Conceptual Cost Estimating Manual

CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATING MANUAL
SECOND EDITION
JOHN
S. PAGE
An Imprint ofElsevier
Conceptual Cost Estimating Manual

2nd Edition
Copyright 1984, 1996 by Elsevier. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
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10 9 8 7 6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Page, John S. Conceptual cost estimating manual / John S. Page. 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-88415-267-7 1. Chemical plantsDesign and construction EstimatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TH4524.P34 1996 690'.54dc20 95-52313 CIP Printed in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper (oo).
PREFACE
Long has been the need for a manual on conceptual cost estimating that allows the construction industry and the engineering/management staff of chemical, refinery, and industrial plants to arrive at a reasonable cost for a specified facility. Simply to rely on past records and say that a certain type plant will cost ten dollars per pound produced, and the product can be sold for fifteen dollars per pound, by no means justifies the construction cost of the plant. Management of all organizations concerned demands more reasoning and is certainly within its rights to do so. When a project is in its planning and evaluating stages, the cost of a complete design and definitive estimate would be, in most cases, too great to justify the design and estimate. Therefore, it becomes apparent that a less expensive method is needed to determine the feasibility of the plant in mind. By using a very moderate flow sheet design, specifications, and/or equipment lists, by properly applying man-hours, dollars, percentage values (as are shown throughout this manual in graph and table form), and construction indexes, and by considering other items outlined in the Introduction, a total cost very close to the as-built cost of a complete plant should be obtainable for any location in the world.
The Human Factor in Estimating

In this high-tech world of sophisticated software packages, including several for labor and cost estimating, you might wonder what an estimating manual offers that a computer program does not. The answer is the human factor. In preparing a complete estimate for a refinery, petrochemical, or other heavy industrial project one often confronts 12-18 major accounts, and each account has 5-100 or more subaccounts, depending on the project and its engineering design. While it would seem that such numerous variables provide the perfect opportunity for computerized algorithmic solution, accurate, cost-effective, realistic estimating is still largely a function of human insight and expertise. Each project has unique aspects that still require the seasoned consideration of an experienced professional, such as general economy, projects supervision, labor relations, job conditions, construction equipment, and weather, to name a few. Computers are wonderful tools. They can solve problems as no human can, but I do not believe construction estimating is their forte. I have reviewed several construction estimating software packages and have yet to find one that I would completely rely on. Construction estimating is an art, a science, and a craft, and I recommend that it be done by those who understand and appreciate all three of these facets. This manual is intended for those individuals. John S. Page
INTRODUCTION
This manual contains two methods of conceptual estimating for determining the budget amount or estimated cost to design and construct refineries, chemical/petrochemical, and some other types of industrial plants. Method one, when properly applied, produces a semi-definitive conceptual estimate with an accuracy of 10%. Method two uses conceptual ratio estimating, and based on the known equipment material dollar value and the application of weighted percentage costs for all other items, it produces an estimate with an accuracy of 30%. The information required and procedures to follow for using these two methods of estimating are defined later in this introduction. All equipment and material dollar graph and tables throughout this manual are based on average cost as of January 1,1996. Due to the ever-changing economic conditions, the use of what is known throughout the industry as indices must be considered and applied against all equipment and material graphs and tables. This will result in a more realistic equipment and material value for a project to be designed and constructed at some future date. Indices are simply numbers for a time frame indicating a percentage of change in regard to a relative cost of a base time frame. There have been many pro and con discussions as to the use of indices; however, they are still the only means for achieving an acceptable estimate where limited information and time are available. There are several indices from which one might choose. I favor the Nelson Refinery (Inflation) Index, which appears in the first weekly edition of each month in the Oil and Gas Journal. The engineer/estimator may wish to use other indices that he is more familiar with and has more confidence in. Should this be the case, it is to be recognized that as far as this manual is concerned January 1, 1996 is equal to 100. All labor manhour graphs and tables are based on an average productivity of 70%. The engineer/estimator must determine the labor productivity he feels he can achieve for each project and may acjjust the graph and table manhours as may be required. Major items that one should consider in determining productivity are: 1. General Economy 2. Project Supervision 3. Labor Relations 4. Job Conditions 5. Construction Equipment 6. Weather In determining the dollar rate to apply against the estimated manhours the engineer/estimator should first establish weighted composite crew rates. This is simply the listing by craft of the various personnel required for a crewsuch as general foreman, foreman, craftsmen, and apprentices/helpersand the weighted percentage of their time that will be devoted to the crew. The weighted percentage of each classification multiplied by the hourly rate for that classification will result in the weighted hourly rate for each. The sum of all weighted rates will equal the composite crew hourly rate. The total percent of all crew personnel is to equal 100. Using the composite crews and rates, activity crews and rates are to be formed. List the composite crew rates and the weighted percent of time each crew will be devoted to the activity. The weighted percent of each composite crew multiplied by the weighted composite crew rate will result in the weighted hourly activity rate for that crew. The sum of all weighted crew rates for the activity will equal the hourly weighted activity rate. The total percent of all composite crew personnel is to equal 100. See Section One for description of disciplines of work to determine activity crew personnel needed.
All manhour tables and graphs include the total manhours, based on 70% productivity, to complete the unit of work as listed. All equipment and material dollar graphs and tables are based on cost as of January 1, 1996, and include the total unit equipment or material cost as outlined. All graphs and tables that reflect shop fabrication, packaged units, and subcontracted items include the total cost of labor, material, overhead and profit of the supplier, and vendor or subcontractor. If the project under consideration is to be located in an area outside the continental forty-eight states, the engineer/estimator must consider other items not covered in this manual. Additives for any or all of the following items may be required and since their costs vary widely for different parts of the world, they must be researched individually for each foreign project. 1. Mobilization and demobilization of personnel and equipment 2. Foreign differential labor pay 3. Permits, licenses, fees, duties 4. Load out, tie down and material handling 5. Transportation and ocean or air freight 6. Camp, family quarters,fieldoffice, and storage facilities 7. Rest and recreation for personnel
Method OneAccuracy Level of 10%

A method one, semi-definitive conceptual estimate is defined as one that will produce major discipline quantities, manhours and labor, material, subcontract and total dollars for their cost. As an example, using concrete as a major discipline of work, and applying this method, the total cubic yards of concrete for equipment foundations would be the result. Based on the total cubic yards of concrete, all inclusive of foundation earthwork, forms, reinforcing steel, embedments,finishing,etc., the total manhours and cost would be achieved. With the overall results of all major disciplines of work the project can be scheduled and fast-track cost-controlled until such time as a total definitive estimate is available. To achieve a degree of accuracy of 10% the following information will be required. 1. Plant capacity, product form, basic process, and raw material 2. Total general specifications 3. Plant location (site conditions) 4. Preliminary soils report with foundation recommendations 5. Plot plan and equipment arrangements. 6. P. & I.D.'s. (mechanical flow sheets) 7. Equipment list 8. Buildings listing type, size, and description This same type estimate can be assembled with far less information than that listed above but the degree of accuracy, in all probability would be less than that stated.
Method TwoAccuracy Level of 30%

A method two, ratio conceptual estimate is defined as one that is based on the known total process equipment material cost and that applies weighted percentages against that cost to achieve the cost of all other major disciplines of work. Once the cost of all major disciplines of work has been established, quantities and manhours can be achieved by dividing the material dollars by the pre-established unit dollar rate, as outlined in the graphs and tables, and the labor dollars by a pre-established composite activity rate.
With the established quantities and manhours the project can be scheduled and fasttrack cost-controlled until such time as a more definitive type estimate is available. To achieve a degree of accuracy of 30%, the following information will be required. 1. Plant capacity, product form, basic process, and raw material 2. Knowledge of general specifications 3. Plant location (site conditions) 4. Equipment list (priced out) In assembling a method one or two estimate it should be recognized that in the rounding off and averaging of material and labor cost and the application of average indices, a certain degree of accuracy is lost insofar as the individual item costs are concerned. However, it is believed that the overall estimate is not seriously affected by this because the items tend to average each other out. I sincerely hope the foregoing will enable the engineer/estimator engaged in this type work to turn out more realistic conceptual estimates and assist in the elimination of much guesswork.
Contents
Preface .................................................................................... xv
The Human Factor in Estimating .................................................. xv
Introduction .............................................................................. xvi Section 1. Disciplines of Work .......................................... 1

