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S l B Solar Belt lt
Solar Belt
Solar Belt
CSP Plants will become one of the leading energy technologies within the next years
630,000
5,990 354* 2002 365** 2005 1,550 2010 2015 2020 2040
CSP Plants will become one of the leading energy technologies within the next years
Concentrating Optics
Focus
Parabolic Reflector
Concentrators
Fresnel Concentrators
Concentrator Applications
Parabolic Trough
5 200 MWe On-grid / commercial operation
Linear Fresnel
Parabolic Troughs
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Typical application: solar radiation is reflected to a linear focus (receiver pipe) which is cooled by synthetic oil Temperature range 200 390C Capacity range: 10 200 MWe The heat is used in conventional power processes Status: 354 MWe in commercial operation since 1989 : 65 MW since 2006
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C Constructed: d
z z z z
Ten Parabolic Trough Plants Sizes between 1 MWe and 80 MWe Installed between 1986 and today Status: Under operation
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electricity costs approx. approx 120 USD/MWhe Investment cost between 2800 (80 MW SEGS IX) and 4500 USD/kW (13 MW SEGS I) Operation cost approx. 20 USD/MWh
Under construction/development/recent:
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One PBT Plant 64 MWe in Nevada, Nevada groundbreaking January 06, commissioned 07
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MW MW MW MW MW
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13 8 13.8 30 30 30 80
3 h thermal storage Gas fired boiler Gas fired boiler Gas fired boiler Gas fired HTF heater
Parabolic Trough CSP plants in the US: The Nevada Solar-One Plant
Parabolic Trough CSP plants in the US: The Nevada Solar-One Plant
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Parabolic Trough system commissioned 2007 Capacity : 64 MW Collector fluid: Dowtherm @ 390C Generates steam to run Rankine cycle Capital Investment : $266 million : $4.16 $4 16 million/MW : Rs.17 Rs 17 Cr/MW Energy Cost : 21 30 c/kWh : Rs. 8 to 12/kWh Annual Generation : 2100 hr/yr Area required : 400 acres : 2.5 Ha/MW
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Parabolic Trough system commissioned 2006 Capacity : 1 MW Collector fluid: Thermic fluid @ 300C Organic Rankine cycle : n-Pentane, vapour at 22.4 bar, 204C Cycle efficiency : 20.7% 20 7% Annual Generation: 2000 hr/yr
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Murqab site SolarARC 34 PBT Pl t Data Plant D t and d project j t conditions diti
Electric capacity 34.0 MWel per module { Thermal Storage 270 MWhth per module { Fossil F il Backup B k plus l 15% of f solar l output t t { Electrical output ~ 108 GWhel p.a. per module (97 GWhel thereof solar only, i.e. 2850 hr/yr ) { Land use 120 ha i.e. 3.53 ha/MW { Collector Area:311,000 sq.m i.e.9150 sq.m/MW { Lifetime over 25 years
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Murqab site SolarARC 34 PBT Pl t Data Plant D t and d project j t conditions diti
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Direct normal irradiation of 2230 Loan frame 80% of invest at 5% interest rate (15 years run time) Electricity selling price of 840 930 AED/MWh at electricity generating costs of 500 AED/MWh Operating and Maintenance costs of 77 90 AED/MWh Land use free of charge 136 MWe total capacity approx. 435 GWhe electricity produced per year IRR20 of 15.3 % - 18.5 % (based on 20% equity capital) Payback Period of approx. 8-9 years
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Absorber Tube Pipe diameter 50 mm Evacuated glass cover Selective coating Temp Limit 400 C Bellows for expansion
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30
35
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Typical T i l application: li i solar l radiation di i i is reflected fl db by heliostats to the top of a tower (80 m) Temperature range: 350 to 1500 C C Capacity range: 5 100 MWe The heat is used in conventional power processes Salt storage system St t Status: 10 MWe long-term l t pilots il t in operation
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Constructed:
z
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Heleostat Central Receiver Capacity : 10 MW Area required : ? Capital Investment : $56.5 million $5.65 65 million/MW o / : $5 : Rs.23.2 Cr/MW
Linear Fresnel
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Linear Fresnel
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Typical application: solar radiation is reflected by facets to a linear focus which is cooled by water/steam Temperature range 300 550 C C Capacity range: 5 200 MWe The heat is used in conventional power processes Status: pilots in operation
Applications
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Dish Systems
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Typical T i l application: li i solar l radiation di i i is reflected fl db by a reflective dish (diameter up to 25 m) to a point focus Temperature range: 650 to 800 C C Capacity range: 0.01 0.025 MWe Absorbed heat is used to generate steam to run engine or turbine Status: A few pilots (50 kWe) i th in the past t
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Typical T i l application: li ti solar l radiation di ti i is reflected fl t d b by a reflective dish (diameter up to 25 m) to a point focus Temperature range: 650 to 800 C Capacity range: 10 25 kWe Absorbed heat is used in a Stirling engine Rs.45 Cr/MWe (Imptd) Rs.25 Cr/MWe / ( (Ind) ) Rs.8-12 /kWh Status: several long-term pilots (10 25 kWe) in operation
