lu b e c rip tlo n R a te sfo r T h e U K R A IN IA N W E E K L T J3 .5 0 p e r y e a r
'.N .A . M e m b e rs
j
- - - - -.
9 2 .5 0 per year
t
H B
U K R A IN IA N
W EEKLY.
E d ito r :
Z E N O N
S N T L Y K
P . O .B ox 346, Jersey
C ity , N .J. 0 7 3 0 3
E D IT O R IA L
Y o u th
P ow er
O ne
o f
th e
g r e a te s t
c h a n g e s
w e
a re
w itn essin g
to d a y
i n
th is
e ra
f i l l e d
w ith
c h a n g e s
is the new
ro le
o fy o u th
in
s o c ie ty . L o n g
ig n o re d , b e little d ,a n d
o fte n
c u t o ff
fro m
th e
m a in s tre a m
o f
pow er,
le a d e rs h ip
o p p o rtu n ity
a n d
p ro d u c \u00ad
tiv e re s p o n s ib ility
\u2014
" b e c a u s e y o u 'r eto o
y o u n g `'`-7 g e h e r2 F
flo n s o f y o u th
h a v e
led a
fru s tra tin g
e x is te n c e .
I n
th eU k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity , y o u th
h a sr e a c t e d
sim p ly
by leaving.(S e e "W here
is O u r Y outh?," a-series
o fa rtic le s
b y M r. M y ro n
K u ro p a sin T h e U k ra in ia n
W eekly).B ut m oat
2 oung
p e o p le , w ho do not h a v e
a
c o m m u n ity
t o
le a v e , h a v e
re a c te d
i n
o th e r
w ays
-
ra n g in g
fro m
"d ro p p in g
o u t" to
S o le n t a tta c k so n th e
" E s ta b lis h m e n t."
-
F o r u n to ld
a g e s
b e fo re
us, a
y o u n g
m an w as
b ro u g h t
in to
s o c ie ty
a t
th e a g e
o f
a b o u t
1 4 . W ith
a
dram atic
in i\u00ad
tia tio n
in to
th etrib e o rg u ild , h e w a sin v e s te d
w ith
all the
e ig h ts
a s
w e ll
a s
a ll
th e
re s p o n s ib ilitie s
b e fittin g
a
fu ll-
fle d g e d
m e m b e r of his s o c ie ty . T o d a y 's y o u th
\u2014
s o p h is tic a t\u00ad
e d , e d u c a te d , tra v e lle d
\u2014
h a sb e e n
h e ld
b a c k
fro m
re s p o n s i\u00ad
b ilitie s
b y
a n
in c re a s in g ly
p ro lo n g e d
e d u c a tio n a l
s y s te m
in
w h ic h ,fo r e x a m p le ,o n e c a n n o tget a Ph. D . u n til a b o u tth e
a g e
o f
2 7
or 30 and
b y
a
s lo w
p ro m o tio n a l
s y s te m
in
th e
business world.
W hen
th ep e n t-u p fru s tra tio n s
resulting from
these Con\u00ad
d itio n s
fin a lly
b u ilt
u p
t o
in to le ra b le
le v e ls ,
t h
\u0433\u0435\u042c \u0435\u2013
\u0406\u0456\u043e \u043f
o f
a n g r y
y o u th
s p r e a d
a c r o s s
th e
e n tire
w o rld
lik e
w ild fire
\u2014 -fro m
F r a n c e
w here
s tu d e n ts
s h o o k
th e
g o v e rn \u00ad
m e n ta n d c a u s e dth e e v e n tu a l d o w n fa llo f D e G a u lle ,t o C h in a
w here
R ed
G uard
c h a o s
to o k
th a t
n a tio n
to ta lly
o ff
i t s
s t r i d e ,t o
th e U .S ., Ita ly ,
G erm any
a n d
e v e n
s u c h
le s sd e \u00ad
v e lo p e d
c o u n trie sa s E g y p ta n d
E th io p ia .
Those w ho w ere less able, less aggressive
a n d
le s ss e l f -
w ille d
" d ro p p e d
o u t"in to L S D , p o t a n dn e o n
ro c k
(C onsider
th e
" 3D ays o fL o v e a n dP e a c e " inB e th e l, N .Y . w here 3 0 0 ,
0 0 0
g a th e re d
re c e n tly ). T h o se
m ore
a g g r e s s iv e
h a v e
e ith e r
a tta c k e d
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
o r
c r e a te d
th e ir
ov^a. activ ities,
ig n o rin g
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
a s
to ta lly
irre le v a n t
a n d
h o p e \u00ad
le s sa n d
a d v o c a tin g
"D irect A ction
D em ocracy."
T h e y
h a v e
b e e n
a b le
t o
becom e
h ig h ly
s u c c e s s f u l
a n d
t o
e x e r t
g r e a t
p o w e r. T h e ir
k e e n
in te llig e n c e , a b ility
t o
o rg a n iz e ,t o
w ork
a n d
g e t results from
th e superior, im proved
e d u c a tio n
w h ic h
th e y
o fte n
g a v e
th e m s e lv e s
h a s
b e e n
s h o c k in g
a n d
im pres\u00ad
s iv e .
.
T h is d o u b le
o u tb u rst
in to
d ia m e tric a lly
d iffe re n t
d ire c \u00ad
tio n sh a s b e e n
b e n e fic ia l
inth a t it h a s w akened
m any
in the
a d u lt w o rld
in to
a
n e w
aw areness
and a
n e w
assessm ento f
y o u th 's
p o te n tia l.
The m ost aw areo f youth's potentialh a s been
A m erican
business, seeing that when youth
i so ffe re d
th eo p p o rtu n itie s ,
i t
c a n
q u ic k ly
tu rn
th e m
in to
g re a te r
p ro fits
fo r
th e
com \u00ad
p a n ie s . T he b u s in e s s
w o rld
h a sju m p e d
in to
a
scram ble
fo r
young talent. Fortune m agazine reports that som e com panies,
s u c h
a sF o rd
M o to r, are now
s p e n d in g
5 1 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
fo r
y o u th
re c ru itm e n t
p e r year, w hereas
in
1 9 5 9th e y
s p e n t
n o th in g .
