, and livestock
production, agricultural exports and imports,
permanent cropland, land under cereal pro-
duction, and agricultural machinery are from
the FAO. Data on irrigated land are from the
FAO’s Production Yearbook and data files. Data
on fertilizer consumption are from the FAO
database for the Fertilizer Yearbook. Data on
agricultural employment are from the In-
ternational Labour Organization. Data on
incidence of drought are from the Southern
Africa Flood and Drought Network and East
Africa Drought (CE). Data on agricultural
productivity are from World Bank national
accounts files and the FAO’s Production Year-
book and data files.
10. Labor, migration, and population
T .. L
Labor force is people ages 15 and older who
meet the International Labour Organization
(ILO) definition of the economically active
population. It includes both the employed
and the unemployed. While national prac-
tices vary in the treatment of such groups as
the armed forces and seasonal or part-time
workers, the labor force generally includes
the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-
time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers
134 Africa Development Indicators 2006
and other unpaid caregivers and workers in
the informal sector.
Participation rate is the percentage of the
population ages 15–64 that is economically
active: all people who supply labor for the
production of goods and services during a
specified period.
Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC
revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B
(ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, for-
estry, and fishing.
Industry corresponds to divisions 2–5
(ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C–F
(ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and
quarrying (including oil production), manu-
facturing, construction, and public utilities
(electricity, gas, and water).
Services correspond to divisions 6–9 (ISIC
revision 2) or tabulation categories G–P (ISIC
revision 3) and include wholesale and retail
trade and restaurants and hotels; transport,
storage, and communications; financing, in-
surance, real estate, and business services; and
community, social, and personal services.
Wage and salaried workers (employees) are
workers who hold the type of jobs defined
as paid employment jobs, where incumbents
hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit em-
ployment contracts that give them a basic re-
muneration that is not directly dependent on
the revenue of the unit for which they work.
Self-employed workers are self-employed
workers with employees (employers), self-em-
ployed workers with without employees (own-
account workers), and members of producer
cooperatives. Although the contributing fam-
ily workers category is technically part of the
self-employed according to the classification
used by the ILO, and could therefore be com-
bined with the other self-employed categories
to derive the total self-employed, they are re-
ported here as a separate category in order to
emphasize the difference between the two sta-
tuses, since the socioeconomic implications
associated with each status can be significant-
ly varied. This practice follows that of the ILO’s
Key Indicators of the Labour Market.
Contributing family workers (unpaid work-
ers) are workers who hold self-employment
jobs as own-account workers in a market-
oriented establishment operated by a related
person living in the same household.
Employers are workers who, working on
their own account or with one or a few
 Box 6 Labor market indicators for Sub-Saharan Africa: availability,
comparability, and conceptual relevance
Data availability. The main source for labor
market indicators is the International Labour
Organization. It has two main data reposito-
ries: LABORSTA and Key Indicators of the
Labour Market. LABORSTA has information
on labor force, employment, unemployment,
wages, and hours worked. Key Indicators of
the Labour Market includes these indicators
as well as others on status in employment,
time-related underemployment, long-term
unemployed, part-time workers, youth un-
employment, and employment in the informal
economy) It also contains some estimated and
predicted indicators, which are an attempt to
remedy data unavailability (labor force par-
ticipation rates, inactivity rates, working poor,
labor productivity and labor cost, and em-
ployment elasticities) as well as indicators
indirectly related to labor markets that come
from other sources (inequality, poverty, and
educational attainment). However, in both
sources coverage of Sub-Saharan Africa is
low. For example, the most available indicator
in LABORSTA is unemployment, with only 40
percent of the countries having at least one
data point between 1985 and 2005. The most
available indicators in Key Indicators of the La-
bour Market are the ones that are estimated or
predicted, as well as those indirectly related
to the labor market. Unemployment follows,
with 55 percent of the countries having at least
one data point between 1985 and 2005. In-
formation on informal employment, which can
account for more than 60 percent of employ-
ment in some countries, is scarce. The most
available indicator, employment in the informal
economy according to national definitions, is
available for only 11 countries, with coverage
varying from national to only urban population
to capital cities to excluding agriculture.
Data comparability. The lack of compara-
bility has to do with differences in measure-
ment. Although there are standard definitions,
partners, hold the type of jobs defined as
a self-employment jobs (that is, jobs where
the remuneration is directly dependent
on the profits derived from the goods and
services produced), and, in this capac-
ity, have engaged, on a continuous basis,
one or more persons to work for them as
employees.
in practice, the indicators are constructed from
different sources of information. The data on
which they rely vary widely by country: from
administrative records, such as social secu-
rity registries and employment offices, to labor
force surveys, household budget surveys,
population censuses, establishment surveys
or censuses, and economic censuses. Coun-
tries also vary in whether they include specific
professional categories such as family work-
ers, particularly women, who assist in fam-
ily enterprises, people in the military, clergy,
seasonal workers, part-time workers, sex-
workers, and the like. There is also variation
in the age brackets used to construct some
indicators.
Data measurement. The underlying con-
cepts are less appropriate and more difficult to
measure in low-income countries. For exam-
ple, unemployment, which is the most avail-
able and used indicator, is typically different
in nature in low-income countries, where it is
often concentrated among middle class work-
ers. The prevalence of unemployment among
poor people is relatively low, since they cannot
afford to be unemployed. The current defini-
tion relies very much on whether a person has
actively searched for a job, which seems less
appropriate when labor markets are less de-
veloped and mechanisms for looking for jobs
are less institutionalized. Both labor supply
and income are more difficult to measure for
informal activities, the self-employed, and un-
paid family workers, which often account for
more than half of employment. Multiple job-
holdings are common. Current data provide
underestimates of labor supply and earnings
when they do not take second or third jobs
into account. Agriculture accounts for a large
share of the labor force, and its inherent sea-
sonality makes labor market indicators more
sensitive to the chosen reference period.
Own-account workers are workers who, work-
ing on their own-account or with one or more
partners, hold the type of jobs defined as a self-
employment jobs, as have engaged on a contin-
uous basis any employees to work for them.
Members of producer cooperatives are work-
ers who hold self-employment jobs in a coop-
erative producing goods and services.
Technical notes 135
 Source: The ILO publishes estimates of the
economically active population in its Yearbook
of Labour Statistics. Labor force numbers were
calculated by World Bank staff, applying labor
force participation rates from the ILO data-
base to population estimates. The labor force
participation rates are from the ILO’s Esti-
mates and Projections of the Economically Ac-
tive Population, 1980–2020, fifth edition. The
World Bank’s population estimates are com-
piled and produced by its Human Develop-
ment Network and Development Data Group
in consultation with its operational staff
and country offices. Important inputs to the
World Bank’s demographic work come from
the United Nations Population Division’s
World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision;
census reports and other statistical publica-
tions from national statistical offices; house-
hold surveys conducted by national agencies,
Macro International, and the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; Eurostat,
Demographic Statistics (various years); Cen-
tro Latinoamericano de Demografía, Boletín
Demográfico (various years); and U.S. Bureau
of the Census, International Database. Data
on status in employment and composition of
self-employment are from the ILO’s Key Indi-
cators of the Labour Market, fourth edition.
T .. M  
Stock is the number of people born in a coun-
try other than that in which they live. It in-
cludes refugees.
Net migration is the net average annual num-
ber of migrants during the period, that is, the
annual number of immigrants less the annual
number of emigrants, including both citizens
and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.
Workers remittances received comprise cur-
rent transfers by migrant workers and wages