1 1 3 3
Section Introduction ....................................................................... Direct Cost Items ........................................................................... Construction Equipment ................................................................ Overhead and Indirects .................................................................
Home Office Cost .......................................................................... 10
Section 2.
Process Equipment ......................................... 11
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 11 Acid Coolers with Pump and Motor .............................................. 12 Equipment Cost ............................................................... 12 Erection Manhours .......................................................... 13 Activators Vibrating Bin .............................................................. 14 Equipment Cost ............................................................... 14 Erection Manhours .......................................................... 15 Aerators Mechanical .................................................................. 16 High-speed Equipment Cost ......................................... 16 High-speed Erection Manhours .................................... 17 Low-speed Equipment Cost .......................................... 18 Low-speed Erection Manhours ..................................... 19
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
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Compressors ................................................................................. 20 Air Power Synchronous Motor Driven Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 20 Air Power Induction Motor Driven Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 21 Air Power Synchronous and Induction Motor Driven Erection Manhours ............................................... 22 Automotive and Industrial Service Air Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 23 Automotive and Industrial Service Air Erection Manhours ................................................................ 24 Centrifugal Air Plant and High-pressure Equipment Cost ...................................................... 25 Centrifugal Air Plant and High-pressure Erection Manhours ................................................................ 26 Industrial Air Air-cooled, Two-stage Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 27 Industrial Air Air-cooled, Two-stage Erection Manhours ................................................................ 28 Integral Gas Engine Four Cylinder Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 29 Integral Gas Engine Four Cylinder Erection Manhours ................................................................ 30 Packaged Air Single-stage, Water-cooled Equipment Cost ...................................................... 31 Packaged Air Single-stage, Water-cooled Erection Manhours ................................................................ 32 Reciprocating Electric Motor Driven Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 33 Reciprocating Electric Motor Driven Erection Manhours ................................................................ 34
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Two-stage, Two-cylinder, Water-cooled Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 35 Two-stage, Two-cylinder, Water-cooled Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 36 Two-stage, Two-cylinder, Water-cooled Erection Manhours ................................................................ 37 Dryers Air .................................................................................... 38 Automatic, Refrigerated Equipment Cost ...................... 38 Automatic, Refrigerated Equipment Cost ...................... 39 Automatic, Refrigerated Erection Manhours ................. 40 Automatic, Refrigerated Erection Manhours ................. 41 Chiller Equipment Cost ................................................. 42 Chiller Erection Manhours ............................................ 43 Surge Arresters ............................................................................. 44 Hydrocarbon and Water Service Equipment Cost ......... 44 Hydrocarbon, Water, and Sewage Service Equipment Cost ...................................................... 45 Hydrocarbon, Water, and Sewage Service Erection Manhours ................................................................ 46 Blenders, Mixers, Packers, and Feeders ...................................... 47 Dry Material Auger and Rotary Drum Blenders Equipment Cost ...................................................... 47 Dry Material Auger and Rotary Drum Blenders Erection Manhours .................................................. 48 Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors Equipment Cost ...................................................... 49 Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors Erection Manhours .................................................. 50 Plate Mounted Open Tank Mixers Equipment Cost ...... 51
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Portable Clamp and Flanged Mounted Mixers Equipment Cost ...................................................... 52 Flanged Top Tank Mounted and Plate Mounted Open Tank Mixers Erection Manhours ........................... 53 Gearmotor Mixers Equipment Cost ............................... 54 Gearmotor Mixers Erection Manhours .......................... 55 Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 56 Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers Erection Manhours ................................................................ 57 High-intensity Mixers Equipment Cost .......................... 58 High-intensity Mixers Erection Manhours ...................... 59 Bag and Rigid Container Vibrating Packers Equipment Cost ...................................................... 60 Bag and Rigid Container Vibrating Packers Erection Manhours ................................................................ 61 Boilers ............................................................................................ 62 Package Type Equipment Cost .................................... 62 Package Type Erection Manhours ................................ 63 Boiler Stacks Equipment Cost ...................................... 64 Boiler Stacks Erection Manhours .................................. 66 Classification Equipment ............................................................... 67 Cone Pelletizers Equipment Cost ................................. 67 Cone Pelletizers Erection Manhours ............................. 68 Turbo-screen Cyclone and Pressure Sifter Equipment Cost ...................................................... 69 Turbo-screen Cyclone and Pressure Sifter Erection Manhours ................................................................ 70 Rotary Screens Equipment Cost ................................... 71 Rotary Screens Erection Manhours .............................. 72
Contents
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Condensers and Receivers ........................................................... 73 Vertical Tube Surface Equipment Cost ......................... 73 Vertical Tube Surface Erection Manhours .................... 74 Conveying Equipment ................................................................... 75 Conveyors Open Belt Equipment Cost ...................... 75 Conveyors Open Belt Erection Manhours .................. 76 Conveyors Belt Enclosed with Walkway Equipment Cost ...................................................... 77 Conveyors Belt Enclosed with Walkway Erection Manhours ................................................................ 78 Conveyors Spaced, Bucket Elevators, Belt-driven Equipment Cost ...................................................... 79 Conveyors Spaced, Bucket Elevators, Chain Driven Equipment Cost ...................................................... 80 Conveyors Spaced, Bucket Elevators, Chain- or Belt-driven Erection Manhours ............................. 81 Conveyors Continuous, Bucket Elevators, Beltdriven Equipment Cost ......................................... 82 Conveyors Continuous, Bucket Elevators, Chaindriven Equipment Cost ......................................... 83 Conveyors Continuous, Bucket Elevators, Belt- or Chain-driven Erection Manhours .......................... 84 Screw Conveyors Equipment Cost ............................... 85 Screw Conveyors Erection Manhours ........................... 86 Dryers Drum ............................................................................... 87 Atmospheric Single Drum Type Equipment Cost .......... 87 Atmospheric Double and Twin Drum Types Equipment Cost ...................................................... 88 Atmospheric Single, Double, and Twin Drum Types Erection Manhours .................................................. 89
Contents
Dryers Vacuum ........................................................................... 90 Conical Rotating Equipment Cost ................................. 90 Double Drum and Rotary Equipment Cost .................... 91 Conical Rotating and Double Drum Erection Manhours ................................................................ 92 Rotary Carbon and Stainless Steel Erection Manhours ................................................................ 93 Dust Collectors .............................................................................. 94 Centrifugal Scrubbers High Capacity, Hot-rolled Steel Equipment Cost .......................................... 94 Centrifugal Scrubbers Medium Capacity, Hot-rolled Steel Equipment Cost .......................................... 95 Centrifugal Scrubbers High Capacity, Stainless Steel Equipment Cost .......................................... 96 Centrifugal Scrubbers Medium Capacity, Stainless Steel Equipment Cost .......................................... 97 Centrifugal Scrubbers High- and Medium-capacity, Hot-rolled and Stainless Steel Erection Manhours ................................................................ 98 Cyclones Hot-rolled Steel Equipment Cost ................ 99 Cyclones Stainless Steel Equipment Cost ................. 100 Cyclones Hot-rolled and Stainless Steel Erection Manhours ................................................................ 101 Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 102 Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters Erection Manhours ................................................................ 103 Packaged Motor Operated Blowers Equipment Cost .... 104 Packaged Motor Operated Blowers Erection Manhours ................................................................ 105
Contents
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Fans and Blowers .......................................................................... 106 Blowers Rotary Equipment Cost ................................ 106 Blowers Rotary Erection Manhours ........................... 107 Centrifugal Fans Equipment Cost ................................. 108 Centrifugal Fans Erection Manhours ............................ 109 Cast Iron Industrial Fans Equipment Cost .................... 110 Cast Iron Industrial Fans Erection Manhours ................ 111 Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans Equipment Cost ...... 112 Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans Erection Manhours ................................................................ 113 Feeders ......................................................................................... 114 Heavy Duty Belt Equipment Cost .................................. 114 Heavy Duty Belt Erection Manhours ............................. 115 Pre-wetting Dry Chemical Equipment Cost ................... 116 Pre-wetting Dry Chemical Erection Manhours .............. 117 Pre-wetting Dry Chemical, Package Units Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 118 Pre-wetting Dry Chemical, Package Units Erection Manhours ................................................................ 119 Dry Material, Vibrating Equipment Cost ........................ 120 Dry Material, Vibrating Erection Manhours ................... 121 Dry Material, Volumetric and Gravimetric Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 122 Dry Material, Volumetric and Gravimetric Erection Manhours ................................................................ 123 Dry Material, Wing and Conveyor Equipment Cost ....... 124 Dry Material, Wing and Conveyor Erection Manhours ................................................................ 125 Filters ............................................................................................. 126 Gravity Filtration Units Total Material Cost .................... 126
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Contents
Gravity Filtration Units Total Unit Installation Manhours ................................................................ 127 Pressure Type Equipment Cost .................................... 128 Pressure Type Erection Manhours ............................... 129 Rubber-lined Equipment Cost ....................................... 130 Rubber-lined Erection Manhours .................................. 131 Vibrating Screens Equipment Cost ............................... 132 Vibrating Screens Erection Manhours ........................... 133 Flakers ........................................................................................... 134 Cooling Drum Equipment Cost ..................................... 134 Cooling Drum Erection Manhours ................................. 135 Generators ..................................................................................... 136 Inert Gas Equipment Cost ............................................ 136 Inert Gas Erection Manhours ........................................ 137 Gas Pulsation Dampers ................................................................ 138 Dampers Equipment Cost ............................................. 138 Dampers Erection Manhours ........................................ 139 Heaters .......................................................................................... 140 Deaerating Feedwater Equipment Cost ........................ 140 Deaerating Feedwater Erection Manhours ................... 141 Gas-, Oil-, and Dual-fired Equipment Cost .................... 142 Gas-, Oil-, and Dual-fired Erection Manhours ............... 143 Heat Exchangers ........................................................................... 144 Hairpin Type Equipment Cost ....................................... 144 Hairpin Type Erection Manhours .................................. 145 Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube, and U-tube Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 146 Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube, and U-tube Erection Manhours ................................................................ 147
Contents
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For Heating Water Equipment Cost .............................. 148 For Heating Water Equipment Cost .............................. 149 For Heating Water Erection Manhours .......................... 150 Pumps ........................................................................................... 151 Centrifugal Single-stage, Vertical Split Case Equipment Cost ...................................................... 151 Centrifugal Single-stage, Horizontal Split Case Equipment Cost ...................................................... 152 Centrifugal Single-stage, ANSI and API 610 Equipment Cost ...................................................... 153 Centrifugal Two-stage and Multi-stage Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 154 Centrifugal Single-stage, in-line Equipment Cost ....... 155 Gear Light and Heavy Duty Equipment Cost ............. 156 Sewage Horizontal and Vertical, 1,750 rpm Equipment Cost ...................................................... 157 Sewage Horizontal, 1,750 rpm Equipment Cost ......... 158 Sewage Horizontal and Vertical, 1,150 rpm Equipment Cost ...................................................... 159 Sump and Plunger Equipment Cost .............................. 160 Vertical Turbine Single and Multi-stage Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 161 Centrifugal Single, Two, Multi, and in-line Single Stage Erection Manhours ..................................... 162 Gear Light and Heavy Duty Erection Manhours ......... 163 Sewage Horizontal and Vertical Erection Manhours ................................................................ 164 Sump and Plunger Erection Manhours ......................... 165 Vertical Turbine Single and Multi-stage Erection Manhours ................................................................ 166
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Reactors ........................................................................................ 167 Glass-lined, Agitated, Jacketed Equipment Cost .......... 167 Glass-lined, Agitated, Jacketed Erection Manhours ...... 168 Steam Jet Ejectors ........................................................................ 169 Single-stage Equipment Cost ....................................... 169 Single-stage Erection Manhours ................................... 170 Gas Scrubbers .............................................................................. 171 High-energy Venturi Type Equipment Cost ................... 171 High-energy Venturi Type Erection Manhours .............. 172 Separators ..................................................................................... 173 Vane Type Equipment Cost .......................................... 173 Vane Type Equipment Cost .......................................... 174 Vane Type Erection Manhours ..................................... 175 Vibrating Equipment Cost ............................................. 176 Vibrating Erection Manhours ........................................ 177 API Type Oil/Water Equipment Cost ............................. 178 API Type Oil/Water Erection Manhours ......................... 179 Size Reduction Equipment ............................................................ 180 Crushers Equipment Cost ............................................. 180 Crushers Erection Manhours ........................................ 181 Impact Breakers Equipment Cost ................................. 182 Impact Breakers Erection Manhours ............................. 183 Reversible and Non-reversible Hammermills Equipment Cost ...................................................... 184 Reversible and Non-reversible Hammermills Erection Manhours ................................................................ 185 Ring Type Granulators Equipment Cost ....................... 186 Ring Type Granulators Erection Manhours ................... 187
Contents
xv
Water Softener System ................................................................. 188 Hot Process Water Total Process Material and Equipment Cost ...................................................... 188 Hot Process Water Total System Installation Manhours ................................................................ 189 Tanks ............................................................................................. 190 API Cone Roof Storage Subcontract Installed Price ..... 190 API Cone Roof Storage Subcontract Installed Price ..... 191 API Floating Roof Storage Subcontract Installed Price ....................................................................... 192 ASME Spheres Subcontract Installed Price .................. 193 Fintube Heating Coils Equipment Cost ......................... 194 Fintube Heating Coils Erection Manhours ..................... 195 Fired Heaters, Fintube Type Equipment Cost ............... 196 Fired Heaters, Fintube Type Erection Manhours .......... 197 Suction and Line Type Fuel Oil Heaters Equipment Cost ........................................................................ 198 Suction and Line Type Fuel Oil Heaters Erection Manhours ................................................................ 199 Propane Storage Equipment Cost ................................ 200 Propane Storage Erection Manhours ............................ 201 Vessels .......................................................................................... 202 Shop Fabricated Average Weight, Pounds per Linear Foot .............................................................. 202 Horizontal, Shop Fabricated Cost per Ton .................... 203 Vertical with Angle Legs, Shop Fabricated Cost per Ton ......................................................................... 204 Vertical with Anchor Ring and Skirts, Shop Fabricated Cost per Ton ........................................................ 205 Tray Rings, Shop Fabricated Cost Each ....................... 206
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Column Trays, Shop Installation Cost Each .................. 207 Demisting Pads, Shop Installation Cost Each ............... 208 Shop Stress Relief Cost per Ton .................................. 209 Removable Type Trays Material Cost Each .................. 210 Removable Type Trays Material Cost Each .................. 211 Demisting Pads Material Cost Each ............................. 212 Demisting Pads Material Cost Each ............................. 213 Vessels Field Erection Manhours per Ton .................... 214 Tray Installation Field Erection Manhours Each ............ 215 Demisting Pads Field Erection Manhours Each ............ 216
Section 3.
Site Preparation ............................................... 217
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 217 Area Clear and Grub Manhours per Acre .................................. 217 Area Cuts and Fills Manhours and Material Cost per Acre ....... 218
Section 4.
Site Improvements ........................................... 219
Security Fencing ............................................................................ 219 Railroad and Spurs ........................................................................ 219 Tank Dikes ..................................................................................... 220 Concrete Trenches ........................................................................ 220 Drainage ........................................................................................ 221 Catch Basins and Manholes ......................................................... 221 Road Culverts ................................................................................ 221
Section 5.
Concrete ........................................................... 222
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 222 Earth Backfill Materials Cubic Yards .......................................... 223 Excavation and Backfill Labor Manhours .................................. 224
Contents
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Earthwork for Equipment Structures, Pipe Racks, and Sleepers Labor Manhours ................................................ 225 Concrete Required for Equipment, Equipment Structures, Pipe Racks and Sleepers Cubic Yards ............................ 226 Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments and Concrete Material Cost ...................................................................................... 227 Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments and Concrete Installation Manhours ............................................................................. 228 Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout Average Square Feet ................ 229 Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout Material Cost ............................. 230 Nonshrink, Nonmetallic Grout Installation Manhours ................ 231 Fireproofing Structural Steel Total Material Cost ....................... 232 Fireproofing Structural Steel Installation Manhours .................. 233 Fireproofing Vessel Skirts Material Cost .................................... 234 Fireproofing Vessel Skirts Erection Manhours .......................... 235
Section 6.
Structural Steel and Miscellaneous Iron ........ 236
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 236 Structural Steel Tons Required .................................................. 237 Miscellaneous Iron Tons Required ........................................... 238 Pipe Rack Steel Tons Required ................................................. 239 Structural Steel Equipment Supports and Structures Material Cost ........................................................................ 240 Structural Steel for Pipe Racks Miscellaneous Iron for Equipment Material Cost ................................................... 241 Structural Steel and Miscellaneous Iron Equipment, Equipment Supports and Structures, and Pipe Racks Erection Manhours ............................................................... 242
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Contents Buildings ........................................................... 243
Section 7.
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 243 Building Types and Descriptions ................................................... 243 Building Materials Cost per Square Foot ................................... 245 Building Erection Manhours per Square Foot ............................ 246
Section 8.
Piping ................................................................ 247
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 247 Shop Furnish and Fabricate Pipe and Fittings ............................. 248 Quantities Required for Pieces of Equipment .................. 248 Cost for Pieces of Equipment .......................................... 249 Field Furnish, Fabricate and Erect Pipe, Fittings and Valves ...... 251 Quantities Required for Pieces of Equipment .................. 251 Material Cost for Pieces of Equipment ............................. 252 Field Erect Shop Fabricated Spools Manhours for Pieces of Equipment ............................................................................ 256 Field Furnish, Fabricate and Erect Pipe, Fittings, and Valves Labor Manhours for Pieces of Equipment ........................ 257 Miscellaneous Pipe Items Material Cost for Pieces of Equipment ............................................................................ 259 Miscellaneous Pipe Items Total Manhours for Pieces of Equipment ............................................................................ 260 X-ray and Stress Relieving Total Subcontract Cost for Pieces of Equipment ............................................................ 261
Section 9.
Electrical ........................................................... 262
Section Introduction ....................................................................... 262 Electrical Power Material Cost ................................................... 263 Electrical Power Installation Manhours ...................................... 264 Electrical Lighting Material Cost ................................................. 265
Contents
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Electrical Lighting Installation Manhours ................................... 266 Miscellaneous Instrumentation Material Cost ............................ 267 Miscellaneous Instrumentation Installation Manhours .............. 268
Section 10. Instrumentation ................................................ 269

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 269 Instruments Total Number of Instruments Required ................. 270 Instruments Total Material Cost ................................................. 271 Instruments Total Instrument Installation Manhours ................. 272 Control Valves Total Material Cost ............................................ 273 Standards, Tray Supports, Trays, Tubes, and Tube Bundles Total Material Cost ............................................................ 274 Standards, Tray Supports, Trays, Tubes, and Tube Bundles Total Installation Manhours ............................................... 275
Section 11. Insulation .......................................................... 276

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 276 Insulating Material Total Square Feet ........................................ 277 Insulating Material for Equipment Total Material Cost ............... 278 Insulating Material for Piping Total Material Cost ..................... 279 Insulating Labor for Piping and Equipment Total Manhours ............................................................................. 280
Section 12. Painting ............................................................. 281

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 281 Painting Equipment Square Feet Area ................................... 282 Painting Structural Steel and Piping Square Feet Area ......... 283 Painting Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel Square Feet Area ...................................................................................... 284 Painting Equipment Total Material Cost ................................. 285
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Painting Equipment Total Manhours ...................................... 286 Painting Structural Steel Total Material Cost .......................... 287 Painting Structural Steel Total Manhours ............................... 288 Painting Piping Total Material Cost ......................................... 289 Painting Piping Total Manhours .............................................. 290 Painting Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel Total Material Cost ........................................................................ 291 Painting Miscellaneous and Pipe Rack Steel Total Manhours ............................................................................. 292
Section 13. Paving ............................................................... 293

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 293 Asphalt Pavement Total Subcontract Price ............................... 294 Concrete and Gravel Pavements Total Material Cost ............... 295 Concrete and Gravel Pavements Total Manhours .................... 296
Section 14. Proratables ....................................................... 297

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 297 Proratable Materials Total Material Cost ................................... 298 Proratable Labor Total Manhours .............................................. 299
Section 15. Construction Equipment ................................. 300

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 300 Equipment Base Rental or Purchase Cost Fuel, Oil, Grease and Supplies Cost ................................................................ 301 Equipment Service Labor Total Manhours ................................ 302
Section 16. Overhead and Indirects ................................... 303

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 303 Engineering and Supervision Personnel Total Manhours ......... 304
Contents
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Office Personnel Total Manhours .............................................. 305 Other Indirect and Temporary Construction Labor Total Manhours ............................................................................. 306 Temporary Construction Materials Total Cost ........................... 307 Payroll Burdens and Benefits and Other Indirect Materials Total Cost ............................................................................. 308
Section 17. Home Office Cost ............................................. 309

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 309 Engineering Design Manhour Range Allowance per Piece of Equipment ........................................................................ 310 Engineering Design Other Cost as a Percent of Engineering Labor Dollars ................................................... 314 Engineering Design Manhour Spread Percentages .................. 315
Section 18. Ratio Estimating Factors ................................. 316

Section Introduction ....................................................................... 316 Refinery Process Systems Direct Cost Percentages ................ 318 Liquid Type Chemical Plant Direct Cost Percentages .............. 319 Solid Type Chemical Plants Direct Cost Percentages .............. 320 Liquid/Solid Type Chemical Plants Direct Cost Percentages ......................................................................... 321 Liquid High-pressure Chemical Plants Direct Cost Percentages ......................................................................... 322 Liquid High-alloy Chemical Plants Direct Cost Percentages ......................................................................... 323 Construction Equipment as a Percent of Direct Field Labor ........ 324 Overhead and Indirects as a Percent of Direct Field Labor ......... 324 Home Office Services as a Percent of Total Cost and Indirect Cost ...................................................................................... 324
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Section 19. Estimate Adjustments ..................................... 325

