TH E
U K R A IN IA N
W EEKLY
E d ito r :Z E N Q N
S N Y L Y K
P .O .B ox 3 4 8 .J e r s e y C ity ,N J.0 7 3 0 8
E D IT O R IA L S
C e n te n n ia l
F u n d
T h e S h e v c h e n k o S c ie n tific S o c ie ty w illb e 1 0 0
y e a r s
o ldi n N o v e m b e ro f th is y e a r.N o o th e r U k ra in ia n
s e c u \u00ad
la r o rg a n iz a tio n
in th ef r e e
w o rld
c a nm a k e th is
claim .
B u tit is n o t th e life-span
of th eo rg a n iz a tio n
a lo n e
th a t
m erits
th e
a tte n tio n
o f
o u r c o m m u n ity ,,
th o u g h
th a t
f a c t
i n
i t s e l f
i s
n o te w o rth y .
T he u ltim ate
y a r d \u00ad
s tic k
is th er e c o r d
ofa c tiv ity , th e o u tp u t,
th ep r o d u c \u00ad
tiv ity . T h a t
of theS h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
is of
la s tin g
v a l u e .
B o rn
i n
L v iv
i n
1 8 7 3 , t h e
S h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
u n ite d
i n
i t sr a n k s
s c h o l a r s
fro m
e a s t e r n
a n d
w estern
U k ra in e
a t
a
tim e
w hen
th e
la n d s
a n d th e
p e o p le
o f U k ra in e
w ere
s p l i t
u n d e r
m o n a rc h ic
o rd e rs
ofth e A u strian
em perors a n d th e R ussian
tsars. W hile
th e c o n d itio n si n w e s te rn
U k ra in e
w ere
l e s s
r e p r e s s i v e ,
e a s t e r n
U k ra in e 's
p lig h t
w asm arked
by the
in h u m a n
b a n s
o fY a l u e v 'e
and Em su k a s e s
w h ic h
b a r r e d
e v e r y
m a n ife s ta tio n
o f U k ra in ia n ia mr
in c lu d in gth e u se of th e
U k ra in ia n
l a n g u a g e .
A nd
it w a s in
th is
d a r k
a g eth a t
th e
S h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
p ro v id e d
a n o p p o rtu n ity
fo rU k ra in \u00ad
ian scholarst o tell th e world about U kraine a n d to give
th e
U k ra in ia n
id e n tity
a
s c h o la rly
im p rin t
T h is
u n i\u00ad
fy in g
elem enth a s been th e hallm ark
of th eS h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
o v e r
th e
c e n tu ry -o ld
p e rio d
of its
s c h o la rly
a c tiv ity . It w as th e p re c u rs o r a n d th e d riv in e
fo rc e
th a t
fo u n d
i t sp o litic a l
e x p r e s s io n
in th e A ct of
J a n u a r y
22, 1918.
T h is
y e a r ,
th e
S h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
i s
m a rk in g
i t s c e n te n n ia l. I t sc e n te n n ia l ju b ile e
co m m ittee
h a s
ju s ts e t in m o tio n
a
fu n d
d riv e
t o
r a i s e
a
q u a rte r
ofa m illio n
dollars solely
fo r th ep u r p o s e
o fs u s ta in in g
th e
a ll-im p o rta n t
s c h o la rly
w o rk
i n tim es
of newc h a l \u00ad
l e n g e s and new r e p r e s s io n s .F o r j u s t
a s100 years a g o ,
to d a y
th e th ru st
o fM o s c o w 's e x t e r m i n a t i n g
p o lic ie si s
d ire c te d
a t th eb ra in s
of theU k ra in ia n
n a tio n .
It has
b e e n
th e m ission
of theS h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
t o
counter that thrust
T oh e lp
i t c o n tin u e i nth a t
m is\u00ad
s io n ,
th eU k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity
m ust
h e lp
w ith
f u n d s .
T he
re c e n tly
c o m p le te d
endow m ent
o f $ 1 .8 m illio n
a t
H a r v a r d
s t a n d s
a s g lo rio u s
testim o n y
of o u r com m u\u00ad
n ity 's p ro fo u n d
u n d e r s ta n d in g
of th em e a n in g
o fs c h o l \u00ad
arship.W e can,w e m ustdo no less fo r th e Shevchenko
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
in its c e n te n n ia l
y e a r .
T r a v e s ty
o t
J u s tic e
It w as o n ly
last week
th a t
U k ra in ia n s
in th e
f r e e
w o rld
l e a r n e d
of th er e p e a te d
in c a rc e ra tio n
o f V yache-
s l a v
C h o rn o v il, th e U k ra in ia n
jo u rn a lis t w h o se
d e ta ile d
a c c o u n ts
of the
1 9 6 5 -6 6
a r r e s t s
a n d
t r i a l s
unm asked
th e
m ost recent waveo f repressions
c a rrie d
o u t b y th e
Com m unist regim ei n U kraine. "The Chornovil Papers,"
subsequently publishedi n the W esti n several languages,
becam ea sourceo f grim
d o c u m e n ta tio n
on the ig n o m in \u00ad
io u s
d e e d s
of a
c y n ic a l
re g im e .
N o w th e m a n
him self
becam e
y e ta n o th e r
c h a p te r
in th es a g a
o f
o p p r e s s io n .
