EFs for Mining

Mining operations can be considered as series of unit operations (eg dragline operations, shovel operations, truck haulage of materials). This spreadsheet provides emission factor estimations and default emission
factors for emissions of both TSP and PM10 from general mining. The emission factor estimations should be used where site-specific data such as silt and moisture content is available. Otherwise, the default
emission factors can be used.

This spreadsheet contains three sheets, started by 'Introduction' and sequentially followed by sheets 'EF Estimations&Defaults' and at the end 'ER Inventory'.

To estimate emission factors in sheet 'EF Estimations&Defaults', user needs to supply their own site specific data. If these data are not available, user may use default factors provided by USEPA with consequency of
less accuracy or less representative.

And to estimate emission rates (ERs) in sheet 'ER Inventory', user needs to supply activity rate for each operations/activities in their mines.

When using emission factors, you should be aware of the associated Emission Factor Rating (EFR) code and what that rating implies. An A or B rating indicates a greater degree of certainty than a D or E rating. The
less certainty, the more likely that a given emission factor for a specific source or category is not representative of the source type.
The EFR system is as follows:
A - Excellent
B - Above Average
C - Average
D - Below Average
E - Poor
U - Unrated (reflects the limited amount of research)

All emission factor estimations and default emission factors are for uncontrolled emissions.

Reference:
Background Report AP-42 from USEPA

Prepared by: Muhamad Nizar

 1. Input data in yellow cells
2. Calculated data are in light green cells

Operation/Activity Input Data TSP EF PM10 EF Default Default Units EF

PM10
(Read below for information) TSP EF EF Rating
Draglines d 12 0.057484162 0.010175144 0.06 0.026 kg/bcm B
M 2
Loading Overbuden U 3.6 0.002245926 0.001062262 0.025 0.012 kg/t C
M 2
Loading Coal M 8 0.01430836 0.006879019 0.029 0.014 kg/t C
Buldozing Coal s 7 101.9651198 32.50384647 102 32.5 kg/h B
M 2.5
Buldozing other s 10 16.73533282 4.074149142 17 4 kg/h B
than coal M 2
Unloading
Overbuden U 3.6 0.002245926 0.001062262 0.012 0.0043 kg/t
M 2
Unloading Coal M 8 0.01430836 0.006879019 0.01 0.0042 kg/t
Drilling 0.59 0.31 kg/hole B
Blasting A 1 344 178.88 kg/blast C
M 1
D 1
Topsoil Removal s 10 1.643586487 0.529269691 1.64 0.53 kg/VKT A
by Scraper W 48
Wheel Generated s 10 3.881182842 0.962513813 3.88 0.96 kg/VKT
Dust from Unpaved W 48
Road M 2
Use of Graders S 1 0.0034 0.0034 kg/VKT B
Wind erosion from s 15 1.920212766 0.960106383 0.4 0.2 kg/ha/h
stockpile p 80
f 30
Operation/Activity High Moisture Content Ores Low Mositure Content Ores Units EF
(per
Default Default Default Default activity) Rating
TSP EF PM10 EF TSP EF PM10 EF
Primary crushing 0.01 0.004 0.2 0.02 kg/t C
Secondary
crushing 0.03 0.012 0.6 No Data kg/t D
Tertiary crushing 0.03 0.01 1.4 0.08 kg/t E
Dry grinding with
air 14.4 13 14.4 13 kg/t C
conveying or
classification
Dry grinding
without 1.2 0.16 1.2 0.16 kg/t D
air conveying or
classification
Drying (all
materials 9.8 5.9 9.8 5.9 kg/t C
except titanium/
zirconium sands)
Handling,
transferring 0.005 0.002 0.06 0.03 kg/t C
and conveying
including wheel
and
bucket reclaimers
(except bauxite)

d = drop distance in metres; M = moisture content in %; U = mean wind speed in m/s; A = area blasted in m2;
D = depth of blast holes in metres; VKT = vehicle kilometres travelled;
A suitable surrogate for calculating vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) emissions may be to determine the fuel consumption in
various items of equipment. Using typical fuel efficiencies, it should then be possible to determine total VKT.
s = silt content in %; W = vehicle gross mass in tonnes;
S = mean vehicle speed in km/h; L= road surface silt loading in g/m2;
bcm = bank cubic metres; t = tonne; f = percentage of time that wind speed is greater than 5.4 m/s at the mean height of the stockpile
p = number of days when rainfall is greater than (0.25 mm)
 1 2
Operation/Activity Applied EF Activity Rate ER (per yr)
TSP PM10 TSP PM10
Draglines 0.06 0.026 100 bcm 6 2.6
Loading Overbuden 0.025 0.012 100 t 2.5 1.2
Loading Coal 0.029 0.014 100 t 2.9 1.4
Buldozing Coal 102 32.5 100 hr 10200 3250
Buldozing other 17 4 100 hr 1700 400
than coal
Unloading
Overbuden 0.012 0.0043 100 t 1.2 0.43
Unloading Coal 0.01 0.0042 100 t 1 0.42
Drilling 0.59 0.31 100 hole 59 31
Blasting 344 178.88 100 blast 34400 17888
Topsoil Removal 1.64 0.53 100 VKT 164 53
by Scraper
Wheel Generated 3.88 0.96 100 VKT 388 96
Dust from Unpaved
Road
Use of Graders 0.0034 0.0034 100 VKT 0.34 0.34
Wind erosion from 0.4 0.2 100 ha 4000 2000
stockpile 100 hr
Primary crushing 0.01 0.004 100 t 1 0.4
Secondary crushing 0.03 0.012 100 t 3 1.2
Tertiary crushing 0.03 0.01 100 t 3 1
Dry grinding with air 14.4 13 100 t 1440 1300
conveying or
classification
Dry grinding without 1.2 0.16 100 t 120 16
air conveying or
classification
Drying (all materials 9.8 5.9 100 t 980 590
except titanium/
zirconium sands)
Handling,
transferring 0.005 0.002 100 t 0.5 0.2
and conveying
including wheel and
bucket reclaimers
(except bauxite)
Total 53472.44 25633.19
1
Note: The Applied EF(s) here are based on your estimation and/or default factors
in sheet 'EF Estimations&Defaults'. You can link to the sheet by using '='
and apply your prefered
EF(s).
2
Note: ER: Emission Rate