Design Allowance .......................................................................... 325 Quantity Allowance ........................................................................ 325 Escalation ...................................................................................... 325 Contingencies ................................................................................ 326 Risk ................................................................................................ 326 Fees ............................................................................................... 326
Section 1 DISCIPLINES OF WORK
The following is a broad description of the major items included in the various disciplines of work as outlined within this manual. It should be recognized that all items listed will not necessarily be required for a given project. There may also be other items for a specific project that are not included. Should this occur, the estimator should give consideration to these items and add or deduct accordingly.
Direct Cost Items 1. Process EquipmentThe equipment cost, labor, material and subcontracts necessary to set and erect or install the process equipment in the final position and condition for mechanical operation. 2. Site PreparationAU general preparation of the plant site for construction including, but not necessarily limited to, clearing, rough grading, cut, fill, borrow, disposal, soil stabilization and finish grading. 3. Site ImprovementsIncludes items of work that provide permanent improvements to the plant site, such as drainage ditches, culverts, storm drain pipe, canals, dikes, all base materials for roads, parking lots, and railroads including ballast, railroads, and fencing. Pavements for roads, process areas and parking areas are included under "Discipline, Paving." 4. ConcreteAll earthwork, forms, reinforcing steel, miscellaneous embedded items and placing, finishing and curing of concrete for equipment foundations and equipment structures are included here. All building concrete including foundations is included under "Discipline, Buildings." 5. Structural SteelAll cost of procuring, fabricating, and erecting structural and miscellaneous steel, not embedded, for framed structures, equipment supports, equipment platforms, walkways, ladders,
handrails and pipe supports. Steel for buildings is included under "Discipline, Buildings" 6. BuildingsAU cost of buildings including earthwork, foundations and other concrete, total superstructure, HVAC, plumbing and utility piping to five feet outside of building, insulation, electrical, painting, and all architectual finishes. 7. Underground PipingAU project underground piping serving the project including fire water loops and their components, water lines and special process lines. 8. Above Ground PipingIncludes the fabrication and erection of all above ground process pipe, valves and fittings required for plant operation. Installation only of relief valves, control valves, and orifice fittings for instrumentation are also included. The material cost of these items is included under "Discipline, Instrumentation." 9. Underground ElectricalAll labor and material for underground power and lighting, ducts, conduit, wire, cable, etc. Also includes earthwork and concrete for embedments. 10. Above Ground ElectricalAU items required for the complete above ground power and lighting systems for the total project, excluding buildings. Also includes the installation of all electrical instruments and their hook-up. 11. InstrumentationIncludes material and labor cost of instrumentation work delineated as follows: Material cost includes instruments, control valves, relief valves, control panels, meter runs, orifice fittings and all other instrument items plus the tubing, tube bundles, and tray materials required to install these items. Labor cost includes the installation of the above except as noted. Labor cost to install relief and control valves and orifice fittings is included under Above Ground Piping. Labor cost to install electrical hook-up is included under "Above Ground Electrical." All header piping labor and material costs are included under "Above Ground Piping." 12. InsulationAU labor and material cost of insulation, refractories, and linings for process equipment and piping. Building insulation is included with buildings. 13. PaintingIncludes all preparation and protective coating of surfaces with paint and/or epoxy for the total project excluding buildings. 14. PavingIncludes the furnishing and placing of concrete, asphalt, or gravel used for the final surfacing of roads, sidewalks, parking areas, and process work areas as required.
15. ProratablesIncludes the labor and material cost for daily area clean up, all required scaffolding and final test, startup, and pre-commissioning assistance. Construction Equipment 1. Rental or PurchaseCost of rental or purchase of construction equipment required to construct the project. Does not include small tools. 2. Service LaborAU labor required to service and maintain the construction equipment. Does not include the operation of the equipment when working. Operators are included in the Direct Account Labor. 3. Fuel, Oil, Grease, SuppliesIncludes the cost of all fuels, lubricants, and supplies required to operate and maintain the construction equipment.
Overhead and Indirects

The following is a comprehensive list of inclusions, and the scope of the individual project will dictate the actual item requirements.
Indirect Labor (Except for Temporary Facilities Labor)

AU or part of the items described below are used to establish costs for: Salaried indirect Office hourly indirects Field hourly indirects The distribution will vary depending upon the type of project, local labor practices, and contractor preferences. Description Engineering salariesestimating Engineering salariesfield technical support To Include Civil, cost, electrical, general, mechanical and structural estimating salaries. Project chief engineer; assistant project chief engineer; chief field engineer; civil, electrical, mechanical, structural, field, staff, office, piping, instrument engineers; coordinators; engineering draftsmen; party chiefs, instrument men,
Watchmen and Janitorslabor
Holiday pay
Salariesoffice clerical Quality assurancelabor
Salariessubcontract administration Salariescost engineering
chainmen, rodmen, and laborers temporarily assigned to a field party performing general layout work. Security supervisor, security coordinator, guards, watchmen, janitors, labor for supplying drinking water. Note: Does not include contract security personnel. Pay for holidays not worked. Personnel covered by overhead and indirect estimate only. Administrative clerks, office clerks, and secretaries. Chief construction inspector, construction inspectors, welding inspector, piping inspector, electrical inspector, boiler inspector and civil inspector. Salaries for subcontract coordinators. Salaries for cost/schedule supervisor, chief field cost engineer and cost engineers. Salaries for chief field scheduler and planner/schedulers. Salaries for technical clerical personnel. Material control coordinators and material control personnel assigned to implement and follow-up the material control program. Job payroll labor for loading, unloading, and transporting from facilities to project construction area tools and construction equipment, temporary facilities, etc. Move-in is defined as assembly of tools and construction equipment at jobsite. Move-out is the return of tools and construction equipment to other approved destination, in the immediate area of the project. Wages paid to hourly employees during a temporary period when work is stopped. Also wages paid to craftsmen for voting
Salariesscheduling and planning Salariestechnical clerks Material control labor
Move in/outlabor
Non-productive labor
Safety and medical expenselabor Salariesoffice
Salariessupervision
Sick pay
Warehouse salaries
in accordance with union or government regulations. Welding test labor and jury pay differential. Note: Work stoppage due to weather and show-up time are considered in productivity factors used elsewhere. Safety supervisor, safety inspectors, and medics. Chief accountant, accountants, bookkeepers, invoice auditors, expeditors, chief timekeeper, timekeepers, personnel manager, assistant personnel manager, personnel interviewer, data controllers, data entry operators, purchasing agents, and buyers. Project manager, general superintendent, craft superintendents, area superintendents, assistant project manager, assistant superintendents, administrative manager, office manager, area coordinators and master mechanic. Wages paid overhead and indirect employees only for authorized absence due to personal illness, as approved by project construction manager. Warehouse supervisor, assistant warehouse supervisor, warehousemen, toolroom attendants, warehouse laborersassigned full time to warehouse operation. Note: Must be on job payroll only.
Temporary Construction Facilities (Labor and Material)

Description Temporary buildings and utilitieslabor To Include Labor only for construction or erection, maintenance and dismantling of the temporary facilities, in accordance with but not limited to the following: Roads, ditches, bridges, storage areas, parking lots, fencing, buildings, water system, sanitary system, power distribution, tel-
Temporary buildings and utilitiesmaterial and supplies
ephone and communications systems, and plant air system. Note: Does not include construction camp, quartering or catering facilities. Material and supplies and maintenance for construction and dismantling of the temporary facilities in accordance with but not limited to the following. Also includes rental of temporary field offices and warehouses, roads, ditches, bridges, storage areas, parking lots, fencing, buildings, water system, sanitary system, power distribution, telephone and communications systems, and plant air system. Note: Does not include construction camp, quartering or catering facili-
Labor Burdens and Overhead Personnel Benefits

Description Retirement and savings plan (for overhead and indirect personnel only) Insuranceemployees' life and hospitalization (for overhead and indirect personnel only) InsuranceW/C, B/I, and P/D Taxespayroll Tb Include Actual cost fixed by the appropriate accounting office. Note: Does not include any like or similar item which is a part of a union fringe benefit. Direct premium charges only. Note: Does not include any like or similar item which is a part of a union fringe benefit. Premium expense based on payrolls. Limits conform to the requirements for the state as specified in the contract. FICA and Medicare, state unemployment insurance and federal unemployment insurance. Actual cost for overhead and indirect personnel only based on gross payroll as billed by the appropriate Accounting Office. Note: Does not include any like or similar item which is a part of a union fringe benefit.
Vacation pay (for overhead and indirect personnel only)
Small Tool and Consumables

Description Construction supplies TD Include This account should include items that are consumed and, by their use, directly related to construction; for example, sandpaper, rope, chalk, soapstone, emery paper grinding wheels, moil points, saw blades, padlocks, threading dies, drill bits and reamers, rags, brooms and mops, air and water hose for general use. Purchase or rental of hand tools, power operated hand tools, etc. Rental or repair parts for such tools will be included in this account. This account includes minor equipment such as small pumps to 3", vibrators, light plants (800 watt3,000 watt), chain saws, pipe threaders, tar pots, small, sand blasting machines, air and chain hoists. This cost will include items that are, by their use, directly beneficial to and for the convenience of workmen; for example, towels, toilet paper, drinking cups, ice drinking water, hard hats, protective clothing, gloves, boots, salt tablets, soap, drinking water barrels or containers, safety shoes, and work shoes. Credit is to be received for sales by payroll deduction for items charged here.
Small tools (in accordance with contract limits)
Workmen's supplies
Other Indirects
Description Advertising Bond premiums Communications and postage To Include Classified ads, public advertisements. Bid bonds, performance bonds, maintenance bonds, and fidelity bonds. Telephone, telegraph, teletype, postage, radio rental or communications system
Containers Dues
Engineering supplies
Expediting Heat, light, water, and power Insurancegeneral
Legal Licenses and permits
Move in/outsupplies and services
Office supplies
Safety and medical expense, material
rented from a third party. Include data lines and couplers. Deposits for returnable containers and reels. Membership dues for clubs and professional organizations, for overhead and indirect personnel only. Note: Does not include union dues. Surveying instruments (purchase or rental) drafting supplies, surveying supplies, blueprint or photostat work, progress photos. Cost for services supplied by expeditors who are not on the job payroll. Public utility charges and heating fuels for job buildings. Cost for water not used for construction purposes. Premiums for builder's risk, fire and extended coverage, equipment floater coverage, non-owned automotive liability, independent contractors' liability, contractual liability, special risk coverage, such as war risk and heavy lift, hull and P&I, umbrella. Abstracts, lawyers fees, court costs, notary fees, sign-up expense. Business permits, construction permits, export/import licenses, government inspection fees, hauling permits. Transportation of tools, and construction equipment by others to project construction area, and miscellaneous supplies consumed and services used, for move-in and -out purposes. Stationery supplies, printing, office equipment purchase, rental or repair, office and warehouse forms and supplies, jobsite reproduction costs and furniture. Medical examination fees, medical supplies, safety signs and literature, first-
Testing and laboratory analysis
Traveling
Welding supplies
Unclassified Data processing services
Consulting services
Trade journals, books, publications, and subscriptions Contract Guard Service Quality AssuranceMaterial and Supplies Employee Educational Assistance
aid equipment, fire extinguishers, and refills. Soil surveys, concrete cylinder tests, independent inspectors. Lab charges to test welders. Transportation and subsistence expense of overhead and indirect employees on business trips (excluding quality assurance personnel travel). All material, supplies, and tools required by a welder, i.e., acetylene, oxygen, flux, welding rods, lighters, flints, chipping, hammers, wire brushes, stingers, helmets, lenses, asbestos gloves, goggles, gauges, welding qualification test material, etc. Flowers, weather reports and forecasts, and bank service charges. Cost for data processing services for the project. Terminal rental, supplies, computer charges from outside jobsite sources, etc. Cost for outside consulting services which might be required in connection with the projects which are not a part of engineering. Cost of books or subscriptions.
Cost of subcontract guard service Normally includes travel costs for quality control personnel. Cost of employee educational assistance, for overhead and indirect personnel only.
Home Office Cost 1. Engineering/Design ServicesTotal labor and material cost for the complete engineering and design of the project including engineering fee. 2. Construction ServicesServices furnished by various home office departments such as estimating, scheduling, expediting, etc., as may be required to assist the project. Services are charged to the project only for time actually spent on the project. 3. Project General ManagementIncludes the portion of time that the contractor's management staff applies in regard to overall direction of the project.
Section 2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT
The most important component of physical plant cost is that of process equipment. From it the prime basis can be formed for the estimation of the entire plant. Once the production rate has been established and a rough flow sheet presented, an equipment list can be compiled noting the type, size, capacity and material of construction. From the logarithmic graphs that appear on the following pages, an average cost of equipment material and installation manhours can be computed. Inasmuch as it is not practical within the scope of this manual to adequately describe each piece of equipment beyond the very minor description as appears on the individual graphs, I rely on the estimator's ability to realize that the items covered are of a standard nature for chemical plants, refineries, and industrial plants. All installation manhours include offloading equipment at job site, hauling up to 2,000 feet and rigging, picking, setting, and aligning of the equipment. The equipment graphs include the total cost of the equipment, but do not include structural steel or miscellaneous iron such as supports, ladders, walkways, platforms, or handrails. See other sections for these items. AU shop fabricated equipment graphs, as in the case of vessels, include the total shop cost, overhead, and profit for fabricating and furnishing of all material and components required for that piece of equipment. Packaged unit graphs include the total skid-mounted cost of the equipment and piping, electrical components and instrumentation, which may be an integral part of the package. Sub-contract equipment graphs include the total sub-contractors cost and profit for the furnishing and installing of the equipment. All equipment graphs include an average allowance for freight cost within the continental forty-eight states. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
ACID CCX)LERS WITH PUMP AND MOTOR

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Heat Exchanger Area
Square Feet
ACID COOLERS WITH PUMP AND MOTOR

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Heat Exchanger Area
Square Feet
VIBRATING BIN ACTIVATORS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Diameter Inches
VIBRATING BIN ACTIVATORS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Diameter Inches
HIGH-SPEED MECHANICAL AERATORS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
(D Basic unitductile iron/carbon steel Basic unitstainless steel
HIGH-SPEED MECHANICAL AERATORS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower
LOW-SPEED MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATORS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
Fixed low-speed unit Floating low-speed unit
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LOW-SPEED MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATORS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower
Fixed low-speed unit Floating low-speed unit
Previous Page
AIR POWER COMPRESSORS Synchronous Motor Driven Rated for Sea Level to 3,300 Feet Altitude at 125 psig Maximum Discharge Pressure
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
0)460,575, or 480 volts 2300 or 4160 volts
AIR POWER COMPRESSORS Induction Motor Driven Rated for Sea Level to 3,300-Fbot Altitude at 125 psig Maximum Discharge Pressure
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
460,575, or 230-volt 480or2,300-volt
AIR POWER COMPRESSORS Synchronous and Induction Motor Driven Rated for Sea Level to 3,300-Foot Altitude at 125 psig Maximum Discharge Pressure
Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower
AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL SERVICE AIR COMPRESSORS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
(D Single-stage, air-cooledcapacity 7.9 to 37.0 acfin @ 80 psig. Two-stage, air-cooledcapacity 5.0 to 97.2 acfin @ 175 psig.
AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL SERVICE AIR COMPRESSORS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower
(D Single-stage, air-cooledcapacity 7.9 to 37.0 acftn @ 80 psig. Two-stage, air-cooledcapacity 5.0 to 97.2 acftn @ 175 psig.
CENTRIFUGAL AIR COMPRESSORS Plant and High-Pressure (Soot Blower) Types 100 to 350 psig Discharge Pressure
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Nominal Motor Horsepower
0 Plant air compressors (2) High-Pressure (soot blower) compressors
CENTRIFUGAL AIB COMPRESSORS Plant and High-Pressure (Soot Blower) Types 100 to 350 psig Discharge Pressure
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Nominal Motor Horsepower
INDUSTRIAL AIR COMPRESSORS Air-Cooled, Two-Stage50 to 250psig

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
(D Two-stage50 to 125 psig, Two-stage-150 to 250 psig.
INDUSTRIAL AIR COMPRESSORS Air-Cooled, Two-Stage50 to 250psig