and salaries by nonresident workers.
Population is World Bank estimates, usu-
ally projected from the most recent popula-
tion censuses or surveys (mostly from 1980–
2004). Refugees not permanently settled
in the country of asylum are generally con-
sidered to be part of the population of their
country of origin.
Fertility rate is the number of children that
would be born to a woman if she were to live
to the end of her childbearing years and bear
children in accordance with current age-spe-
cific fertility rates.
136 Africa Development Indicators 2006
Age composition refers to the percentage
of the total population that is in specific age
groups.
Dependency ratio is the ratio of depen-
dents—people younger than 15 or older than
64—to the working-age population—those
ages 15–64.
Rural area population is calculated as the
difference between the total population and
the urban population.
Urban area population is midyear population
of areas defined as urban in each country.
Source: World Bank’s World Development
Indicators database.
11. HIV/AIDS
T .. HIV/AIDS
Estimated number of people with HIV/AIDS
is the number of people in the relevant age
group living with HIV. Depending on the re-
liability of the data available, there may be
more or less uncertainty surrounding each
estimate. Therefore, plausible bounds have
been presented for adult rate.
Estimated prevalence rate is the percentage
of the population of the relevant age group
who are infected with HIV.
Deaths due to HIV/AIDS are the estimated
number of adults and children that have died
in a specific year based in the modeling of
HIV surveillance data using standard and ap-
propriate tools.
AIDS orphans are the estimated number of
children who have lost their mother or both
parents to AIDS before age 17 since the epi-
demic began in 1990. Some of the orphaned
children included in this cumulative total are
no longer alive; others are no longer under
age 17.
Source: The Joint United Nations Pro-
gramme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health
Organization’s 2006 Report on the Global
AIDS Epidemic.
12. Malaria
T .. M
Population is World Bank estimates, usually
projected from the most recent population
censuses or surveys (mostly from 1980–
2004). Refugees not permanently settled
in the country of asylum are generally con-
 Box 7 What is causing the apparent stabilization of HIV
prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Two factors are causing the apparent stabiliza-
tion or leveling off of HIV prevalence rates ob-
served in much of Sub-Saharan Africa: AIDS
mortality rates and HIV incidence. High and, in
some countries, rising rates of AIDS mortality
and continuing high HIV incidence offsetting
this mortality are the cause of this appearance
of leveling off. In Zambia, for example, national
HIV prevalence appears to have stayed rela-
tively stable for the past 8–10 years. Since it
is estimated that close to 100,000 people liv-
ing in Zambia have been newly infected annu-
ally over that period, overall prevalence has
remained level because AIDS has killed about
the same number of people each year. HIV
prevalence might therefore appear stable, but
it hides a persistently high number of annual,
new HIV infections and an equally high num-
ber of AIDS deaths.
On the other hand, as antiretroviral ther-
apy coverage increases, it is possible that
prevalence levels will increase as more people
infected with HIV live longer. But we are not,
unfortunately, witnessing a regionwide decline
in the epidemic. In the absence of effective
Source: UNAIDS 2006.
sidered to be part of the population of their
country of origin.
Endemic risk of malaria is the percentage of
the population living in areas with significant
annual transmission of malaria, be it season-
al or perennial.
Epidemic risk of malaria is the percentage
of the population living in areas prone to
distinct interannual variation, with no trans-
mission taking place at all in some years.
Negligible risk of malaria is the per-
centage of the population living in areas
where malaria is ordinarily not present
and where the risk of malaria outbreaks
is negligible.
Deaths due to malaria are the number of
malaria deaths per 100,000 people.
Under-five mortality rate is the probability
that a newborn baby will die before reaching
age 5, if subject to current age-specific mor-
tality rates. The probability is expressed as a
rate per 1,000.
Children sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets are the percentage of children under
interventions, the epidemic will continue to
wreak havoc in these countries.
It is important to remember that there is
not one typical African AIDS epidemic. In 10
countries adult HIV prevalence is below 2 per-
cent, while in 5 other countries it is over 20 per-
cent. These extreme differences in prevalence
rates fall roughly into geographically sepa-
rate areas. Eight countries of Southern Africa
(Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia,
South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimba-
bwe) have prevalence rates above 15 percent,
with Swaziland over 30 percent. In West Africa
HIV prevalence is much lower, with no country
having a prevalence rate above 10 percent and
most having prevalence between 1 percent
and 5 percent. Adult prevalence in countries
in Central and East Africa falls somewhere be-
tween these two groups.
The countries of the region also differ in the
time course of their epidemics, with epidemics
starting earlier in East and Central Africa and
much later in Southern Africa. Uganda is an
example where adult HIV prevalence peaked
in the early 1990.
age 5 who slept under an insecticide-treated
bednet to prevent malaria.
Children with fever receiving antimalarial
drugs are the percentage of children under
age 5 in malaria-risk areas with fever being
treated with antimalarial drugs.
Pregnant women receiving two doses of inter-
mittent preventive treatment are the number
of pregnant women who receive at least two
preventive treatment doses of an effective
antimalarial drug during routine antenatal
clinic visits. This approach has been shown to
be safe, inexpensive, and effective.
Source: Data on population are from the
World Bank’s Development Data Platform.
Data on risk of malaria, children with fever
receiving antimalarial drugs, and pregnanet
women receiving two doses of intermittent
preventive treatment are from Demographic
Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys, and national statistical offices. Data
on deaths due to malaria are from the United
Nations Statistics Division based on World
Technical notes 137
 Health Organization (WHO) estimates. Data
on under-five mortality are harmonized esti-
mates of the WHO, United Nations Children’s
Fund, and the World Bank, based mainly on
household surveys, censuses, and vital reg-
istration, supplemented by World Bank esti-
mates based on household surveys and vital
registration. Data on children sleeping under
insecticide-treated bednets are from Demo-
graphic and Health Surveys and Multiple In-
dicator Cluster Surveys.
13. Capable States and partnership
T .. A   
Net aid from all donors is net aid from DAC,
non-DAC bilateral (Organization of Petro-
leum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the for-
mer Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(CMEA) countries, and China (OECD data).
OPEC countries are Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Ku-
wait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
The former CMEA countries are Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, the former German Demo-
cratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and the former Soviet Union) and multilat-
eral donors.
Net aid from DAC donors is net aid from
OECD’s DAC donors, which include Aus-
tralia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland,
the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Ireland and New Zealand have been excluded
in this compilation because their aid to Africa
is negligible.
Net aid from multilateral donors is net aid
from multilateral sources, such as the Afri-
can Development Fund, the European De-
velopment Fund for the Commission of the
European Communities, the International
Development Association, the International
Fund for Agricultural Development, Arab
and OPEC financed multilateral agencies,
and UN programs and agencies. Aid flows
from the International Monetary Fund’s
(IMF) Trust Fund and Structural Adjustment
Facility are also included. UN programs and
agencies include the United Nations Techni-
cal Assistance Programme, the United Na-
tions Development Programme, the United
Nations Office of the High Commissioner
for Refugees, the United Nations Children’s
138 Africa Development Indicators 2006
Fund, and the World Food Programme. Arab
and OPEC financed multilateral agencies in-
clude the Arab Bank for Economic Develop-
ment in Africa, the Arab Fund for Economic
and Social Development, the Islamic Devel-
opment Bank, the OPEC Fund for Interna-
tional Development, the Arab Authority for
Agricultural Investment and Development,
the Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to
African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic
Solidarity Fund.
Aid as a share of gross domestic product
(GDP) is calculated by dividing the nomi-
nal total net aid from all donors by nominal
GDP. For a given level of aid flows, devalu-
ation of a recipient’s currency may inflate
the ratios shown in the table. Thus, trends
for a given country and comparisons across
countries that have implemented different
exchange rate policies should be interpreted
carefully.
Aid per capita is calculated by dividing the
nominal total net aid by midyear population.
These ratios offer some indication of the im-
portance of aid flows in sustaining per capita
