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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................ES-1CHAPTER 1: GOAL DEFINITION AND SCOPE1.1Introduction....................................................1-11.2Project Background..............................................1-11.3Goals and Scope: Why Perform a Life-Cycle Assessment of Solders?.......1-21.3.1Lead-Free Solder Project purpose.............................1-21.3.2Previous research..........................................1-21.3.3Need for the project........................................1-31.3.4Market trends.............................................1-41.3.5 Target audience and use of the study...........................1-41.4Summary of Life-Cycle Assessment Methodology......................1-51.5Product Systems.................................................1-71.5.1Solder alternatives.........................................1-71.5.2Functional unit............................................1-81.6Assessment Boundaries...........................................1-91.6.1Life-Cycle stages and unit processes...........................1-91.6.2Spatial and temporal boundaries.............................1-111.6.3General exclusions........................................1-11References................................................................1-12CHAPTER 2: LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY2.1General Methodology............................................2-52.1.1Data categories............................................2-52.1.2Decision rules............................................2-72.1.3Data collection and data sources..............................2-82.1.4Allocation procedures......................................2-92.1.5Data management and analysis software.......................2-102.1.6Data quality.............................................2-102.1.7Critical review...........................................2-112.2Materials Extraction and Materials Processing (Upstream Life-Cycle Stages)2-122.2.1Methodology............................................2-122.2.1.1Materials (metals)........................................2-122.2.1.2Fuels and power sources...................................2-162.2.2Limitations and uncertainties................................2-19
 
ii2.3Product Manufacturing..........................................2-202.3.1Methodology............................................2-202.3.1.1Data collection and allocation...................2-202.3.1.2Solder manufacturing..........................2-212.3.1.3Post-industrial recycling.......................2-232.3.2Limitations and uncertainties................................2-262.3.2.1Product system boundary uncertainties............2-262.3.2.2Data collection process uncertainties..............2-262.3.2.3Data uncertainties............................2-262.4Solder Use/Application..........................................2-282.4.1Methodology............................................2-282.4.1.1Paste solder.................................2-282.4.1.2Bar solder...................................2-322.4.2Limitations and uncertainties................................2-342.4.2.1Paste solder.................................2-342.4.2.2Bar solder...................................2-342.5End-of-Life...................................................2-352.5.1Methodology............................................2-352.5.1.1Landfilling..................................2-372.5.1.2Incineration.................................2-392.5.1.3Post-consumer recycling: demanufacturing andcopper smelting..............................2-402.5.1.4Post-consumer recycling: unregulated recyclingand disposal.................................2-412.5.2Limitations and uncertainties................................2-432.6Baseline Life-Cycle Inventory Results..............................2-44References................................................................2-47CHAPTER 3: LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT3.1Methodology...................................................3-13.1.1Classification.............................................3-23.1.2Characterization...........................................3-63.2Characterization and Results.......................................3-83.2.1Resource use (non-renewable and renewable)...................3-103.2.1.1Characterization..............................3-103.2.1.2Paste solder results............................3-113.2.1.3Bar solder results.............................3-183.2.1.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-253.2.2Energy use..............................................3-263.2.2.1Characterization..............................3-263.2.2.2Paste solder results............................3-263.2.2.3Bar solder results.............................3-313.2.2.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-35
 
iii3.2.3Landfill space use impacts .................................3-363.2.3.1Characterization..............................3-363.2.3.2Paste solder results............................3-363.2.3.3Bar solder results.............................3-403.2.3.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-443.2.4Global warming impacts...................................3-463.2.4.1Characterization..............................3-463.2.4.2Paste solder results............................3-463.2.4.3Bar solder results.............................3-503.2.4.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-543.2.5Stratospheric ozone depletion impacts........................3-553.2.5.1Characterization..............................3-553.2.5.2Paste solder results............................3-553.2.5.3Bar solder results.............................3-603.2.5.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-653.2.6Photochemical smog impacts................................3-683.2.6.1Characterization..............................3-683.2.6.2Paste solder results............................3-683.2.6.3Bar solder results.............................3-723.2.6.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-763.2.7Acidification impacts......................................3-773.2.7.1Characterization..............................3-773.2.7.2Paste solder results............................3-773.2.7.3Bar solder results.............................3-813.2.7.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-843.2.8Air particulate impacts.....................................3-863.2.8.1Characterization..............................3-863.2.8.2Paste solder results............................3-863.2.8.3Bar solder results.............................3-903.2.8.4Limitations and uncertainties....................3-943.2.9Water eutrophication impacts...............................3-953.2.9.1Characterization..............................3-953.2.9.2Paste solder results............................3-953.2.9.3Bar solder results.............................3-993.2.9.4Limitations and uncertainties...................3-1023.2.10Water quality impacts....................................3-1043.2.10.1 Characterization.............................3-1043.2.10.2 Paste solder results...........................3-1043.2.10.3 Bar solder results............................3-1083.2.10.4 Limitations and uncertainties...................3-1123.2.11Occupational human health impacts.........................3-1143.2.11.1 Characterization.............................3-1143.2.11.2 Paste solder results...........................3-1183.2.11.3 Bar solder results............................3-1303.2.11.4 Limitations and uncertainties...................3-140
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