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INDIA
100 m2 Dishes with Stirling Engine by SES for 500 & 800 MW plant at Mojave Desert, US
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Comparison
Peak Energy 29 % efficiency Operating 800 C temperature Typical Size Maturity 0.025 MWe Pilot
21 % 390 C 30 80 MWe
* Estimated values only ** Long-term price studies for solar only plants *** values for plants under commercial operation
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Scheffler cooker / concentrator Arun paraboloid concentrator Solar Bowl Scheffler Dish with MS storage Arun with (solid) storage Imported Parabolic Trough / CLFR Imported Stirling Engine / Dish
Cogeneration
Scheffler cooker / concentrator Arun paraboloid concentrator Solar Bowl Scheffler Dish with MS storage Arun with (solid) storage Imported Parabolic Trough / CLFR Imported Stirling Engine / Dish
Cogeneration
Scheffler Paraboloid Dish with Fixed Focus on ground 16 m2 Scheffler S h ffl di dish hf for cooking, ki INDIA Temp: p 100 to 150C Power capacity : 4 to 5 kW Operating hours : 6 to 7 hours/day Daily output : 30 kWhth / day Capital cost : Rs.1,35,000 Rs 30,000 30 000 /kWth Cost Parameter : Rs. : Rs. 4,500/(kWhth/day)
160 m2 dish for Pasteurization of Milk at Mahanand Dairy, y, Latur, , India saving about 75 lit Furnace Oil on every sunny day since Feb, 2006
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Small mirror facets, protection provided Li ht l Light, less costly, tl t tested t di in the th field fi ld
storage volume, m 3 s
100
volume operating region Maximized intercept factor limits for Area limits for given volume
Storage g & Hx for 24 h heat supply pp y Optimized integration and efficiency improvement
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ARUN160TM Concentrator
Steam Drum
Pump
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Steam Drum
Pump
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Largest aperture area : 169 m2 Highest modular thermal output : About 700,000 kcal/day; about 70 to 90 kWth for 8 to 9 hours a day Highest stagnation temperature : 1050 to 1200C Highest process temperature : 300 to 500C Pressurized water / Oil as thermal / storage medium Integrable with various industrial processes Back-up heating for monsoon On-line On line data data-logging logging can be provided Saves about 75 to 85 lit/d or MORE (110 lit/d!) oil Testing procedure is developed that can characterize the dish
of PT = 0.78 {0.35 + 4.3x10-5 (Tm - Tamb) + 0 } (Tm - Tamb) /Ibn
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= 0.765 {0.4 + 2.4x10-5 (Tm - Tamb) + 0.9x10-3 (sin z) } (Tm - Tamb) /Ibn
Potential
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Fully indigenous technology At the fountainhead of z Providing about 30% of industrial process heat in India by solar energy saving of about 10% of our oil imports z Capable of supplying most economic solar heat for solar thermal power route through steam Rankine cycle / organic Rankine cycle / Combined gas cycle z Stirling-Dish system leading to Solar Farms z Experience gained leading to development of heleostats and central tower system z As tracker for solar PV panels z For concentrating g solar PV in future Great CDM potential and important role in reducing global warming 68
Improved Fresnel Paraboloid Dish : ARUN ARUN 169 m2 dish for Industrial Process Heat / Power
Temp: 150 to 350C Power capacity : 80 to 85 kWth Operating hours : 9 to 10 hours/day Daily output : About 800 kWhth / day or 700,000 kcal / day Capital C i l cost : Rs.28,50,000 R 28 50 000 , /kWth Cost Parameter : Rs. 34,550 : Rs. 3,562/(kWhth/day)
Rs./ m2
37,500 , 33,750
35,000 30,000
25,000
25,000 20,000
21,429 15,000 14,793 12 000 12,000 10,000 9,500 7,000 7,500 16,000
So la ra ir he at So er la rw at Ev er ac he ua at t ed er Ev Tu ac ua be te C d ol tu le be ct or -H s ea tP ip e Sy st em Sa nd ia ,U S A AN U ,A us tra l ia Pa ra bo lic Tr ou gh
So Sc la rB he ffl ow er l co ok er (1 6 m 2)
Ar un 16 0
Ar un 70
Ar un 16 0
ith
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m i rr
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30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90 000 90,000
10,000
20,000
So la ra ir h ea So la rw at er he at er r
22140
te
Rs/m 2
Ev Ev ac ua te
23616
ac ua te d tu be Co l le ct be Tu or s
14000
40909
em
48214 53571
22069
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l m Ar
35382
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44835
25509
0 i rr
or
24726
Rs s./ k W th
94,538 85,084
45,387
18 450 18,450
19 680 19,680
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4.15 4.89
R s ./ k W h th
4 3 2 1 0
Solar air heater Solar w ater heater
3.57
1.37
1.46 0.86
1.47
1.32
1.28
Solar Bow l
Arun70
Arun160
08 0.8 0.7 SystemE Efficiency 06 0.6 0.5 04 0.4 0.3 02 0.2 0.1 00 0.0 50 100
(Topr-Ta), C
150
200
250
300
75
Scheffler cooker (16 m2) Evacuated tube-Heat Pipe System Arun160 Parabolic Trough Arun160 with low-iron mirrors
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Scheffler cooker / concentrator Arun paraboloid concentrator Solar Bowl Scheffler Dish with MS storage Arun with (solid) storage Imported Parabolic Trough / CLFR Imported Stirling Engine / Dish
Cogeneration
Solar Boiler
5.4 MW
60
SOLAR FIELD
H.ST.
