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GLOBAL NOTESThis test covers material from World History Perspective on the Past chapters 10-19Chapter 10High Middle Ages: 1000-1300, Age of Faiththree field system: led to immediate increase in food productionburghers: Middle class members in townsbourgeoisie: French burghersguild: Assosciation of people who worked at the same occupation.Monasteries: Centers of learning led by Cluny in FranceBenedictine rule: Adopted by Duke of Aquitane in Cluny, stricter rulesLay investiture: A layman performing church initiation ceremonies.Gregory VII: Leader of reformers, became pope, banned lay investiture clashed withHenry IV and excommunicated himHenry IV: German emperor Clashed with Gregory VII over lay investitureConcordat of Worms: Compromise between church and german emperor that said thatthe church alone could grant bishop his office but emperor could grant him landsthat went with officeCanossa: Henry IV is kept waiting in the snow for 3 days before finally beingforgiven. Great victory for pope over kings.Interdict: Papal weapon which said that no church ceremonies could be performed onthe rulers land.Tithe: Church taxSimony: Buying and selling of church officesHeresy: Beliefs different from that of the ChurchInquisition: Organisation of experts whose job was to find and judge hereticsFrancis of Assisi: Leader of a second order of friarsGothic style architecture: Pointed ribbed vaults, Flying Buttresses, pointedarches. Largest is Notre DameWilliam the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy that invaded England at battle ofHastings. Established ruling class of French speaking nobles, kept 1/5 of Englandfor himself, made England most centralized feudal kingdom in Europe.Battle of Hastings: William the conqueror invades England defeating King Harold1066Henry II of England: Strengthened royal courts of justice introduced use of juryand traveling royal judges, took power from feudal courtscommon law: Unified body of law.Thomas Aquinas: Scholar that wrote 21 volume work called Summa Theologiae usedlogic and reason to show truth of church answers to philosophical questions.Chivalry: Code of ideals that knights were expected to live up to. Knights had tofight bravely for defense of three masters. Heavenly lord, earthly lord, chosenlady. Aid the poor, defend the weak.The Crusades: series of Holy Wars to recapture holy lands from islam. Firstcrusade won Jerusalem brutally. Rest largely failed. Crusade 4 venician merchantssacked constantinoplePope Urban II: Pope that called first crusade. Hoped to Reunite Byantine and RomanCatholicsSaladin: Chivalrous muslim king that signed 3 year treaty with Richard I andbecame extremely respected.Holy Land: Area of Israel and PalestineConsequences of the Crusades: Fourth crusade led to ugly permanent split betweenEastern orthodox and Roman Catholic. Decline of Papal prestige and power, declineof power of nobles, Decline in Byzantine power, increase in religious intolerance,increase in trade. End of crusades marked beginning of end of Middle ages.Chapter 11
 
Joan of Arc: French peasant girl, saw visions, turned tide of 100 year war byturning prince charles into a king, and defeating English at battle of Orleans,breaking seigre of Orleans, captured and killed when Charles VII abandoned herMagna Carta: Document resulting from baron revolt. Signed by John softsword,Guareanteed rights like no taxation without representation, and jury trial andprotection by law known as due process, made king subject to his own laws, calledlimited monarchyParliament: First called by Edward I who saw advantages of including burgesses inmeetings. Edwad needed taxes to protect his remaining French lands, summoned 2burgesses from each borough and 2 knights from each county. First Parliament in1295 called Model Parliament. Eventually separated into house of commons and houseof lords. Weakened feudal power.Louis IX of France: Created Supreme Court of France called Parlement of Paris,could overturn local courts. Further weakened feudal tiesnation-state: Group of people who occupy definite territory and are united underone government , Culturally unison and sense of loyalty.Pope Boniface VIII: Tried to force rulers of Europe to obey him. Issued officialbull stating that kings were not to tax the clergy, aimed at Philip IV who ignoredit. Passed Unam Sanctum, in response Philip IV sent small army to Italy to kidnapthe pope and bring him to France for trial. Died of shock, led to large decline inPaplal powerUnam Sanctam: decree by Boniface VIII which declared 2 powers on earth. Temporaland Spiritual, spiritual always had power over temporal“Babylonian Captivity”: Philip IV’s capturing of the papacy and electing Clement Vwho moved papacy to Avignon in 1309Avignon: City on Borders of France where pope Clement V moved papacy for 67 years.Great Schism: The period in which the church split into two popes.French supportedAvignon, English germans and Italians supported rome.John Wycliffe: English scholar who challenged church, taught that the true head ofthe church was Jesus Christ not pope, taught that the clergy like jesus should ownno land or wealth. The bible alone, not the pope was the final authority forChristian life. Translate New Testamen into English.Tried to be charged withheresybut riots forced him to be freed, diesd peacefully in 1384John Huss: Bohemian that taught that bible was higher than pope, became spokesmanfor Czech national feeling and religious reform, preached his sermons in Czech,excommunicated in 1414 but called to council of Constance with safe conducthowever once huss was there he was seized and tried as a heretic and burned“little ice age”: Period of Temperature drop around 1300. reduced food supplyBlack Death: Brought from Asia by Genoese ships in 1347 killed 1/3 of Europeanpopulation, Decline in population caused costly peasant revolt.Hundred Years’ War: fought between England and France over land claims, foughtmostly on French soil. Deathblow to Fuedal warfare, drove England out of France.Led to growing national feeling called nationalism. Kings went from feudal lordsto heroes,Longbow: Gave England early advantage in hundred year war, allowed commonerEnglish footsoldiers to dominate trained soldiers.Cannons: Blasted through feudal castle walls.Nationalism: Feeling of loyalty to ones own lands and peopleWar of the Roses: Period of English civil war where two branches of royal familyclaimed English throne. Fought between dukes of York and Lancaster ended by deathof Richard III, last medieval kingHenry VII (Tudor): new monarch, chief ministers of middle class, used locallandowners called justices of peace. Had parliament outlaw private armiesCourt of the Star Chamber: used by Henry tudor to destroy overly powerfulsubjects, violated ideas of fairness and justice but accepted because it keptpeaceIsabella and Ferdinand: Married rulers of Castille and Aragon respectively,brought their kingdoms into close alliance.
