The effects of sag type A, Fig. 2, have been studied in[4,5]. Mechanical speed loss shows initial oscillations in thevoltage drop and recovery points, points
•
and
‚
. Currentand torque peaks are usually obtained in the first cycle afterthe drop or the recovery voltage points, but in certain con-ditions in the next 2 or 3 cycles. The fault and recoveryvoltage instants have minimal influence in current peak andno influence in torque peak and speed loss.The transients of unsymmetrical sags are very differentfrom the symmetrical ones. They are sensitive to the faultand recovery voltage instants, or voltage angles in theseinstants. This influence is studied in Section V. On theother hand, transient speed and torque show non-dampedoscillations because of the negative-sequence voltage. Bycomparing symmetrical and unsymmetrical sags with thesame depth –
h
in (1), (2), (3) and (4)– and duration, it canbe observed that current peaks are usually lower in theunsymmetrical sags whereas torque peaks can be higher.Among the unsymmetrical sags, type B produces lowercurrent and torque peaks, and speed loss, Fig. 3.Sag types C and D, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, with the samedepth and duration, show similar transients. Similar torqueand current peaks can be expected. This will be verified inthe CBEMA curves of Section VI.V.
INFLUENCE OF THE FAULT AND RECOVERYVOLTAGE INSTANTSIf the fault is balanced, type A, the fault and the recov-ery voltage instants (or the corresponding voltage angles)have less influence in current peak and no influence intorque peak and speed loss. They only cause current peak tobe obtained in one or another phase [4,5]. However, theseinstants have a great influence in current and torque peakswhen the fault is unbalanced, and no influence in speedloss.Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 display current and torque peaks versusphase voltage in points
•
and
‚
for the unsymmetricalsags with different depth
h
(0.1, 0.5 and 0.9).In sag of types B and D (Fig. 6a, Fig. 6c, Fig. 7a andFig. 7c), it can be observed that the maximum current andtorque peaks are obtained when phase voltage is 90° (
v
a
(
t
)is null). In sag type C (Fig. 6b and Fig. 7b), the maximumpeaks are obtained when phase voltage is 0° (
v
a
(
t
) is maxi-mum).Fig. 8 displays speed loss in point
•
versus phase volt-
737475767778
• ‚
10%Sag magnitude,
h
, (%) and mechanical speed,
ω
m
, (rad/s)-8-4048Phase
c
current,
i
c
/ (
√
2·
I
N
), (p.u.)-6-30360100200300400500Electromagnetic torque,
Γ
/
Γ
N
, (p.u.)Time (ms)
Fig. 4. Machine behavior for voltage sag type C: 300 ms and 10% of sagmagnitude
737475767778
• ‚
10%Sag magnitude,
h
, (%) and mechanical speed,
ω
m
, (rad/s)-8-4048Phase
a
current,
i
a
/ (
√
2·
I
N
), (p.u.)-6-30360100200300400500Electromagnetic torque,
Γ
/
Γ
N
, (p.u.)Time (ms)
Fig. 5. Machine behavior for voltage sag type D: 300 ms and 10% of sagmagnitude
0123456710%
•
10%
‚
50%
‚
50%
•
90%
‚
90%
•
Current peak,
i
peak
/ (
√
2·
I
N
), (p.u.) for sag type B0123456710%
•
10%
‚
50%
•
50%
‚
90%
‚
90%
•
Current peak,
i
peak
/ (
√
2·
I
N
), (p.u.) for sag type C0123456704590135180Angle (°)10%
•
10%
‚
50%
‚
50%
•
90%
‚
90%
•
Current peak,
i
peak
/ (
√
2·
I
N
), (p.u.) for sag type D
Fig. 6. Current peak in points
•
and
‚
versus the voltage angle for sagtypes B, C and D. Sag magnitudes (10%, 50% and 90%). Sag duration:300 ms
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