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower
INTEGRAL GAS ENGINE COMPRESSOR Fbur-Cylinder Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Rated Hp.
(BHP)
(D Cast iron cylinders, 1,000 psig discharge (2) Nodular cylinders, 1,500 psig discharge Forged steel cylinders, 2,500 psig discharge Forged steel cylinders, 6,000 psig discharge
INTEGRAL GAS ENGINE COMPRESSORS Fbur-Cylinder Type 1,CXX) TO 6,000 psig Discharge
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Rated Horsepower (BHP)
PACKAGED AIR COMPRESSOR UNITS Single-Stage, Water-Cooled Oil-Lubricated and Nonlubricated Types
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower (DOil-lubricated-208, 230, or 460-volt. Nonlubricated-208, 230, or 460-volt.
PACKAGED AIR COMPRESSOR UNITS Single-Stage, Water-Cooled Oil-Lubricated and Nonlubricated Types
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower For 208-, 230-, or 460-volt units.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
Electric Motor Driven
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Compressor 1) 2) 3) 4)
Horsepower
Cast Iron Cylinders 1000 PSI Discharge Nodular Iron Cylinders 1500 PSI Discharge Steel Cylinders 2500 PSI Discharge Steel Cylinders 6000 PSI Discharge
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS Electric Motor Driven 1,000 to 6,000 psi Discharge

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Compressor Horsepower
TWO-STAGE, TWO-CYLINDER, WATER-COOLED AIR COMPRESSORS Oil-Lubricated and Nonlubricated 150 to 350 psi Discharge Pressure
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower 0 Oil-lubricated Nonlubricated
TWO-STAGE, TWO-CYLINDER, WATER-COOLED AIR COMPRESSORS Oil-Lubricated and Nonlubricated 350 to 500 psig Discharge Pressure
Eauimnent Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower (D Oil-Lubricated (D Nonlubricated
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TWO-STAGE, TWO-CYLINDER, WATER-COOLED AIR COMPRESSORS Oil-Lubricated and Nonlubricated 150 to 500 psig Discharge Pressure
Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower
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REFRIGERATED AIR DRYERS Automatic Type 15 to 1000 scfm

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity
SCFM
REFRIGERATED AIR DRYERS Automatic Type 1,200 to 15,000 scfm

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity scfm
REFRIGEBATED AIR DRYERS Automatic Type 15 to I9OOO scfm

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Capacity SCFM
REFRIGERATED AIR DRYERS Automatic Type 1,200 to IS9OOO scfm

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Capacity SCFM
CHILLER AIR DRYERS Capacity 3,000 to 28,000 scfm at lOOpsig

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity SCFM At 100 PSIG
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CHILLER AIR DRYERS Capacity 3,000 to 28,000 scfm at lOOpsig

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
C a p a c i t y SCFM At 100 PSIG
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SURGE ARRESTORS Hydrocarbon and Water Service 500 psi Design Operating Pressure ASME CodeSection VIII Division I
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Nominal Size Gallons
Hydrocarbon Service Water Service
SURGE ARRESTORS Hydrocarbon, Water and Sewage Service 275 psi Design Operating Pressure ASME CodeSection VIII Division I
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Hydrocarbon service Water service Sewage service
SURGE ABBESTORS Hydrocarbon, Water and Sewage Service 275 and 500 psi Design Operating Pressures ASME CodeSection VIII Division I
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
DRY MATERIAL BLENDERS, PACKERS9 AND FEEDERS Auger Blenders Rotary Drum Blenders
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
iuaximum Mixing Cubic Feet Per Hour
(D Auger blenders Rotary drum blenders
DRY MATERIAL BLENDERS9 PACKERS9 AND FEEDERS Auger Blenders Rotary Drum Blenders
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Maximum Mixing Cubic Feet Per Hour
Auger blenders Rotary drum blenders
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Rating
Hors epower
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Fixed Side Mounted Mixers with Top Motors
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Rating Horsepower
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Plate Mounted Open Tank Mixers

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Rating Horsepower
(D Plate-mounted, open tank mixersdirect drive. Plate-mounted, open tank mixersgear drive.
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Portable Clamp and Flanged Mounted Mixers

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Rating Horsepower
Portable clamp mounted mixersdirect drive. Portable clamp mounted mixersgear drive. Flanged top tank mounted mixersdirect drive Flanged top tank mounted mixersgear drive.
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Flanged Top Tank Mounted and Plate Mounted Open Tank Mixers
Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Rating Horsepower
Portable clamp mounted mixersDirect And Gear Drive. Flanged top tank and plate mounted open tank mixersdirect and gear drives.
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Gearmotor Mixers

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Approximate Weight - Pounds
(D For mounting on structural steel support above open tank For mounting on closed tank with stuffing box/shaft seal For mounting on closed tank with end face mechani cal seals Note: Motor horsepower range 2-200, shaft length range 100"-23O*, impeller range 29"-75".
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Gearmotor Mixers

Erection Manhours
Approximate Weight - Pounds
(D For mounting on structural steel support above open tank For mounting on closed tank with stuffing box/shaft seals or end face mechanical seals Note: Motor horsepower range 2-200, shaft length range 100"-23O*, impeller range 29"-75".
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Horsepower
(D Batch homogenizer mixers Pipeline homogenizer mixers
MIXERS AND BLENDERS Batch and Pipeline Homogenizer Mixers

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Horsepower
MIXERS High-Intensity
Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Working Capacity Cubic Feet
MIXERS High-Intensity
Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Working Capacity Cubic Feet
DRY MATERIAL BLENDERS9 PACKERS9 AND FEEDERS Bag Vibrating Packers Rigid Container Vibrating Packers
Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Maximum Bag Width Or Container Diameter Inches
Bag vibrating paekers Rigid container vibrating packers
DRY MATERIAL BLENDERS9 PACKERS9 AND FEEDERS Bag Vibrating Packers Rigid Container Vibrating Packers
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Maximum Bag Width Or Container Diameter Inches (D Bag vibrating packers (2) Rigid container vibrating packers
BOILERS Package Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Pounds Per Hour
Note: Cost is for total boiler including forced draft fan assembly. Boiler capacity pounds per hour-saturated steam at 100 to 235 psig.
BOILERS Package Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Pounds Per Hour
Note: Manhours are for installation of boiler including forced draft fan. Boiler capacity pounds per hour-saturated steam at 100 to 235 psig.
BOILER STACKS 1 M-InCh Plate

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet Of Stack
(D 24-inch diameter (3) 42 to 48-inch diameter 30-inch diameter 54 to 60-inch diameter 36-inch diameter Note: Cost includes stack, cable, and clamps.
BOILER STACKS /ie- and 3/s-Inch Plate

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
%>-inch plate 42- to 48-inch diameter %3-inch plate 54- to 60-inch diameter %-inch plate 54- to 60-inch diameter Note: Cost includes stack, cable, and clamps.
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BOILEB STACKS Ai-, 5/i6-, 3/8-Inch Plate

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
24-inch diameter 30-inch diameter 36-inch diameter
(D 42- to 48-inch diameter 54- to 60-inch diameter
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CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Cone Pelletizers

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Cone Size Feet
CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Cone Pelletizers

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Cone Size Feet
CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Turbo-Screen Cyclone and 48"-Pressure Sifter (3-Screens)

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Diameter Inches
Stainless steel turbo-screen cyclone Carbon steel turbo-screen cyclone 48-inch pressure sifter (3-screens)
CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Turbo-Screen Cyclone and 48"-Pressure Sifter (3-Screens)

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Diameter
Inches
Carbon or stainless steel cyclone 48-inch pressure sifter (3-screens)
CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Rotary Screens

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Capacity Screen Area Square Feet
CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT Rotary Screens

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Capacity Screen Area Square Feet
VERTICAL TUBE SURFACE CONDENSERS AND RECEIVERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Cooling Surface Square Feet
VERTICAL TUBE SURFACE CONDENSERS AND RECEIVERS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Cooling Surface Square Feet
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsOpen Belt

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet
(D 18-inch belt <D 36-inch belt 24-inch belt 42-inch belt 30-inch belt Note: See structural steel account for bents.
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsOpen Belt

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Linear Feet
18-inch belt 36-inch belt 24-inch belt 42-inch belt (S) 30-inch belt Note: See structural steel account for bents.
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsBelt Enclosed with Walkway

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet (D 18-inch belt 36-inch belt 24-inch belt 42-inch belt <) 30-inch belt Note: See structural steel account for bents.
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsBelt Enclosed with Walkway

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Linear
Feet
18-inch belt (D 36-inch belt 24-inch belt 42-inch belt (E) 30-inch belt Note: See structural steel account for bents.
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsSpaced, Bucket Elevators, Belt-Driven

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Linear Feet
6-x 4-inch buckets (2) 12-x 7-inch buckets 16- x 8-inch buckets
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsSpaced, Bucket Elevators, Chain-Driven

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet
(D 6-x 4-inch buckets (D 12-x 7-inch buckets (S) 16-x 8-inch buckets
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsSpaced, Bucket Elevators, Chain- or Belt-Driven

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Linear Feet
6-x 4-inch buckets (2) 12-x 7-inch buckets 16- x 8-inch buckets
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsContinuous, Bucket Elevators, Belt-Driven

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet
0 8- x 5-inch buckets (D 16-x 8-inch buckets 20-x 8-inch buckets
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsContinuous, Bucket Elevators, Chain-Driven

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Linear Feet
(D 8-x 5-inch buckets (2) 16-x 8-inch buckets 20-x 8-inch buckets
CONVEYING EQUIPMENT ConveyorsContinuous, Bucket Elevator, Chain- or Belt-Driven

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Linear Feet
8-x 5-inch buckets (2) 16-x 8-inch buckets 20-x 8-inch buckets
SCREW CONVEYORS
Equipment Cost
Overall Conveyor Length-Linear Feet
Screw Diameter: (D 6-inch 9-inch (E) 12-inch 014-inch
16-inch 18-inch CD 20-inch 24-inch
SCREW CONVEYORS
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Overall Conveyor Length-Linear Feet Screw Diameter: 6-inch 16-inch 9-inch 18-inch 12-inch 20-inch (D 14-inch 24-inch
DRYERSDRUM Atmospheric Single Drum Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Approximate Weight Pounds
DRYERSDRUM Atmospheric Double and Twin Drum Types

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Approximate Weight Pounds (D Double drum Twin drum
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DRYERSDRUM Atmospheric Single, Double, and Twin Drum Types

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Approximate Weight Pounds (D Single Drum Double Drum Twin Drum
Previous Page
DRYERSVACUUM Conical Rotating Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
DRYERSVACUUM Double Drum and Rotary Types

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
0 Double drum Rotarystainless steel (H) Rotarycarbon steel
DRYERSVACUUM Conical Rotating and Double Drum Types

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Approximate Weight Pounds Conical rotating Double drum
DRYERSVACUUM Rotary Types Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Approximate Weight Pounds Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
DUST COLLECTORS CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS High Capacity, Low Energy Loss Type Hot-Rolled Steel Construction
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity C F M At 4.5 V Pressure Drop
(D 12-gauge %6-inch plate (2) 10-gauge V4-inch plate Note: Cfin capacity at 2.0-inch pressure drop will equal approximately 67% of above cftn.
DUST COLLECTORS CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS Medium Capacity, Medium Energy Loss Hot-Rolled Steel
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost Capacity C F M At 4.5" Pressure Drop 12-gauge (E) %6-inch plate <2) 10-gauge (D V4-inch plate Note: Cfm capacity at 2.0-inch pressure drop will equal approximately 71% of above cfm.
DUST COLLECTORS CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS High Capacity, Low Energy Loss Type T304-2B Stainless Steel Construction
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity CFK At 4.4" Pressure Drop
12-gauge ^16-inch plate 10-gauge V4-inch plate Note: Cfm capacity at 2.0-inch pressure drop will equal approximately 67% of above cfm.
DUST COLLECTORS CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS

Medium Capacity, Medium Energy Loss Type T304-2B Stainless Steel Construction
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity CFK At 4.5" Pressure Drop
12-gauge %6-inch plate (2) 10-gauge (D V4-inch plate Note: Cfrn capacity at 2.0-inch pressure drop will equal approximately 71% of above cfm.
DUST COLLECTORS CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS High- and Medium-Capacity Units Hot-Rolled Steel and T304-2B Stainless Steel
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Capacity C F M At 4.5" Pressure Drop
Hot-rolled steelall thicknesses T304-2B stainless steel-all thicknesses
DUST COLLECTORS Hot-Rolled SteelCyclones

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
(D 16-gauge (g) 12-gauge %6-inch plate (2) 14-gauge 0 10-gauge Note: Cfin capacity at 2.5-inch pressure drop will equal approximately two-thirds of above cfin.
DUST COLLECTORS 304 Stainless Steel Cyclones

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Capacity CFM At 6,O" P r e s s u r e Drop
16-gauge 12-gauge %6-inch plate 14-gauge (D 10-gauge Note: Cftn capacity at 2.5-inch pressure drop will equal approximately two-thirds of above cfin.
DUST COLLECTORS Hot-Rolled Steel and 304 Stainless Steel Cyclones

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Hot-rolled steelall thicknesses 304 stainless steelall thicknesses
DUST COLLECTORS Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Filter Cartridge Or Fabric Filter Square Feet Area
C os t
(D Filter cartridge Fabric filtertube house
DUST COLLECTORS Filter Cartridge or Tube House Filters

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Filter Cartridge Or Fabric Filter Square Feet Area
Filter cartridge Fabric filtertube house
DUST COLLECTORS Packaged Motor Operated Blowers for Filter Cartridge and Tube House Dust Collectors
Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Motor Horsepower
DUST COLLECTORS Packaged Motor Operated Blowers for Filter Cartridge and Tube House Dust Collectors
Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower
FANS AND BLOWERS BlowersRotary to 15 psi

Equipment Cost
Equiproe nt
Cost
InletCFM
FANS AND BLOWERS BlowersRotary to 15 psi

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
InletCFM
FANS AND BLOWERS Centrifugal Fans with Backwardly Inclined Blades

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Maximum Volume - CFM
5-inches @ 2,300 fpm to 2^-inches @ 3,200 fpm (D 8^-inches @ 3,000 fpm to 4^-inches @ 4,175 fpm 13^-inches @ 3,780 fpm to 6%-inches @ 5,260 fpm (D Above Class Three specification Note: Performance range designations are indicated by static pressure (inches of water) at fan outlet velocity (feet per minute). Performance range-single width-fan class.
FANS AND BLOWERS Centrifugal Fans with Backwardly Inclined Blades

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Maximum Volume - CFM
Note: Manhours are for all classes
FANS AND BLOWERS Cast Iron Industrial Fans

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Maximum Volume-CFM
FANS AND BLOWERS Cast Iron Industrial Fans

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Maximum Volume-CFM
FANS AND BLOWERS Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Max imum Vo1ume-CFM
Next Page
FANS AND BLOWERS Heavy Sheet Steel Industrial Fans

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Maximum Volume-CFM
Previous Page
HEAVY DUTY BELT FEEDERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Capacity Cubic Feet Per Hour
HEAVY DUTY BELT FEEDERS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Capacity Cubic Feet Per Hour
PRE-WETTING DRY CHEMICAL FEEDERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Hopper Cubic Feet
PRE-WETTING DRY CHEMICAL FEEDERS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Hopper Cubic Feet
Note: Manhours are for mounting on drum or tank or placed on stand or shelf above tank.
PRJS-WETTING DRY CHEMICAL Package Units

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Tank Gallons
(D Single-tank system Two-tank system
PRE-WETTING DRY CHEMICAL FEEDERS Package Units

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Tank Gallons Single-tank system Two-tank system
DRY MATERIAL FEEDER EQUIPMENT Vibrating Feeders