S o m e c o m p a n ie s
s u c h
a s F irst
N a tio n a l
B ank
fe a tu re
v is its
t o
c o lle g e
cam puses
b y
c h a irm e n
o f
th e
b o a rd
fo r
p e r s o n a l
re c ru itin g ,
o ffe rs
o f
S 1 5 .0 0 0 - S 2 0 ,0 0 0
s a la rie s
a n d
d e c r e a s e s
i n
p ro m o tio n
tim e
fro m
5y e a r s
to one year. Some aree v e n
p a y in g
g r a d u a te s
re lo c a tio n
c o s ts
fro m
th e
c o lle g e
cam pus
t o
th e
com pany
s ite .
Politics, seeing
a
g o o d
th in g ,w as q u ic k
t o
fo llo w
th e
exam pleo f business.T he youth cadresi n Eugene
M c C a rth y 's
c a m p a ig n
c h a lk e d
u p
a n
im pressive
re c o rd .
N ow
b o th
th e
D e m o c ra tica n d R e p u b lic a n
p a rtie sa re e x e rtin g
c o n c e n tra te d
e 'ffo rts
t o
c o u rt
y o u th
b y
lo w e rin g
th e
v o tin g
a g e ,
u s in g
^ y o u tha s c o n s u lta n ts ,a n d o ffe rin g
th e m
p o s itio n si n c itya n d
c o u n ty
governm ents.
I n
th e
U k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity ,
i t
i s
th e
b u s in e s s
w o rld
w h ic h
h a sin itia te d
aw areness
o fy o u th . U N A 's
"W ith
e y e s
upw ard
y o u th "
h a s
b e e n
a
f i t
s lo g a n
fo r
i t s
7 5 th
a n n iv e r\u00ad
s a r y
c a m p a ig n .
T h is is an e x c itin g b e g in n in g and w e h o p ei t w ill d e v e lo p
in to
s p e e d y
c o n c re te
im p le m e n ta tio n ,
a n d
w ill
s e r v e
a s
a
le a d
fo r
th e
e n tire
U k ra in ia n
c o m m u n ity .
I t
i s
h e re
th a t
th e
r e a l
h o p e
fo r
th e
fu tu re
o f
th e
c o m m u n ity
lie s .T he s o o n e r th isi s re c o g n iz e d
a n d th es o o n e r
i t
i s
im p le m e n te d ,
th e
b e tte r.
Y o u th
i s
th e
c o m m u n ity 's
greatest asset. Let us not allow
it to bew asted.
A .H .S .
o f
th e
in v a s io n
h a d
b e e n
t o
"refo rm "
th e
C zechoslovak
governm ent
a n d
i t
g a v e
th e
p e o p le
at thep o in t of a
b a y \u00ad
o n e t
a n d
t o
th e
s o u n d
o f
ru m b leo f ta n k s so m e
k n o w l\u00ad
e d g e
o f
w hat
i t
m eans
t o
m a in ta in
b ro th e rly
C om m u\u00ad
n is t
s o lid a rity .
T he
lo g ic
a n d
th e
m e th o d s
o f
th ein v a d e rs
h a v e
not yet
p e n e tra te d
th em in d s of m any
o f
th e
p e o p le
o f
th e
f r e e
w o rld
w ho
a re
s t i l l
h o p in g
th a t^ a J K a y jn a y ^ ^ e
d is c o v e re d
t o
re lie v e
th e
te n s io n s
th a t
e x is t
o n
b o th
s id e s
o f
th e
Iro n
C u rta in
w ith o u t
in v o lv \u00ad
in g
a
c o m p le te
lo s s
o f
fre e \u00ad
d o m
o n this side
of it.
A p p a re n tlya ll th ro u g h1 9 6 8
a
s tr a n g e
n e w
ferm ent
h a d
b e e n
b re w in g
in
th eC zecho\u00ad
s lo v a k
P e o p le 's R e p u b lic . U n\u00ad
lik e
th eo th e r
s a te llite
s ta te s
w h ic h
h a d
h a d
C o m m u n is t
g o v e rn m e n ts
s in c e
th e
b e g in \u00ad
n in g
o f
th e
e x p u ls io n
of the
N azis,th e
p ro c e s s
in
P ra g u fr.
w as
m ore
o r
ie s s
p ro lo n g e d
w ith
th e
C o m m u n is ts
a llo w \u00ad
in g
th e
o ld
a n ti-C o m m u n is t
governm ent
t o
fu n c tio n
b u t
in s is tin g
u p o n
c o n tro l
o f
a ll
th o s e
m in istries
th a th a d
t o
d o
w ith
th e
m a in te n a n c e
o f
o rd e r.
F o rc e
R e s ig n a tio n
T h e n w h e nth e C o m m u n is ts
w ere
fin a lly
re a d y ,
i t
w as
c h ild 's p la y
fo rth e m
t o
fo rc e
th e
re s ig n a tio n
o f
P r e s id e n t
B enes
o r
t o
com pel
h im
t o
fig h t
o n
th e ir
ow n
term s.I n
th e
p r o c e s s ,
th e
p o p u la rso n
o f
th e
f i r s t
P re s id e n t,
J a n
M a s a ry k , e ith e r ju m p e d
fro m
a
w in d o w
or w as th ro w n
o u t
\u2014
b u t in
e ith e r
c a s e
he w as
fo u n d
d e a d
o n
th e
pavem ent
b e lo w
a n d
a
d u ly
c e rtifie d
a n d o rth o d o x C o m m u n is t ru le
w as
in tro d u c e d
in to
C zecho\u00ad
s lo v a k ia
w ith
a ll o f
i t s
d is \u00ad
tin g u is h in g
f e a tu r e s .
T he
re a c tio n
of theC zechs
w as
ty p ic a l
a n d
i t
m ay
b e
sum m ed
u p
i n
th e
c h a r a c te r
o f
S h v e y k ,
th e
g o o d
s o ld ie r,
th e
e a r n e s t
in d iv id u a l
w ho
s la v is h ly
o b e y sth e r u le sa n d
d riv e s
th a t
o b e d ie n c e
to, a
c o m ic a la n d fu tile d e g r e e .B ut
in1 9 6 8 there cam e som e kind
o f
a
c h a n g e .
