Chapter 1 The scope and challenge of international marketing Global commerce causes peace - Global commerce works to identify

y and address process barriers between continents and encourage the sharing of best business processes. - What promotes global dialogue and therefore peace is the mobile industry. During 2007, more than one million new mobile phones were purchased around the world, connecting more than one quarter of all people on the planet. - International marketing is hard work. It can enrich you, your family, your company and your country. When large companies or small does international marketing well, the needs and wants of customers in other lands are well understood, and prosperity and peace are promoted along the way. - Being international is no longer a luxury but a necessity for economic survival. The Internationalization of U.S Business - Internationalization: The designing of a product in such a way that it will meet the needs of users in many countries or can be easily adapted to do so. - Current interest in international marketing can be explained by changing competitive structures, coupled with shifts in demand characteristics in markets throughout the world. With the increasing globalization of markets, companies find they are unavoidably enmeshed with foreign customers, competitors and suppliers, even within their own borders. They face competition on all fronts, from domestic firms and from foreign firms. A huge portion of all consumer products, from CD players to dinnerware, sold in the United States is foreign made. - Many US companies are now foreign controlled or headed in that direction. When you buy Firestone tires, you are buying directly from a Japanese company. - Companies with only domestic markets have found increasing difficulty in sustaining their customary rates of growth, and many are seeking foreign markets in which to expand. - Companies with foreign operations found that foreign earnings are making an important overall contribution to total corporate profit. - Despite the various difficulties associated with internationalization, on average, firm value is increased by global diversification. Profit levels from international ventures exceed those from domestic operations for many multinational firms. International Marketing defined - International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a companys goods and services to consumers in more than one nation for a profit. - The difference between domestic marketing and international marketing is that international marketing takes place in more than one country, which accounts for complexity and diversity. It is not the difference in marketing but with the environment within which marketing plans must be implemented. Foreign marketing comes with the range of unfamiliar problems and the variety of strategies necessary to cope with different levels of uncertainty encountered in

foreign markets. The marketer cannot control or influence competition, legal restraints, government controls, weather and unpredictable consumers but instead he must adjust to them in a manner with a successful outcome. Marketing concepts, processes and principles are universally applicable whether doing business in Texas or Dar es Salaam. Business goal is to make profit by promoting, pricing and distributing products for which there is a market.

The International Marketing Task - The international marketers task is more complicated than the domestic marketers task because the international marketer must deal with at least two levels of uncontrollable uncertainty instead of one. - Uncertainty is created by the uncontrollable elements of all business environments, but each foreign country in which a company operates adds its own set of uncontrollable factors.

The inner circle represents the controllable elements. The second circle represents the domestic environment which is uncontrollable and have some effect on foreign operation decisions. The outer circle represents the foreign environment, which is uncontrollable. The more foreign markets in which a company operates, the greater is the possible variety of foreign environmental factors. Frequently, a solution to a problem in country A is not applicable to a problem in country B.

Marketing decision factors - The marketer can blend the marketing mix from the controllable elements but as for the uncontrollable elements, the marketer must evaluate them and if needed adapt to them. - The adaptation of the marketing mix to these environmental factors determines the outcome of the marketing enterprise.

Aspects of the Domestic Environment - The domestic environments are often beyond the control of companies. - These include home-country elements that can have a direct effect on the success of a foreign venture: political and legal forces, economic climate, and competition. - For example: the US government placed a ban on trade with Iraq for security reasons of the country. (Political factor that effected a foreign venture) Aspects of the Foreign Environment - Factors of the foreign environment are uncontrollable. - A business operating in its home country undoubtedly feels comfortable in forecasting the business climate and adjusting business decisions to these elements. - The process of evaluating the uncontrollable elements in an international marketing program often involves substantial doses of cultural, political, and economic shock. - For example: if a company enters into negotiations with a Chinese company, one must ask for signed legal documents establishing the right to do business. Even when all the papers are done correctly, the government still might change its mind. Coca cola had won approval to build facility to produce products in Chinese market share but before construction began, the Chinese parliament objected that Coca Cola appeared to be too successful in China, so negotiations continued delaying the project. - Such are the uncertainties of the uncontrollable political and legal factors of international business. Environmental Adaptation Needed - To adjust and adapt a marketing program to foreign markets, marketers must be able to interpret effectively the influence and impact of each of the incontrollable environmental elements on the marketing plan for each foreign market in which they hope to do business. - The task of cultural adjustment is the most challenging and important one confronting international marketers. They must adjust their marketing efforts to cultures in which they are not familiar with. - For example: a cultural misunderstanding can occur when a simple hand gesture has a number of different meanings in different parts of the world. The Self-Reference Criterion and Ethnocentrism: Major Obstacle - The key to successful international marketing is adaptation to environmental differences from one market to another. - The primary obstacles to success in international marketing are a persons SRC (self-reference criterion) and an associated ethnocentrism. - The SRC is an unconscious reference to ones own cultural values, experiences and knowledge as a basis for decisions. - Ethnocentrism is the notion that people in ones own company, culture, or country

