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CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 LUY\u1ec6N
THI\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC, CAO\u0110\u1eb2NG 2009
M\u00f4n: V\u1eacT L\u00cdChuy\u00ean\u0111\u1ec1: S\u00d3NG \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG
I. M\u1ee4C\u0110\u00cdCH CHUY\u00caN\u0110\u1ec0
\u2022 Ph\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean\u0111\u1ec1 \u201cs\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4\u0111\u1ecdng

ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc, giao thoa v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan hay\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.

\u2022Cung c\u1ea5p k\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp
ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.
II. KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N
1. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.
1.1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.
a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng
\ue000 Khi chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng\u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng k\u00ednh th\u00ec tr\u00ean m\u00e0n ta
quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u00e0i s\u00e1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u0110\u1ecf, Da cam, V\u00e0ng, L\u1ee5c, Lam,
Ch\u00e0m, T\u00edm trong\u0111\u00f3 tia\u0111\u1ecf l\u1ec7ch \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, tia t\u00edm b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.
\ue000 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1n s\u1eafc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng ph\u1ee9c
t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau.
\ue000 Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh

s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c v\u00ec chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u0103ng k\u00ednh\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau do\u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch sau l\u0103ng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c tia l\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc. V\u1eady \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thu\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u00e0n l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau.

b) \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng
\ue000 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1n s\u1eafc khi\u0111i qua l\u0103ng
k\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t\u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e0u\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc.
Khi truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc\u0111i qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh th\u00ec tia s\u00e1ng\u0111i th\u1eb3ng.
\ue000 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c
nhau c\u00f3 m\u00e0u bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edm.
c) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0u \u00fd khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp:
\ue000 C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan\u0111\u1ebfn l\u0103ng k\u00ednh:

i: g\u00f3c t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t AB.
j: kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t AC.
i1: g\u00f3c kh\u00fac x\u1ea1\u1edf m\u1eb7t AB.
i2: g\u00f3c t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t AC.

D: g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch; A: g\u00f3c chi\u1ebft quang.
sini = nsini1
sinj = nsini2
D = i + j \u2013 A; A = i1+ i2.

Khi x\u1ea3y ra g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u:
min
sin
sin .
A D
A
n
2
2
+
=
Khi g\u00f3c chi\u1ebft quang nh\u1ecf (A < 100) th\u00ec: D\u2248 A(n \u2013 1).
www.hsmath.net
www.hsmath.net
2. Nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
2.1 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng
\ue000 Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o trong

m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc\u1ea3nh c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ban\u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.

b) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:
\ue000 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n sai l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eb3ng khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
g\u1eb7p v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.
2.2 Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
a)\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng:
\u0110\u1ec3x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7nt\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb hai ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng th\u00ec
ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u00e0 hai ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p,\u0111i\u1ec1u\u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y rakhi:
\ue000 S\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do hai ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1v\u00e0
b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 do ngu\u1ed3n S chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi.
\ue000 Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hai ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u0111\u1ed5i, khi\u0111\u00f3\u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch pha c\u1ee7a hai
s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u0111\u1ed5i.
V\u1eady hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n hai\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7nt r\u00ea n.
Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean m\u00e0n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch s\u00e1ng, t\u1ed1i
xen k\u1ebd nhau v\u1edbi v\u00e2n trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng.
b) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n giao thoa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
\ue000 Kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e2n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng hay hai v\u00e2n t\u1ed1i li\u00ean
ti\u1ebfp nhau, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e2n l\u00e0:
D
i
a
\u03bb
=
\u03bb l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m.
D: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n S1,S2\u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0n M.
a: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hai khe S1 v\u00e0 S2.
S1
S
M
S2
D
d1
d2
N
O
\ue000Hi\u1ec7u quang tr\u00ecnh (hi\u1ec7u\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u0111i):\u0394d = d2\u2013 d1=ax
Dv\u1edb i x =O N
\ue000V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 k:k
D
x
ki k
a
\u03bb
= =
v\u1edbi k = 0,\u00b1 1,\u00b1 2\u2026.
\ue000V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u00e2n t\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 k:k
1
1 D
x
k
i
k
2
2 a
\u03bb
\u239b
\u239e \u239b
\u239e
= +
= +
\u239c
\u239f \u239c
\u239f
\u239d
\u23a0 \u239d
\u23a0
v\u1edbi k = 0,\u00b1 1,\u00b12\u2026.
\ue000X\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 v\u00e2n quan s\u00e1t\u0111\u01b0 \u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u00e0n:
MN
n
2i
=
V\u1edbi MN l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng giao thoa tr\u01b0\u1eddng; n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean.
S\u1ed1 v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 N = 2n + 1.S\u1ed1 v\u00e2n t\u1ed1i l\u00e0: N\u2019 = 2n.
\ue000V\u1ecb tr\u00ed hai v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng tr\u00f9ng nhau: x1= x2 hay k1\u03bb1= k2\u03bb2
V\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng th\u00ec: 0,4(\u03bcm)\u2264\u03bb\u2264 0,76(\u03bcm).
www.hsmath.net
www.hsmath.net
3. Quang ph\u1ed5
3.1 M\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5
a) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:
\ue000M\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
ph\u00fac t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc.
b) C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: M\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 g\u1ed3m 3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh.
\ue000\u1ed0ng chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c: c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng song song
chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o l\u0103ng k\u00ednh.
\ue000H\u1ec7 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc: g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1n s\u1eafc ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng
song song chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o l\u0103ng k\u00ednh.
\ue000Bu\u1ed3ng\u1ea3nh: c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cho ta bi\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n
ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng.
3.2 Quang ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c
a) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u bi\u1ebfn\u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf
\u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edm.
b) Ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t:
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c do c\u00e1c v\u1eadt r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn khi b\u1ecb
nung n\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t ra.
c)\u0110\u1eb7c\u0111i\u1ec3m:
\ue000Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9
ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng.
d)\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:
\ue000D\u00f9ng\u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c
ti\u1ebfp\u0111o\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c sao, h\u1ed3 quang\u0111i\u1ec7n \u2026
3.3 Quang ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1
a) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u ri\u00eang r\u1ebd
n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i.
b) Ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t:
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 do\u0111\u00e1m kh\u00ed hay h\u01a1i\u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p b\u1ecb k\u00edch
th\u00edch ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t tia l\u1eeda
\u0111i\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u00e1m kh\u00ed hay h\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3.
c)\u0110\u1eb7c\u0111i\u1ec3m:
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec kh\u00e1c
nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch v\u00e0\u0111\u1ed9
s\u00e1ng t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch.
d)\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:
\ue000D\u00f9ng\u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t,
nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00ed h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.
3.4 Quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5
a) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:
\ue000G\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n quang ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.
b)\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ea1ch h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5:
\ue000Nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1i nung n\u00f3ng.
c) Quang ph\u1ed5 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi g\u1ed3m 2 lo\u1ea1i
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c do l\u00f5i M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng.
\ue000Quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ea1ch h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi do kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi
g\u00e2y n\u00ean.
d) Ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5.
\ue000Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o
vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quang ph\u1ed5.
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