income and consumption levels, although ex-
change rate fluctuations, the actual rise of aid
flows, and other factors vary across countries
and over time.
Net aid as a share of gross capital formation is
calculated by dividing the nominal total net aid
by gross capital formation. These data high-
light the relative importance of the indicated
aid flows in maintaining and increasing invest-
ment in these economies. The same caveats
mentioned above apply to their interpreta-
tion. Furthermore, aid flows do not exclusively
finance investment (for example, food aid fi-
nances consumption), and the share of aid go-
ing to investment varies across countries.
Total net aid as a share of imports of goods and
services is calculated by dividing nominal total
net aid by imports of goods and services.
Total net aid as a share of central government
expenditure is calculated by dividing nominal to-
tal net aid by central government expenditure.
Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt
Initiative decision point is the date at which a
HIPC with an established track record of good
performance under adjustment programs
supported by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and the World Bank commits to
undertake additional reforms and to develop
and implement a poverty reduction strategy.
 Box 8 Leveraging IDA14 for greater impact
The Fourteenth Replenishment of the Interna-
tional Development Association (IDA14) in fis-
cal 2006–08 provides for approximately $33
billion in development assistance, about $18
billion of which is from 40 donor countries. As
in IDA13, IDA14 places special emphasis on
meeting the exceptional development chal-
lenges faced by Africa by directing half of its
resources to the region, subject to perfor-
mance. This translates into an approximately
25 percent increase over the amount of IDA fi-
nancing available for Africa in IDA13. These re-
sources account for 13 percent of all external
aid to Africa (Development Committee 2006).
While this is a large share for one institution,
it is clear that IDA alone cannot address the
analytical and operational challenges to ac-
celerate growth and progress toward the Mil-
lennium Development Goals in every African
country. IDA therefore strives to work effec-
tively with other donors and with governments
to maximize the impact of all external aid.
A key focus during IDA14 is the debt
sustainability of African countries. To this end,
financial support from IDA to poor countries
now takes systematic account of countries’
risk of debt distress. The countries facing the
greatest risk of debt distress—most of which
are in Sub-Saharan Africa—will receive all of
their support in the form of grants, while less
debt-burdened countries will receive credits
or a 50-50 mix of grants and credits. As a re-
sult, grant-financed operations will account
for a substantial share of total IDA14 commit-
ments (initial estimates point to 30 percent).
Over 70 percent of total grant resources
would likely go to Africa. Africa will also ben-
efit greatly from the ongoing Heavily Indebted
Poor Country Debt Relief Initiative and from
the recently approved Multilateral Debt Relief
Initiative (MDRI).
To maximize the impact of increased con-
cessionality and debt reduction, these initia-
tives must be complemented by increased
HIPC completion point is the date at which
the country successfully completes the key
structural reforms agreed on at the decision
point, including developing and implement-
ing its poverty reduction strategy. The coun-
try then receives the bulk of debt relief under
the HIPC Initiative without further policy
conditions.
development assistance. Donors therefore
agreed to offset the financial impact of grants
on IDA’s finances, and to compensate dol-
lar-for-dollar IDA’s forgone credit reflows that
result from the MDRI debt cancellation. The
agreements on financial compensation to off-
set the cost of debt relief will ensure that IDA’s
financial integrity is preserved and additional
resources are available to help poor countries
achieve the Millennium Development Goals
and support their development efforts. To en-
courage effective use of these additional re-
sources, they will be allocated on the basis
of policy performance to IDA-only countries,
which in turns means that a large share will
go to Africa.
Africa also receives the lion’s share of
the resources allocated under IDA’s alloca-
tion system for post-conflict countries. These
special post-conflict allocations are provided
for a limited period of time to support the ex-
ceptional needs of countries emerging from
conflict. In these difficult situations, it is criti-
cal that IDA work closely with other partners—
particularly the United Nations—to ensure that
countries receive timely and appropriate sup-
port throughout the recovery period, while
maintaining a strong focus on performance.
During IDA14 it is envisaged that around
$450 million will be committed each year for
regional projects, $300 million of which will
come from a special provision, with the rest
contributed from each participating country’s
allocation. This regional program is particu-
larly important for Africa, where there is signif-
icant potential for countries to work together
on a regional basis to achieve greater econ-
omies of scale. During IDA13, 88 percent of
regional projects were in Africa, and in July
2004 the Bank established a regional integra-
tion department for the Africa region that will
fund regional pilot projects worth about $500
million by fiscal 2007.
Estimated total nominal debt service relief
committed under Enhanced HIPC Initiative is
the amount of debt service relief, calculat-
ed at the decision point, that will allow the
country to achieve debt sustainability at the
completion point.
Source: OECD and World Bank data.
Technical notes 139
 T .. C 
Public financial management is the number
of Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC)
Debt Initiative benchmarks on managing
and tracking public spending that have been
met, as reported to the executive boards of
the World Bank and the International Mon-
etary Fund
Courts are the share of senior managers
who ranked courts and dispute resolution
systems as a major or very severe constraint.
Crime is the share of senior managers who
ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major
or very severe constraint.
Number of procedures to enforce a contract is
the number of independent actions, mandat-
ed by law or courts, that demand interaction
between the parties of a contract or between
them and the judge or court officer.
Time required to enforce a contract is the
number of calendar days from the filing of
the lawsuit in court until the final determina-
tion and, in appropriate cases, payment.
Cost to enforce a contract is court and attor-
ney fees, where the use of attorneys is man-
datory or common, or the cost of an adminis-
trative debt recovery procedure, expressed as
a percentage of the debt value.
Protecting investors disclosure index mea-
sures the degree to which investors are pro-
tected through disclosure of ownership and
financial information.
Director liability index measures a plaintiff ’s
ability to hold directors of firms liabile for
damages to the company).
Shareholder suits index measures share-
holders’ ability to sue officers and directors
for misconduct.
Investor protection index measures the de-
gree to which investors are protected through
disclosure of ownership and financial infor-
mation regulations.
Number of tax payments is the number of
taxes paid by businesses, including electronic
filing. The tax is counted as paid once a year
even if payments are more frequent.
Time to prepare and pay taxes is the number
of hours it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or
withhold) three major types of taxes: the cor-
porate income tax, the value added or sales
tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes
and social security contributions.
Total tax payable is the total amount of tax-
es payable by the business (except for labor
140 Africa Development Indicators 2006
taxes) after accounting for deductions and
exemptions as a percentage of gross profit.
For further details on the method used for
assessing the total tax payable, see the World
Bank’s Doing Business 2006.
Extractive Industries Transparency Initia-
tive (EITI) implementing or endorsed indicates
whether a country has implemented or en-
dorsed the EITI, a multistakeholder approach
to increasing governance and transparency in
extractive industries. The EITI includes civil
society, the private sector, and government
and requires a work plan with timeline and
budget to ensure sustainability, independent
audit of payments and disclosure of revenues,
publication of results in a publicly accessible
manner, and an approach that covers all com-
panies and government agencies.
Corruption perceptions index transparency
index is the annual Transparency Interna-
tional corruption perceptions index, which
ranks more than 150 countries in terms of
perceived levels of corruption, as determined
by expert assessments and opinion surveys.
Source: Data on public financial manage-
ment are from the World Bank and the IMF.
Data on investment climate constraints to
firms are based on enterprise surveys con-
ducted by the World Bank and its partners
during 2001–05 (http://rru.worldbank.org/
EnterpriseSurveys) (see box 4). Data on en-
forcing contracts, protecting investors, and
regulation and tax administration are from
the World Bank’s Doing Business project
(http://rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness/).
Data on the EITI are from the EITI website,
www.eitransparency.org. Data on corruption
perceptions index are from Transparency In-
ternational (www.transparency.org/policy_
research/surveys_indices/cpi).
T .. G  -
  