knows best how to do things. It is generally a problem when managers from rich countries work with managers and markets in less rich countries. Both SRC and ethnocentrism block the ability to assess a foreign market in its true light. When faced with a problem, our tendency is to react and refer back to our SRC based on meanings, values and behaviors relevant to our own culture. SRC can prevent you from being aware of cultural differences or from recognizing the importance of these differences. For example: if US marketers are not aware of the SRC and ethnocentrism of another country they might evaluate a marketing mix based on US experience without fully appreciating the cultural differences that require adaptation.

To avoid errors in business decisions, marketers will conduct a cross-cultural analysis that isolates SRC influences and maintain an awareness regarding ethnocentrism. 1- Define business problem or goal in home country cultural traits, habits, or norms. 2- Define business problem or goal in foreign-country cultural traits, habits, or norms through consultation with natives of the target country. Make no value judgments. 3- Isolate SRC influence in the problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicates the problem. 4- Redefine the problem without the SRC influence and solve for the optimum business goal situation. Developing a Global Awareness - To be globally aware is to have: 1- Tolerance of cultural differences: accepting and working with others whose behaviors may be different from yours. 2- Knowledge of cultures, history, world market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends: knowledge in culture is important in order to understand behavior in the market place. Knowledge of history is important because the way people think and act is influenced by their history. Knowledge of world market potential and global economic, social and political trends is important because enormous changes will take place in the market potentials in almost every region of the world, all in which a globally aware person must monitor. Stages of International Marketing Involvement - Once a company has decided to go international, it has to decide the degree of marketing involvement and commitment it is prepared to make. - Research has revealed a number of factors favoring faster internationalization: 1- Companies with either high technology and/or marketing-based resources appear to be better equipped to internationalization than more traditional manufacturing kinds of companies. 2- Smaller home markets and larger production capacities appear to favor internationalization. 3- Firms with key managers well networked internationally are able to accelerate the

internationalization process. - Many companies begin tentatively international marketing, growing as they gain experience and gradually changing strategy and tactics as they become more committed. - Others enter international marketing after much research and with fully developed long-range plans, prepared to make investments to acquire a market position. One study suggests that a balance between the two approaches may actually work best, with a variety of conditions and firm characteristics to be evaluated. Stages of international marketing - No Direct Foreign Marketing: in this stage a company does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries however the companys products may reach foreign markets via domestic wholesalers or distributors who sell abroad without the explicit encouragement or even knowledge of the producer. - Infrequent Foreign Marketing: - Regular Foreign Marketing: at this level, a firm may employ foreign or domestic overseas intermediaries, or it may have its own sales subsidiaries in important foreign markets. - International Marketing: companies in this stage are fully committed to and involved in international marketing activities. Such companies seek markets all over the world the world and sell products that are a result of planned production for markets in various countries. This planning generally entails not only the marketing but also the production of goods outside the home market. At this point, a company becomes an international or multinational marketing firm. Global Marketing - At this stage, companies treat the world including their home market as one market. - Market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders instead market segments are defined by income level, usage patterns, or other factors that frequently span countries and regions. - Often the transition from international marketing to global marketing is catalyzed by a companys crossing the threshold at which more than half its sales revenues comes from abroad. Strategic Orientation Researchers reveal 3 relatively distinctive approaches that seem to dominate strategic thinking in firms involved in international markets: - Domestic Market Extension Orientation: the domestic company seeks sales extension of its domestic products into foreign markets. It views its international operations as secondary to and an extension of its domestic operations. Domestic business is its priority, and foreign sales are seen as a profitable extension of domestic operations. The firms orientation remains basically domestic. - Multidomestic Market Orientation: a company guided by this concept has a strong sense that country markets are vastly different and that market success requires an almost independent program for each country. Firms with this orientation market

on a country-by-country basis, with separate marketing strategies for each country. Each of the country markets has separate marketing mixes with little interaction among them. Global Market Orientation: referred to as a global company. Its marketing activity is global, and its market coverage is the world. They strive for efficiencies of scale by developing a standardized marketing mix applicable across national boundaries. The world as a whole is viewed as the market, and the firm develops a global marketing strategy. The global marketing concept views an entire set if country markets (whether the home market plus 1 other country or the home market and 100 other countries) as a unit, identifying groups of prospective buyers with similar needs as a global market segment and developing a marketing plan that strives for standardization wherever it is cost and culturally effective.