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PNIKZKBK JF RFBV_KZCZF FGF_DFZKBď
 Mcrzfcgj< _cjv MNKGFRBV 
KGZ_NJVBF_F
BnmpngfgzĂ kjfnindkbĂ c okpnicrkzĂŢkk) bv znczĂ kgarczrvbzvrc c) kgbivkq bfcmkikzcrĂ) fbvrkzczfc fgfrdfzkbĂ c jnmkgcz bngarvgzcrfc çg pfrkncjc rĂ|onkvivk rfbf'JnmkgcŢkc c c anz czïz jf fbiczcgzĂ çgbïz c cbnpfrkz mnokivi mviz mck prnavgj cibngarvgzĂrkk) jf cbffc cmkgzkz bv bkrbvmpfbŢkf çg jfbicrcŢkkif pnikzkbf) jcr vrmĂrkz bvbngfbqfgŢĂ çg dfnpnikzkbĂ)
bfi ci jfŢkgfrkk Şk cbbfvivk ic rfvrf
' KgzfrjfpfgjfgŢfifjkgzrf rfvrf) jf|qnizcrf) prnpfrkzczf Şk pvzfrf cv anz jfmviz jfbnjkakbczf Şk cvmnjficz çg ovgĂ mĂvrĂ fqnivŢkc pnikzkbĂ c ivmkk' NjczĂ bv rfqnivŢkc kgjvzrkciĂ çgĂ) pfrbfpŢkc acpzvivk bĂ rfvrfif) çgjfnfok bfif gczvrcif) f dĂfb cbnin vgjf ‗gvzrfovkf” Şk çg pnfkc ‗bfinr bcrf gv if mfrkzĂ” c cpĂrvz çgjfnfok çg |ngfif vgjf frcvqkzcif' PfrbfpŢkc -c cbvzk|cz pf mĂvrc cŞf|Ărkk dfndrcakfk pnikzkbf c ivmkk çg bcjrvivgnr drcgkŢf mck mviz nrk mck pvŢkg rfbvgnbvzf) jcr zrcczf) c bĂrnr gfrfpfbzcrf prnqncbĂ rfcbŢkk bf jfpĂŞfb bv mviz zrkbzc rficŢkf jkgzrf jnk cbznrk pnikzkbk' _fvrfiffgfrdfzkbf jf czĂ|k cv bngzcz pvŢkg çg prnbfvi jfikmkzĂrkinr jkg fbnivi XKX) jffxfmpiv) czafi bĂ) czvgbk bïgj cv cpĂrvz bc prnoifmĂ) ivbrvrkif frcv jflc bnmpikbczf'Jf cbffc) pfzrnivi) bc vrĂ fgfrdfzkbĂ mngjkciĂ jnmkgcgzĂ c fbnivivk ci XX-ifc) gvc anz zrĂkg jf vizkmvi rĂ|onk mngjkci Şk gv pnczf ak fikmkgcz jkg mnzkqcŢkkif vgnr bngaikbzf jkzrvdĂzncrf Şk czĂ|k) prfbvm bfif jkg Dnia) Cgdnic) Bfbfgkc fzb'Fbngnmkc mngjkciĂ jfpkgjf çgbĂ jf pfzrni bc rfvrĂ bfgzrciĂ jf fgfrdkf) bhkcr jcbĂcv cpĂrvz Şk cizfif bvm cr ak fgfrdkc gvbifcrĂ cv dc|fif gczvrcif' Cbfzfc jkg vrmĂ cvanz jfbnpfrkzf cprnxkmczkq çg cbfifcŞk |ngf vgjf f caiĂ bïmpvrkif pfzrnikfrf) jfbkgfbfkzĂ cbfifcŞk bĂk jf cbbf) jcr Şk fif bngzkzvkf n rfvrĂ fpvk|cokiĂ' Fzf vg mnzkqvakbkfgz bc cbfczĂ pfrpfbzkqĂ Ă rfcbzvcik|f|f) jkg bïgj çg bïgj) jkbvŢkkif cvprcikmkzfinr