L ik e
t h o u s a n d s
o f
h is
frie n d s,
h e
w ast r i e d
b e h in d
c l o s e d
d o o r sa n d s e n te n c e d
to 7y e a r s
o f
im p ris o n m e n t
a n d
fiv e
y e a r so f e x ile .T he c h a r g e s ?
" A n ti-S o v ie t a g i\u00ad
ta tio na n d p r o p a g a n d a ,"a n e b u lo u s , u n d e fin e d p ro p
th a t
isa m o rb id
s t a n d a r d
of th eSoviet courts.
Y e tit w a s th e h ig h e s tc o g in th is
" s y s t e m
o f ju s \u00ad
tic e " \u2014 th e
Suprem e
C o u rt of th e U k ra in ia n
S S R \u2014 th a t
w as citedon the occasion of its 50th anniversary
e a rlie r
th is
m o n th . T he v e ry
sam e
c o u r t
th a t
t r i e s
p e o p leb e \u00ad
h in d
c lo s e d
doors, that m eteso u t sentences
in c o m m e n \u00ad
s u r a t e
w ith
th e "crim es", that bars w itnesses, even th e
accused, from
th et r i a l s . It is a
b lo o d y
c ita tio n . A n d it
f i t s
a n in s titu tio n
that m akesa travesty
o f ju s tic e .
fo rm
of his o th e r
poem sa n d
o f
th ew o rk a
of hisc o n te m \u00ad
p o r a r ie s ,
e s p e c ia lly
th e s eo f
th e
F u tu ris t
g ro u p ?
A fter the lecture,I approach
P ro f.
S h to h ry n .
"W ouldy o u
b e
a b le
t o
recom m end
som e
r e f e r e n c e
b o o k s
on th3to p ic
o f
m odern
U k ra in ia n
lite ra \u00ad
ture w hich analyzeth e w orks
of separate literary
g r o u p s ? "
P ro f.S h to h ry n
sm iles,y e s ,
there are m aterialsi n U krain\u00ad
ia n
a n d
m ost
o f
th e m
a re
l i s t e d
in th e reading list And
what booksi n English
w o u ld
h e
b ea b le
t o
recom m endo n
th is
to p ic ?
"W ell
n o w ," 'h e
h e s ita te s , " its a little
h a r d e r
to finda
b o o k
inE n g lis h o n
this subjectfo r there seemt o
b e
o n ly
tw o of
s tu d y -v a lu e ,
G eorge
S. N . L u c k y j's
" L it\u00ad
e ra ry
P o litic s
in
S o v ie t
U -
k ra in e
1 9 1 7 -1 9 3 4 ,"
p u b lis h e d
b y C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity
P r e s s
in 1 9 5 6a n d n o w
o u t ofp rin t,
a n d
C .
H .
A n d r u s y s h e n 's-
W .
K irk c o n n e ll's
"T he
U -
k ra in ia n
P o e ts
1 1 8 9 -1 9 S 2 ,"
p u b lis h e d
b y
U n iv ersity
o f
T o ro n to
P r e s s
i n
1 9 6 3 .
H ow ever,
n o n e
o fth e m
i n
th e ir
a p p ro a c h
in c lu d e
a
l i t \u00ad
e ra ry
c ritic a l a n a ly s isof th e
w o rk s
of a
s e p a r a te
p o e to r
a
p a rtic u la r
g ro u p .
O ffered
S in c e 1 9 6 6
A lth o u g h
te x tb o o k s
a n r'
re a d in g
m aterials
in
E n g lis l
are difficultt o obtain, U krain
ian couraes have been offere
a t
th eU n iv ersity
o f
Illin o i:
in
U rbana
s in c e
1 9 8 6 ,w hei
P ro f.
K u rt
K le in
in tro d u c e r
th e
f ir s t
U k ra in ia n
la n g u a g
c o u rs e .H e ta u g h t
in a
th e o
re tic a lly
c o m p a ra tiv e
m e th o c
fo r s tu d e n ts w h o had a bas;
k n o w le d g e
o f
th e
s u b je c t
H o w e v e r ',P ro f.
K le ind o e
n o t
n e g le c tth e p r a c tic a la p
p lic a tio n
of th e la n g u a g e anc
h is
s tu d e n ts
n o t o n ly
p ro fi
b ya th o ro u g h s tu d yo f g ra m
m arb u t alsob y actual use \u043e
the language.
I n
1970 he w as jo in e d
b ;
P ro f.S h to h ry n
w hole c tu re :
on U krainian literature, divid
ingh is course into two parts
U k ra in ia n
L ite ra tu reI , w hicl
b e g in s w ith
th eK ie v a n R u s
p e rio d
a n de x te n d s
t o
L esir
U k ra in k a
a n d
h e r
l i t e r a r y
s u rro u n d in g s ,
a n d
U k ra in ia r
Literature \u041f , w hich is a stud}
o f
th etw e n tie th
c e n tu ry
U
k ra in ia n
lite ra tu re ,
in c lu d in g
a
s u r v e y
o fU k ra in ia n
l i t e r \u00ad
a ry
criticism . It is a
f a s c in
a tin g
c o u rs e
o f
in te re s t
t c
b o th
th e
s tu d e n t
o f
S la v ic
lite ra tu re
and to thes t u d e n t
of U krainian
heritage because
it g iv e sa c o m p re h e n s iv e
p ic \u00ad
t u r en o t o n ly of the d e v e lo p \u00ad
m e n to f U k ra in ia n
lite ra tu re
w ith
i t s
le a d in g
r e p r e s e n ta \u00ad
tiv e sb u t d e s c rib e ei t s c o n n e c \u00ad
tio n s
w ith
w o rld
lite ra tu re
a n d
i t s m ain
tr e n d s .