C zech
in d u s try
w h ic h
h a d
fo rm erly
b e e n
h ig h ly
r e g a r d \u00ad
e d
in
th e
W e s tw as d e v e lo p \u00ad
in g
d iffic u ltie s
as a
r e s u lto f
som e
u n in te llig e n t
d e c re e s
th a t
cam e
dow n
fro m
"B ig
Brother." Also because of the
a g e
o f
som e
o f
th e
C om m u\u00ad
n is t
le a d e r s ,
th e re
w as
o n ly
s lig h t
in te re s t
w hen
th e y
w ere
rem oved
and a
y o u n g e r
leader such
as D ubcek, aS lo \u00ad
v a k ,
becam e
th e
n e w
F irst
S e c r e ta r y
o f
th e
P a rty .
Y et m ore w a s to com e.T he
C z e c h s w ho had id o liz e d
P re \u00ad
sident M asaryk's
fam ily
d u r\u00ad
in g
th e
p e rio d
b e tw e e n
th e
w ars
n o w
b e g a n
a g a in
t o
s p e a k
o f
th e
v irtu e s
o f
th e
o ld
P re s id e n t and to v is ith is
g ra v e
w h ic h
h a d
e a rlie r
b e e n
g a n
t o
ta lk
not of
a n
o v e r\u00ad
th ro w
of com m unism , th e cry
in
B udapest
i n
I9 6 0 ,
b u t of
com m unism
w ith
a
hum an
fa c e .
T he
d a n g e r
th a t
th is
s o r t
o f
`c o n fu s io n
m ig h t
s p r e a d
too th e r s a te llite s w as
v e ry
o b v io u s, a lth o u g h
th e re
w as
n oc o u n try
w ith
e x a c tly
th e
p a s t
h is to ry
o r
th e
n a \u00ad
tio n a l
teperam ent
o fC zecho\u00ad
s lo v a k ia .
S o
M oscow
ta k in g
a d v a n \u00ad
ta g e
o f
som e
W arsaw
P a c t
m aneuvers
in v a d e d
t r i e
c o u n \u00ad
try ,
b u t itc a re fu lly
e x p r e s s \u00ad
e d
th e
fe e lin g
th a t
th is w as
n o t
a
h o s tile
m ovem ent
b u t
ra th e r
a n
e d u c a tio n a l
m ove\u00ad
m e n t.
T h is
w as
la te r
e la b o \u00ad
ra te d
i n
th e
"B rezhnev
D oc\u00ad
trin e "
th a t
n oc o u n try
in the
C o m m u n is to r S o c ia lis t w o rld
c a n
m a in ta in
a n
a b s o lu te
in \u00ad
d e p e n d e n c e ,
fo r
i t s
p a rtn e rs
h a v eth e
rig h ta n d in d e e d
th e
o b lig a tio n
t o
c o r r e c t
a n y
o b v io u s m is ta k e si n th e o ry
c r
p ra c tic e
w h ic h
m enace
th e
m o n o lith ic
c h a r a c te r
o f
th e
w h o le .
In a w ay th isw a s th e sam e
doctrine that K hrushchevh a d
t r i e d
t o
a p p ly
t o
R ed
C h in a
b u t C h in a
w a s to o
la rg e
a n d
M ao Tse-tung
to o
d e te rm in e d
a n d
a m b itio u s
a
le a d e r.
C z e c h o s lo v a k ia ,
sm aller
a n d
w eaker,
w asa b o u t
th e
rig h t
s iz e
t o
te a c h
a n d
s o
in
A u\u00ad
g u s t,
1 9 6 8
th e
W arsaw
P a c t
fo rc e s
set to
w o rk .
O n
re a c h in g
P r a g u e ,
th e y
s e iz e d
m any
o f
th e
le a d e rs
a n d
c a rrie d
th e m
t o
M oscow
o r
elsew here
u n til
th e y
c o n \u00ad
s e n te d
t o
w ith d ra w
m any
o f
th e
m ost
o b je c tio n a l
p ro v i\u00ad
s io n s
o f
th e
lib e ra l
n e w
re \u00ad
g im ea n d u n til a new
g o v e rn \u00ad
m ent
w as
e s ta b lis h e d
w ith
H usak, th e First Secretaryo f
th e
S lo v a k
C o m m u n is t
p a rty
ta k in g
o v e r
D u b c e k 's
o ld
p o s t.
N ew
c a b in e t
m em bers
a n d
le a d e rs
o f
th e
n a tio n a l
assem bly w ere selected, large\u00ad
l y
fro m
am ong
th o s e
C om \u00ad
m u n ists
w ho
h a d
p a s s e d
th ro u g h
th e
r e p e n ta n c e
p ro \u00ad
c e s s
s tip u la te d
b y
M oscow .
In te n s e
O p p o s itio n
T he
in te n s ity
o f
th eo p p o \u00ad
sitio nt o M oscow
d id n o ts e e m
t o
d ie
dow n
b u t
th e
C zechs
d id
not get
in v o lv e d
fo r th e
m ost part
i n
b lo o d y
s tru g g le
w h ic h
w o u ld
e x h a u s t
the na\u00ad
tio n a l
s tre n g th .
W hile
th e
num bero f underground
new s\u00ad
p a p e r s
show ed
a
te n d e n c y
t o
d e c lin e ,
th e
o ld
la b o r
d is c ip \u00ad
lin e
w h ic h
h a d
e x is te d
b o th
i n
th e
in d e p e n d e n t
R e p u b lic
a n d
u n d e r
th e
s e v e r e
C om \u00ad
m u n is t
reg im e
show ed
a
te n \u00ad
d e n c y
t o
re la x .
I n
th e
m e a n w h ile
W ences-
las Square becam e
th e
c e n te r
of popular dem onstrations.I n
th e
b e g in n in g
a t
le a s t
o n e
s tu d e n t
h a d
b u rn e d
h im self
a liv e n e a rth e s ta tu ea n d th is
m ade
th es p o t
o n ly
m oreo b \u00ad
v io u s ly
a
n a tio n a l
m em orial.
I t
h a s
b e e n
v e ry
e v id e n t
e v e n
t o
M oscow
th a t
the in\u00ad
v a s io n
h a ss t i r r e d
u p
an un-
s e rv e s
s p e c ia l
a tte n tio n
fo r
s e v e ra l
r e a s o n s .