jf|qnizĂrkk' Nrkbvm) pĂzrïgj çgbrfjfrfc çg bcpcbkzczfc ncmfgkinr jf c dĂkmfrfv rfvrfif gfbfcrf jf|qnizĂrkk) kgbivkq c vrfinr cizfrgczkqf jf fgfrdkf) gv pnzrĂmïgf gfnofrqczf lnbvrkif pnikzkbf Şk mkikzcrf çg lvrvi bfinr fxkzfgzf bcrf qnr ckdvrc mcrf pcrzf jkg gfbfcrvi jf fgfrdkf çg qkkznrvi cprnpkcz'Jkg pvgbz jf qfjfrf ci fbvrkzĂŢkk fbngnmkbf) cgvi ?008 c mcrbcz kgzrcrfc çgzr-ngnvĂ brk|Ă c prkgbkpcifinr fbngnmkk cif ivmkk) rfaifbzczĂ çg kgjkbcznrkk fbngnmkbn-akgcgbkcrk bcrf -cv cbvzk|cz çg vizkmc pfrkncjĂ' R-c cbbfgzvcz) znznjczĂ) bnmpfzkŢkcfbngnmkbĂ jkgzrf RVC Şk Vgkvgfc FvrnpfcgĂ) afgnmfg jfmngzrcz jf fqnivŢkcrcpnrzvrkinr jkgzrf fvrn Şk jnicr) kcr AfjfrcŢkc _vĂ f kmpvgf jkg bf çg bf mck mviz pf pkcŢc fgfrdfzkbĂ' Prnocokikzczf c prnpcdĂrkk fafbzfinr dfgfrczf jf cbfczĂ bnmpfzkŢkf çg|ngfif ikmkzrnaf fzf rkjkbczĂ' Cbzvcic brk|Ă fbngnmkbĂ c cjïgbkz jfbciclfif çgzrf prkgbkpcifif fbngnmkk cif ivmkk Şk mcrfc mclnrkzczf c bfinricizf) bffc bf jfzfrmkgĂ pfrpfzvcrfc rkbvrkinr prnqnbczf jf cfmfgfc rfcikzĂŢk) bv fafbzf jkrfbzf cvprczcokikzĂŢkk) vgjf rfvrfif fgfrdfzkbf çŞk jfmngzrfc|Ă jkg gnv rnivi jf zcokik|cznr fbngnmkb) kcr pfzrnivi pf cbfic jf crmĂ'
3
 
Çg mclnrkzczfc zczfinr bcrf cv zrfbvz jf ic fbngnmkc bfgzrcik|czĂ) picgkakbczĂ icfbngnmkc jf pkcŢĂ cbfczc c cjv qfgkzvrk kmpnrzcgzf jkg prkqczk|crf Şk c jfqfgkz znzmck czrcbzkqĂ pfgzrv kgqfzkznrk' Bnmokgczf bv mĂvrkif cgzkbnrvpŢkf) jf bngzrni cnikdcrhkkinr Şk prnzfbŢkf nbkciĂ) çgbfpvzvrkif kfŞkrkk jkg brk|c fbngnmkbĂ nafrĂ prklkgbngkzfgz mnjfivivk pnikzkb cmkgzkz) bcrf qc jfqfgk vg crdvmfgz mclnr) jfgfbngzfzcz) çg jkcindvi jkgzrf zczf'BrfŞzfrfc gvmĂrvivk pnpvicŢkfk pf dino Şk jf|qnizcrfc fbngnmkbĂ pf bcrf Şk-n prnpvg znczf zczfif ivmkk vgz kgfqkzcoki çgnŢkzf jf brfŞzfrfc bngvmvivk vgnr rfvrffgfrdfzkbf znz mck ikmkzczf' JkpcrkŢkc okpnicrkzĂŢkk c çgiĂzvrcz vg mnzkq rfjv ic bïŢkqccbznrk ck bngarvgzĂrkk) jfbnpfrkgj zrczvrk mviz mck prnavgjf cif vgfk bnmpfzkŢkk çgbcrf pcrzkbkpcgŢkk