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Tons Per Hour
DRY MATERIAL FEEDER EQUIPMENT Vibrating Feeders

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Tons Per Hour
DRY MATERIAL FEEDER EQUIPMENT Volumetric and Gravimetric Feeders

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Approximate Weight In Pounds Volumetric feeders Gravimetric feeders
DRY MATERIAL FEEDER EQUIPMENT Volumetric and Gravimetric Feeders

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Approximate Weight In Pounds
(D Volumetric feeders Gravimetric feeders
DRY MATERIAL FEEDERS Wing and Conveyor Types

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Maximum Cubic Feet Per Hour
(D Wing-type feeders-ratchet drive Wing-type feeders-micro master drive Conveyor type feeders (3) Sanitary wing-type feeders
DRY MATERIAL FEEDERS Wing and Conveyor Types

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Maximum Cubic Feet Per Hour
Wing-type feedersratchet drive Wing-type feedersmicro master drive Conveyor-type feeders (D Sanitary wing-type feeders
GRAVITY FILTRATION UNITS

Total Material Cost
Material
Cost
Unit Diameter-Feet
GRAVITY FILTRATION UNITS

Total Unit Installation Manhours
Ins tallation
Manhours
Unit Diameter-Feet
FILTERS Pressure Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Diameter Feet
FILTERS Pressure Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Diameter
Feet
FILTERS Rubber-Lined
Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Flow Rate G. P . M.
(D Units on casters with rubber-lined filter and pump. In addition to above, includes adequate rubber-lined steel slurry tank, rubber-lined valves, and rubberlined steel fittings.
FILTERS Rubber-Lined
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Flow Rate G. P, M.
(D Units on casters with rubber-lined filter and pump. In addition to above, includes adequate rubber-lined steel slurry tank, rubber-lined valves, and rubberlined steel fittings.
FILTER EQUIPMENT Vibrating Screens

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Square Feet Single Deck Area
One-deck screen Two-deck screen Three-deck screen Note: Costs of all two-and three-deck screens are based on square feet of single deck area.
FILTER EQUIPMENT Vibrating Screens

Erection Manhours
1'iaiuiv Q HlIlI H JlIlIf iluilllHII44414444-4UuUIII * vjivii l-
Square Feet Single Deck Screen Area
(D One-deck screen Two-deck screen Three-deck screen Note: Manhours for two- and three-deck screens are based on square feet of single deck area.
FLAKERS Cooling Drum Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
FLAKEBS Cooling Drum Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
INERT GAS GENERATORS

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Rated Out Put - (SCFM Inerts)
Indoor construction Outdoor construction Explosion-proof construction Note: Add 3% to above for two-point control. Add 5% to above for automatic output control.
INERT GAS GENERATORS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Rated Output (SCFM Inerts)
O D Indoor construction Outdoor construction Explosion-proof construction Note: Add 1% to above for two-point control. Add 1.5% to above for automatic output control.
GAS PULSATION DAMPERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Volume Cubic Inches
Next Page
GAS PULSATION DAMPERS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Volume Cubic Inches
Previous Page
HEATERS Deaerating Feedwater Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Outlet Capacity Pounds Per Hour
HEATERS Deaerating Feedwater Type

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Outlet Capacity Pounds Per Hour
HEATERS Gas-, Oil, and Dual-Fired Heaters

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Approximate Weight Pounds Gas-fired Oil-fired Dual-fired
HEATERS Gas-, Oil-, and Dual-Fired Types

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
HAIRPIN TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Heat Transfer Surface Square Feet
HAIRPIN TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Heat Transfer Surface Square Feet
HEAT EXCHANGERS Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube Sheet, and U-Tube
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Heating Surface Square Feet 150# Rating 300# Rating 600# Rating Note: Above is for carbon steel, straight tube exchangers. Add following percent to the above for: Straight Tubes U-Tubes Tube Sheet Carbon Steel 6% 10% Stainless Steel 20% 26% 30% Copper 10% 16% 20%
HEAT EXCHANGERS Shell and Tube, Fixed Tube Sheet, and U-Tube
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours Heating Surface Square Feet Note: Above manhours are for 150# rating. Increase above for: 300# Rating-10% 600# Rating-20%
HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR HEATING WATER

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Heating Surface Square Feet (D Carbon steel shells, copper-lined heads, %-inch copper "U" tubes 18 BWG, two-pass, 150-pound construction. Carbon steel shells, copper-lined heads, bronze tube sheet, two-pass, 150-pound construction.
HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR HEATING WATER

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Heating Surface Square Feet
Carbon steel shell, %-inch O.D. copper "U" tubes 18 BWG, two-pass, 150-pound construction. (2) Carbon steel shell, bronze tube sheet, two-pass, 150pound construction.
Next Page
HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR
HEATING WATER
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Previous Page
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Single-Stage, Vertical Split Case

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Prime Mover Horsepower
(D 3,500 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0. (2) 1,750 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Single-Stage, Horizontal Split Case

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Prime Mover Horsepower 03,600 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0. 1,750 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Single-Stage ANSI and API 610

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
(D ANSI pumps3,500 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0. (2) ANSI pumps1,750 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0. API 610 pumps3,500 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Two-Stage and Multi-Stage Horizontal Split Case

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Two-stage, 3,550 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 Multi-stage, 3,550 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Single-Stage, In-Line Ductile Iron and Steel Cased API-610 Standard
Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower Ductile iron3,550 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 Steel Cased, API-610 Standard-3,550 r p m specific gravity of 1.0
GEAR PUMPS Light and Heavy Duty

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Motor Horsepower
Light duty Heavy duty
SEWAGE PUMPS Horizontal and Vertical 1,750 rpm

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Motor Horsepower
(D Horizontall%inch solids < 2 > Horizontal2-inch solids Verticall%inch solids
(D Vertical 2-inchsolids Vertical 3-inchsolids
SEWAGE PUMPS Horizontal1,750 rpm

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Motor Horsepower
(D Horizontal2%ineh solids Horizontal3-inch solids
SEWAGE PUMPS Horizontal and Vertical 1,150 rpm

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower Horizontall%ineh solids Horizontal2-inch solids (S) Horizontal2%inch solids (D Horizontal3-inch solids Vertical2-inch solids () Vertical3-inch solids
SUMF AND PLUNGER PUMPS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower
Sump pumps3,600 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 Sump pumps1,750 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 Plunger pumps10 to 350 gpm
VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS Single and Multi-Stage

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Motor Horsepower (D 3,550 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 1,750 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0 (2) 1,170 rpmspecific gravity of 1.0
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Single-, Two-, Multi- and In-Line Single Stage

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Prime Mover Or Motor Horsepower
(D Single-stage or in-line single-stage Two-stage Multi-stage
GEARPUMPS Light and Heavy Duty

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower
Light duty Heavy duty
SEWAGE FUMPS Horizontal and Vertical

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower (D Horizontal Vertical
SUMP AND PLUNGER PUMPS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Motor Horsepower (D Sump pumps Plunger pumps
Next Page
VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS Single- and Multi-Stage

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Motor Horsepower
Previous Page
REACTOBS Glass Lined, Agitated, Jacketed 25 and 100 psi

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Capacity-Gallons
(D Glass-lined steel25 psi Glass-lined steel-100 psi
REACTORS Glass-Lined, Agitated, Jacketed 25 and 100 psi

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Capacity-Gallons
Glass-lined steel25 psi Glass-lined steel-100 psi
STEAM JET EJECTORS Single-Stage Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Suction And Discharge Size Inches
STEAM JET EJECTORS Single-Stage Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Suction And Discharge Size Inches
GAS SCRUBBERS High-Energy Venturi Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
(T) 12-gauge hot-rolled steel material (D K-inch plate hot rolled steel material 12-gauge stainless steel material (D %-inch 304 stainless steel material
GAS SCRUBBERS High-Energy Venturi Type

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Hot-rolled steel material (2) 304 stainless steel material
SEPARATORS Vane Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Line Size Inches
(D 275-pound rating <2) 720-pound rating
SEPARATORS Vane Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Unit Diameter Inches (D Carbon Steel (2) Stainless Steel
SEPARATORS Vane TyP 6

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Line Size Inches
(D 150# or 300# raised face flangedwithout base 150# or 300# raised face flangedwith base
VIBRATING SEPARATORS
Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Unit Diameter Inches
0 Carbon steel Stainless steel
VIBRATING SEPABATORS Carbon or Stainless Steel

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Unit Diameter Inches
API TYPE OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

Packaged Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Gallons Per Minute
Next Page
API TYPE OIL/WATER SEPARATORS Packaged Units

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Gallons Per Minute
Previous Page
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Crushers

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Horsepower
Gyratory Jaw
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Crushers

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Horsepower
(D Gyratory Jaw
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Impact Breakers

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Horsepower
(D Dual rotary Single rotary (E) Twin rotary
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Impact Breakers

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Horsepower
Dual rotary Single rotary Twin rotary
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Reversible and Non-reversible Hammermills

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
Horsepower Reversible Non-reversible
SIZE REDUCTON EQUIPMENT Reversible and Non-reversible Haxnmermills

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Horsepower
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Ring-Type Granulators

Equipment cost
Equipment Cost
Horsepower
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT Ring-Type Granulators

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Horsepower
HOT PROCESS WATER SOFTENER SYSTEM

Total Process Material and Equipment Cost
Total Process material
And Equipment Cost
Softener Diameter-Feet
HOT PROCESS WATER SOFTENER SYSTEMS

Total System Installation Manhours
Total System
Installation Manhours
Softener Diameter-Feet
API CONE ROOF STORAGE TANKS

Subcontractor Installed Price on Foundations by Others
Subcontractor
Installed Price
Capacity-Barrels
API CONE ROOF STORAGE TANKS

Subcontractor
Installed Price
Capacity-Barrels
API FLOATING ROOF STORAGE TANKS

Subcontractor Installed Price
Capacity-Barrels
STORAGE TANKS ASME SPHERES

Subcontractor Installed Price
Capacity-Gallons
(S) %-inch plate (D V2-inch plate (H) %-inch plate @ %-inch plate
TANK HEATING COILS Fintube Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
TANK HEATING COILS Fintube Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
FIRED HEATERS FOR TANKS Fintube Type

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
BTU Per Hour
Gas-fired Oil-fired
FIRED HEATERS FOR TANKS Fintube Type

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
BTU Per Hour
Gas- or oil-fired.
TANK SUCTION AND LINE TYPE FUEL OIL HEATERS

Equipment Cost
Equipment Cost
Gallons Per Hour
Tank suction type-heating range 60 to 140 F. Line typeheating range 80 to 240 F.
TANK SUCTION AND LINE TYPE FUEL OIL HEATERS

Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Gallons Per Hour
Tank suction typeheating range 60 to 140 F. Line type-heating range 80 to 240 F.
PROFANE STORAGE TANKS ASME 250 psi117-Inch I.D.

Equipment Cost
Equipment
Cost
S h e l l Length-Feet
Next Page
PROPANE STORAGE TANKS ASME 250 psi117-Inch I.D.

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Shell Length-Feet
Previous Page
SHOP FABRICATED VESSELS 24-Inch Through 144 Inch Diameter

Average WeightPounds Per Linear Foot
Average Weight Pounds Per Linear Foot
Vessel Diameter-Inches
0 Horizontal vessels (2) Vertical vessels with legs Vertical vessels with skirt plates
SHOP FABRICATED HORIZONTAL VESSELS 24-Inch Through 144-Inch Diameter

Fabricated Cost Per Ton
Fabricated Cost Per
Ton
Vessel Diameter - Inches
SpotX-Rayed (2)100%X-Rayed Note: If drip legs are required, weigh drip legs and use $2.40 per pound for spot x-rayed and $2.50 per pound for 100 percent x-rayed. Baffels, draw-off boxes and vortex breakers estimate weight and price at 20 percent of the vessel per-ton cost.
SHOP FABRICATED VERTICAL VESSELS WITH ANGLE LEGS 24-Inch Through 144-Inch Diameter
(DSpotX-Rayed 100%X-Rayed Note: For conical transmission pieces use three linear feet of the larger vessel diameter weight at 35% of the cost per ton of that diameter vessel. See other graphs for tray rings, trays, and demisting pads if required.
SHOP FABRICATED VERTICAL VESSELS WITH ANCHOR RING AND SKIRTS 24-Inch Through 144-Inch Diameter
(DSpotX-Rayed 100%X-Rayed Note: For conical transmission pieces use three linear feet of the larger vessel diameter weight at 35% of the cost per ton of that diameter vessel. See other graphs for tray rings, trays, and demisting pads if required.
SHOP FABRICATED TRAY RINGS

Cost Each
Shop Fabricated Cost Each
Vessel Diameter - Inches Tray rings for single-pass removable trays (D Tray rings for two-pass removable trays
COLUMN TOAYS Shop Installation Only 36-Inch Through 144-Inch Diameter

Installation Cost Each
Shop Installation Cost Each
Removable type single downflow valve or perforated type trays Removable type double downflow valve or perforated type trays Note: Includes shop installation only. Does not include cost of tray.
DEMISTING PADS Shop Installation 36-Inch Through 144-Inch Vessel Diameter

2-, 4-, or 6-inch pad with bottom grid only 2-, 4-, or 6-inch pad with bottom and top grid Note: Above cost includes furnishing and installing bar support and installation only of pad as outlined.
SHOP STRESS RELIEF OP VESSEL

Cost Pter Ton
Shop Cost Per Ton
Total Vessel Weight Tons
REMOVABLE TYPE TRAYS 14 Gauge Stainless Steel Valve Trays With Stainless Steel Valve Discs 24-Inch Tray Spacing
Material Cost Each
Material
Cost Each
Tray Diameter Feet
Single downflow410 stainless steel Single downflow304 stainless steel Single downflow316 stainless steel
REMOVABLE TYPE TRAYS 14 Gauge Stainless Steel Valve Trays With Stainless Steel Valve Discs 24-Inch Tray Spacing
Material Cost Each
Material
Cost Each
Tray Diameter Feet
(D Double downflow410 stainless steel Double downflow304 stainless steel (S) Double downflow316 stainless steel
DEMISTING FADS Four-Inch Thickness

Material Cost Each
Material Cost Each
Vessel Diameter-Inches (D Carbon steel (2) 410, 304, or 316 stainless steel Monel
DEMISTING PADS Pour-Inch Thickness Top or Bottom Grids only

Material Cost Each
Material Cost Each
0 Carbon Steel (D 410 or 304 Stainless Steel 316 Stainless Steel (D Monel
VESSELS 24-Inch Through 144-Inch Diameter

Field Erection Manhours Per Ton
Erection Manhours Per Ton
Vessel Weight-Tons
Horizontal vessels Vertical vessels Add for following if required: Remove and replace manway cover1.3 manhours per tray. Check tray and tighten retaining bolts1.8 manhours per tray.
VESSEL TRAY INSTALLATION 36-Inch Through 144-Inch Vessel Diameter

Field Erection Manhours Each
Erection Manhours Each
Single downflow valve or perforated tray types 0 Double downflow valve or perforated tray types
DEMISTING PADS 36-Inch Through 144-Inch Vessel Diameter