F irst,
C a ta \u00ad
la n
i ss p o k e n
b y
s ix
m illio n
people, th u s form ing
th ela rg \u00ad
e s t
e th n o -lin g u a l
m in o rity
irt E u r o p e . It is u s e dn o t o n l y .
in
S p a in ,
b u t
a ls o
i n
som e
s o u th e rn
p a rts
o f
F r a n c e ,
n e ig h b o rin g
h e r e
w ith
P ro \u00ad
v e n c a l
te rrito ry .
S e c o n d ly ,
C a ta la n
a so p p o s e d
t o
o ffic ia l
S p a n is h -C a s tilia n
has no le g a l
s ta te
re c o g n itio n
i n
p u b lic
lif e .C a ta lo n ia n
c h ild re n
s p e a k
C a ta la n
a s
th e ir
m o\u00ad
th e r to n g u e ,b u t m u s t a c q u ire
s u ffic ie n t
k n o w le d g e
o f
th e
s ta n d a r d
S p a n is h -C a s tilia n
a t
s c h o o l.
'
`
M y
h o te l-b o y
i n
B a rc e lo n a
p ro u d ly d e c la re d
him self "bil\u00ad
in g u a l"
a n d , w hen
a s k e d
fo r
th e
d iffe re n c e s
b e tw e e n
b o th
languages, answ ered
a to n c e :
d e rc u rre n t
o f
h o s tility
th ro u g h o u t
th e
c o u n try
in \u00ad
s te a d
o f
e d u c a tin g
th e
p e o \u00ad
p le
t o
b e lie v e
th a t
M oscow
and Czechoslovakia's
b ro th e r\u00ad
ly
n a tio n s
k n o w
b e s t.
T h ish a s b e e n
e v id e n t
d u r\u00ad
in g
th e
d a y s
m a rk in g
th e
f ir s t
a n n iv e r s a r y
o f
th e
in \u00ad
v a s io n .
N o th in g
w as
s a id
p u b lic ly
b u t
th e re
w ere
a
num ber
o f
d e m o n s tra tio n s
b o th
inP r a g u e a n dB rn o , t h e
c a p ita l
o f
M o ra v ia .
I n
b o th
o f
th e s e
p la c e s
rio ts
b ro k e
o u t,w h ic h
w ere
d iffi\u00ad
c u lt for the rio t p o lic et o c o n \u00ad
tro l
a n d
a t
tim es
th e
arm y
a n d
ta n k s w e re
c a lle d
o u t to
d is p e rs eth e
rio te rs o n ly to be
g re e te d
b y
d e n u n c ia tio n s
a s
th e
" G e s ta p o ."
T he
g o v e rn \u00ad
m ent
is s u e d
s te a d ily
s tric te r
re g u la tio n s for the c o n tro lo f
th e rio tin g ,th e n u m b e r of ar\u00ad
r e s ts
g re w
th o u g h
th e
num \u00ad
bero f deadh a s been relative\u00ad
ly
sm all.
T he
S o v ie t
p a p e r s
h a v e
ta k e n
o c c a s io n
t o
p r a is e
th e
p re s e n t
C zechoslovak
reg im e
a n d
t o
p ic tu re
it as
o p p o s in g
a
h e te ro g e n e o u s
m ass
o f
W estern
a g e n ts ,
c o u n te r-\u0433 \u0437 \u2013
v o lu tio n is ts
a n d
g e n e r a lr i f f \u00ad
r a f f
a n d
n e 'e r-d o -w e lls
w ho
h a v e
b e e n
r e s is te d
by the ar\u00ad
d e n t b e lie v e rsi n
com m unism .
T h is
i s
a
stro n g
c o n tr a s t
t o
th e
re p o rts
o f
th e
A m erican
c o rre s p o n d e n ts .
I t
iss t i l l to oe a rly
t o
p r e \u00ad
d ic t if o r w h e n
th esam e
f e r \u00ad
m ent will arisei n other coun\u00ad
t r i e s .T h e r e
c a n
be no
d o u b t
a fte r
th e
C zechoslovak
e x \u00ad
p e rie n c e
th a t
th e
s p i r i t
o f
fre e d o m
a n d
ju s tic e
a re
n o t
d e a d
b e h in d
th eIro n
C u rta in
a n d
th a t
th e
K re m lin
w ill
s o o n e r
o r
la te r
lo s e
i t s
d e \u00ad
sperate gam ble to be th e m as\u00ad
te r
o f
a
s la v e
w o rld
fro m
w h ic h
lib e rty
h a s
b e e n
b a n \u00ad
ished.T he K rem lin m ay m ake
c o n v e rts
o f
u n th in k in g
p e r\u00ad
s o n s
i n
th e
f r e e
w o rld
w ho
have losta ll m orale
b u t th e y
w ill m o s t lik e ly s o o n e ro r la t\u00ad
e r
b e
sw ept
aw ay
in
the re-
su rg e
o f
lib e rty .
la n g u a g e s
o th e r
th a n
th e
w ord
fo r
'h u n d r e d '
( p e s e \u00ad
t a s ! ) .T h e y
lie in
th e
s p h e r e
o f
g ra m m a tic a l
stru c tu re
o f
th e
la n g u a g e s
c o n c e rn e d
a s
w e ll
a s
i n
th e
v o c a b u la ry .
\u0410 .\u0410 . \u0422 \u043e \u0433 \u0433 \u0435 \u0457\u0456\u0430 \u0437 in c lu d e d a b o u t
s ix ty
th o u s a n d
w o rd s
i n
h is
C a ta la n -C a s tilia n
d ic tio n a ry
(1 9 5 9 ),
n o t
ta k in g
in to
a c \u00ad
c o u n t
a
h u n d re d
th o u s a n d
p h r a s e sa n d id io m a tic e x p re s \u00ad
sio n s.
J u s t
t o
illu e tra te
i t
w ith
o n e
or tw oe x a m p le s
th e
fo l\u00ad
lo w in g
m ig h t
b e
c ite d :
T he
w ord
fo r'la k e ' \u2014
in
C a ta la n
i s
'\u041d \u0430 \u0441 ' ( a s in
F r e n c h
'la c ') ,
b u t
in
S p a n is h -C a s tilia n
i s
'la g o '
(a s
i n
Ita lia n ).A
lin \u00ad
g u is t
h a s
a
L u c u llu s '
f e a s t
c o m p a rin g ,
e .g .,
th e
w ord
'p e lig ro s o '
(\u2014 perilous)
w ith
C a ta la n
'p e rillo s ,' b o tn
b a s e d
o n
L a tin
'p e r ic u lo s u s .'