P r o f e s s o r s
K le in
a n d S h to \u00ad
h ry n
h a v e
b e e n
in s tru m e n ta l
in th e developm ento f U krain\u00ad
ia n
S tu d ie sa t th e U n iv e rs ity
and have now succeededi n es\u00ad
ta b lis h in ga U k ra in ia n
c o u rs e
e v e r y
y e a r
in s te a d
o f
e v e ry
o th e r
y e a r
a s w a s th e
c a s e
p re v io u s ly .
F in e
C o lle c tio n
T he
u n iv e rs ity
lib ra ryh a s
a s p e c ia l S la v ic L a n g u a g e L i\u00ad
b ra ry ,
w h ic h
i s
o u ts ta n d in g
in
th enum ber
a n d
e q u a lity
o fi t s c o lle c tio n . T he L ib r a r y
has oneo f the largest collect\u00ad
io n s
o fU k ra in ia n
m aterials.
S ta rte d
in1 9 6 0 it n o wnum \u00ad
b e rs
m o re
th a n
1 7 ,0 0 0
v o l\u00ad
um es
o f
a n d
o n
U k ra in ia n
b e r
o f
ra re ,
m aterials
p u b \u00ad
lis h e d
i n
U k ra in e
in
th \u00ab r
W Z Q B .
'
H ow ever,
i n
s p ite
of the
im pressive num bero f U krain\u00ad
ia n
p u b lic a tio n s ,
th e re
is n o
d o u b t
th a t
th e re
g e n e ra lly
e x is ts
a
v ita l
s h o r ta g e
o f
b o o k s
i n
E n g lis h
a b o u t
U -
k ra in ia n
studies, especiallyi n
the fieldo f literature.
Tar as
S h e v c h e n k o
P a rk
X o tr
T h ree
Y e a r s
O ld
P H IL A D E L P H IA . P a .(a y )
\u2014
T hursday,
M arch
.1 5 ,
m ark edth e th ird
a n n iv e r s a r y
o f
th e
d e d ic a tio n
o f
"T arae
S h e v c h e n k o
P a r k "
i n
P h ila \u00ad
d e lp h ia ,P a .
A lth o u g h
it iso n ly
a
o n e -
a c r e
e lo n g a te d
s t r i p
of im \u00ad
p ro v e d
p a r k la n d , it is lo c a te d
in
a
n ic e s e c tio n
o fP h ila d e l\u00ad
p h ia
and on
i t s
m ain
th o r\u00ad
o u g h fa re . N o rth B ro a d S tre e t,
in
th e5 3 0 0
b lo c k
ju s t
fo u r
s q u a r e s
fro m
th e
"T ryzub"
S p o rts C lu b and the U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
S a v in g s
a n dL o a n
A sso\u00ad
c ia tio n .
T h e d e d ic a tio n
w asm arked
b y
a
g a th e rin g
o fa b o u t 3 0 0
p e o p le
in c lu d in g
le a d e r s
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity ,
/o u th o rg a n iz a tio n s w ith th e ir
b a n n e rs ,
U .S .
C ongressm an
B ill
G reen,
C ity
C o u n c ilm a n
I s a d o r e
B e llis
a n dS ta te R e \u00ad
presentative John
Pezak. M u\u00ad
s ic ,
s p e e c h e s
a n d th eu n v e il\u00ad
in g
o f
th e
perm anent
s ig n
h ig h lig h te d
th e cerem ony.
T he
s ig n ,
m ade
b y
a r t i s t
B o ris
M akarenko, reads:" I r
honor of the great Ukrainiar
p o e t,a
c h a m p io n
o f
fre e d o m
a n d n a tio n a l in d e p e n d e n c efo i
U k ra in ea n d a ll n a tio n s ."
Credit m ustb e given to the
lo c a l
U k ra in ia n
A raericar
D e m o c ra tic C lu b , u p o n w h o se
In itia tiv e ,
le d
b y
M essrs
C harles Henik, A lexander Ya-
rem ko
a n d S te p h e n
M azurok
itw as m a d e
p o s s ib le
to p e r
s u a d eth e C ity
C o u n c ilt o
re \u00ad
nam e
th is
e a s ily
a c c e s s ib le
s p o t,
'T a r a s
S h e v c h e n k c
P a rk ."
\u041c
\u0438
M o th e r
b y
A N A T O U V
L L P Y N I8
/
h a v e
s e e n
h o wm o th e r
w a s
d is g r a c e d .
M y
m o th e r .
Ixras caressed
by theu n w e d
o n e ,w h o c a lle d
m eh e r ' son.
W a n d e r in g
th ee a r th
a re
b a s ta r d s ,
w h o \u0441 \u0430 \u0426 ,u u
th e ir
b r o th e r .
B roth ers!
M o th e r !
W e
a rc
dam ned!
H eaven,
you seee v e r y th in g
am i do not s tr ik e
w ith
' . , .
a n g e r
a n d
r a g c t!
E a r th ,
w e tra m p le
y o uw ith
o u r
filth y
fe e t.