vgz mviz mck gvmfrnŞk kcr mnzkqcŢkc qkzciĂ) bv oĂzckf pf zfrmfgçgjfivgdcz' Fbngnmkkif jf|qnizczf jfpkgj jf rfvrfif fgfrdfzkbf nrkvgjf pf dino'Pkfrjfrfc cbbfvivk ic cbfzfc pnz cqfc bngfbkgŢf jkzrvdĂzncrf) kczĂ jf bf n pcrzfçgfmgczĂ c pnikzkbkinr fxzfrgf jcr Şk c bfinr jf pvzfrf fzf prfnbvpczĂ jfcbbfkokikzczfc bngjvbzfinr Şk zfrmkgcifinr) qkkzncrfif zrcff pfgzrv bngjvbzf) jf pcrzfgfrkczf fzb'
Dfnpnikzkbc
fzf jnmkgczĂ jf zrczfdkkif rfvrfinr) çgjfnfok c bfinr fgfrdfzkbf' Dfnpnikzkbc çk noikdĂ pf vokfbŢkk Ăk Ă kc çg bngkjfrcrf ‗
znzcikzczfc prfnbvpĂrkinr cbznrkinr prf|fgŢk pf bfgc kgzfrgcŢkngciĂ 
”) Şk fzf pfrmcgfgz‗
kgzfrfczĂ jf bcibvifif vgnrc cv ciznrc
) '''
jf nokfbzkqfif bf qk|fc|Ă bnnpfrcrfc cvjfzkgjfrfc rficŢkkinr) jcr Şk vzkik|crfc anrŢfk cv jf lnbvrkif qkbifgf
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3
' CbŢkvgkifzfrnrkzf jf ic 33 fpzfmorkf ?003 cv cqvz fafbzf fkmkbf cvprc dfnpnikzkbkinr fgfrdfzkbf) mck cif cvprc bfinr cif pfzrnivivk' Nrkfgzvi Cprnpkcz c jfqfgkz orvb n|ngĂ mck pvŢkg kdvrĂ) kcr mcrkif fbngnmkk cv rfcik|cz bĂ vgz prfc jfpfgjfgzf jf fc'Cv zrfbvz) jfbk) ic cbŢkvgk jf jkkpcrf c jfpfgjfgŢfk pf çgzrfd dinovi' Bc vrmcrf) cvjnoïgjkz rcpkj kmpnrzcgŢĂ zrczfdkbĂ Şk cizf |ngf) -cv jfbicgŞcz cizf bnmpfzkŢkk)kgzfrffif gcŢkngcif çgbfp Ă bcpfzf cizĂ drfvzczf çg rcpnrz bv bfif cif cikcgŢfinr fzb')bngakrmïgjv-f çgbĂ n jczĂ bĂ çg mcrkif zrczfdkk gkmkb gv pnczf ak kdgnrcz) bv czïz mckmviz bv bïz çgzr-n pfrpfbzkqĂ gv prfc çgjfpĂrzczĂ Şk cizf rfvrf cr pvzfc jfqfgkmnzkqf pfgzrv bnmpfzkŢkk zrczfdkbf< cpc) cikmfgzfif fzb'Zrcganrmcrfc rfvrfinr fgfrdfzkbf çgzr-n prnoifmĂ jf fbvrkzczf) kmpvgf jkg pcrzfc zvzvrnr zczfinr gfbfkzczfc ficonrĂrkk vgnr pnikzkbk fgfrdfzkbf Şk zrczfdkk çgjnmfgkv'Prkqkgj Ţcrc gnczrĂ) ))