Source: World Bank Institute (see box 9).
T .. C P  I-
 A 
The Country Policy and Institutional Assess-
ment (CPIA) assess the quality of a country’s
present policy and institutional framework.
“Quality” means how conducive that frame-
work is to fostering sustainable, poverty-re-
ducing growth and the effective use of devel-
 Box 9 Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: selected findings and issues

Governance is a key determinant for development and poverty
alleviation. To improve governance, however, it is essential to be
able to measure it. Skeptical views abound among practitioners:
• The composite and subjective nature of governance makes it
difficult to measure it correctly.
• Where aspects of governance have been measured, the
tendency has been to provide a single aggregate rating per
country that has little value for policy at the country level.
• Measures of governance are also subject to such large er-
rors because they are based on unreliable perceptions, and,
even if governance could be measured with some accuracy,
the measures would merely confirm what is widely known by
country observers.
But researchers have increasingly challenged these views,
used to criticize existing measures, leading to a growth in gover-
nance indicators in recent years. This box focuses on a few se-
lected indicators developed by the World Bank Institute on quality
of governance and presents some recent empirical findings for
Sub-Saharan Africa (Kaufman, Mraay, and Mastruzzi 2005).
The first group of indicators, the Kaufmann-Kraay indicators,
uses different sources, as well as a new aggregation technique, to
trace six areas of governance from 1996 to the present in almost
200 countries:
• Voice and accountability.
• Political stability.
• Government effectiveness.
• Regulatory quality.
• Rule of law.
• Control of corruption.
These indicators show, on average, a marginal deteriora-
tion of governance in Sub-Saharan Africa since 2000. A closer
look at each indicator reveals, however, significant differences
in term of quality of governance across countries. Consider, for
example, control of graft. Burkina Faso and Madagascar’s scores
significantly improved, while Namibia’s significantly deteriorated.
Overall, these indicators can help countries identify general areas
of governance weakness. However, the authors caution against
using this data to run “horse races” among countries with similar
ratings. While the methodology used reduces the margins of error,
the margins of error can still be large enough to make precise
rankings of similarly rated countries impossible.
The second group of indicators attempts to provide opera-
tional guidance either to policymakers or to donors on specific
governance challenges. Such more comprehensive unbundling
of governance can be achieved through country-level diagnos-
tic surveys. These tools attempt to measure governance through
surveys of three different respondents—public officials, firms,
and households—and focus on state-firm and state-citizen inter-
actions, as well as on the institutional arrangements in the public
sector that drive good or bad performance. These surveys are
calibrated to the country context and collect a core of detail data
that can be used to benchmark performance across agencies
and over time. The wealth of information collected allows also
policymakers to prioritize governance challenges and design ap-
propriate policy responses.
The availability of such data has deepened the understanding
of the costs of poor governance on users of public services. Poor
accountability systems and limited transparency can allow public
officials to set different prices for the same public service and to
limit access. Thus, the cost and the access of publicly provided
services may differ across citizens because of bribery. In Sub-
Saharan Africa the data offer ample evidence on how bribery can
limit access to specific public services by discouraging users
who need that service. These tools collect information also from
public officials, allowing an examination of the quality of gover-
nance by public agency. The cross-evidence available suggests
that governance has an important within-country variation that
needs to be explained. In the presence of such diverse patterns
across and within countries, the key question becomes whether
any general conclusion can be drawn on specific measures that
might help these countries curb corruption. Most recently, Re-
canatini, Prati, and Tabellini (2005) analyzed the data from
diagnostic surveys in eight countries and found that specific
agency-level institutions—such as auditing mechanisms, publicly
announced budget and personnel decisions, and merit-based
personnel management—are associated with lower corruption
in public agencies.

