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How are we to live?
Ethics in an age of self-interest 
Peter Singer was born in Australia in 1946, and educated at theUniversity of Melbourne and the University of Oxford. He hastaught at the University of Oxford, New York University, theUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Californiaat Irvine, and La Trobe University. He is now Professor of Philosophy, Co-Director of the Institute of Ethics and PublicAffairs, and Deputy Director of the Centre for Human Bioethicsat Monash University, Melbourne.Professor Singer has written and edited more than twentybooks on ethics and related areas of philosophy. He is best known
for his book
Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of 
 Animals,
which spawned the international animal liberationmovement. He is the author of the major article on ethics in the
current edition of 
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
and co-editor of the journal
Bioethics.
 
A Mandarin bookPublished byRandom House Australia Australia20 Alfred Street, Milsons Point, NSW 2061http://www.randomhouse.com.auFirst published in Australia in 1993 by the Text Publishing CompanyReprinted 1993, 1994
This Mandarin edition reprinted by Random House Australia, 1997
Copyright © Peter Singer 1993All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright above, no part of thispublication shall be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright ownerand the publisher of this book.Typeset in Garamond by Bookset Pry Ltd, MelbournePrinted and bound in Australia by Australian Print GroupNational Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Singer, Peter.
How are we to live?
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 1 86330 431 2
1. Ethics. 2. Self-interest - Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title.
170
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
viii
«
PREFACE ix
CHAPTER 1
The ultimate choice
1Ivan Boesky's choice 1The Ring of Gyges 9
'What in the hell are we doing this for?' 11The end of history or the beginning of secular ethics? 14Ethics and self-interest 21
CHAPTER 2
'What's in it for me?' 26  A
failing social experiment 26The loss of community 34
CHAPTER 3
Using up the world 
45
Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Adam Smith? 45Living on our inheritance 49How an overflowing sink makes Adam Smith obsolete 55When are we well off? 57
CHAPTER
4
How we
came
to be
living this
way
65
A perverse instinct 65Aristotle on the art of making money 67Can a merchant be pleasing to God? 69Luther's calling and Calvin's grace 77The religious and the secular converge 80
The consumer society 88
A withered greening 90The Reagan years: 'Enrich thyself 93
 
v i
How are we to live?
CHAPTER 5
Is selfishness in our genes?
99
The biological case for selfishness 99Caring for our children 103Caring for our kin 108
J
Caring for our group 115CHAPTER 6
How the Japanese live
125Japan: A successful social experiment? 125The corporation as an ethical community 127The self and the group 141
CHAPTER 7
Tit for Tat 
152
Caring for those who care for us 152Doing better with Tit for Tat 167Self-interest and ethics: An interim conclusion 180
CHAPTER 8
Living ethically
182
Heroes 182
A green shoot 189
Why do people act ethically? 198
CHAPTER 9
The nature of ethics
202
A broader perspective 202The gender of ethics 207Jesus and Kant: Two views on why we ought to liveethically 212Beyond Jesus and Kant: The search for an ultimate answer 220
CHAPTER 10
Living to some purpose
230
The myth of Sisyphus and the meaning of life 230Of housewives, Aboriginal Australians and caged hens 232The struggle to win 238The inward turn 244A transcendent cause 253
Contents vii
CHAPTER 11
The good life
260
Pushing the peanut forward 260The escalator of reason 268Toward an ethical life 277
NOTES 281
INDEX 303
of 00

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