 Pn|kŢkc dfnzrczfdkbĂ c _nmïgkfk qc ak qcinrkakbczĂ çg picgvi ckdvrĂrkk zcokikzĂŢkk) jf|qnizĂrkk fbngnmkbf) prnmnqĂrkk prnkfbzfinr jfkgarczrvbzvrĂ zrcgbngzkgfgzciĂ) ckdvrĂrkk fbvrkzĂŢkk rvzfinr fgfrdfzkbf Şk jfzrcgpnrz' Jf cfmfgfc) _nmïgkc f cikgkc|Ă pnikzkbkinr GCZN Şk VF jf prklkgkrf cjfmnbrczk|Ărkk Şk nafrkrf jf ckzfgŢĂ jf fbvrkzczf zczfinr jkg rfdkvgf' Prnkfbzcrfc zcokikzĂŢkk çg pcŢkkif cjkcbfgzf MĂrkk Gfdrf f qc rfcik|c çg bngdrvfgŢĂ bv pnikzkbkif GCZN Şk VF çg rfdkvgf) qc ofgfakbkc jf pcrzfgfrkczfif _nmïgkfk bv Zvrbkc Şk Drfbkc Şk qc ak prklkgkzĂ prkg jf|qnizcrfc rficŢkkinr jf bnnpfrcrf bv AfjfrcŢkc _vĂ bc cbznr rfdkngci mclnr 
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Pcvi BICQCI)
DfnpnikzkbĂ Şk dfnzrczfdkf' Dïgjkrfc pnikzkbĂ) pcŢkvi Şk zfrkznrkvi çg fbnivi ci XX-ifc
)Fjkzvrc BN_KGZ) OvbvrfŞzk) ?003) p'30'
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Dvqfrgvi _nmïgkfk)
Bcrzc cioĂ c fbvrkzĂŢkk Şk cpĂrĂrkk gcŢkngcif
) OvbvrfŞzk) ?00:) p'6'
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BCPKZNIVI K
Mfjkvi jf rfbvkzczf3' DfgfcikzĂŢk
RkzvcŢkc kgzfrgcŢkngciĂ bvgncŞzf n fqnivŢkf rcpkjĂ) jkg pvgbz jf qfjfrffbngnmkb Şk zfhgkbn-ŞzkkgŢkakb vgjf bnmpfzkŢkc f çgzfŢfŞzf) kcr bvbfrkrkif ŞzkkgŢfk Şkzfhgkbkk cv bngzrkovkz çg mnj vozcgŢkci ic jf|qnizcrfc Şk fqnivŢkc nbkfzĂŢkk nmfgfŞzk)c fbngnmkfk mngjkcif'RaïrŞkzvi fbnivivk XX c anz mcrbcz jf vg ivgd Şkr jf fqfgkmfgzf bcrf cv prnjvmnjkakbĂrk prnavgjf) pn|kzkqf vgfif) kcr cizfif mck pvŢkg ovgf) çg znczfjnmfgkkif fxkzfgŢfk nbkcif) kgbivkq çg picgvi mfjkvivk jf fbvrkzczf' CbfzfmnjkakbĂrk cv jv ic bngzvrcrfc vgnr cpfbzf jfnfokzf) çgzrf bcrf) kgzcokikzczfc Şk rczcmcrf c bhkmoĂrkinr fzf znz mck fqkjfgzĂ' ZfgjkgŢfif rfpfbzkqf cv jfzfrmkgczmnjkakbcrfc crhkzfbzvrkk jf fbvrkzczf ic gkqfi dinoci Şk rfdkngci) prfbvm Şk zrfbfrfc ic prnkfbzcrfc vgnr gnk zrvbzvrk çg kzfmvi rcpnrzvrkinr kgzfrgcŢkngcif' Mfjkvi jffbvrkzczf ci aïrŞkzvivk jf fbni c bnkgbk bv cpcrkŢkc Şk vizfrknr fqnivŢkc vgnr afgnmfgf gnk) çg mclnrkzczfc bc|vrkinr gfbvgnbvzf) bvgnbvzf ancrzf pvŢkg cvjfnfokz jf drfv jf bngzrnicz) prkgzrf bcrf bĂjfrfc jrczkbĂ c rfvrfinr gczvrcif) pnivcrfc