A nd
y o uw ill n o tbu rst/o r ta ,t r i t f n o t u n fo ld a n
a b y s s T
T o
bu ry
fo r e v e r
y o u r
o w n sham e
a n d
o u r a t
M other,
\u2022
\u0447
U
. , \u2022 . , ,
I n
t i n
u n fo r tu n a te
h o u r 'y o u
g a tR P m c W rfA ,
F ro m
tth a m ea n d b lu n d e rin tof f c ew o r ld
y o uc o n c e iv e d
m e, \u2022
I tw o u ld
h a v e
b e e n
b e tte r
h a d y d ttcru sh ed
m e iny o u r
wom b,
I tw o td d
h a v e
b e e nb e tte r
if y o uy o u r s e l f
w ere
n o tliv in g .
R aped,
D e c e iv e d ,
'
\u2022 c
-
C r u c ifie d ,'
W ith
as e v e r e d
to n g u e ,a
b e s p a t
bro w ,
Y ou
lie in th ec la w s
o f th e
lover~hangm an,
Y ou
h a v e
becom e
th eu n d e r la y
fo r th e
lover-hangm an.
T h is is I,y o u r
so n ,b o r n
o fblu n d er,
B e g g in g
y o u , p r a y in g
y o u ,c u r s i n g :
T e a ro u t fr o m
m ye y e s
th ed e lu s iv e
c a ta r a c t,
S h a tte r
th ec o ffin
b u iltfo r y o u .
A g a in
b e y o u th fu l,
b e in n o c e n t
a g a in ,
W ith
aw r e a th
c o v e ry o u rfa ir
fo r e h e a d .
Sum m on!\u2014
ju st
o n ew o rd
fro m
y o u\u2014
W e
s h a llr i s e . And bew h a t m ay!
W h a te v e r
sham e
o fs u f f e r in g s , w o u ld
b e
e n ta ile d ,
W h a te v e r
p a in
w o u ld
te a r
o u tfro m
o u r
b r e a s ts ,
W e
fo r y o u , fo ry o u r
g o ld e n
tr e s s e s ,
F or
th ep u re
a zu re
o fy o u r
e y e s ,
S h a ll go tob a ttle ,
t ov ic to r ie s
a n d
s a c r if ic e s ,
T oth ela s td r o p
o f b lo o ds u r r e n d e r
o u r s e lv e s ,
F or it isb e tte r ,
m o th e r ,fo r u s to d ie
to d a y ,
T h a n
t o
see you
d is g r a c e d .
T r.
O R Y S IA
P R O K O P IW
ry rT *\u00bb -~ .i
chairm an
-o r
in e
a n n u a \u00bb
m e e u n g ... M r. \u043b \u0456\u0438 \u043e \u0442 \u0443
a sv \u00bb c e -
\u0441\u0456\u0456\u0430\u0456\u0491\u0448 \u0438 .1,
U o in u n
ia c a itJ K y
a s
s e c r e ta r y ,\u00ab tr. P a p iz
r e a u
th e
m in u te s
Of th e
p re v io u s
a n n u a l m e e tin g ,'ih o m in u te *
w ere
a c c e p te d .
in m s rep o rt, M r. W aszczuk
review ed
th e
p r o g r e s s
a n d
a c h ie v e m e n ts
i n
it> < 2
in tn e
D etro it D istricta n d stressed
v ile
n e e d
\u0456\u043e \u0433c l o s e r
c o n ta c ts
a n d
m o re d ire c tiv e s fro m
tn e
\u043b \u043e \u0442 \u0435
O ffic e .H e e n d e d his re\u00ad
p o rt
b yc o n g ra tu la tin g
" S v o -
ooda" on its bOth anniversary.
F o llo w in g
w ith
th e ir
re \u00ad
p o rts
w ere:
M r. M u d ry , D r.
S lu s a rc z u k ,
J a r o s l a w
B a z iu k
a n d
M r.P a p iz .
F ie ld
r e p r e \u00ad
s e n ta tiv e
R e p e ta
re p o rte do n
th e
p r o g r e s s
o f
th e U N A
m em bership
c a m p a ig n
in th e
D e tro it a re a , a n d
u rg e d
m o re
in te n s iv e
p a rtic ip a tio n
in th e
p re -c o n v e n tio n d riv e .H e th e n
In tro d u c e d
U N A
V ice-Presi\u00ad
d e n t
S o c h a n ,
w ho
p r e s e n te d
p la q u e s
t o
organizers. that
h a d
a tta in e d
m em bership
in
th e U N A
C h a m p io n s C lu bfo r
1 9 7 1
a n d ;'1 9 7 2 .
T hey"a r e :
W alter Hirniak
(1 9 7 1 ), P e te r
< ?edyk (1 9 7 1a n d 1 9 7 2 ), L u b a
B asko
(1 9 7 1 ), D r. S lu s a rc z u k
(1 9 7 1
a h d1 9 7 2 )
a n d M r. R .
K uropae
(1 9 7 1 ). M rs. B a s k c
w as
a ls o
th e
re c ip ie n t
of a
special aw ard\u2014
av o lu m e o f
the w orkso f V asyl
S te fa n y k ,
a lo n g
w ith
c o n g ra tu la tio n s
^ ro m
U N A
V ice-President
M ary
D ushnyck.
M r.R e p e ta
re c e iv e d
aw ardsfo r h is cam \u00ad
p a ig n
w o rk
d u rin g
1 9 7 1a n d
1 9 7 2 .
