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Progress Report: Henrickson’s Derivation forElectron-Photon Self-Energy
Oka KurniawanMay 14, 2009
1 Introduction
This report gives a more detail derivation of the self-energy expression givenin Henrickson’s paper [1]. Most of the derivation shown here is provided inthe original paper. The purpose is just to point out some details required tounderstand the derivation.
2 Derivation
2.1 Electromagnetic Interaction Hamiltonian
We recall that the electromagnetic wave can be written in terms of the vectorand scalar potentials.
E
=
−
∂
A
∂t
− ∇
φ
(1)
B
=
∇ ×
A
(2)where
E
is the electric field,
A
is the vector potential,
φ
is the scalar potential,and
B
is the magnetic field.The Hamiltonian is given by
H
=
H
0
+
H
1
=
p
2
2
m
0
+
U
+
qm
0
A
·
p
(3)where the first bracket is the zeroth-order Hamiltonian, and the secondbracket is the electromagnetic interaction part.1
Now let us write the vector potential in terms of the bosonic annihilationand creation operators
A
(
x
,t
) =
A
0
(
x
)(
be
−
iωt
+
b
†
e
iωt
) (4)where
A
0
(
x
) is dtermined by
∇
2
A
0
(
x
) +
ω
2
c
2
A
0
(
x
) = 0 (5)The solution to this equation has the general form
A
0
(
x
) =
A
0
e
i
k
·
x
(6)where
k
is the wave vector. We can substitute this back to (5) to verify it.
−
k
2
A
0
e
i
k
·
x
+
ω
2
c
2
A
0
e
i
k
·
x
= 0 (7)The summation gives zero if
k
is related to the frequency
ω
by
k
=
ωc
(8)In a material it becomes
k
=
ωc
√
µ
r
ǫ
r
(9)In free space the square root gives unity.Now let us solve for
A
0
. Substituting (4) to (1) and (2) as well as using(6) gives us
E
=
−
A
0
(
x
)
−
iωbe
−
iωt
+
iωb
†
e
iωt
=
iω
A
0
e
i
(
k
·
x
−
ωt
−
iω
A
∗
0
e
−
i
(
k
·
x
−
ωt
)
(10)
B
=
i
k
×
A
0
e
i
(
k
·
x
−
ωt
)
−
i
k
×
A
∗
0
e
−
i
(
k
·
x
−
ωt
)
(11)The energy density of the electromagnetic field is
E
=12(
D
·
E
+
B
·
H
) (12)from this we can get the time averaged energy density as
E
avg
= 2
ǫω
2
A
20
(13)2
and integrating over volume, we get the time average total energy as2
ǫω
2
V A
20
(14)Assuming that the field energy is due to a photon with energy
ω
, we have
ω
=2
ǫω
2
V A
20
A
0
=
2
ωǫV
(15)We want to reexpressed this in terms of photon flux
I
ω
≡
NcV
√
µ
r
ǫ
r
(16)which is defined as the number of photon per unit time per unit area. Sub-stituting the
V
in (15) using this expression, we get
A
0
=
I
ω
√
µ
r
ǫ
r
2
ωǫNc
1
/
2
(17)Note that the direction of
A
0
is determined by the polarization of the field,which we will denote by
ˆa
. So now the vector potential is given by
A
(
x
,t
) =
ˆa
I
ω
√
µ
r
ǫ
r
2
ωǫNc
1
/
2
be
−
iωt
+
b
†
e
iωt
(18)where we have made a dipole approximation
e
k
·
x
≈
1.Now we have obtained the expression for the vector potential, and readyto calculate the interaction Hamiltonian. We first write the interactionHamiltonian in the second quantized Hamiltonian as given by
H
1
=
lm
l
|
H
1
|
m
a
†
l
a
m
(19)where
l
and
m
are the site-basis eigenstates. The matrix element is
l
|
H
1
|
m
=
qm
0
A
·
l
|
p
|
m
(20)Now we assume that the field is polarized in the
ˆz
direction. Then thematrix element becomes
l
|
H
1
|
m
=
q
√
µ
r
ǫ
r
2
NωǫcI
ω
1
/
2
(
be
−
iωt
+
b
†
e
iωt
)
×
l
ˆ
p
z
m
0
m
(21)3
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