WS
1.9 60
3046 400
75.3 %
P = 1 MW
1.4 2521 46.2
SH
WS
0.5 MW
1.9 60 2785 276
0.1013
4.4 MW
HTF
EV
3 1 MW 3.1
1.9 192 46
WS
1.9 65
1134 260
0.1013
C ST C.ST.
HTF
PH
1.9 65
198 46
h [KJ/Kg] T [0 C]
Solar Boiler
4.8 MW
60
SOLAR FIELD
H.ST.
WS
1.6 60
3180 400
75.3 %
P = 1 MW
1.6 2554 46.2
SH
WS
0.63 MW
1.6 60 2785 276
0.1013
3.8 MW
HTF
EV
2 64 MW 2.64
1.6 192 46
WS
1.6 65
1134 260
0.1013
C ST C.ST.
HTF
PH
1.6 65
198 46
h [KJ/Kg] T [0 C]
Solar Boiler
4.32 MW
60
SOLAR FIELD
H.ST.
WS
1.4 60
3303 400
75.3 %
P = 1 MW
1.4 2585 46.2
SH
WS
0.72 MW
1.4 60 2785 276
0.1013
3.33 MW
HTF
EV
2 3 MW 2.3
1.4 192 46
WS
1.4 65
1134 260
0.1013
C ST C.ST.
HTF
PH
1.4 65
198 46
h [KJ/Kg] T [0 C]
Solar Boiler
5.1 MW
30
SOLAR FIELD
H.ST.
WS
1.73 30
3233 400
75.3 %
P = 1 MW
1.73 2539 46.2
SH
WS
0.5 MW
1.73 30 2832 276
0.1013
4.1 MW
HTF
EV
3 2 MW 3.2
1.73 192 46
WS
1.73 35
990 260
0.1013
C ST C.ST.
HTF
PH
1.4 MW Ppump = 6 KW
1.73 35
196 46
h [KJ/Kg] T [0 C]
Solar Boiler
4.6 MW
30
SOLAR FIELD
H.ST.
WS
1.5 30
3233 400
75.3 %
P = 1 MW
1.5 2568 46.2
SH
WS
0.6 MW
1.5 30 2832 276
0.1013
3.6 MW
HTF
EV
2 8 MW 2.8
1.5 192 46
WS
1.5 35
990 260
0.1013
C ST C.ST.
HTF
PH
1.5 35
196 46
h [KJ/Kg] T [0 C]
23.5 23 0 23.0 22.5 22 0 22.0 21.5 21.0 20.5 20.0 300 320 Series1 340
360
380
400
420
440
1.2 460
Series2
Linear (Series1)
Linear (Series2)
Cycle Efficien cy [% ]
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
Pressure=60 Bar
400 21.9 21 450 23.1
30 60
25 Cycle E Efficiency y [%] 23 21 19 17 15 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 Degree of Superheat [C] Pressure=30 Bar
75 30 60 18.4 125 19.8 21
Pressure=60 Bar
175 21.9 23.1
08 0.8 0.7 SystemE Efficiency 06 0.6 0.5 04 0.4 0.3 02 0.2 0.1 00 0.0 50 100
(Topr-Ta), C
150
200
250
300
87
Optical efficiency, o
2 0.35 04 0.4
07 0.7
07 0.7
2.35
* With annualized cost / capital cost = 13% and O&M @2% pa, no profit
Scheffler cooker / concentrator Arun paraboloid concentrator Solar Bowl Scheffler Dish with MS storage Arun with (solid) storage Imported Parabolic Trough / CLFR Imported Stirling Engine / Dish
Cogeneration
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Optimization p of Process Heat and Cogen systems Storage g material at high g temperature p Optimum sizing of storage, turbines Organic Rankine cycle PT: Evacuated tube and its coating High temperature receiver for central tower Thermal material for central tower Stirling engine
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Infrastructure available and cost in India for manufacturing: Labour, industrial components Technical quality, Reliability and Operating experience of indigenous systems vs imported systems Capital cost and Cost of maintenance of indigenous systems vs imported systems Testing standards Testing facility and demonstration plant IIT Bombay
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Cost and hours /day, hours /year Operating temperature affects solar collector ll efficiency ff as well ll as turbine b efficiency D i Design suitable i bl f for indigenous i di maintenance S Storage sizing i i and d cost Are we going to put more plants for experimentation i t ti / R and dD?
-Plant
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-Plant
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