W hile
in
th e
C a ta la n
la n g u a g e
i t
re ta in s
i t s
a rc h a ic
s tru c tu re ,
in
S p a n is h -C a s tilia n
i t
g o ^ a
v e ry
fa r
i n
i t s
d e v e lo p m e n t
d is p la y in g
v u lg a r
d issim ila\u00ad
tio n s
a n d
o th e r
p h o n e tic
c h a n g e s .
"H ig h
P re s tig e ''
L a n g u a g e
O nei s stru ck
b y th ev ita li\u00ad
t y
a n d
e x p a n s iv e n e s s
o f
th e
C a ta lo n la n g u a g e . U n lik e o th \u00ad
e r
m in o rity
la n g u a g e s
w ith \u00ad
o u t
c o n s titu tio n a l
p ro te c tio n
s h o w in g
d e c lin ea n d
s w itc h e s
t o
th e
m a jo rity ,
o r
e v e n
te n d in g
t o
e x tin c tio n ,
C a ta -
la n ai s g a in in g s tr e n g th
fro m
y e a r
t o
y e a r
a n d
e x p a n d in g
ra p id ly
t on o n -C a ta la n
s p e a k \u00ad
in g
S p a n ia rd s
fro m
A n d a lu \u00ad
s ia ,
G a lic ia ,
a n d
o th e r
p a rts
ofth e c o u n try
w ho ares e ttl\u00ad
in g
i n
B a rc e lo n a .,
G erona,
T a r r a g o n a
o r^ elsew here
i n
n o rth e a s te rn
p a rts
o f
S p a in ,
g ro w th .
O n
th e o n es i d e ,
C a ta lo n ia
isth e m o s t h ig h ly
in d u s tria l\u00ad
iz e d
a n d
th e
ric h e s t
re g io n
o f
th e
Ib e ria n
p e n in s u la .
I t
h a s
a
w e ll
o rg a n iz e d
m id d le
c la s sa n d o th e r
s o c ia l
s tra ta .
T h e y
p ro u d ly
u seC a ta la n
a s
th e ir
e v e ry d a y
la n g u a g e . A ll
that gives it a "social status,"
m a k in g
i t
a
" h ig h
p re s tig e "
la n g u a g e
o f
th a t
re g io n .
N ew com ers havet o
m aster
C a ta la n
t o
a d v a n c e
fu rth e r
u p
o n
th e
s o c ia l
la d d e r. A c\u00ad
c o rd in g
t o
s ta tis tic s
a t
le a s t
o n
th ird
of thep o p u la tio n of
B a rc e lo n a
is of"fo re ig n " o ri\u00ad
g in ;
y e t,
th o s e
p e o p le
fro m
o th e r
p a rts
o f
S p a in
h a v e
to a c q u ire k n o w le d g eo f C a ta \u00ad
la n
i n
o r d e r
t o
m ake
b e tte r
liv in g
a n d
t o
a d a p t
th e m \u00ad
s e lv e s
t o
th e
c u R u ra lly
s u p \u00ad
erior social m ilieu
of the C a\u00ad
ta lo n ia n
c a p ita l.
O nth e o th e r h a n d , C a ta la n
h a s
a
c o n s id e ra b le
l i t e r a r y
a n d lin g u is tic tra d itio n . T w ic e
in
th eh is to ry
it w as theo ffi\u00ad
c ia l
la n g u a g e
o f
C a ta lo n ia :
once up to the year 1716,a n d
m ore
re c e n tly
i n
th e
a u to n o \u00ad
m o u s C a ta la n
re g io n
b e tw e e n
1 9 3 1 -1 9 3 9 .
D e e p ly
e n ro o te d
i n
th e
m e d ie v a l
lite ra tu re
S u c h
a u th o rs
as J. V erda-
g u e r,J . M a ra g a ll,J . A lc o v e r,
M .
F e rra ,
C .
S o ld e v ila ,
E .
V ila n o v a ,
J .
P la
a n d
m any
o th e rs p ro d u c e da n im p o rta n t
m em ber
o f
w o rk s
i n
C a ta la n
w hich found their readersa n d
id e o lo g ic a l
fo llo w ers.
T h e r e
a re
num erous
tra n s la tio n s
fro m
w orld literaturei n C ata\u00ad
la n .
I t
i s
w o rth
m e n tio n ig
that Nitzsche, Ibsen,a n d oth\u00ad
er W estern
a u th o rs w e re
f i r s t
k n o w ni n Ib e riai n th e ir C a ta \u00ad
la n
tra n s la tio n s .
A m ong
th e
translatorsa n d authors, Joan
M a ra g a ll
i s
e s p e c ia lly
c e le \u00ad
b ra te d
b y
th e
p e o p le .
L in g u is tic
W o rk s
A lo n g
w ith
v iv id
l i t e r a r y
r e s e a r c h
in
C a ta la n
lin g u is \u00ad
tic s .
T h e r e
a re
d ic tio n a rie s ,
gram m ars,
d \u0456a1 e cto lo g ic a l
s tu d ie s ,
lin g u is tic
jo u rn a ls ,
o n o m a s tic
w orks. T he
g re a t\u00ad
e s t
lin g u is tic
a c h ie v e m e n t
s o
f a r :
" D ic tia n a r
g e n e r a l de la
lle n g u a l
C a ta la n a "
b y
Pom -
p e u
F a b r a
h a s
a lre a d y
w it\u00ad
n e s s e d
fiv e
e d itio n s
s in c e
1932 .
F a b r ai s a ls o th e a u th o r
ofth e best Catalan
gram m ar
s o
fa r
p ro d u c e d
i n
th e
fie ld .
U nder
s u c h
fa v o ra b le
c i r \u00ad
cum stances
C a ta la n
d e v e lo p s
n o t o n ly as a to o lo f lin g u is tic
in te rc o u rs e
am ong
th e
p o p u \u00ad
la tio n
o f
th e
re g io n ,
but ac\u00ad
q u ire s
h ig h
social prestige
\u0430 \u0437
a
c u ltu ra l
fa c to r
in
th e
lif e
o f
th e
c o m m u n ity .