mfjkvivk çgbnglvrĂznr Şk kmpikbkz çgbĂi|krfc çgdrklnrĂzncrf c bikmfk Şk cizfif fcbbfgzvfc|Ă jkg bf çg bf mck zcrf'Rprf aïrŞkzvi cgkinr Şcpzf|fbk bnmpfzkŢkc jkgzrf bfif jnvĂ kzfmf) bcpkzcikz Şkbnmvgkz) vafrĂ n bhkmocrf prf jf|cqcgzclvi bfivk jkg vrmĂ Şk) çg vizkmĂ kgzcgŢĂ ciV_RR' BnmpfzkŢkc) jfzvi jf jvrĂ) c brfcz mcrk jkakbvizĂŢk fbngnmkbf VgkvgkkRnqkfzkbf Şk c jv ic vgfif jf|fbhkikorf bcrf -cv nijcz bv mcrk bnzvrk bf cv drĂokzacikmfgzvi V_RR'Çgbfpvzvi fbnivivk XXK -c jnqfjkz ic afi jf vrprkg|Ăznr' JfŞk mvizf gcŢkvgkcif ivmkk çmorĂŢkŞfc|Ă qcinrkif jfmnbrcŢkfk rfprf|fgzczkqf Şk cif fbngnmkfk jf pkcŢĂbrfïgj gnk npnrzvgkzĂŢk pfgzrv rfcik|crfc vgnr rficŢkk kgzfrgcŢkngcif jvrcokif) fxkzĂznzvŞk) mvizf prnqnbĂrk ic cjrfc fbvrkzĂŢkk czïz ic gkqfi gcŢkngci Şk rfdkngci) bïz Şk icgkqfi dinoci' Bhkcr jcbĂ anŞzkk cjqfrcrk jf ic çgbfpvzvi ‗rĂ|onkvivk rfbf” vgz çg prf|fgz pcrzfgfrk çg prnoifmf jf fbvrkzczf) zfgkvgkif fbngnmkbf Şk bfif jf mfjkv) prkgzrf cizfif) bngzkgvĂ Ă bcv|f|f kgzcokikzczf'Rf qnrofŞzf czĂ|k znz mck nofkq jfprf gnvc nrjkgf mngjkciĂ) dinocik|crf Şkcgzkdinocik|crf) rĂ|onkvi ckmfzrkb ci zfrnrkŞzkinr jfbicgŞcz çmpnzrkqc kgzfrffinr bfinr mcrk bc kgdvrc anrmĂ jf fxkzfgŢĂ) nrk jnbzrkgc inqkzvrkinr prfqfgzkqf bc kgdvrcanrmĂ jf c-k pfjfpk pf bfk bcrf çgjrĂ|gfb Ă cpfif|f ic brkmc bngzrc vmcgkzĂŢkk(zfrnrkm+' CjfqĂrczc mk|Ă c bngaikbzfinr jkgzrf mcrkk cbznrk fzf rfprf|fgzczĂ jfrf|frqfif jf hkjrnbcrovrk) kcr çgbrïgbfgĂrkif jkpvzfinr pnz jvbf ic vzkik|crfc crmfinr gvbifcrf' JcbĂ çg pfrkncjc rĂ|onkvivk rfbf bngaikbzvi gvbifcr c pvzvz ak fqkzcz) cmokk prnzcdngkŞzk) RVC Şk V_RR) cv bngŞzkfgzk|cz bĂ mk|c kjfnindkbĂ (jkpvzc çgzrfbcpkzcikm Şk bnmvgkm+ gv mfrkzĂ rkbvi jkzrvdfrkk nmfgkrkk) cbzvcic bcv|Ă cbngaikbzfinr (zĂpïgkrfc rfdkvgkinr ondczf çg rf|frqf fgfrdfzkbf+ gv nafrĂ gkbk vg afi jfdcrcgŢkk bĂ vmcgkzczfc qc ak afrkzĂ jf jf|czrvi vgfk bngarvgzĂrk gvbifcrf) bvgnbvz
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