Field Erection Manhours Each
Erection Manhours Each
(D 2-, 4-, or 6-inch pad with bottom grid only 2-, 4-, or 6-inch pad with bottom and top grid
Section 3 SITE PREPARATION
General preparation of the plant site for construction is included in this section. Items include, but are not necessarily limited to, clearing, rough grading, cut, fill, borrow, disposal, soil stabilization, and finish grading. Soil tests are not considered a part of site preparation and are not included. If this is to form a part of the estimate, it must be determined from other sources. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information. AREA CLEAR AND GRUB Manhours Per Acre
Manhours Per Acre Site Description Light Medium Medium Heavy Heavy On Site Disposal 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Off Site Disposal 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
LightLight brush and grass, no trees. MediumConsiderable brush of larger size. Medium HeavyLarge brush and small trees. HeavyMuch small brush, many small trees and occasional large trees. All manhours include cutting, stacking or piling. On site disposal manhours include hauling to on site disposal area or on site burning. Off site disposal manhours include hauling to off site disposal area within five mile radius of site. Cost of all small tools and construction equipment is included under their respective accounts.
AREA CUTS AND FILLS Manhours and Material Cost Per Acre
Land Description Level Slightly Rolling Rolling Rough Very Rough
Average C.Y./AC. Cut 1,080 1,613 2,420 2,952 3,870 Fill 532 1,080 1,613 1,888 2,420
Average M.H./AC. Cut 40.0 60.0 85.0 105.0 135.0 Fill 5.0 10.0 15.0 17.0 22.0
Purchase Fill/AC. $ 9,400 18,900 28,200 33,100 42,400
LevelSmooth and level no hills. Slightly RollingLevel with minor contour changes and small hills. RollingConstant contour changes and small hills. RoughPartially level with minor contour changes, slues and valleys. Very RoughConstant changes, major hills, slues and valleys. If ample fill material is available on the site delete above purchase fill cost. Manhours include removal and on site stock piling top soil and spoil, area cuts and fills to grade and minor site drainage. Cost of all small tools and construction equipment is included under their respective accounts. Fine Grading: Use 1.3 manhours per 100 square yards. Soil Stabilization: MaterialUse $1.30 per square yard. LaborUse 0.05 manhours per square yard.
Section 4 SITE IMPROVEMENTS
This section includes items of work that provide permanent improvements to the plant site, such as security fencing, railroads or spurs including ballast, tank dikes and all sub-base materials for roads, parking areas, paved areas and railroads, concrete trenches, drainage piping, catch basins, manholes and road culverts. Pavements for roads, parking areas and process areas are included under "Discipline, Paving " Site improvements will vary depending on site location, conditions, and project requirements. For these reasons I have listed unit costs for various items that may be required. The scope of work or plot plan will dictate the items required for site improvements. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction of this manual before applying this information.
Security Fencing
Fencing is usually listed as a subcontract price in the estimate and as such includes his overhead and profit. A six-foot-high chain link fence with three strands of barbwire, line and corner post embedded in concrete, top rail and traffic and personnel gates will cost an average of $15.50 per linear foot. Included in this price is installation labor at an average of 0.35 manhours per linear foot.
Railroad and Spurs

Railroads including ballast, ties, tracks, switches, stops, etc., are usually carried in the estimate as a subcontract item. The sub-base material
is usually furnished in place by the earth subcontractor or the general contractor. 1. Sub-base material will average 0.75 cubic yards per linear foot of track (2-rails) at: Material$22.00 per cubic yard Labor0.60 manhours per cubic yard 2. Railroad and appurtenances subcontracted price including overhead and profit will average: Labor and Material$88.00 per linear foot of track (2-rails). Included in this subcontract price is the cost of 1.06 manhours per linear foot of track.
Tank Dikes
Earth type dikes include the furnishing, placing, and compaction of all earth materials. Concrete type dikes include all operations for the forming and placing of concrete. 1. Earth type dikes material will average 1.60 cubic yards per linear foot of dike at the average cost of: Material$22.00 per cubic yard Labor0.60 manhours per cubic yard 2. Concrete type dikes material will average 1.4 cubic yards of concrete per linear foot of dike at the average cost of: Material$180.00 per cubic yard Labor10.00 manhours per cubic yard
Concrete Trenches
Concrete trenches two feet wide by two feet deep, with standard sumps and basins and grated cover including all earthwork, concrete and related items will average: Material$35.00 per linear foot Labor2.50 manhours per linear foot
Drainage
Drainage items such as raw water, oily water, and pressurized systems will vary depending on pipe size, elevations, etc. The following represents an average cost of all items involved: Material$30.00 per linear foot Labor3.00 manhours per linear foot
Catch Basins and Manholes

Catch basins and manhole size and length will vary depending on capacity and bottom elevation. The following are average for this type installation and include all costs for earthwork, concrete, concrete related items, frames and solid or grated covers: Material$700.00 each Labor25.00 manhours each
Road Culverts
Road culverts will vary in size depending on volume requirements. The following costs are based on using 24-inch reinforced concrete pipe which seems to be predominant for this item: Material$18.00 per linear foot Labor0.60 manhours per linear foot
Section 5 CONCRETE
Logarithmic graphs in this section indicate the value of labor in manhours and materials in dollars of earthwork, concrete, fireproofing and grout for equipment foundations and equipment structure foundations. Earthwork and concrete for buildings are included with the buildings and are not to be considered here. The earth and concrete graphs are average and are based on the total equipment count, even though some pieces of equipment may not require foundations. Earthwork graphs include labor in manhours for all hand and machine excavation and backfill. There is also a graph showing average quantities of required backfill in the event special fill material is required. Should special fill material be required it should be priced at the current material value for that particular type of fill. Concrete graphs include the furnishing, fabricating, and placing of forms, reinforcing steel; miscellaneous embedments; concrete and curing; protecting and finishing concrete. There is also a graph showing estimated cubic yards of concrete for cost control and reporting purpose. Piling as such has been excluded. The graphs represent the use of spread type footings and reflect enough manhour and material values to include this item if required. Graphs are included for fireproofing vessel skirts and structural steel. Should this not be required, simply disregard these graphs. The graphs for grouting show average square feet required, for labor manhours and material value based on total equipment count for equipment support and total tons of steel for base plates. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Earth Backfill Materials

Cubic Yards
Cubic Yards Of Backfill
Pieces Of Equipment
Equipment foundations Equipment structure foundations Pipe rack or sleeper foundations
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Excavation and Backfill for Equipment Foundations

Labor Manhours
Labor Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
(D Hand excavation Machine excavation (H) Hand backfill Machine backfill
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS For Equipment Structures and Pipe Rack and Sleepers
Labor Manhours
Labor Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Equipment Structures (D Hand Excavation Machine Excavation Hand Backfill (D Machine Backfill
Pipe Rack And Sleepers Hand Excavation Machine Excavation C D Hand Backfill Machine Backfill
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Concrete Quantities

Cubic Yards
Cubic Yards Of Concrete
Pieces Of Equipment
(D Equipment foundations Equipment structure foundations Pipe rack and sleeper foundations
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments, Concrete

Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
0 Equipment foundations (D Equipment structure foundations Pipe rack and sleeper foundations
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Forms, Reinforcing, Embedments, Concrete

Pieces Of Equipment
Equipment foundations Equipment structure foundations Pipe rack and sleeper foundations
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS NonshrinkNonmetallic Grout

Average Square Feet
Square
Feet
Pieces Of Equipment Or Tons Of S t e e l Equipment

Material Cost
Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment Or Tons Of S t e e l
Equipment Steel

Pieces Of Equipment Or Tons Of S t e e l Equipment Steel
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Fireproofing Structural Steel

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Tons Of S t e e l
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Fireproofing Structural Steel

Tons Of S t e e l
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Fireproofing Vessel Skirts

Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment With Skirts
CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Fireproofing Vessel Skirts

Erection Manhours
Erection
Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment With Skirts
Section 6 STRUCTURAL STEEL AND MISCELLANEOUS IRON
The curves in this section represent the material cost in dollars and the erection manhours required for equipment supports, equipment structures and piperacks, and miscellaneous steel and iron for equipment platforms, walkways, and ladders. All steel items are based on the total pieces of equipment even though some pieces will require no steel. If pipe racks are not required, delete these curves from the estimate. All building steel is included with the buildings and is not a part of this section. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Tons Required
Tons Required
Pieces Of Equipment
MISCELLANEOUS IRON
Tons Required
Tons Required
Pieces Of Equipment
PIPE RACK STEEL

Tons Required
Tons Required
Pieces Of Equipment
STRUCTURAL STEEL Equipment Supports and Structures

Material Cost
Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR PIPE RACKS Miscellaneous Iron for Equipment

Material Cost
Material Cost Pieces Of Equipment Miscellaneous iron Pipe racks
STRUCTURAL STEEL AND MISCELLANEOUS IRON Equipment, Equipment Supports and Structures, and Pipe Racks
Erection Manhours
Erection Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Structural steel Miscellaneous iron Pipe racks
Section 7 BUILDINGS
The scope of work, for a proposed project should include information as to type and size of buildings required. The logarithmic graphs included in this section show average labor in manhours and material dollar cost per square foot of floor area for various types of one-story buildings that are more or less standard. All buildings listed include building earthwork, concrete foundations, concrete ground floor slabs, structural framing, exterior and interior finishes, sprinkler system, plumbing, HVAC, and electrical power and lighting. AU utilities extend five feet outside of building. Following is a listing of buildings with a brief description of their types and inclusions. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
Building Types and Descriptions Office Building

StructureClear span steel framing. Exterior WallsMasonry and curtain wall with aluminum entrance. Interior WallsMetal studs and drywall with hollow metal doors and frames. CeilingsSuspended and insulated. RoofMetal deck with built-up roof, roof ventilators, gutters and drains. Dining FacilitiesCoffee bar and dining area. PlumbingWater, utility lines, toilets, drains and sprinklers. HYkC-Ample for size of structure. ElectricalLighting and power. Note: No furniture is included.
Laboratory Building:
Same type construction as office building with additional plumbing and electrical outlets for laboratory equipment. Note: No laboratory equipment or furniture is included.
Control Building
StructureStructural steel framing. Exterior WallsConcrete block, hollow metal frames and doors and steel sash. Interior WallsOffice and toilet with metal studs and drywall, hollow metal frames and doors. RoofPre-cast concrete slabs with insulation and built up roof. CeilingsExposed. PlumbingToilet utilities and drinking fountain. HVACAmple for size of structure. ElectricalLighting and power. Note: No instrumentation included.
Warehouse Building:
StructureStructural steel framing. Exterior WallsCorrugated asbestos or insulated metal siding with hollow metal doors and frames, truck doors and steel sash. Interior WallsOffice and toilet room partitions of metal studs and drywall with hollow metal doors and frames, storage shelving and bins included. RoofSame as exterior wall siding. CeilingsExposed except office and toilet area with same type construction as interior partitions. PlumbingToilet utilities and drinking fountains. HVAC-Office area only. ElectricalPower and lighting.
Maintenance Shop Building

Same type construction as warehouse with additional foundations for shop equipment and including an overhead crane. Note: No shop equipment is included.
Change House Building

Same type construction as control building with concrete locker bases, lockers and additional toilet and shower facilities for men and women.
BUILDING MATERIALS
Cost Per Square Foot Materials Only
Material Cost Per Square Foot
Square Feet Of Floor Area
(D Office building (D Laboratory building (E) Control building
Warehouse building Maintenance shop building Change house building
BUILDING ERECTION
Manhours Per Square Foot
Manhours Per Square Foot
Square Feet Of Floor Area
(D Office building Laboratory building Control building
(D Warehouse building Maintenance shop building Change house building
Section 8 PIPING
In the absence of plot plans, piping and instrument diagrams, and flow sheets the cost of process piping can be determined from the following logarithmic graphs. The graphs are based on total equipment count. All dollar costs on the material graphs are average and include the costs of all pipe, valves, and fittings that should be required. Control valve material cost is included in the instrumentation section. Labor manhour graphs are average and include all necessary installation operations. Installation of control valves furnished under the instrumentation section is included here. The offsite fabrication graphs include all labor, material, and shop costs for furnishing and fabricating pipe spools and delivery within reasonable distance of job site. Graphs for underground potable water, fire loops, etc., include all material and labor operations to five feet outside of buildings. The field x-ray and stress relief graphs are to be considered as subcontract work. Building piping for plumbing, etc., to five feet outside the building, is included under the building section and is not to be considered here. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
SHOP FURNISH AND FABRICATE PIPE AND FITTINGS

Linear Feet of Pipe For Pieces Of Equipment
Linear Feet Of Pipe
Pieces Of Equipment
Alloy 2V2" and over Carbon steel 2V2" and over Alloy 2" and under

Cost For Pieces Of Equipment
Shop Furnish And Fabricate Total Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
OAlloy2J/2" and over Carbon steel 2Vz" and over Alloy 2" and under

Cost For Pieces of Equipment
Shop Furnish And Fabricate Total Cost
Pieces Of Equipment Alloy 2 ^ " and over Carbon steel 2te" and over Alloy 2" and under
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE9 AND ERECT PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Linear Feet Of Pipe For Pieces Of Equipment
Linear Peet Of Pipe
Pieces Of Equipment
(D Carbon steel 2 ^" and over (E) Carbon steel 2" and under (S) Steam tracing (D Underground Alloy 2" and under
FIELD FURNISH9 FABRICATE9 AND ERECT PIPE9 FITTINGS9 AND VALVES

Material Cost For Pieces Of Equipment
Material Cast
Pieces Of Equipment
Carbon steel 2W and over Carbon steel 2" and under Carbon steel underground
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE9 AND ERECT PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Pieces Of Equipment
Carbon steel 2%" and over Carbon steel 2" and under Carbon steel underground
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE, AND ERECT STEAM TRACING PIPE, FTTTINGS, AND VALVES
Pieces Of Equipment
FIELD FUBNISH 9 FABRICATE9 AND ERECT PIPE9 FITTINGS9 AND VALVES

Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
0 Alloy 2" and under
FIELD ERECT SHOP FABRICATED SPOOLS PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Labor Manhours For Pieces Of Equipment
Erection Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: All items include installation of control valves. Alloy 2Mz" and Over Carbon Steel 2te" And Over Alloy 2" And Under
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE, AND ERECT PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Erection Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: All items include installation of control valves. Carbon steel 2 1 ^" and over Carbon steel 2" and under
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE, AND ERECT PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Erection Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: All items include installation of control valves. (D Carbon steel underground Steam tracing Alloy 2" and under
FIELD FURNISH9 FABRICATE9 AND ERECT MISCELLANEOUS PIPING ITEMS

Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
(D Hangers and supports Testing pipe and fittings Testing welders
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE9 AND ERECT MISCELLANEOUS PIPING ITEMS

Total Manhours For Pieces Of Equipment
Total Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
(D Hangers and supports (2) Testing pipe and fittings Testing welders
FIELD FURNISH, FABRICATE, AND ERECT X-RAY AND STRESS RELIEVING