Source: World Bank Institute.

opment assistance. The CPIA is conducted
annually for all International Bank for Re-
construction and Development and Interna-
tional Development Association borrowers
and has evolved into a set of criteria grouped
into four clusters:
• Economic management.
• Structural policies.
• Policies for social inclusion and equity.
• Public sector management and institu-
tions.
Within these clusters are 16 criteria that
reflect a balance between ensuring that all
key factors that foster pro-poor growth and
poverty alleviation are captured, without
overly burdening the evaluation process.
Country scores reflect a variety of indicators
and judgments that are based on country’s
knowledge; analytic work, policy dialogue, or
work done by partners; and relevant publicly
available indicators. The rating scale for each
criterion varies from 1 (low) to 6 (high). A

Technical notes 141

 rating of 1 indicates a very weak performance
and a rating of 6 very strong performance.
However, intermediate scores of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5,
4.5, and 5.5 may be given to a country. The
ratings derived are the main determinant of
present aid effectiveness prospects. Improve-
ments in policies and institutions during the
course of the year are reflected in the subse-
quent year’s performance ratings.
Source: World Bank’s Country Policy and
Institutional Assessment 2005.
. H 
The questions asked in household surveys
vary by country. Quintiles are derived by
ranking weighted sample population by area
of residence (rural and urban) and per capita
expenditure. Two sets of quintiles are calcu-
lated, one for rural and one for urban. Each
quintile contains an equal number of people
rather than households. The definition of ru-
ral and urban also vary by country.
Sample size is the number of households
surveyed in the country.
Total population is the weighted estimate
of all the surveyed population in the country
based on the survey—that is, it is the weight-
ed sample population.
Age dependency ratio is the ratio of depen-
dents—people younger than 15 or older than
64—to the working-age population—those
ages 15–64.
Average household size is the average num-
ber of people in a household.
Monogamous male is a household headed
by man who has no more than one spouse
(wife).
Polygamous male is a household headed by
a man who has more than one spouse (wife).
Single male is a household headed by a man
who is widowed or divorced or who has never
married.
De facto female refers to a household with-
out a resident male head or where the male
head is not present and the wife is the head
by default and serves as the main decision-
maker in his absence or a household where
the resident male head has lost most of his
functions as the economic provider due to
infirmity, inability to work, or the like.
De jure female refers to a household headed
by a woman who is widowed, separated, or
divorced or who has never been married.
Mean monthly expenditure is the average
142 Africa Development Indicators 2006
monthly expenditure on both food and non-
food items.
Mean monthly share on food is total monthly
food expenditure and food own consumption
as a share of total household expenditure.
Mean monthly share on health is total
health expenditure (consultation, medical
procedure, among other) as a share of total
household expenditure. Health expenditure
excludes hospitalization.
Mean monthly share on education is total
education expenditure (tuition, transport,
and the like) as a share of total household
expenditure
Primary school within 30 minutes is the
share of households that live within 30 min-
utes of a primary school.
Net primary enrollment rate is the ratio of
children of a country’s official primary school
age who are enrolled in primary school to
the total population of the corresponding of-
ficial primary school age. Primary education
provides children with basic reading, writ-
ing, and mathematics skills along with an
elementary understanding of such subjects
as history, geography, natural science, social
science, art, and music.
Net secondary enrollment rate is the ratio
of children of a country’s official secondary
school age who are enrolled in secondary
school to the total population of the corre-
sponding official secondary school age. Sec-
ondary education completes the provision
of basic education that began at the primary
level and aims to lay the foundations for life-
long learning and human development by of-
fering more subject- or skill-oriented instruc-
tion using more specialized teachers.
Tertiary enrolment rate is the number of
students currently in tertiary education per
10,000 people. Tertiary education, whether
or not to an advanced research qualification,
normally requires, as a minimum condition
of admission, the successful completion of
education at the secondary level.
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of
adults ages 15 and older who can both read
and write a simple sentence in any language.
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of
youth ages 15–24 who can both read and
write a simple sentence in any language.
Health center less than 1 hour away is the
percentage of the population living less than
1 hour away from a health center.
 Health center less than 5 km away is the per-
centage of the population living less than 5
kilometers away from a health center
Morbidity is the percentage of the popula-
tion who were sick or injured within a given
number of weeks before the survey.
Health care provider consulted when sick is
the percentage of sick people who took any
remedial action when sick.
Type of health care provider consulted is the
type of facility visited by a sick household
member. Public includes fully government-
owned as well as semi-public health facilities.
Private, modern medicine, is facilities set up
with profit as their main focus and includes
private doctors. Private, traditional healers
refer to health care providers whose knowl-
edge, skills, and practices are based on the
experiences indigenous to different cultures
and whose services are directed toward the
maintenance of health, as well as the preven-
tion, diagnosis, and improvement of physical
and mental illness. Other is other types of
health providers that cannot be classified by
the categories described above.
Birth assisted by trained staff are the per-
centage of deliveries attended by personnel
trained to give the necessary supervision,
care, and advice to women during pregnancy,
labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct
deliveries on their own; and to care for new-
borns.
Immunization coverage, 1-year-olds, is the
percentage of children ages 12–23 months at
the time of survey who received one dose of
Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine, three doses
of polio vaccine, three doses of diphtheria,
pertussis, and tetanus vaccine, and one does
of measles vaccine.
Measles immunization coverage, 1-year-olds,
is the percentage of children ages 12–23
months at the time of survey who received a
dose of measles vaccine. A child is considered
adequately immunized against measles after
receiving one dose of vaccine.
Stunting is the percentage of children under
age 5 whose height for age is more than two
standard deviations below the median for the
international reference population ages 6–59
months. The reference population, adopted
by the World Health Organization in 1983,
is based on children from the United States,
who are assumed to be well nourished.
Wasting is the percentage of children under
age 5 whose weight for height is more than
two standard deviations below the median
for the international reference population
ages 6–59 months. The reference population,
adopted by the World Health Organization in
1983, is based on children from the United
States, who are assumed to be well nour-
ished.
Underweight is the percentage of chil-
dren under age 5 whose weight for age is
more than two standard deviations below
the median for the international reference
population ages 6–59 months. The reference
population, adopted by the World Health Or-
ganization in 1983, is based on children from
the United States, who are assumed to be
well nourished.
Water source less than 1 hour away is the
percentage of the population living less than
1 hour away from a water source.
Water source less than 5 km away is the per-
centage of the population living less than 5
kilometers away from a water source.
Market less than 1 hour away is the percent-
age of the population living less than 1 hour
away from a market.
Market less than 5 km away is the percent-
age of the population living less than 5 kilo-
meters away from a market.
Access to improved water source refers to the
percentage of the population with reasonable
access to an adequate amount of water from
an improved source, such as a household
connection, public standpipe, borehole, pro-
tected well or spring, or rainwater collection.
Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker
trucks, and unprotected wells and springs.
Own tap is a household water connection.
Other piped is a public water connection. Well,
protected, is a ground water source.
Traditional fuel use is the percentage of the
population using traditional fuels such as
firewood and charcoal as the main source of
cooking fuel
T .. B F 
, 
Household is the basic socioeconomic unit
in which the different members—related or
living in the same house or property—put
together their resources and jointly meet
their basic needs, including food, under the
authority of one person who is recognized as
the head.
Technical notes 143
 Source: Burkina Faso’s Institut National de
la Statistique et de la Démographie carried
out the Enquête Prioritaire II sur les Condi-
tions de Vie des Ménages au Burkina. Data
were collected in 2003. The project was fund-
ed by the government of Burkina Faso, the
World Bank, the African Development Bank,
and the United Nations through the United
Nations Development Programme.
T .. B  ,