I n
h isa d d r e s s
V ice-Presi\u00ad
dent Sochan outlinedth e vast
a c tiv itie s
a n d
a c h ie v e m e n ts
o f
th e
U N A
a n d
s tr e s s e d
th e
im p o rta n t ro lea n d g re a t
n e c e s s ity
o fh a v in g
a
stro n g
fra te rn a l
b e n e fit s o c ie ty
s u c h
as th e U N A
in th eU k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity .
H e
p o in te d
o u t
th a t
w o rk in g
for a
s tr o n g e r
U N A , w ith m ore m em bers and
g r e a te r
a s s e ts ,
w o u ld
o p e n
v a 3 t
p o s s ib ilitie s
fo r
w id e r
a c tio ni n c h a rita b le , c iv ic , c u l\u00ad
tural, educational
a n d ,p o liti\u00ad
cal fields.
D u rin g
a
liv e ly
d is c u s s io n
p e rio d ,
M essrs.
S o c h a n
a n d
R e p e ta
re p lie d
t o
a
w ide
r a n g e
o f
q u e s tio n s
fro m
W .
Papiz,J . C hrin,M . B oryske-
vich, D r. A . Slusarczuk, W al\u00ad
te r
B oyd,
I .
W aszczuk,
W .
Leschuk,N . Konchak andD r.
W . K o ty k .
W hy
be on theo u ts id e ?
J o in
th e
U k r a in ia n
N a tio n a l
A ss* n
a n d
r e a d
* T h e
U k r a in ia n
W e e k ly *
is a c tiv e ly
e n g a g e d
i no rg a n -1
iz in ga m a s s iv e d e m o n s tra tio n\u0456
b y
th eU k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity :
on Saturday, M ay 19,1973 and
S u n d a y , M ay 20, 1 9 7 3 .
T h is
d e m o n s tra tio n
i s
m em o rial-\u2022
iz in gth e fo rtie th
a n n iv e r s a r y
ofth e planned, brutal starva-j
tio n
of theU k ra in ia n
p e o p le
b y
th e
S o v ie t
re g im e .
It is
h o p e d
th a t
th ev a rio u s
new s
m e d ia w ill c o v e rth e e v e n tsi n
depth, but as you know, this
h a s
n o talw ays
b e e n
tru ei n
th e
p a s t
T herefore,
w e, th eU k ra in \u00ad
ia n s of the M e tro p o lita n N ew
Y o rk
a r e a ,
m ust
a ttra c tth e
a tte n tio n
of thev a rio u s
e d i\u00ad
to rs
and TV andra d io
new s
personnel. How
c a n this pos\u00ad
s i b l y
b ed o n e ?
O th e r s
P r e s e n t
O n
S a tu rd a y ,
M ay 5, th e
2 6 th
A nnual Loyalty DayP a \u00ad
ra d e
w ill
ta k e
p la c e
a t 1 :0 0
p.m .o n N ew
Y o r k 's5 th A v e \u00ad
n u e ,fro m
94th Street dow nt o
62nd Street Som e years in the
p a s t
th e
U k ra in ia n
com m u\u00ad
n ity
to o k
a n
a c tiv e
p a r t
i n
th is
d e m o n s tra tio n
o f
a d h e r \u00ad
e n c e
t o
th e
p o lic ie s '
4
o f
th e
U n ite d
S ta te s
g o v e rn m e n t.
H ow ever,
i n
th e
p a s t
fe w
y e a r s ,
U k ra in ia n s
fa ile d
t o
p a rtic ip a te . T h is y e a r, h a p p iiy ,
th e
P r e s id e n t
o f
th e
U n ite d
S ta te s
h a s
b ro u g h t
-a n u n \u00ad
p o p u la r w ar to an end, w ith
honor.I t is, therefore, expect\u00ad
edb y the parade sponsors,th e
V eterans
o f
F o re ig n
W ars,
th a t la rg e
num bers
o fe th n ic
g r o u p s w ill ta k e
p a r ti n
th is
y e a r's p a ra d et o in d ic a te th e ir
s u p p o rto f th e
governm ent
W e should
b rin g
t o
m ind
t h a ti n 1 9 7 2 ,a
c o n tin g e n to f
a p p ro x im a te ly
1 ,0 0 0
B y e lo \u00ad
r u s s ia n s
re c e iv e d
tre m e n d o u s
p u b lic ity b e c a u s eo f th e ir p a r\u00ad
tic ip a tio n
i n
th a t
y e a r 'sp a \u00ad
W hy ca
m u n ity
th o u s a n
y o u th , v
civic gr
o u r
n a
p o s s ib ly
U k ra in i
a c h ie v e m
i n
th eU
M
A
s t r o
the atte
new s m
w h o w il
c u ltu ra l
tio nt o
ty p eo f
a
p re lu
n e e d
r e
s t r a t i o n
w h ic h
w eeks
c a n
th e
ia n
d e m
w o rko f
of socie
O rgan
w h o in t
p a r a d e
D r.
R o
k ra in ia n
S e c o n d
N .Y .1 0
L u c h u f,
P o s t3
Y o rk , N
w eeks
d a te .P
m a te d n
in te n d
m atio n
th a t
p a
a s s ig n e
a n d
p o
that sh
L e t's
com m u
p ro u d
am ongs
r r\
I B o r is
I J i i
W o r ld
R enow ned
S l
C h o r n o v il...