Total Subcontract Cost For Pieces Of Equipment
Total Subcontract Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
Section 9 ELECTRICAL
Logarithmic graphs in this section reflect the average cost of project power and lighting excluding building electrical that is included with the building section. Power and lighting graphs for material in dollars and labor in manhours are included for the battery limit requirements and are based on total pieces of equipment. Instrumentation graphs are included for the cost of miscellaneous hookup materials in dollars and installation of this material in manhours. Instruments, instrument standards, tray supports, trays, tubes and tube bundles are discussed in Section 10, "Instrumentation." I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
ELECTRICAL POWER
Power Material Cost
Electrical Power Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
ELECTRICAL POWER
Pieces Of Equipment
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
Lighting Material Cost
Lighting Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
Pieces Of Equipment
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Total Miscellaneous Instrumentation Material Cost
Miscellaneous Electrical Instrument Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: Pneumatic instruments and other instrument materials are included under "Instruments."
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Miscellaneous Electrical Instrument Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: Manhours for installation of electrical instrument materials only. All other instrument manhours included under "Instruments"
Section 10 INSTRUMENTATION
The following graphs represent the average number of instruments required, their material value in dollars and installation in manhours based on total pieces of equipment. Included with the instrument graphs are dollars and manhours for the furnishing and installation of panel boards. Other graphs are included for the cost and installation of standards, tray supports, trays, tubes, and tube bundles. Material value of control valves is included under this section. The installation of these valves is discussed in Section 8, "Piping." Furnishing and installation of miscellaneous electrical hook-up materials is discussed in Section 9, "Electrical". I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
INSTRUMENTS
Total Number Of Instruments Required
Number Of Instruments
Pieces Of Equipment
INSTRUMENTS
Total Material Cost
Cost Of Instruments
Pieces Of Equipment
INSTRUMENTS
Total Instrument Installation Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
CONTROL VALVES
Total Material Cost
Control Valves Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
Note: Installation manhours included under "Piping."
STANDARDS, TRAY SUPPORTS, TRAYS, TUBES, AND TUBE BUNDLES

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
STANDARDS, TRAY SUPPORTS, TRAYS, TUBES, AND TUBE BUNDLES

Total Installation Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Section 11 INSULATION
The following piping and equipment insulation graphs are based on total pieces of equipment for a project and are average for various types and thickness that are more or less standard for refinery and petrochemical work. All building insulation is discussed in Section 7, "Buildings." Refractories and linings are considered a minor operation for this type construction and can be estimated on the same basis as insulation. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
INSULATING MATERIAL
Total Square Feet
Total Square Feet
Pieces Of Equipment
Pipe Equipment
INSULATING MATERIAL FOR EQUIPMENT

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
INSULATING MATERIAL FOR PIPING

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
INSULATING LABOR FOB PIPING AND EQUIPMENT

Total Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Pipe Equipment
Section 12 PAINTING
Based on total pieces of equipment the following graphs are average cost of materials in dollars and labor in manhours for painting. Material cost includes sandblasting materials as required and protective coating materials of paint and/or epoxy. Labor manhours include time required for sandblasting and painting. Building painting is discussed in Section 7, "Buildings." I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
PAINTINGEQUIPMENT
Square Feet Area
Square Feet Area
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGSTRUCTURAL STEEL AND PIPING

Square Feet Area
Square Feet Area
Pieces Of Equipment (D Structural steel Piping
PAINTINGMISCELLANEOUS AND PIPE RACK STEEL

Square Feet Area
Square Feet Area
Pieces Of Equipment
0 Miscellaneous iron Pipe rack steel
PAINTINGEQUIPMENT
Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGEQUIPMENT
Total Manhours
Painting Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGSTRUCTURAL STEEL
Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGSTRUCTURAL STEEL
Total Manhours
Painting Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGPIPING
Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
PAINTINGPIPING
Total Manhours
Painting Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment Miscellaneous iron Pipe rack steel

Total Manhours
Painting Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Miscellaneous iron Pipe rack steel
Section 13 PAVING
This section includes items of work for the installation of road, parking area and yard pavements. The placement of sub-base materials for these items is described in Section 4, "Site improvement." The furnishing and placing of finish base and asphalt, concrete or gravel pavement is included. The scope of work or other proposal documents should indicate the pavement requirements. In the absence of this information, the following allowances can be added based on the total equipment count. 1. Asphalt Pavement40.0 square yards per piece of equipment. 2. Concrete Pavement4.5 square yards per piece of equipment. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
ASPHALT PAVEMENT 6-Inch Base2 Inches Asphalt

Total Subcontract Price
Total Subcontract Price
Square Yards
CONCRETE AND GRAVEL PAVEMENTS

Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Square Yards
012-inch base material and 6-inch reinforced concrete 6-inch gravel pavement
CONCRETE AND GRAVEL PAVEMENTS

Total Manhours
Total Manhours
Square Yards
(D 12-inch base material and 6-inch reinforced concrete 6-inch gravel pavement
Section 14 PRORATABLES
Materials costs in dollars and labor in manhours on the following graphs reflect the average cost and time required for daily area clean-up, all project scaffolding and final test, start-up, and pre-commissioning assistance. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
PRORATABLE MATERIAL
Total Material Cost
Total Material Cost
Pieces Of Equipment
PRORATABLE LABOR
Total Manhours
Total
Manhours
Pieces Of Equipment
Section 15 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
The average cost of equipment to construct a project can be estimated from the following logarithmic graphs. The rental or purchase curve represents the average cost of rental or purchase of construction equipment to construct the project. This does not include small tools. The fuel, oil, grease, and supply curve includes the cost of these items to operate and maintain the equipment. The equipment service labor curve represents all labor required to service and maintain the construction equipment. This does not include the operating labor of the equipment when working. Operators are included in the direct account labor. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT BASE RENTAL OR PURCHASE COST FUEL, OIL, GREASE, AND SUPPLIES COST
Total
Cost
Total Direct Field Labor Cost In Million Dollars
(D Rental or puchase cost Fuel, oil, grease and supplies cost
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT SERVICE LABOR

Total Manhours
Total Manhours
Equipment Rental Or Purchase Cost In Hundred Thousand Dollars
Section 16 OVERHEADS AND INDIRECTS
Included in this section are logarithmic graphs reflecting average cost of labor, materials, temporary facilities, small tools, consumable supplies, burdens and benefits, etc., required to supervise and construct a project. Various items have been grouped together on the following graphs for ease of listing and application. For a comprehensive listing of total coverage of items under this section refer to the overhead and indirect listings under Section 1 "Disciplines of Work." I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introducton to this manual before applying this information.
INDIRECT LABOR Engineering and Supervision Personnel

Total Manhours
Total Manhours
Total Direct Labor In Hundred Thousand Dollars (D Engineering personnel Supervision personnel
INDIRECT LABOR Office Personnel

Total Manhours
Total Manhours
Total Direct Labor In Hundred Thousand Dollars
OTHER INDIRECT AND TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION LABOR

Total Manhours
Total Manhours
Other Indirect Labor (D Temporary Construction Labor
PAYROLL BURDENS AND BENEFITS Other Indirect and Temporary Construction Materials
Total Cost
Total Cost
Payroll burdens and benefits (2) Other indirect materials (H) Temporary construction materials Note: See next page for continuation of these items.
PAYROLL BURDENS AND BENEFITS OTHER INDIRECT MATERIALS

Total Cost
Total
Cost
Total Direct Labor In Million Dollars
(D Payroll burdens and benefits (E) Other indirect materials
Section 17 HOME OFFICE COST
Total engineering design, including construction services such as estimating, scheduling, expediting, etc., project general management, design allowance, and fee are included as a part of home office cost and as such are considered under this section. Manhour range tables listing manhour ranges for single and duplicate pieces of equipment are included to establish the total home office manhours required. After total manhours are established they are to be spread, on a percentage basis, to the various personnel disciplines, as outlined in the following manhour spread percentage table. Simply by multiplying the established discipline manhours by your established discipline rates a total labor manhour and dollar cost is obtained. Other cost such as blueprints, reproductions, computer use, miscellaneous expenses, travel expenses, telephone, telex, postage, and burdens and benefits are to be established as a percent of the total labor dollars in accordance with the following percentage spread table for these items. After the total labor and material dollars are established, the estimator need only apply a cost for design allowance and fee for a complete home office engineering design cost. See Section 19, "Definition of Estimate Adjustments," for design allowance and fee definitions. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
ENGINEERING DESIGN Manhour Range Allowance Per Piece of Equipment

Manhour Allowance For Single Duplicate Unit Range Unit Range 800-1,000 800-1,000 650-850 400-500 600-800 600-800 400-600 450-650 400-600 500-700 1,000-1,200 1,000-1,200 850-1,000 600-800 650-850 650-850 800-1,000 1,000-1,200 850-1,000 800-1,000 800-1,000 800-1,000 800-1,000 650-850 700-900 750-850 400-500 400-500 350-450 200-250 300-400 300-400 200-400 225-325 200-400 250-350 600-700 600-700 425-500 300-400 325-425 325-425 400-500 500-600 400-500 400-500 400-500 400-500 400-500 325-425 350-450 300-400
Equipment Classification Boilers And Heaters Packaged Steam Boilers Packaged Electric Hydronic Boilers Cast Iron Gas Fired Boilers Steel Boiler Stacks Fired Heaters Deaerating Heaters Classification Equipment Cone Type Pelletizers Pressure Sifters Rotary Screens Turbo-Screen Classifiers Compressors And Air Dryers Reciprocating Gas Engine Compressors Reciprocating Electric Compressors Centrifugal Package Unit Compressors Air Cooled Service Compressors Air DryerRefrigerated Type Air DryerChiller Type Conveyors And Bucket Elevators ConveyorOpen Belt ConveyorBelt Enclosed With Walkway ConveyorSteel Screw ConveyorReciprocating ConveyorScroll ConveyorSpaced Bucket Elevator ConveyorContinuous Bucket Elevator Crystallizers Batch Vacuum Mechanical Dow Therm Units

Manhour Allowance For Single Duplicate Unit Range Unit Range 50-100 50-100 50-100 50-100 50-100 50-100 80-150 80-150 70-120 700-900 700-900 800-1,000 800-1,000 800-1,000 800-900 800-900 700-900 700-900 800-1,000 800-1,000 800-1,000 1,000-1,200 1,000-1,200 300-400 200-400 200-400 200-500 20-40 20-40 20-40 20-40 20-40 20-40 30-70 30-70 30-50 350-450 350-400 400-500 400-500 400-500 400-450 400-450 350-450 350-450 400-500 400-500 400-500 500-600 500-600 150-200 100-200 100-200 100-200
Equipment Classification Dry Material Blenders And Feeders Blenders Vibrating Packers Electric Vibrating Feeders Gravimetric Feeders Volumetric Feeders Wing-Type Feeders Conveyor Type Feeders Sanitary Type Feeders Dry Polymer Feeders Dryers And Flakers Atmospheric Drum Dryer Vacuum Drum Dryer Twin Drum Dryer Tray Atmospheric Dryer Tray Vacuum Dryer Rotary Dryer Spray Dryer Cooling Drum Flakers Dust Collectors Cyclone Multi Cyclones Washers Automatic Cloth Filters Centrifugal Precipitators Electrical Precipitators Feeder Valves Ejectors Single-Stage Noncondensing Two-Stage Barometric Intercondenser Extractors Continuous Centrifugal

Manhour Allowance For Duplicate Single Unit Range Unit Range 600-800 100-150 400-600 600-800 200-300 200-300 200-400 200-300 200-300 300-400 400-600 400-600 150-200 5,000-8,000 2,000-4,000 1,000-2,000 600-800 600-800 600-800 800-900 800-1,000 850-1,050 650-850 300-400 50-60 200-300 300-400 100-150 100-150 100-200 100-150 100-150 150-200 200-300 200-250 50-70 2,000-3,500 800-1,500 300-500 300-400 300-400 300-400 400-450 400-500 425-525 325-425
Equipment Classification Fans And Blowers Heavy Gauge Centrifugal Fans Motors And V-BeIt Drive For Fans Rotary Blowers Centrifugal Turbo Blowers Filters Pressure Type Oil Mist Collectors Plate And Frame Type Sparkler Leaf Sewage And Rotary Screen Vibrating Flotation Machines Gas Holders Generators Steam Turbine Units Inert Gas Generators Skid MountedDiesel Engine Driven Heat Exchangers, Evaporators And Condensers Shell And Tube, Floating Head Exchangers Shell And Tube, Fixed-Tube Sheet, U-Tube Exchangers Steel Fin Tubes, Steel ReBoilers And Jacketed Pipe Long Tube Vertical Evaporators Horizontal Tube Evaporators Jacketed, Glass Lined Steel Vessel Evaporators CondensersBarometric

Manhour Allowance For Single Duplicate Unit Range Unit Range
Equipment Classification Mixers And Blenders For Liquid And Liquid Solids Propeller Mixers Blender Type Mixers Pan And Sigma Mixers Homogenizers High Intensity Mixers Pumps Centrifugal Vertical Turbine And Sump Power And Internal Gear Rotary Vacuum Sewage Nonclog Scales And Weighing Equipment Mechanical Lever Truck Scales Electronic Load Cell Truck Scales Built In Industrial Scales Automatic Bagging Scales Bulk Weighing Scales Separators Centrifugal Batch Top Suspended Centrifugal Batch Bottom Driven Centrifugal Batch Automatic Centrifugal High Speed Size Reduction Equipment Size Reduction Crushers Size Reduction Mills, Cutters, Pulverizers Ball Mills Thickeners Continuous Type
50-150 50-150 50-150 60-150 60-150 700-900 850-1,100 700-900 400-600 700-900 1,000-1,200 1,000-1,200 200-300 200-300 300-400 600-800 600-800 700-900 700-900 400-600 400-600 500-700 400-600
20-60 20-60 20-60 25-60 25-60 350-450 425-550 350-450 200-300 350-450 500-600 500-600 100-150 100-150 150-200 300-400 300-400 350-450 350-450 200-300 200-300 250-350 200-300
Equipment Classification Vessels, Reactors And Tanks Horizontal Pressure Vessels Vertical Pressure Vessels (Towers) Agitated, Jacketed Reactors Vacuum Receiver Tanks Agitated Tanks Storage Tanks Waste Treatment Equipment Sewage Treatment Plant Package IncineratorsLiquid Waste IncineratorsSolid Waste Solid Waste Shredders Wastewater Treatment Package System Water Treating Equipment Mechanical Surface Aerators Ion Exchanger Demineralizers Water Stills
Manhour Allowance For Duplicate Single Unit Range Unit Range 800-1,000 1,000-1,200 1,000-1,200 800-1,000 700-900 600-1,000 600-800 500-800 500-800 400-600 600-800 850-1,000 600-800 200-300 400-500 500-600 500-600 400-500 350-450 300-500 300-400 250-400 250-400 200-300 300-400 425-500 300-400 100-200
ENGINEERING DESIGN Other Cost as a Percent of Total Engineering Design Labor Dollars
Item Blue Prints And Reproduction Computer Use Miscellaneous Expense Travel Expense Telephone, Telex And Postage Burdens And Benefits Total Percent 14.0 12.0 10.0 3.0 4.0 32.0 75.0
ENGINEERING DESIGN Manhour Spread Percentages

