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By A. G. KRASSANAKIS
Translation in English
by AR T PERDIKI S

_Mechanisms, rules, parts of speech, history etc of Greek Language

_Greek language is the most easiest and perfect in the world

_Greek language and Greek script (writing, grammars) is base of all European (English, German etc) lan- guages and scripts (writ- ings)

SBN 96 0 \u2013 85 08 9 \u2013 2 - 5
Greek Language, by AdamKrassanaki s
CHAPTER 1st
THE ELEME NTS OF WORDS
1. The language and the words

Language is said (called) the total of words that with concrete rules of changes and combinations between them (with concrete syntax rules and inclina- tion rules) a population is using in order to understand or to express. It is the tool of expression or the way with which the persons understand between them (each other) and reveal the feelings and the thought them.

Word is said (called) the smallest intellectual piece that is a sentence ele- ment hence an element of speech. It is an organized sounding mark (sign) which express a certain meaning of a sentence, according to its certain elements (root, subject, ending etc) or a part of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun etc. I.e.

Proposition (sentence): I am tailor = \u0395\u03b3\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (Greek)
Words: I (= pronoun), am (verb), tailor (noun),
\u0395\u03b3\u03ce (= noun), \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (= verb), \u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (= noun).

The meaning of words depends on their part of speech and their type (gender, number, case or person) as well as on their kind of simple derivation or composition. Their meaning, therefore, is regulated by the relationship of their components (prefix, root or them, ending or accent in case of simple word and a\u2019 + b\u2019 components in the case of compound (composite) words. I.e.:

Greek: \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6-\u03c9, \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6-\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd-\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6-\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb-\u03cc\u03c2,\u03ae,\u03bf\u03af..
English: write, writ-ing, writ-er, good, good-s..
(Greek alphabet and his pronouncing
see in end of this book.)
Note:

1) The meaning of a monosyllabic word or a words without constituent ele- ments concern on what position (place) they are put in a sentence or on witch word is before them; namely if they are used as conjunctions or as proverbs i.e.:

English: The love, of love & I love, you love, he love..
Greek: \u0397 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5. \u03a0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c2 & \u0395\u03af\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5.
Some times the meaning of a word it depends on his tone (which syllable is
toned or if it is with strong or soft tone), see in Greek: \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 & \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad, \u03b7 & \u03ae, \u03b5 & \u03ad\u2026
2) In the syntax of speech the nouns\u2019 meaning becomes also more special-

ized by articles, adjectives and participles. i.e.:
Greek: \u03a0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 & \u03a0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1. \u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 & \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1.
English: I took letter & I took the letter. Small letter & large letter

2. The generation of Greek words
The Greek words are formed (borne) by the Greeks, time to time, through:
a) Sound making

Sound made words are those made by the imitation of sounds in the envir- onment i.e.: \u03b2... > \u03b2\u03bf\u03ce, \u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1... \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bc \u2013 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc > \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac, \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc, \u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1... \u03c4\u03c1... > \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03c9, \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03c9, \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9... \u03b3\u03b1\u03b2 \u2013 \u03b3\u03b1\u03b2 > \u03b3\u03b1\u03b2\u03b3\u03af- \u03b6\u03c9.... (See in English: bomb, cry, \u2026)

2
Greek Language, by AdamKrassanaki s
b) Derivation:
Derived wards are those who born from another, i.e.: \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 > \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2,
(See in English: govern > government, love > lovely\u2026)
c) Composition (synthesis):
Compounded words are those who born from two or more others: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 +
\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 > \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1- \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5-\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2\u2026
(See in English: police-man, land-lord, Englishman\u2026.)
d) Falsification

Falsified words are those who born from other with phthongic alteration (which means addition, abstraction, transposition-removal or alternation) of a sounding in an ancient word i.e.: \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5) & (\u03c7)\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 > \u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5), \u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 >(\u03c3)\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 > (\u03c3)\u03c0\u03cd\u03c1(\u03c4)\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 > \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9...

(See in English: live (pronunciation \u201claiv\u201d)> living (pronunciation \u201clivink\u201d),
athlete > athleticism\u2026)
e) Abusive derivation which means changing the:

a. Type (= the gender, the case and the number) of an ancient word, i.e.: \u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9>\u03b7 \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03ae\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9 > \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ae\u03b2\u03b1, \u03bf \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, > \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 > \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd- \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2.

b. The part of speech (an adjective turned into a noun, for instance) of an ancient word, i.e.: \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Here the words are adjectives) ... \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 > \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (Here the words are nouns), Same: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 > \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1- \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b7 > \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae, \u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae > \u03b7 \u03b6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7,

c. The typological ending (form) of an ancient word (let\u2019s refer, for instance, the abolition of the third kind of ancient accidence \u2013 conjugation): \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3-\u03b9\u03c2 > \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3- \u03b7, \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4-\u03b7\u03c2 > \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4-\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac-\u03c2 > \u0395\u03bb\u03bb-\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03c1\u03ae\u03c4-\u03c9\u03c1 > \u03c1\u03ae\u03c4-\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4-\u03ae\u03c1 > \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7- \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2\u2026.

3. The elements of words
Compound words are constituted (formed) by the first (a\u2019) and the second
(b\u2019) component, namely by their relative simple words. i.e.: \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd-\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1-\u03b5\u03c1-
\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9, \u03b5\u03be-\u03c5\u03c0-\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.. (As in English: under-standing,..)
Simple words are constituted by the following elements: ending (derivative
and formative), subject (thema), root, epithema, prefix and accent.
1. Ending

Ending is called the changeable final part of an inclinable word. The linguistic element of the inclinable word stating what part of speech (noun, adjective, verb\u2026) and what type (gender, number, case or person) is the significant part of the word. I.e. \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb-\u03cc\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb-\u03bf\u03af, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb-\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb-\u03cc, \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb-\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af-\u03b1\u2026 (As in English: good & good-s, end > end-ing, end-ed\u2026).

Derivative endings are those by which we create words from other words
(from subjects of other words). For instance, the following endings:
-\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2: \u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 > \u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3-\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2,\u03ae,\u03cc, \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac > \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac > \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 >

\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2..
-(\u03ac)\u03b6\u03c9: \u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 > \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9, \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac > \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9,..
,\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026

Formative or declination endings are those by which we create words from
roots or alternate at end of an inclinable word in order to achieve its formations

(gender and case in nouns and adjectives, tenses and persons in verbs). I.e.:
Case ending (in masculine nouns and adjectives):
\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1-\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5,\u03bf,\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6-\u03b9\u03ba-\u03cc\u03c2,\u03bf\u03c5,\u03bf,\u03b5, \u039a\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4-\u03b1\u03c2,\u03b1,\u03b1,\u03b1, \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bb-\u03b7\u03c2,\u03b7,\u03b7,\u03b7\u2026
\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9,\u03c9\u03bd,\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2,\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6-\u03b9\u03ba-\u03bf\u03af,\u03ce\u03bd,\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2,\u03bf\u03af, \u039a\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4-\u03ae\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2,\u03c9\u03bd,\u03b5\u03c2,\u03b5\u03c2...
Person endings (in present tense of verbs):
\u03bb\u03cd\u03bd-\u03c9,\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2,\u03b5\u03b9,\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5,\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5,\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd

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