 
Reconquista: rekindled effort to drive muslims out of spain. Linked religion withspanish nationalism. Disastrous for not Christian Spaniards, led to revival ofinquisition and expulsion of jews.Conquest of Granada: Ferdinand and Isabella set out to conquer final MuslimKingdom Granada, successful in 1492.Ivan III of Russia: Made Russia a true empire, called himself czar. Freed Moscowfrom muslim yoke in 1480 when Ivan III refused to pay muslim tribute. Ivan thegreat.Ivan the IV “The Terrible”: Married Anastasia won victories against Mongols, andgave Russia code of laws, in 1560 Anastasia died, ivan accused boyars of killingher and organized oprichniki to hunt them down, killed his intelligent older sonand heirBoyars: Russian nobles.St. Basilís Cathedral: Built by Ivan IV in Moscow to celebrate victories overMongols.Chapter 12Sui dynasty: 589-618 Sui Wen-Ti took over north and conquered South China, unitedchina under strong central government. Yang-Ti built great canal. Yang-tioverworked and overtaxed peasants resultingin overthrow of the SuiGrand Canal: Tied together Yellow and Yangtze rivers built by Yang-Ti united Northand South China politically and economically.Tang dynasty: Capital was Ch’ang-an Founded by T’ai-tsung, (618-907). Wu Chao wasonly woman to rule china in her own name, encouraged spread of Buddhism in China.Exams on Confucian classics are rekindled, Gave China intelligent ruling classbecame gentry class. Literature, art, educated person expected to write poetry.Lost power due to crushing taxes, inability to control large empie led to Arabconquest, Chang-an sacked in 905.Li Po: Celebrated poet of T’ang, wrote about pleasures of life.Sung dynasty: (960-1279) founded by Sung-Tai’tsu, never regained western ornorthern lands,moved south to Hangchow after losing yellow river valley to Tatars.Printed paper money, Silk and Porcelain trade. Painted beauties of nature, Blockprinting in 600s followed by moveable press in 1040s. Magnetic compass first usedto make sure houses faced south,then used for direction at sea.. Gunpowder in 600sled to explosive weapons in 1000. Sung lost dynasty to Mongols.Mongol Conquest: 1200-1350, Mongols conquered Islamic empire, Russia, China,India, formed largest unified land empire ever. Came from steppe north of greatwall, most important weapon was bow. Kept peace in Asia.Genghis Khan: United Mongols in 1200, formerly Temuijin. Crushed all rivals andbecame accepted ruler of all steppe people. Brilliant Organizer, shrewd, employedspies, used cruelty as a weapon. Died in 1227Kublai Khan: conquered Sung China, took Chinese name Yuan, enjoyed livingluxuriously like Chinese emperor, ruled from Khanbalik now Peking. Tried to extendrulue to Japan, but failed due to stormMarco Polo: Italian youth traveled to Khanbalik, became trusted official of KublaiKhan.Yuan dynasty: Kublai Khan’s dynasty, weakened after his death 1295-1333.Ming dynasty: Chu Yuanchang freed china from Mongols, became Ming Tai-Tsu, bultcapital in south at Nanking, Yung-lo moves it to Peking, built forbidden city.Restored examination system,public elementary, high literacy rates, country turnsin on itself, Peasant revolt and invasion of ManchusCheng Ho: Great naval admiral that led Grand Fleet. Traveled to indies and eastAfrica, died in 1433Manchus: Manchurian people from north and east of China who adopted Chinese waysand invaded. Called their Chinese dynasty the Ching dynasty.Ching Dynasty: Manchurian dynasty, ending of examination systems bannedintermarriages with Chinese and made Chinese braid their hair.Yamato emperors: Leading clan of pre-shogunate japan.
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