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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
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Draw the location of the major endocrine glandswithin an outline of the human body.
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Describe how hormones alter cellular reactionrates of specific target cells.
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Describe how hormonal, humoral, and neural fac-tors stimulate endocrine glands.
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List the hormones secreted by the anterior andposterior pituitary glands, and describe how exer-cise affects these secretions.
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List the thyroid gland hormones, their functions,and response to exercise.
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List the hormones of the adrenal medulla and ad-renal cortex, their functions, and their response toexercise.
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List the hormones of the pancreas’ alpha and betacells, their functions, and their response to exer-cise.
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Define type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, andgive three differences between these two diabetessubdivisions.
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List five risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
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Outline the benefits of regular physical activity fora type 2 diabetic.
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Explain the general effects of exercise training onendocrine function.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Endocrine System OverviewEndocrine System Organization
 What Makes a Chemical a Hormone?Hormone ClassificationHow Hormones FunctionControl of Hormone SecretionHormone–Hormone Interactions
Patterns of Hormone ReleaseResting and Exercise–Induced Endocrine SecretionsAnterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth HormoneThyrotropinCorticotropinGonadotropic HormonesProlactin
Posterior Pituitary HormonesThyroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones Affect Quality of Life
Parathyroid HormoneAdrenal Hormones
Adrenal Medulla HormonesAdrenal Cortex Hormones
Pancreatic Hormones
Insulin SecretionInsulin’s FunctionsGlucagon SecretionGlucagon’s Functions
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes SymptomsThe Genetics of DiabetesDiabetes StatisticsTests for Diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome XDiabetes and Exercise
Exercise Training in DiabetesExercise Benefits for DiabeticsExercise Risks for Diabetics
Endurance Training and Endocrine Function
Anterior Pituitary HormonesPosterior Pituitary HormonesThyroid HormonesAdrenal HormonesPancreatic HormonesResistance Training and Endocrine FunctionOpioid Peptides and Exercise
SummaryThought QuestionsSelected References
 
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Hormones,Exercise, andTraining
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SECTIONIV
The Physiologic Support Systems
Like most branches of science, endocrinology has no dis-crete discovery date. In fact, most endocrine glands werefirst “identified” by early hunters and cooks or by themedical anatomists of antiquity and the Renaissance.The writings of medieval and Renaissance physiciansfirst described several unknown disorders such as dia-betes, goiter, cretinism, dwarfism, and gigantism that wenow know are caused by endocrine malfunction. Beforethe latter half of the 19th century, physicians and biolo-gists formulated the concept of special human “internalsecretions” with profound powers. By the end of the 18thcentury, direct connections were made between certainphysical traits with too little or too much of different in-ternal secretions. In 1849, British physician-scientistThomas Addison (1793–1860) contributed to the scien-tific literature information about the endocrine systemthrough studies of patients with diseased glands. Also in1849, the German physician A. A. Berthold conducted oneof the first formal endocrinology experiments. Berthold’sexperiments involved the removal of the testes from roost-ers and subsequent observation that the birds immediatelybecame less aggressive without a sex drive. When thetestes were surgically replaced, the normally aggressivemale behavior resumed. Berthold concluded that thetestes were not connected to nerves so they must have se-creted a substance into the blood that affected the entirebody. We now know that hormones affect almost every aspectof human function. They regulate growth, metabolism,and reproduction, with heightened acute and chronic re-sponse to physical and psychological stress. Hormonesmaintain internal homeostasis by modulating electrolyteand acid-base balance and adjusting energy metabolism topower biologic work.The endocrine system works in tandem with the nerv-ous system to provide hormonal secretions throughoutthe body. The hormones produced within endocrineglands serve as “chemical messengers” in the blood-stream, while the nervous system serves as the “electrical”system. The nervous system works instantaneously withshort-lived results, but endocrine system hormones actslower and often with longer-lasting results.Approximately 10% of the world’s population will suf-fer from some type of endocrine system malfunction—hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and hypo-glycemia.This chapter reviews aspects of the endocrine system,including its functions during rest and physical activityand response to exercise training.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Figure 12.1
shows the location of the major endocrine or-gans: the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal,and thymus glands. Several organs contain discrete areasof endocrine tissue that also produce hormones. These in-clude the pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), and hy-pothalamus (also a major organ of the nervous system).
Table 12.1
lists the different endocrine glands and non-glandular endocrine cells and their major hormonal se-cretions, target tissue(s), and main bodily effects.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMORGANIZATION
Three components characterize the endocrine system:
1.Host gland2.Hormones3.Target (receptor) cells or organs
Glands are classified as either endocrine, exocrine, orboth.
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones; they lack ducts(ductless) but discharge their substances directly into theextracellular space around the gland. Hormones then dif-fuse into the blood for transport throughout the body.Similar to neuromuscular responses, hormone secretionadjusts rapidly to changing bodily functions. For this rea-son, many hormone secretions occur in a pulsatile man-ner rather than at a constant rate.
Exocrine glands
(sweat glands and upper digestivetract glands) contain secretory ducts that lead directly to
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Hormones, Exercise, and Training
Pineal glandHypothalamusPosterior pituitaryAnterior pituitaryThyroidParathyroid glandsThymusHeartLiverStomach andsmall intestineAdrenal medullaAdrenal cortexPancreasKidneySkinOvaries (female)Adipose tissuePlacenta(pregnantfemales only)Testes (male)
Location
Figure12.1.
Location of the hormone-producing endocrineglands.
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