C o n s id e rin g
le v e llin g
p r e s \u00ad
s u r e s
o f
th e
F r a n c o
c e n tra l
governm ent
i n
M a d rid ,
in \u00ad
c lu d in g
i t s
la n g u a g e
p o lic y ,
w h ic h
conflicts w ith
th elo c a l
lin g u is tic
in te re s ts
a n d
a s p i\u00ad
ra tio n s
o f
th e
p o p u la tio n
o f
C a ta lo n ia ,
o n e
i s
s tr u c k
b y
th e
lo v e
a n d
r e s p e c t
t o
th e
la n g u a g e ,b y
i t sv ita lity
a n d
b y
th e
c o n s e q u e n tly
em erg\u00ad
in g
e x te n s iv e
b ilin g u a lis m
o f
in d iv id u a ls . T h is
b ilin g u a lis m
fu n c tio n s
s m o o th ly
i n
p riv a te
a n d c o m m u n ity
lif e of the re\u00ad
giona n d becom esi t s insepar\u00ad
a b le
c h a ra c te ris tic .
A s
s u c h
S p a n is h -C a ta la n
b ilin g u a lis m
i s
e x e m p la ry
t o
m any
la n g u a g e
m in o rity
g ro u p s th ro u g h o u tth e w o rld .
B o th
s o c ia l
a n d
lite ra ry -c u l\u00ad
tu ra l
e ffo rts
a n d
a c h ie v e \u00ad
m e n ts
c a n
g re a tly
c o n trib u te
t o
th ep re s e rv a tio n
of a non-
,o ffic ia l
la n g u a g e
a n d
fa v o riz e
th e
b ilin g u a l
p a tte rn
o f
th e
g iv e n
p o p u la tio n .
B arcelona,
A u g . 1969
H A VE
yO U
B R O U G H T
Y O U R
F R IE N D
O R
R E L A T IV E
T O
TH E
U K R A IN IA N
N A T IO N A L
A S S O C IA T IO N7
I F`N O T ,
D O
S O
A S
SO O N
A S
P
\u041e
\u0412
\u0412
\u0406
\u0412
L
\u0412
t
\u0428
\u041c
\u041c
\u042c \u0413 \u0490\u0428
\u0413 (
i W
IV /IY /iV /lY Y
IN F O R M A T IO N
E X P L O S IO N
-
K N O W L E D G E IM P L O S IO N
T he
"in fo rm atio n
e x p lo \u00ad
s io n " is a d ra m a tic
e x p re s s io n
for w hata t leasto n e contem \u00ad
p o ra ry
th in k e r
fe e ls
i s
n o t,
o r s h o u ld
not be, a
v e ry
d ra \u00ad
m atic
o ro v e rw h e lm in g
w o rld
m odern
p ro b le m .
' "
Jo h n M cH ale, a u th o r of th e
re c e n tly
p u b lis h e d
"The Fu\u00ad
tu re
o f
th e
F u tu re ,''
fe e ls
-th a t
o u r m odern
te c h n o lo g y ,
if
p ro p e rly
o rie n te d
t o
s e r v e
'm a n ,i s fu lly
c a p a b leo f h a n d \u00ad
lin g
a
v a rie ty
o fw o rld
p ro b \u00ad
lem s,in c lu d in g
th a t
o f-ra p id -
4 y
p ro life ra tin g
in fo rm a tio n .
T he
ra p id
g ro w th
o f
in fo r\u00ad
m a tio n
i sc a u s i n g
som e
p a n ic
i n
g o v e rn m e n t,
b u s in e s s
a n d
"academ ic
c irc le s
w here
m uch
tim e
a n d
e ffo rt
i sd e v o te d
t o
"sim ply
a c q u irin g ,
re c o rd in g
a n d
k e e p in g tra c k
o ffa c ts fo r
"fu tu re
r e f e r e n c e .
A
fa rm o re im p o rta n t p ro b -
4 p m , w h ic h
c o n c e rn e d
M c H a le
som e
y e a r s
b e fo re
th e
p u b li\u00ad
c a tio n
o f
h is
b o o k ,
was the
re la tio n s h ip
o f
p ro life ra tin g
in fo rm a tio n
t ok n o w le d g e a n d
th e p la c eo f e d u c a tio n
i n
th a t
re la tio n s h ip .
T h e re
is a
p re v a ilin g
m yth
w h ic h
e q u a te s
th e
d is c o v e ry
o fn e w
facts w ith
n e w
k n o w l\u00ad
e d g e ,
w ro te
M c H a le .
B ut
k n o w le d g e
d o e s
n o t
sim p ly
in v o lv e a c c u m u la tio n s of new
f a c ts ,
b u t
th e
s y n th e s is
o f
u n re la te d ,
som etim es
seem \u00ad
in g ly
irre le v a n t
fa c ts
in to
c o n c e p tu a l
w holes.
O ur
e d u \u00ad
c a tio n a l
s y s te m
i s
s t i l l
c o n \u00ad
c e rn e d
w ith
th e
m em oriza\u00ad
tio n
o f
fa c ts
a n d
p ie c e s
o f
u n re la te d
d a te\u2014
w itn essth e
e x a m in a tio n
s y s te m
to d a y .
R e s tru c tu rin g
E x p e rie n c e
"T h e
e x te n s io n
o f
k n o w l\u00ad
e d g e , e . g ., ins c i e n c e , h a s h a d
l i t t l e
t o
d o
w ith
th e
sim p le
a c c u m u la tio n
o f
n e w
f a c ts ,
b u t
h a s
ra th e r
p ro c e e d e d ,i n
q u a n tu m
ju m p s , th ro u g h
th e
in tu itiv e
g r a s p
o f
th e
w ays
in w h i c h
a great m ass off a c \u00ad
tu a l in fo rm a tio n
m ay be sim \u00ad
p ly
a n d
e le g a n tly
s tru c tu re d
in to
n e w
c o n c e p tu a l
fo rm ."
T he
lin k
b e tw e e n
s c ie n c e ,
h u m a n itie s
a n d
a r t s
lie s
in
th fe
c re a tiv e
c a p a c ity
t o
re \u00ad
stru c tu re
hum an
e x p e rie n c e
\u2014
th ea c c u m u la tio n
o f
fa c ts
a b o u t e n v iro n m e n t in to
f r e s h
c o n fig u ra tio n s .
T h is
process doesn o t tend
to w ard
g re a te r
c o m p le x ity
b u t to w a rd s s im p le r c o n c e p ts .