(C o n tin u e d fro m
p. 1)
n o v il w ro tea le tte ro f p ro te s t
to Lviv city
authorities, com \u00ad
p la in in g a b o u t th e d e s e c ra tio n
o f
U k ra in ia n
soldiers' graves
at the Y aniv cem etery. H e w as
a r r e s te d
i n
J a n u a r y
of 1972
a lo n g w ith
h u n d r e d so f o th e r
U krainian dissidents. Som eo f
th e m
have already
b e e n
t r i e d
a n d
s e n te n c e d
t o
u n u s u a lly
lo n g
term s
o f
im p ris o n m e n t
a n d
e x ile .
Som e
a re
s t i l l
a w a itin g
t r i a l ,
am ong
th e m
Iv a n
D zyuba, Ivan
S v itly c h n y
a n d
h iss i s t e r
N adia, Y evhen
S v e rs tiu k ,a n d o th e r s .
T he
d is s id e n t
s o u r c e s
c o n \u00ad
firm ed that arrestsa n d trials
a re c o n tin u in g
i nU k ra in e .
N EW
Y O R K , N .Y .\u2014
D r.
B o ris
O .U nbegaun,
in te rn a \u00ad
tio n a lly
fam ous
s p e c ia lis ti n
S la v ic p h ilo lo g y a n da p ro fe s \u00ad
s o ro f S la v ic lin g u is tic sa t th e
G ra d u a te
Schoolo f A rtsa n d
Scienceso f New York Univer\u00ad
sity, died here Sunday, M arch
3 ,
a t
N ew
Y o rk
U n iv ersity
H o s p ita l
of a
h e a r t
a ilm e n t.
H e w as 74 y e a r s o ld .
P ro f.
U nbegaun
w as
a
m em ber
o f
th e
S h e v c h e n k o
S c ie n tific
S o c ie ty
a n d th e
U -
':rairian A cadem yo f A rts and
S c ie n c e si n t h e U .S .A . H e w a s
a
c o n trib u to r
t o
th eA cade\u00ad
m y 's
"A nnals",
a
s c h o la rly
p u b lic a tio n
d e a lin g
w ith
U -
k ra in ia n
a n d
S la v ic
to p ic s .
T he
U k ra in ia n
la n g u a g ew as
oneo f several Slavic
to n g u e s
th atth e lateP ro f. U nbegaun
com m anded
flu e n tly .
B o rn
i n
R ussia,
P ro f. U n\u00ad
b e g a u n
w as
e d u c a te d
a t
schoolsi n M oscow , St. Peters\u00ad
b u rg ,
L ju b lja n a ,
Y ugoslavia,
a n d
th eS o rb o n n e
i n
F r a n c e .
H e
h e ld
d o c to ra te s
fro m
th e
S o rb o n
s ity .
H ew
o f
c o m
o g y
a
ta u g h t
and ha
s e n o s e
E a r l
re e r,D
th e
u n
a n d
S t
s c o r e s
S la v ic
H e
i
ow, He
Guy Lo
fiv e g r
F u n e
W edne
H A V E
YO U R
R E L A T
U KRAI
A SSO C
D O
S
P
R IS E
O FU K R A IN IA N
C O N SC IO U SN E SS
D U R IN G
N IN E T E E N T H
C E N T U R Y
by OREST SUBTELNY
^
(B elo w
i sfu ll
te x t of th e le c tu re p re s e n te d
toth e U k ra in ia n S tu d e n t C lu b a t H u n te r C o lle g e
i n
N ew
Y o rk
Friday, February
9 , 1 9 7 3 ).
B y w a yo f in tro d u c tio na n d
i n
o r d e r
t oe s t a b l i s h
a
s e n s e
o f
p e r s p e c tiv e
let usp r o p o s e
th a t in th e c o u rseo f h isto ry
s o c ie tie s
h a v e
te n d e d
to d e \u00ad
fin e
them selves
in
term s
o f
th re e
m a jo r
c a te g o r ie s :
r e l i \u00ad
g io n ,
c l a s s
a n d
n a tio n a lity .
F o r e x a m p le , n o teth e ro leo f
re lig io n
in the 17thc e n tu ry ,
o r c la s s in th e 1 8 tho r n a tio n \u00ad
a lity
i n
th e
1 9 th a n d
2 0 th .
O f
c o u r s e ,
i t
w o u ld
b e to o
sim p listic
t o
assum e
th a t
i n
e a c h
a g e
o n ly
one oft h e s e
c a te g o rie s
h e ld
sw ay.
E le \u00ad
m e n ts
in h e re n t
i n
a ll
th re e
c a te g o rie s u s u a lly
m ergea n d
p ro d u c e th e e v e n tso f h is to ry .
N onetheless, both
inf a c t a n d
f
fo r th es a k e of a rg u m e n t, w e
c a n
s a y
th a t
fa c to rs
w h ic h
a re
subsum ed
u n d e r
one or
a n o th e r
o f
th e s e
c a te g o rie s
set the tone and form
the pre\u00ad
d o m in a n t
id e o lo g ic a l
fram e\u00ad
w o rk
of ag iv e n age.
T he
m ost
r e c e n t
h is to ric a l
period has been called the age
of nationalism .I t has beena n
e ra
w hen
n a tio -e th n ic
term s
have beenth e prim ary
m eans
of self-definition.
A n d th e u l\u00ad
tim ate sign thata nation Suc\u00ad
c e e d e d
in
e s ta b lis h in g
its in\u00ad
d iv id u a lity
w a s th e fo rm atio n
o f
i t s
n a tio n a l
s ta te .