Household is people who habitually live and
eat their meals in the same compound. One
member is recognized as the head.
Source: The Institut de Statistiques et
d’Études économiques of Burundi, in con-
junction with the United Nations Develop-
ment Programme, carried out the Enquête
Prioritaire—Étude nationale sur les condi-
tions de vie des populations. Data were col-
lected in 1998.
T .. C 
, 
Household is people who live under the same
roof, take their meals together or in little
groups, and put some or all of their incomes
together for the group’s spending purposes,
at the head of household’s discretion.
Source: Cameroon’s Bureau Central des Re-
censements et des Enquêtes of the Direction
de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité carried
out the Enquête Camerounaise auprès des
Ménages in 2001.
T .. C ’I 
, 
Household is a person or a group of people
who live under the same roof, share the same
meals, and recognize one person as the head.
Source: The Institut National de la Statis-
tique carried out the Enquête Niveau de Vie,
a priority survey, in 1998.
T .. E  ,

Household is a person or a group of people
who live under the same roof, share the
same meals, and recognize one person as the
head.
144 Africa Development Indicators 2006
Source: The 1999/2000 Household Income,
Consumption, and Expenditure Survey was
carried out by the Central Statistical Office.
The data collection process was carried out
from June 1999 to February 2000.
T .. G  ,

Household is the set of people who normally
ate and lived together for at least 6 of the 12
months preceding the survey.
Information on literacy is not reliably
available from this survey; less than one in
1,100 who could have responded did so.
Source: The Central Department of Statis-
tics of the Ministry of Economic Planning
and Industrial Development of Ghana car-
ried out the 1998 National Household Pov-
erty Survey, an integrated survey. Data were
collected between April 1998 and May 1998.
T .. G  ,
/
Household is a group of people who have usu-
ally slept in the same dwelling and have taken
their meals together for at least 9 of the 12
months preceding the interview.
Source: The Ghana Statistical Service car-
ried out the Ghana Living Standards Survey
IV, an integrated survey. Data were collected
between April 1998 and March 1999.
T .. K  ,

Household is the set of people who normally
ate and lived together for 6 of the 12 months
preceding the survey.
Source: The Kenya Central Bureau of Sta-
tistics collected data for the 1997 Welfare
Monitoring Survey III, a priority survey, in
March and April 1997.
T .. M 
, 
Household is the set of people who may but
do not necessarily have family links between
them, who live and sleep in the same housing,
and who take their meals together regularly.
The housing may be an individual house, an
apartment, or one or more rooms in a larger
building. The household is headed by one in-
dividual whose authority is recognized by all
in the household.
Literacy measures the number of house-
hold members ages 5 and older who com-
pleted at least four years of primary school or
who could read and write.
Source: The Institut National de la Statis-
tiques carried out the Enquête Prioritaire
auprès des ménages in 1999. The project was
funded by the government of Madagascar
and the World Bank (International Develop-
ment Association).
T .. M  ,
/
Household is a person living alone or a group
of people, either related or unrelated, who
live together as a single unit in the sense that
they have common housekeeping arrange-
ments (that is, share or are supported by a
common budget). Someone who did not live
with the household during the survey period
was not counted as a current member of the
household.
Literacy measures the ability to read and
write a simple sentence for those who had
not attended school in the past two months
and was defined based on education attain-
ment for those who had attended school in
the past two months.
Source: The Malawi National Statistics Of-
fice carried out the Integrated Household
Survey from November 1997 to October
1998.
T .. M 
, 
Household is the set of people who partly or
totally shared their expenditures, had not
been absent for more than 6 of the 12 months
preceding the survey, and were not domestic
help. In the case of polygamous households,
each wife and her children were considered to
be a separate household.
Literacy measures the number of people
with ability to read and write in Portuguese.
Source: The Instituto Nacional de Estatis-
tiqua carried out the Inquérito Nacional aos
Agregados Familiares sobre as Condições de
Vida, an integrated survey undertaken in
1996.
T .. N  ,

Household is a group of persons who nor-
mally cook, eat, and live together. Number
of months sharing in these activities was
another criterion used to qualify as a house-
hold a member (minimum of three months).
However, all heads of households irrespec-
tive of number of months living elsewhere
were included as household members. These
people may or may not be related by blood,
but make common provision for food or
other essentials for living, and they have one
person whom they all regard as the head of
the household.
Literacy measures the number of people
with the ability to read and write either in
English or any of the local languages.
Source: The Federal Office of Statistics,
Abuja, of Nigeria carried out the Nigeria Liv-
ing Standards Survey, an integrated survey.
Data were collected between September 2003
and August 2004.
T .. S T  P
 , 
Household is the set of people, related or not,
who live together under the same roof, put
their resources together, and address as a
unit their primary needs, under the author-
ity of one person whom they recognize as the
head of the household.
Literacy measures the number of people
with the ability to read and write a simple
sentence.
Source: The Instituto Nacional de Estatis-
tica of the Ministério de Planomento, Finan-
ças e Cooperaçao carried out the Enquête sur
les Conditions de Vie des Ménages in 2000.
The project was financed by the government
of São Tomé and Principe with assistance
from the African Development Bank and the
United Nations Development Programme.
Technical assistance was provided by the In-
ternational Labour Organization.
T .. S L 
, /
Household is a group of people who normal-
ly cook, eat, and live together. Number of
months sharing in these activities was anoth-
er criterion used to qualify as a household a
Technical notes 145
 member (minimum three months). However,
all heads of households irrespective of num-
ber of months living elsewhere were included
as household members. These people may or
may not be related by blood, but make com-
mon provision for food or other essentials for
living, and they have one person whom they
all regarded as the head of the household.
Literacy measures the number of people
with the ability to read and write a simple
sentence in either English or the local lan-
guages.
Source: The Sierra Leone Central Statisti-
cal Office carried out the Living Conditions
Monitoring Survey. Data were collected be-
tween 2002 and 2003.
T .. U  ,
/
Household is individuals who normally eat
and live together.
Literacy measures the number of people
who responded that they could both read and
146 Africa Development Indicators 2006
write. The level of education was also used to
determine literacy.
Source: The Uganda Bureau of Statistics
carried out the National Household Survey.
Data collection occurred between May 2002
and April 2003. The project was funded by the
government of Uganda and the World Bank.
Statistics Denmark and the World Bank pro-
vided consultants for technical support.
T .. Z  ,

Household is a group of persons who normally
cooked, ate, and lived together. These people
may or may not be related by blood, but make
common provision for food or other essen-
tials for living, and they have one person
whom they all regarded as the head of the
household.
Source: The Zambian Central Statistical Of-
fice carried out the Living Conditions Moni-
toring Survey II. Data were collected between
November 1998 and December 1998.
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Washington, D.C.
———. 2006e. Private Participation in Infrastructure database.
[http://ppi.worldbank.org/].
———. Various years. World Bank Atlas. Washington, D.C.
———. Various years. World Development Indicators.
Washington, D.C.
Zambia, Central Statistical Office. 1998. “Living Conditions
Monitoring Survey.” Lusaka.

