V

Peanac M.1 Radovanovi M.2 Petkovi S.3

International Congress Motor Vehicles & Motors 2006

Kragujevac, October 4th-6th, 2006

MVM2006NNNN

CHOICE STABLE MIXTURE UNLEADED GASOLINS FOR VEHICLES WITH 3,5 AND 10% ETHANOL AND 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 0,5 AND 1% WATER
ABSTRACT: Products of the fossil fuels combustion damages flora and fauna. To reduce the consequences of
the damages caused by the combustion products, the law regulations are getting stricter in order to reduce the allowed amounts of the partial combustion products. We introduce alternative fuels gradually with the same aim. Among all the fuels produced from the renewable sources, besides biodiesel, alcohols are considered the most acceptable alternative fuel. Ethyl alcohol is used in the various relations with gasoline. Problem with the mixture is the separation. It is shown in the paper the possibility of production and selection of the stabile mixture of the unleaded motor gasoline and ethyl alcohol. KEYWORDS: unleaded gasoline, ethyl alcohol, separation, ecology.

INTRODUCTION
Biomass presents the great potential for the production of the alternative fuels, that is, fuels of the non-oil origin. The possible products from the biomass are [2]: Bioethanol Biomethanol Biodiesel Biogas Biodimethilethar Bio ETBE (Ethyl Tercial Butyl Ether) Bio MTBE (Methyl Tercial Butyl Ether) Synthetical biofuel Pure plant oil. The utilization of the ethanol produced from the biomass (bioethanol) has numerous advantages comparing it with a gasoline, mostly because of the reduced emission of carbon dioxide as the main cause of the greenhouse effect. The advantages of ethanol utilization are: more complete combustion, lower carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and aromatic hydrocarbon emission, increased power, torque and octane number. Disadvantages are: higher volumetric consumption, mass separation and aggressive influence on some materials. The directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 promote the utilization of the biofuels or other renewable transport fuels. Oil fuels for the transport in the EU are 98% currently. The transport sector uses more than 30% of final energy consumption in the EU. The main aim of the directive is to reduce the carbon dioxide emission which would rise for 50% until 2010 (around 1113 million tones) and to reduce the EU
1 2

Author's name, affiliation, company, address, e-mail Co-author's name, affiliation, company, address, e-mail 3 Co-author's name, affiliation, company, address, e-mail 1

dependence on the oil [2]. The directive has predicted the increase of the biofuel utilization in the road transport from 6% in 2000 to the 20% in 2020. As the result of the technological improvement, the great number of the vehicles in the EU is capable for utilization of the low biofuel concentration without modification. In some states of the EU biofuels make 10% and even more. In America, E10 and E85 are utilised, that is, content of up to10 and 85 of bioethanol in a mixture with unleaded gasoline is in use. In Brazil it is up to 22% [3]. To achieve the aim of the directive, states of the EU should reduce taxes in favour of biofuels, to introduce the law legislative for a minimum biofuel blend in conventional fuel and to force the motor vehicle producers to insure the vehicle flexibility for usage of the biofuel or the mixture and conventional fuel. Consumers will accept the alternative fuel if there is it in the sufficient amounts and if the price is competitive. Depending on the motor vehicle adoption, biofuels can be used in its pure form or in the mixture with a conventional fuel. In this paper the stabilizer is chosen for the stable mixture of the unleaded fuel and 3,5 and 10% ethilalcohole with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 1% of water.

TEST PROGRAM
Includes the determination of: Physical and chemical characteristics of BMB 95 and ethanol and BMB 95 mixture (BMB-unleaded motor gasoline), Selection of the appropriate stabilizer, Selection of the stable mixture for the climate conditions. The characteristics of the utilized unleaded motor gasoline are determined according to the standard EN 228. Distillation curve of the unleaded motor gasoline and ethanol is determined according to the Yugoslavian standard JUS B.H8.028. Tercial butyl alcohol (TBA (CH3)COH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA C3H7OH) are used as stabilizers. During the preliminary investigations, TBA showed as better stabilizer and it was used during the examination. Characteristics of the absolute ethanol (p.a.) are taken from the alcohol producer and they are shown in a table. In a practice, it is extremely important that in all exploitation conditions, motor gasoline ethanol mixture remain homogeneous. To choose a stabile mixture it is necessary to know the stabilizer type and temperature at which it comes to the separation on two phases: lower phase of ethanol and upper phase of gasoline. Water content and impurity content contribute to this phenomenon as well as low environment temperature. Separation temperature is the extreme temperature during the cooling of the gasoline ethanol mixture at which the separation at two phases occurred. During the test, concentration 3,5 and 10% v/v ethanol with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 with 1% of water was used. Separation was demonstrated in the shape of drops on the mixture bottom, which is not a common twophase separation. Such a separation is shown on the Figure 4 in the Results.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENT RESULTS

Analysis of the unleaded gasoline 95, permitted values according to the EN 228 and test methods are given in Table 1. Analysis of the absolute ethanol, according to the JUS H.G3.101 is given in Table 2, based on the data received from the producer.

Table 1 Analysis primary sample of fuel ( unleaded gasoline)

Characterictic

Primary sample gasoline

3

Regulation No regulate, just recorded 1b Min. 95 Min. 0.7* Min. 53

Test method EN ISO12815 JUS ISO2160 ASTM D 2699 JUS B.H7.030 calculated

Density at 15 C (kg/m ) Copper strip corrosion (3 hour at 50 C) Octane rating Reid Pressure (bar) Relation vapour/liquid 36:1 (C)

759 1 95.5 0.52 67.6

* for summer period from May 1 to September 30

Table 2 Ethanol characteristics p.a. (JUS H.G3.101)

Characterictic

Ethanol contents Density at 20 C Interval distillation Mixing with water No evaporable matter Free acid CH3COOH Free alkali (NH3) Resistance to KMnO4 thanol content (CH3OH) cetone content (CH3COCH3) Aldechides content (CH3COH) Furfural content elasa anin Hard metal (Pb) Taste and smell Appearance

Value Min. 99.8 % 0.791-0792 kg/m3 77.5-78.5C According to regulation maximal 0.001% maximal 0.003% maximal 0.0001% 5 minute According to regulation maximal 0.001% According to regulation maximal 0.0001% According to regulation According to regulation maximal 0,0001% Specific Clear and colourless

Results during the selection of the stabilizer are shown in the Figure 1, the selected stabilizer is Tercial Butyl Alcohol (TBA).

30 Temperature mixture C 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 % v/v EA 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

BMB-95 + 0.1% water +1% (TBA or IPA) BMB-95 + 0.1% water + 2% ( TBA or IPA) BMB-95 + 0.1% water + 3% TBA BMB-95 + 0.1% water + 3% IPA

Figure 1 Selection of the stabilizer. 3

Figure 2. shows the distillation curves of BMB 95 and mixture of BMB 95 +10%
200 1 90 1 80 1 70 1 60

EA + 0.3% of water.

Temperature distillation C

1 50 1 40 1 30 1 20 1 1 0 1 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 0 0 0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

BMB-95+10%EA + 0.3%w ater+2% TBA BMB-95

Destillate ( v/v %)

Figure 2 Distillation curves The stabile mixture for the certain climate conditions was chosen from the figure 3. (3.a,3.b,3.c)

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