M any
natione have succeeded
in d o \u00ad
in g
th is
a n d som e
h a v e n o t;
U k ra in ia n s
a re
am ong
th e
la tte r.
T ob e c o n s ta n tly
su rro u n d \u00ad
e d
b yn a tio n a litie s
w hoh a v e
f u lf ille d
th e ir d e s tin y , th a tis ,
e s ta b lis h e d
th e ir
ow n
s ta te s
isa f r u s t r a t i n g
e x p e rie n c e fo r
th o s e n a tio n s , lik e th e U k ra in \u00ad
ia n s , w hoh a v e
n o t. A n d , a s
w ith
a llf r u s t r a t i o n s ,
our ex\u00ad
p la n a tio n s
o f
w hat
w ent
w ro n g
i n
h is to ric a l
term s
haven o t been altogether bal\u00ad
a n c e d .
I n
lo o k in g
b a c k ,o n
th e o n e h a n d w e c o m p u ls iv e ly
r e h a s h
a rg u m e n ts
a b o u tre \u00ad
cent m istakes (during W W II)
or recall fleeting
s u c c e s s e so f
1917 or, for even greater com \u00ad
fo rt,
d w e ll
on theg lo rie s of
th e
d is ta n t
p a s t,
s e e k in g
t o
fin d
in
th e
K ozak
s ta te
o r
K ie v a n
R us'th a t
w h ic h
w e
d o
n o th a v e
i n
th e
p r e s e n t.
In d o in gs o w e o fte n
o v e rlo o k
a
p e rio d
a n d
p ro c e s s
w hen
our consciousnessas a nation\u00ad
a lity
a n d
th e
c o n c o m m ita n t
d e s ir e
fo rs ta te h o o d
w erein \u00ad
s t i l l e d
in u s . I th e lp s
im m ea\u00ad
su ra b ly
t o
k n o w
th ec irc u m \u00ad
s ta n c e s
in
w h ic h
id e a s
a re
b o rn
a n d
d e s ir e s
a r o u s e d
in
o r d e rt o u n d e r s ta n d
their lat\u00ad
e r
fa te .
F o r
th is
r e a s o n
I
c h o s e
t o
d is c u s s
to n ig h t,i n
v e ry
g e n e r a l
term s,
th e
r is e
o f
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
c o n \u00ad
s c io u s n e s s
d u rin g
th e 1 9 th
c e n tu ry .
T he endo f the 18th and the
b e g in n in g
o f
th e
1 9 th
c e n \u00ad
tu rie s
w ere
one of
th e low
p o in ts
o f
U k ra in ia n
h is to ry .
Only faintly glim m ering signs
of U k ra in ia n c u ltu ra l a n d h is\u00ad
to ric a l tra d itio n s su rv iv e d , e n \u00ad
s c o n c e d
in
p re c e d in g
a g e s '
fo rm s
o f
s e lf-id e n tific a tio n ,
th a tis, in re lig io u sa n d c la s s
in s titu tio n s .
I n
th a t
p a r to f
U k ra in e
w h ic h
h a sb e e n a d \u00ad
m inistratively digestedb y th e
R ussian
e m p ire ,
K ozakdom
a n d
e s p e c ia lly ,th e
" s ta r s h y -
n a ." w h ic h
i n
K h m e ln y ts k y 's
tim e
h a d
u n ite d
all th ee l e \u00ad
m e n ts
o f
U k ra in e ,
h a d
n a r \u00ad
row ed,
in
th ec o u r s e
of th e
1 8 th
c e n tu ry ,i t s in te re s tst o
th o s e
of its ow nc l a s s
p riv i\u00ad
le g e s .
D llle ta n tL s h
I n t e r e s t s
A fter
th e y
a llo w e d
th e ir
s ta te
(th eH e tm a n a te )
to be
e lim in a te d ,
th eK ozak
" s t a r -
shyna",i n term so f goals and
"W eltanschauung",
stro v et o
e m u la te
th e
c la s s
c o n s c io u s \u00ad
ness of the R ussian
a n dg e n \u00ad
e r a l
E u ro p e a n
g e n try .
How \u00ad
e v e r. U k ra in ia n
K ozak
tra d i\u00ad
tio n s
w ere
n o t forgotten >al-
to g e th e r.
T hey
w ere
stro n g
e n o u g h
t o prevent total assi\u00ad
m ilatio n
in toth e R u ssian im \u00ad
p e ria l m o ld and at tim e s g a v e
r i s e
t o
a u to n o m is t
fe e lin g s .
B ut
i n
g e n e r a l,
a llth a t
U -
k ra in e
m eant
t o
th e s e
d e \u00ad
s c e n d a n ts
o fK ozak
h e tm a n s
a n d
" p o lk o v n y k s ,"
liv in go n
th e ir
r ic h
e s ta te s , w as a di\u00ad
le tta n tis h
in te re s t
I ne x p lo its
of th e ir g ra n d fa th e rs
and an
a ffe c tio n
for th e fo lk so n g s of
their peasants. T hese
fe e lin g s
o f re g io n a l, lim ite d
id e n tific a \u00ad
tio n
w ith
U k ra in e a m o n gth e
g e n e ra lly lo y a l s u b je c tso f th e
T sar,
w ere
e m b o d ie d
in th e
t e r m
\u2014
L ittle R ussians \u2014
th e
d e s ig n a tio n
fo rU k ra in e 's in \u00ad
h a b ita n tsa t th a t tim e .