United Nations Statistics Division. United Nations Commodity

Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE). [http://unstats.
un.org/unsd/comtrade/].

U.S. Department of Energy. 2004. International Energy Annual

2004. Energy Administration Information, Washington, D.C.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2006a. Global Tuberculosis

Control Report 2006. Geneva.

———. 2006b. World Health Report, 2006 edition. Geneva. [http://

www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select.cfm?path=whosis,cor
e&language=english]

———. 2006c. World Health Statistics 2006. Geneva. [http://

www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select.cfm?path=whosis,cor
e&language=english]

WHO (World Health Organization) and UNICEF (United Nations

Children’s Fund) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation. 2006. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water
and Sanitation Target. New York and Geneva. [www.unicef.
org/wes/mdgreport/].

World Bank. 2005a. “Enabling Country Capacity to Achieve

Results.” Comprehensive Development Framework Progress
Report. Washington, D.C.

———. 2005b. Global Economic Prospects 2005: Trade,

Regionalism and Development. Washington, D.C.

148 Africa Development Indicators 2006

Users Guide
World Bank Africa Database 2006 and
Africa Development Indicators CD-ROM
Introduction
This CD-ROM is part of the World Bank
Africa Database family of products. It was
produced by the Operational Quality and
Knowledge Services and the Office of the
Chief Economist for the Africa Region, in
collaboration with the Development Data
Group of the Development Economics Vice
Presidency. It uses the latest version of the
World Bank’s *STARS* data retrieval system,
Win*STARS version 5.0.
The CD-ROM contains about 1,200
macroeconomic, sectoral, and social
indicators, covering 53 African countries. Time
series include data from 1965 to 2004. The
CD-ROM includes two sets of tables: Country-
at-a-Glance and Africa Development Indicators.
It also contains a query tool that allows the user
to display about 1,200 time series.
Win*STARS 5.0 features mapping and
charting and several data export formats
(Access™, ASCII, dBASE™, Excel™, and
SAS™). We invite you to explore it.
A note about the data
Users should note that the data for Africa
Development Indicators, The Little Data
Book on Africa, and the World Bank Africa
Database CD-ROM are drawn from the same
database. The general cutoff date for data is
May 2006.
Help
This guide explains how to use the main
functions of the CD-ROM. For details about
additional features, click Help on the menu
bar or the Help icon; or call one of the hotline
numbers listed in the Help menu and on the
copyright page of this booklet.
Installation
As is usual for Windows™ products, you
should make sure that other applications are
closed while you install the CD-ROM.
To install the single-user version:
1. Insert the CD-ROM into your CD drive.
2. Click on Start and select Run. Type
D:\SETUP.EXE (where D: is your CD-ROM
drive letter), click OK and follow the
instructions.
3. Win*STARS 5.0 requires Microsoft
Internet Explorer™ 4.0 or higher. If you
do not have Internet Explorer, it may be
downloaded at no charge from www.
microsoft.com. It does not need to be
your default browser. If you do not wish to
use Internet Explorer, you have the option
to install Win*STARS 4.2.
You can delete this program at any time
by clicking on Start, Settings, Control
Panel, Add/Remove Programs. To reinstall
it, reboot your computer first.
Operation
To start the CD-ROM, go to the WB
Development Data program group and click on
the WB Africa 2006 Database CD-ROM icon.
Note that standard Windows™ controls
are used for most functions. For detailed
instructions, refer to the on-screen Help
menu or tool tips (on-screen explanations of
buttons that are displayed when the cursor
rolls over them).
Features and instructions
Win*STARS has four main functions—Home,
Query, Result, and Map. Move among them at
any time by clicking on the respective tabs.
Home
On the Home screen you can access each
element of the World Bank Africa Database
CD-ROM. Use the browser controls to link
to the Africa Development Indicator tables,
Country-at-a-Glance tables, time series
database, world map, and other related
information.
Query
1. Click on the Query button to start your
time series selection.
2. Click on each of the Country, Series, and
Periods buttons and make your selections
on each screen. There are many ways to
make a selection—see below, or use the
Help menu.
3. Highlight the items you want.
4. Click on the Select button to move them
into the Selected box.
5. Deselect items at any time by highlighting
them and clicking on the Remove icon.
6. When selection is complete, click on OK
to return to the main Query screen.
7. If you want to, you can display information
on data availability by clicking on the
Availability icon. You can choose to count
time series or total observations.
8. Click on View Data to see the data on the
Result screen.
Making selections. Countries: You can
select countries from an alphabetical list,
by Classification (region, income group, or
indebtedness), by Criteria (up to two can
be specified), or by Group (aggregates
have been calculated only when there were
adequate data). Series: You can choose from
an alphabetical list or by Category. When
selecting series by category, the subcategory
buttons change with each category. Periods:
Select time periods from the Periods list box.
Creating your own country or indicator list.
You can create your own group of countries,
series, or periods by saving your query on
the appropriate screen. You can also save all
elements of the query on the Query screen.
You can reload a saved query in a future
session.
To save a query:
1. Highlight items on any of the Countries,
Series, or Periods (or any two or all three)
selection screens and click on Select to
place them in the Selected box.
2. Click on the Save Query icon and follow
the naming prompts.
To load a query:
1. Go to the selection screen in which
your query is saved. For example, if you
have saved a set of countries, go to the
Countries selection screen.
2. Click on the Load Query icon, select the
query you want, and click on OK.
To modify a saved query:
1. Load the query.
2. In the Selected box, highlight the items to
be removed and click on the Remove icon.
3. Add new items if necessary.
4. Resave the query.
Result
On the Result screen, data are presented
in a three-dimensional spreadsheet and,
initially, in scientific notation. Data for the
third dimension are presented on separate
screens. You can change the selection
displayed by clicking on the third dimension
scroll box. You can also change the scale and
the number of digits after the decimal. If the
column is too narrow to present all the digits,
they will appear as a series of ######.
Double click on the column’s guideline to
widen it, or choose a larger scale (millions,
for example). To scale series individually,
click Options and check Enable Series-Level
Scaling. Click the far right scroll box to view
the percentage change over each selected
period or to index the data.
Changing the orientation. You can view the
result in six different orientations (countries
down/periods across, series down/countries
across, etc.). To change the orientation, click
on the Orientation scroll box.
Charting and mapping data. On the Result
screen, you can chart or map the data
displayed. Highlight a set of cells for charting
or a particular cell for mapping. Click on the
Chart or Map icon on the toolbar accordingly.
The charting function has many features.
User Guide 151
 After you have displayed a chart, right click
on the chart to open the Chart Wizard for
more options. Mapping is described on page