F o r
e x a m p le ,
th e
re c e n t
d is \u00ad
covery of the D N A /R N A
m e\u00ad
c h a n is m
h a s
m ade
o b s o le te
m any
u n re la te d
" b io lo g ic a l
f a c ts " w hile "relating
b io lo g y
v ia
b io c h e m is try
t o
b io p h y \u00ad
s ic s-
a n d
th e n c e
to a
m ore
e le g e n tly
sim p le
c o n fig u ra \u00ad
tio n
o fs tru c tu ra l
h ie ra rc h ie s
a s
e x te n d in g
o u tw a rd
fro m
the mjcronueleus through
th e
median rangeo f ordinary per\u00ad
c e p tio n
to w a rd s
m acro-struc\u00ad
tu ra l
h ie ra rc h ie s
a t th e
le v e l
o f
g a la x ie s ."
T h e in te g ra tio n
o fs e p a r a t e
d is c ip lin e s
h a s
o c c u rre d
in
v a rio u s
a c a d e m ic
f i e l d s .
I n
a rc h e o lo g y ,
fo r
e x a m p le ,
a
v a s t
ra n g e
o f
c o n c e p tu a l
m eans
a n d
te c h n iq u e s
fro m
o th e r
fie ld s
h a s
com e
t o
b e
e m p lo y e d :
c a rb o n
d a tin g ,
X -ray
d iffra c tio n ,e tc :
A nd
so ,
M c H a le
h y p o th e \u00ad
s iz e s
th a t
a s
in fo rm a tio n
in \u00ad
c r e a s e s
e x p o n e n tia lly
\u2014
e x \u00ad
p lo d e s
\u2014
c o n c e p tu a lly
im \u00ad
p lo d e s , b e c o m in g
in c re a s in g ly
m ore
sim p lified .
N o
s in g le
hum an
p ro b le m ,
c a n
b es o l v e d
interm s o f o n e
s p e c ia lis t
d is c ip lin e ,
a n d
y e t
th e
tro u b le s o m e
fa c t
is
th a t
m ost
o f
o u r
e d u c a tio n ,
re \u00ad
s e a r c h
a n d
d e v e lo p m e n t'i s
o rie n te d
to w ard
p ro d u c tio n
o f
e v e r
m ore
u n re la te d
fa c \u00ad
tu a l
m aterial
w h ile
l i t t l e
a t\u00ad
te n tio n
i s
p a id
t o
is o la tin g
th e s e
n e w
fa c ts
in to
assim il\u00ad
a b le
a n d
u s e fu l
c o n c e p tu a l
w holes.
A
c ritic a l
b u t
u n s o lu b le
p ro b le m
fa c in g
th ew o rld
to \u00ad
d a y
i s
in a b ility
t o
u se
th e
in fo rm a tio n
w h ic h
w e
h a v e
a c c u m u la te d . " H a v in g
tra in e d
s e v e r a l
g e n e ra tio n s
o f
w a lk \u00ad
in g
s p e c ia lis t
com puters,
w e
h a v e
la rg e ly
o m itted
t o
t r a i n
the requisite
n u m b e ro f 'a n a \u00ad
log integrators'
tod ig e s t, a n d
s y n th e s iz e
th is
m aterial."
S o u rc e s
P le n tifu l
B ut
th e
s o u rc e s
fo r
th e s e
'a n a lo g
i n t e g r a t o r s 'a re p le n \u00ad
tifu l
- the
m ost
s ig n ific a n t
b e in g
th e
hum an
organism ,
a n d
s p e c ific a lly ,
th e
hum an
b ra in . M cH ale p o in tso u t th a t
a
p re -s c h o o l
c h ild ,fo r e x a m \u00ad
p le ,
s y n th e s iz e s
in fo rm a tio n
a d m ira b ly
w e ll
a n d
a c h ie v e s
m ore
e n v iro n m e n ta l
k n o w l\u00ad
e d g e
th a n
a n y tim e
a fte r
h e
b e g in s
t o
b e
fo rm ally
" e d u \u00ad
c a te d ."
W h ic h
,
o f
course," says
s o m e th in g
a b o u t
th e
e d u c a \u00ad
tional system . A s it is struc\u00ad
tu re d
now , ourschool system
p ro m o te s
a n d
s tr e s s e s
a c q u i\u00ad
s itio n
o f
in fo rm a tio n
ra th e r
tS a n
g ro w th
o f
p e rs o n a l
k n o w le d g e w h ic h
com es w hen
o rm a tio n
i sre la te d
and re-
c tu re d
c o n c e p tu a lly
in to
ig n ific a n t s c h e m eo r w h o le ,
h e
a c a d e m ic
c o m m u n ity ,
the author says,h a s beenu n \u00ad
d u ly
a la rm e d
o v e r
th e
"in \u00ad
fo rm atio n
e x p lo s io n " and has
d e s p e r a te ly
s o u g h t
t o
a c c e l\u00ad
e ra tea n d in te n s ify
th ea c q u i-
s :tio n
o f
fa c tu a l
in fo rm a tio n
to i.k e e p
u p
w ith
th e
p a c e
a t
w h ic h
i t
i s
b e in g
fu rn ish e d .
It has not c a re fu lly
e x a m in e d
i t s
e d u c a tio n a l
prem ises
a n d
tle e
m e a n in g
o f
tru e
k n o w l\u00ad
e d g e .
A nd
s o
w e
h a v e
th e
a io m a ly
o f m odern
2 0th
c e n \u00ad
tu ry
e d u c a tio n a l
te c h n iq u e s
c o n v e y in g
1 9 th
c e n tu ry
c o n \u00ad
c e p tu a l
c o n te x ts .
T he
backw ardness
o f
o u r
e c u c a tio n a l
s y s te m
becam e
v e ry o b v io u s a f te rth e la u n c h \u00ad
in g of the S o v ie t " S p u tn ik "i n
li5 7
w hen
th h
f e a t
in s p ire d
s e ttle
soul-searcm "ng
i n
th e
s d ^ n tific
c o m m u n ity .B u t th e
s a il-s e a rc h in gh a s a p p a re n tly
net extended
to thea r t s and
h ifria n itie s
w h ic h
M c H a le
fe e ls
h a v e
re m a in e d
unaw are
o f
th e
n e e d
t o
r e v is e
th e ir
c o n c e p tu a l
fram ew o rk
a n d
have been staticfo r centuries.