In th e e th n ic U k ra in ia n
t e r \u00ad
rito rie s
w h ic h
w ere
In c lu d e d
i n
th eH a b s b u r g
em p irea u \u00ad
to c h to n o u s tra d itio n s su rv iv e d
w ith inth e fo ld so f th e U n ia te
C h u rc h . U n lik e th e L e ft-B a n k ,
n o
lo c a l
v a ria n t
of theg e n \u00ad
t r y
s u rv iv e d
h e r e .T o
a tta in
th e
c o v e te d
t i t l e
o f
n o b ility
G a lic ia
d id
n o t
e v e n
h a v e
s o m e th in g
sim ilar
t o
L ittle
R ussianism ;
o n e sim p ly h a d
t o
becom e
a
m em ber
of an\u00ad
o th e r
s o c ia l,
re lig io u s
e th n ic
g ro u p , th a t
\u0456\u0432 , a
P o le . So it
w as
th e
U n ia te
c le rg y
th a t
p r e s e r v e d
w hat
l i t t l e
re \u00ad
m a in e d
o f
U k ra in ia n
tra d i\u00ad
tio n s .
H ow ever,
b o th
th e
U n ia te
c le rg ya n d th e d e s c e n d a n tso f
th e
K ozak
" s ta r s h y n a "
m ade
up but a sm all fraction
of th e
U k ra in ia n
e th n ic
m ass.T he
v a s t
m ajo rity
w ere
p e a s a n ts
w hose
c o n s c io u s n e s s
w as
e n \u00ad
com passed
by theb o u n d a r i e s
o f th e ir v illa g e s a n d th e c a re s
of their hard life.I f one asked
th e m
w hoo r w hat they w ere,
th e y , a fte r
ac o n fu s e d
p a u s e ,
w o u ld
reply \u2014
" tu te is h i" (lo \u00ad
c a l s ) . A n d ,i f p ro d d e da little
m ore,
th e y
m ig h t
id e n tify
them selves
a s
p e a s a n ts
o r
m em bers of th e G reek C atho\u00ad
l ic
o r
O rth o d o x
re lig io n .I n
th is
th e y
w ere
n o
d iffe re n t
fro m
p e a s a n ts
everyw herei n
E a s te r n
E u ro p e .
L et
u s
n o w
m ove
to the
W esta n d discuss
b rie flyth e
a p p e a r a n c eo f id e a s w h ic hw e
now consider natural ands e l f -
evident truths \u2014
th e c o n c e p ts
o f
n a tio n a l
c o n s c io u s n e s s .
I
w ill re m in d y o u
o n lyo f so m e
g e n e r a l
f a c t s ;
of the
re v o lt
o f
R o m a n tic is m
a g a in s t
th e
sterile,- C lassical
c u ltu re
o f
a ris to c ra tic E u ro p e ;o f R o u s\u00ad
s e a u
a n d h isa d m o n itio n s to
s e e k
th eg e n u in e
l if e
in th e
re tu rn
ton a tu re , th esim p le
l i f e ,
th ecom m on
m an
(d o e s
th a t
s o u n d
fam iliar
to y o u
n o w ? );
o f
H e r d e r ,
th e
G er\u00ad
m an
p h ilo s o p h e r,
w hoin tro \u00ad
d u c e d
th e
c o n c e p t
o f
e th n i\u00ad
c ity
a n d
p o in te d
o u t to th e
S la v s
th e
b e a u ty
o f
th e ir
e o n g sa n d la n g u a g e s . S lo w ly ,
th e
id e a
o fn a tio n a lity
\u2014
a
c o lle c tiv ityo f p e o p le w ith c e r\u00ad
ta in
com m on
a n d
d is tin c tiv e
cultural traits (language, cus\u00ad
tom s,h is to ric a l
tra d itio n \u00bb )\u2014
w aa
b e in g
fo rm u la te d .
T h is
id e a ,
c r o s s in g
th e
lin e s
o f
c la s s
a n d
re lig io n ,
b e g a n
t o
ro ll
eastw ards
i n
th e
e a rly
1 9 th c e n tu ry .
I t
u n ite d
th e
G erm ans,
ro u s e d
th e
.C zechs,
e n c o u r\u00ad
a g e d
th e Poles, inspired
th e
R ussians
a n d , to
th e ir
m is\u00ad
fo rtu n e ,
o n ly
b e la te d ly
r e a c h e d
th e
U k ra in ia n s
in
th e ir
p ro v in c ia l
c o rn e rs
o f
the A ustriana n d Russian em \u00ad
p ir e s .I tw as w riters and poets
w ho
first signaled
th ea rriv a l
o f n a tio n a l
id e a s
in
U k ra in e .
K o tlia re v s k y ,
th e
m an w ho
w as
th e ir
h a rb in g e r,
w as a
s y m b o lic
m ix tu re
of the old
a n d
n e
d itio n s
lo y a l L
the Ts
m ade
t o
w ri
th e
p e
w o rk ,
"A enej
c e s s ." E
su rp ris
o f
th e
th a th
t o
th e
w as
t
s te pi n
id e a s
T he
m ent
lo w in g
fig u re s
k ra in e
th re e
ia n s- S
ych an
in
L vi
poem s
v a ia " )
(H a ly c
i s
in te
id e a s
c a tc h in
rem na
d itio n s
(
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