8. From this screen you can choose to map
all countries or only your selected countries.
Cutting, pasting, printing, and saving. You
can cut, paste, and print the result, or you
can save the spreadsheet in another format.
Click on the appropriate icon on the toolbar
and follow the prompts. Click on Help for
more details.
Map
On the Map screen, you can select a country
and view a set of tables describing it, or you
can map a series for all countries. In the
upper left corner of the screen, the country
name will appear as the cursor rolls slowly
over the map. To zoom in for a closer look at
the map, click on the Zoom icon.
Selecting a country or viewing country tables.
To highlight a country and view any of its
tables, click on the country on the map or
select it in the Locate a Country scroll box in
the upper right corner.
Mapping a series. On the Map screen, click
on the Series icon. A list of key indicators
will be displayed. (To show all available
indicators, click on the box by Show default
series to remove the X.) Highlight a series,
select a period from the Available Periods
list box (the default is the latest available)
and click on Paint Map. The map will be
colored according to the legend settings,
any of which you can change. Note that as
the cursor moves across the map, the series
value is now also displayed in the upper left
corner.
Changing the map legend and colors. The
default interval range is an equal number
of countries. To set an equal interval range
or to map multiple periods, click on the
Recalculate icon. Set your own intervals by
editing the legend. To change map colors,
double click on the legend color boxes. Press
the Remap icon to see your changes.
Printing and saving. Click on the appropriate
icon to print the map or save it as a bitmap
or metafile.
License agreement
You must read and agree to the terms of this
License Agreement prior to using this CD-
ROM product. Use of the software and data
contained on the CD-ROM is governed by the
terms of this License Agreement. If you do
not agree with these terms, you may return
the product unused to the World Bank for a
full refund of the purchase price.
1. LICENSE. In consideration of your
payment of the required license fee, the
WORLD BANK (the “Bank”) hereby grants
you a nonexclusive license to use the
152 Africa Development Indicators 2006
enclosed data and Win*STARS retrieval
program (collectively, the “Program”)
subject to the terms and conditions set
forth in this license agreement.
2. OWNERSHIP. As a licensee you own the
physical media on which the Program
is originally or subsequently recorded.
The Bank, however, retains the title and
ownership of the program recorded on
the original CD-ROMs and all subsequent
copies of the Program. This license is not
considered to be a sale of the Program or
any copy thereof.
3. COPY RESTRICTIONS. The Program
and accompanying written materials are
copyrighted. You may make one copy of
the Program solely for backup purposes.
Unauthorized copying of the Program
or of the written materials is expressly
forbidden.
4. USE. You may not modify, adapt,
translate, reverse-engineer, decompile,
or disassemble the Program. You may
not modify, adapt, translate, or create
derivative works based on any written
materials without the prior written consent
of the Bank. If you have purchased the
single-user version of this product, you
may use the Program only on a single
laptop/desktop computer. You may
not distribute copies of the Program
or accompanying written materials to
others. You may not use the Program on
any network, including an Intranet or the
Internet, without obtaining prior written
permission from the Bank. If you have
purchased the multiple-user version of this
product, your license is valid only up to 15
users. Should you need to add additional
users, please send a request, indicating
the number of users you would like to add,
to: World Bank Publications, Marketing and
Rights, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20433, fax: 202-522-2422, email:
pubrights@worldbank.org.
5. TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS. This
Program is licensed only to you, the
licensee, and may not be transferred to
anyone without prior written consent of
the Bank.
6. LIMITED WARRANTY AND
LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES. The Bank
warrants that under normal use the CD-
ROMs on which the Program is furnished
are free from defects in materials and
workmanship for a period of ninety (90)
days from delivery to you, as evidenced
by a copy of your receipt. The Bank’s
entire liability and your exclusive remedy
shall be the replacement of any CD-ROMs
that do not meet the Bank’s limited
warranty. Defective CD-ROMs should be
returned within the warranty period, with
a copy of your receipt, to the address
specified in section 9 below.
EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED ABOVE, THE
PRODUCT IS PROVIDED “AS IS”
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
BANK DOES NOT WARRANT THAT
THE FUNCTIONS CONTAINED IN
THE PROGRAM WILL MEET YOUR
REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THE
OPERATION OF THE PROGRAM WILL BE
UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE.
IN NO EVENT WILL THE BANK BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OF OR THE INABILITY
TO USE THE PROGRAM.
THE ABOVE WARRANTY GIVES YOU
SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS IN THE UNITED
STATES THAT MAY VARY FROM STATE
TO STATE. BECAUSE SOME STATES
DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR LIMITATION
OF EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, PARTS OF THE ABOVE
LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY
NOT APPLY TO YOU.
7. TERMINATION. This license is effective
from the date you open the package
until the license is terminated. You may
terminate it by destroying the Program
and its documentation and any backup
copy thereof or by returning these
materials to the Bank. If any of the terms
or conditions of this license are broken,
the Bank may terminate the license and
demand that you return the Program.
8. GOVERNING LAW. This license shall be
governed by the laws of the District of
Columbia, without reference to conflicts
of law thereof.
9. GENERAL. If you have any questions
concerning this product, you may contact
the Bank by writing to World Bank
Publications, CD-ROM Inquiries, The World
Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20433, fax: 202-522-1498, email:
data@worldbank.org. All queries on rights
and licenses should be addressed to
World Bank Publications, Marketing and
Rights, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20433, fax: 202-522-2422, email:
pubrights@worldbank.org.
AFRICA
DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS
2006
Africa Development Indicators 2006 provides the most
detailed collection of data on Africa available in one
volume. It contains about 450 macroeconomic,
sectoral, and social indicators, covering 53 African
countries. Additional data may be found on the
companion CD-ROM, World Bank Africa Database 2006,
covering about 1,200 indicators from 1965 to 2004.

• Basic indicators
• National accounts
• Millennium Development Goals
• Paris Declaration indicators
• Private sector development
• Trade
• Infrastructure
• Human development
• Agriculture and rural development
• Labor, migration, and population
• HIV/AIDS
• Malaria
• Capable states and partnership
• Household welfare

Designed to provide all those interested in Africa with a

focused and convenient set of data to monitor development
programs and aid flows in the region, this is an invaluable
reference tool for analysts and policymakers who want a
better understanding of the economic and social
developments occurring in Africa.

ISBN 0-8213-6537-1