A
m uch-needed
e d u c a tio n a l
re v o lu tio n
has nowb e g u n . A s
c o m m u n ic a tio n s
te c h n o lo g y
h a s
p r o g r e s s e d ,
m uch
of o u r
s o c ia l
e d u c a tio n ,
e g .,
e d u c a \u00ad
tio ni n life-sty le,h a s com en o t
fro m
tra d itio n a l
p la c e s
s u c h
a s
s c h o o ls
a n d
u n iv e rs itie s ,
b u t
fro m
non-academ ic
com \u00ad
m u n ic a tio n s
m e d ia
s u c h
a s
ra d io ,
te le v is io n
a n d
v a rio u s
u n iv e rs ity
o f
th e
a ir-ty p e
o f
program s.
O u r e n tire
e d u c a tio n a l s y s \u00ad
te m , lo n g c o n s id e re d
a
s a c r e d
tra d itio n ,
i s
u n d e rg o in g
a
tran sfo rm atio n
p r o c e s s .
T he
c o m in g
o fe le c tro n ic
com m u\u00ad
n ic a tio n sis n o t o n ly
b rin g in g
a b o u t
th e
lik e lih o o d
o f
" g lo \u00ad
b a l
e d u c a tio n "
b u t
in s p irin g
th e
em ergence
o f
"w o rld
m en." Thfr"w erld
i s fast beco\u00ad
m ing
a
" g lo b a l
v illa g e "
i n
w h ic h
p e o p le
fro m
o p p o s ite
e n d s
o f
th ew o rld
a re
aw are
of each
other's existence.
W orld
C itiz e n s
"W here
trib a lm an has be\u00ad
com e
d is o rie n te d
w hen
s e p a \u00ad
r a t e
fro m
h is
lo c a l
trib e ,
a n d
e a rly
c ity
a n d
lo c a l
s ta \u00ad
t e
m an
c o u ld
b a re ly
c o n c e p \u00ad
tu a liz e
h is
im m ed iate
su rro \u00ad
u n d in g
e n v iro n m e n t,
w e
a re
n o w
i n
a
p e rio d
w hen
m any
m en
th in k
e a s ily
a n d
c a s u a l\u00ad
ly
i n
term s
o f
th e
e n tire
e a rth ."
S u c h
"w o rld
c itiz e n s "
a re
n o t
tro u b le d
o r
d is -o rie n te d
b y
th ep ro life ra tio n
o f
in fo r\u00ad
m a tio n
but are
a b le
t o
c o n \u00ad
c e p tu a liz e
th ew h o le a se a s ily
a s e a rly
p e o p le s c o n c e p tu a liz \u00ad
e d
th e ir im m ed iate
su rro u n d \u00ad
in g s .
T h e .
m odern
c o m m u n ic a \u00ad
tio n s
s y s te m
i s
b u ild in g
a
w o rld
c o m m u n ity
b yb rin g in g
closert o hom e such eventsa s
th e V ie tn a m
w a r o r th es t a r \u00ad
v a tio n
o f
B iafran
c h ild re n .
I t
m ade
p o s s ib le
th e
s h a r in g
o f
th e A p o llo 1 1 's m issio n b y
a
tre m e n d o u s
num ber
of the
w o rld 's
p o p u la tio n .
M an
h a sc r e a t e d
te c h n o lo \u00ad
g y
tos e r v e h im , n o t tod o m i\u00ad
n a te
him . A nd so
th e
"in fo r\u00ad
m a tio n
e x p lo s io n ,"
th e
o ff\u00ad
s h o o t of the te c h n o lo g ic a lre \u00ad
v o lu tio n ,
n e e d
n o t
in tim ate
a n d
o v e rw h e lm
u s.
M c H a le
s u g g e s ts
i n
h is
r e c e n t
b o o k ,
a s
h e
d id
i n
th e
e a rlie r
d is \u00ad
c u s s io n s
tre a te d
a b o v e ,
th a t
m ani s still th e m easureo f a ll
th in g s . W e are
b le s s e d ,
a fte r
a l l ,
b y
th a t
b e a u tifu l
'a n a lo g
in te g ra to r'
\u2014
th e .
hum an
m in d .
(A .H .S .)
U k ra in i
9 ,
1 9 6 9
th e
fu tu
h e rita g e
T im e
tw e n ty
g e n e ra ti
tio n
( Ia
u p
t o
f in
e ra tio n .
e s te d
i n
tu rea s
T he
U
a
g r e a t
fo lk so n g
a r t ,
a rc
re c e ip e s
m any
c
w ritte n
the early
c o r n y ;
s o n g sa r
e r n ,
a n d
W e,
t h
ta k e
a n
k ra in ia n
s u rv iv e .
s p e a kt h
s p e a k
i t
T he
i
k ra in ia n
start wh
g in s
t o
h e
b e g i
im m poss
W hen
h
s ix th
b
le a rn
s o
Som e
s a y in g
a
d e r s ta n d
w hat
d o
le a rn
i
s c h o o l?
g ia n c e ,
te a c h
h
th e m
" S
r a in a " ?
I
m ys
m anded
u n d e rs to
w a n te d
ia n
a t
B ut m an
a n d
th e i
not kno
A
f r ie
e d
w hat
S h e
re p
m e n t's
R u ssian
s u r p r i s e
k ra in ia n
h e rs e lf
T he
U
e n d u re d
m any
y
d o m
a n
b e e n
ta k
I
a m
y o u n g
p
o rn o k n
h is to ry
R u ssian
I hop
a
p a r e n
tu re ,
b u
d o n e
t o
ia n
y o u
not ach
th o u s a n
I t 's
n
b o rin g ;
a n d
c u
c a n
d u p
W e
a
z e n s
l i
S ta te s ,
get w he
is .
N eillsv il
C A P
B U F F
com m em
N a tio n s
o n
J u ly
b y
M ic
com m an
State A
fa y e tte
o f
a
C a
m a tio n
B .J o h n
A n
a
f a l o
a n
L ib ra ry
in g
a n d
m ateria
U SSR
w
D r.L
m an
o f
C h airm a
tio n s
W
p a r t
i n
n ie s h e r
d io
a n
a n d
sp o
fiv e
N a
c o -s p o n
C lu b
o f
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