Per Cent Discipline Operations Management Project Management Project Engineer Design Supervisor Civil/Structural Vessels Electrical Plant Design Piping Administration P & Fs Flow Diagrams Mechanical Supervision Instrument Engineering Instrument Drafting Rotating Equipment Special Equipment Heat Transfer Process Estimating Cost Engineering Computer Initial Operations Technical Information Scheduling Purchasing Inspection/Expediting Stenographic Accounting Office Services Contract Legal Home Office Construction Total 1 0.1 1.5 5.5 0.9 5.2 2.6 5.9 19.7 3.0 4.3 2.1 0.4 3.6 4.9 0.8 1.2 0.5 4.2 1.0 1.7 2.5 0.1 0.1 2.2 3.9 3.9 3.8 8.8 1.5 0.1 2.0 100.0 2 0.1 1.6 6.1 1.0 8.7 2.8 6.5 17.0 2.3 4.7 2.0 0.4 5.0 6.4 0.8 1.3 0.5 4.6 1.0 1.3 2.5 0.2 0.1 1.5 3.8 3.8 4.1 5.8 1.6 0.1 LO 100.0 3__ 0.1 1.9 7.0 1.0 6.3 3.1 7.2 23.8 3.8 5.0 2.7 0.4 4.4 5.8 0.9 1.4 0.6 5.1 1.1 1.4 2.8 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 4.6 5.8 1.7 0.1 OO 100.0
Code: 1Engineering, Procurement And Construction Contract 2Engineering And Procurement Contract 3Engineering Only Contract
Section 18 RATIO ESTIMATING FACTORS
Ratio estimating factors are simply the relationship, in percentage ranges, between two or more things and are the transformation of statistical data into combinations of variables that are usually not correlated. The minimum basic information required to assemble an estimate of this type is: 1. Information regarding plant capacity, product form, basic process and raw material. 2. A complete process equipment list with individual shipping dates and total material dollar cost. 3. The general plant location. The accuracy of this type estimate should fall in the range of + 30% to - 30%.
Accuracy Definition
+ % = Add to total cost excluding contingency for highest cost. - % = Deduct from total cost excluding contingency for lowest cost. The direct cost percent ranges in the following tables are to be applied against the total material dollar value of the process equipment. The construction equipment and overhead and indirects percent ranges are a percent of the direct field labor dollar value. The home office percent range is applied against the total direct and indirect cost of the project. The percentages for the various disciplines of work are averages of many projects located in the Gulf Coast Area. When determining a percentage to be applied for a specific project from the percentage range tables consideration should be given to this fact. The percentages for labor are for open or merit shop type operations. If closed shop methods are to be employed additional consideration should be given and applied against the labor dollar value.
Manhours for the various disciplines of work can be obtained by dividing the labor percentage dollars by the established hourly activity rate. A construction schedule can be executed utilizing the discipline manhours coupled with equipment shipping dates. For a description of items included under the various disciplines of work see Section 1, "Disciplines of Work."
Ratio Estimating Factors

The Refinery Process Systems table is based on any one or all of the following process systems and includes all discipline requirements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Atmosphere and vacuum crude distillation Saturates gas plant Naphtha hydrodesulphurization Distillate hydrotreater Flexicoker Heavy oil hydrodesulphurization Fluid catalytic cracker Unsaturates gas plant Cycle oils hydrodesulphurization C5, C6 isomerization Catalytic reformer Aromatics extractions Steam reforming hydrogen plant Butane alkylation Olifin poly plant H2S recovery and sulphur manufacturing
Tables on Chemical Plants are self-explanatory. I caution the engineer/estimator to be thoroughly familiar with the introduction to this manual before applying this information.
REFINERY PROCESS SYSTEMS Ratio Percentages Direct Cost

Average Percent of Totals V VI 92.82 10.03 0.55 3.59 * 1.43 0.22 16.42 * 4.82 4.81 2.21 * 1.84 1.60 27.51 * 0.87 * 7.90 * 4.16 * 9.57 * 5.06 * 0.81 * 3.79 100.0 100.0
Discipline 1. Process Equipment 2. Site Preparation 3. Site Improvements 4. Concrete 5. Structural Steel 6. Buildings 7. Underground Piping 8. Above-ground Piping 9. Underground Electric 10. Above-ground Electric 11. Instrumentation 12. Insulation 13. Painting 14. Paving 15. Proratables ** lbtal Direct Cost
Percentage Ratio Ranges I II HI IV 100.00 44.30-44.60 7.70-7.80 55.83 0.02-0.05 0.25-0.30 2.75-2.85 0.01 0.95-1.10 * 1.10-1.12 0.55 4.25-4.75 0.10-0.12 12.70-12.90 2.41 8.00-8.30 * 3.70-3.75 4.53 1.10-1.25 2.20-2.40 1.70-1.75 0.66 1.10-1.20 * 1.40-1.48 0.62 32.00-35.00 0.75-0.80 21.30-22.40 18.59 0.30-0.50 * 0.65-0.70 0.16 11.50-12.00 * 6.10-6.25 6.47 10.30-10.70 * 3.20-3.50 5.82 4.50-5.00 * 7.40-7.50 2.55 1.50-1.70 * 3.90-4.00 0.93 0.40-0.60 * 0.60-0.70 0.27 1.00-1.10 * 2.80-2.95 0.60 176.9-183.3 47.6-48.2 77.0-79.7 100.0
VII 49.97 1.01 0.69 5.63 3.90 1.71 0.83 18.19 0.32 5.81 4.48 3.94 1.84 0.36 1.32 100.0
* Not applicable or no significant trend data available. Roman Numeral Codes: I. Discipline, Other Materials as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) II. Discipline, Subcontracts as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) III. Discipline, Direct Labor as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) IV. Discipline, Material cost as a percent of Total Material costs. (IV**) V. Discipline, Subcontract cost as a percent of Total Subcontract costs. (V**) VI. Discipline, Labor cost as a percent of Total Labor cost. (VI**) VII. Discipline, Total cost as a percent of Total Direct cost. (VII**)
LIQUID TYPE CHEMICAL PLANT Ratio Percentages Direct Cost

Average Percent of Totals V VI VII 61.30 5.44 37.60 0.01 0.72 0.82 1.74 2.95 1.70 6.30 15.04 6.39 * 6.51 4.89 8.23 6.08 3.55 0.02 4.04 2.17 7.35 34.54 20.40 * 0.39 0.25 * 9.50 6.85 * 4.59 8.24 * 6.44 3.74 * 3.93 1.70 0.85 1.05 0.66 * 3.09 1.04 100.0 100.0 100.0
Discipline 1. Process Equipment 2. Site Preparation 3. Site Improvements 4. Concrete 5. Structural Steel 6. Buildings 7. Underground Piping 8. Above-ground Piping 9. Underground Electric 10. Above-ground Electric 11. Instrumentation 12. Insulation 13. Painting 14. Paving 15. Proratables ** Total Direct Cost
Percentage Ratio Ranges I II HI IV 100.00 24.00-25.50 3.75-5.50 43.50 1.75-2.50 0.01-0.01 0.50-1.00 1.00 2.75-3.50 0.60-0.75 1.50-2.25 1.30 7.50-8.75 2.00-3.00 9.00-12.00 3.58 11.50-12.50 * 4.00-6.00 5.20 4.00-5.00 3.00-3.50 3.50-4.50 1.90 4.00-5.00 0.01-0.02 2.75-3.25 2.00 37.00-43.00 2.75-3.25 24.00-27.00 18.30 0.40-0.60 * 0.20-0.40 0.20 15.00-17.00 * 6.50-7.75 7.20 22.00-25.00 * 3.25-4.50 10.90 7.50-8.50 * 4.50-5.25 3.60 2.50-3.25 * 2.75-2.90 6.30 1.00-1.50 0.30-0.40 0.50-1.00 0.50 1.00-1.50 * 2.00-2.40 0.60 217.9-237.5 32.57-36.43 68.7-85.7 100.0
SOLID TYPE CHEMICAL PLANTS Ratio Percentages Direct Cost

Average Percent of Totals V VI VlT 69.24 4.99 37.80 0.02 0.78 0.97 2.32 3.20 2.02 7.37 17.08 7.59 * 7.06 5.81 10.99 6.51 4.22 0.02 4.05 2.38 9.06 34.59 22.37 * 0.35 0.25 * 8.72 6.89 * 2.11 4.14 * 4.03 2.56 * 2.46 1.17 0.98 0.98 0.68 * 3.09 1.15 100.0 100.0 100.0
Discipline 1. Process Equipment 2. Site Preparation 3. Site Improvements 4. Concrete 5. Structural Steel 6. Buildings 7. Underground Piping 8. Above-ground Piping 9. Underground Electric 10. Above-ground Electric 11. Instrumentation 12. Insulation 13. Painting 14. Paving 15. Proratables ** Tbtal Direct Cost
Percentage Ratio Ranges I II IH IV 100.00 25.00-26.00 3.75-4.75 44.16 2.50-3.00 0.01-0.01 0.50-1.00 1.19 3.50-3.75 0.80-0.90 2.25-3.00 1.57 8.75-10.25 2.50-3.00 12.00-13.75 4.33 12.50-14.30 * 5.50-6.25 6.30 5.00-5.50 3.75-4.25 4.00-5.25 2.34 4.75-5.50 0.01-0.01 3.00-3.25 2.18 45.50-46.00 3.25-3.50 27.00-28.25 20.27 0.50-0.70 * 0.30-0.50 0.25 15.50-17.00 * 6.75-7.25 7.35 12.25-14.00 * 1.50-2.50 5.51 5.50-6.50 * 3.00-4.00 2.47 2.00-2.75 * 1.75-2.25 0.91 1.10-1.80 0.30-0.40 0.75-1.00 0.52 1.40-1.75 * 2.25-2.50 0.65 220.8-232.8 36.12-38.07 74.30-85.50 100.0
LIQUID/SOLID TYPE CHEMICAL PLANTS Ratio Percentages Direct Cost

Average Percent of Totals V VI 70.31 4.93 0.02 0.74 2.25 3.02 7.16 16.15 * 6.68 10.67 6.16 0.01 3.75 8.62 32.03 * 0.36 * 9.00 * 4.17 * 5.72 * 3.49 0.96 0.94 * 2.86 100.0 100.0
VII 36.52 0.90 1.87 7.01 5.37 3.90 2.15 20.25 0.25 6.94 8.00 3.55 1.62 0.63 1.04 100.0
CHEMICAL PLANTLIQUID HIGH PRESSURE TYPE 4000 TO 5000 PSI Ratio Percentages Direct Cost
Average Percent Percentage Ratio Ranges of Totals I II III IV V VI VII 100.00 25.00-26.00 3.75-5.00 43.16 74.86 5.34 38.10 1.70-2.25 0.01-0.01 0.25-0.50 0.75 0.01 0.54 0.63 2.30-3.00 0.50-0.75 1.50-1.75 0.99 1.62 2.21 1.31 6.50-7.25 1.75-2.00 9.25-10.00 2.92 5.30 12.62 5.26 9.00-10.00 * 3.50-4.00 3.98 * 4.88 3.78 3.25-4.00 2.50-3.00 3.25-3.75 1.48 7.67 4.50 2.75 4.75-5.25 0.01-0.01 3.00-3.25 2.12 0.02 4.30 2.38 45.25-47.00 3.25-3.50 27.00-28.00 19.66 9.72 36.75 22.38 0.50-1.00 * 0.25-0.40 0.25 * 0.38 0.25 16.50-17.25 * 6.75-7.25 7.19 * 9.34 6.94 26.50-27.50 * 3.50-4.00 11.66 * 4.88 9.04 8.00-8.50 * 4.50-5.00 3.54 * 6.33 3.79 2.75-3.25 * 2.75-3.00 1.30 * 3.86 1.73 0.75-1.25 0.02-0.04 0.50-0.70 0.37 0.80 0.79 0.51 1.25-1.50 * 2.00-2.50 0.63 * 3.28 1.15 229.0-239.0 33.04-35.31 71.75-79.10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
* Not applicable or no significant trend data available. Roman Numeral Codes: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Discipline, Other Materials as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) Discipline, Subcontracts as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) Discipline, Direct Labor as a percent of Process Equipment costs. (1,1) Discipline, Material cost as a percent of Total Material costs. (IV**) Discipline, Subcontract cost as a percent of Total Subcontract costs. (V**) Discipline, Labor cost as a percent of Total Labor cost. (VI**) Discipline, Total cost as a percent of Total Direct cost. (VII**)
CHEMICAL PLANTLIQUID HIGH ALLOY TYPE Ratio Percentages Direct Cost

Average Percent of Totals V VI VlT 75.07 5.74 40.18 0.01 0.59 0.68 1.65 2.42 1.42 5.09 12.97 5.31 * 5.35 4.06 7.84 4.93 2.95 0.02 4.51 2.45 9.51 38.51 23.01 * 0.27 0.18 * 6.69 4.88 * 4.58 8.31 * 5.67 3.33 * 3.46 1.52 0.81 0.87 0.54 * 3.44 1.18 100.0 100.0 100.0
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Ratio Percentages As A Percent Of Direct Field Labor

Percent of Direct Field Labor Range Average 12.0-18.0 15.0 2.0-6.0 4.0 7.0-15.0 1^0 21.0-39.0 31.0
Description 16. Rental or Purchase 17. Service Labor 18. Fuel, Oil, Grease, Supplies Tbtal
Note: Fuel percentage based on diesel cost of $1.25 per gallon.
OVERHEAD AND INDIRECTS Ratio Percentages As A Percent Of Direct Field Labor

Percent of Direct Field Labor Range Average 8.0-12.0 10.0 4.0-8.0 16.0 3.0-7.0 5.0 10.0-20.0 15.0 25.0-28.0 5.0-10.0 10.0-20.0 65.0-105.0 27.0 7.0 1^0 85.0
Description 19. Salaried Indirect Office Hourly Indirects Field Hourly Indirects 20. Temporary Construction Facilities* 21. Burdens and Benefits 22. Small Tools and Consumables 23. Other Indirects Tbtal * Includes Labor for Constructing.
HOME OFFICE SERVICES Ratio Percentages As A Percent Of Tbtal Direct And Indirect Cost
Percent of Total Direct and Indirect Range Average 8.0-16.0 12.0 0.1-0.4 0.2 1.0-1.5 U 9.1-17.9 13.3
Description 24. Engineering/Design Services 25. Construction Services 26. Project General Management Tbtal
Section 19 ESTIMATE ADJUSTMENTS
Each estimate, in all probability, will need some or all of the following adjustments dependent upon the scope of work, amount of pre-bid information available, and the type of estimate to be prepared. The following are definitions of these adjustments: Design Allowance. The design allowance is an adjustment to the estimated mechanical equipment cost to provide for nominal and routine changes in equipment design. The design allowance is included in the details of the estimate and is considered as part of the direct base cost. The magnitude of the design allowance is a function of the amount of design information available to the estimator, and it decreases as the accuracy level of the estimate increases. An example of a design allowance is the addition of money for routine nozzle and clip changes on a fabricated vessel. It is expected that all design allowance money will be expended during the project. Quantity Allowance. The quantity allowance is an adjustment to the estimated construction activity take-off quantities to provide for (1) the difference between neat take-off quantities and in-place quantities and for (2) consideration of fabrication waste. The quantity allowance is included in the details of the estimate and is considered as a part of the direct base cost. The magnitude of the quantity allowance is a function of the amount of design information available to the estimator and decreases as the accuracy level of the estimate increases. An example of a quantity allowance is adding to the piping take-off an allowed quantity of small diameter pipe and valves for vents and drains not shown on estimate drawings. It is expected that all quantity allowance money will be expended during the project. Escalation. The escalation is the amount of dollars or percentage of cost added to the estimated base cost to provide for procurement at a future date later than the estimate. The magnitude of the escalation is a
function of an appraisal of anticipated market conditions during the design and construction phases of the project. It is expected that all escalation money will be expended during the project. Contingencies. A percentage of base cost plus escalation and taxes or amounts added to same providing coverage for human calculation or judgement error in accumulation of estimate scope. Contingencies are anticipated to be spent and form a part of the cost of the project. Contingencies vary directly with the accuracy level of the estimate. The more gross the method of estimating, the higher the contingencies. Contingencies do not provide any funds for scope changes. Examples of items covered by contingency are: piping lines missed on take-off, extension errors, dimension errors, etc. Bisk. An amount of money or percent of base cost plus lower level additives (except fee) normally added to the base cost plus additives to cover the chances of probabilities that the base cost estimate plus additives is not ample for financing of the project. Risk is normally associated with the monies applied by a contractor's management in the case of a "lump sum" or "guaranteed maximum" or an owner for other contractual arrangements to cover costs that might occur, but hopefully will not. Risk monies may or may not be spent. These monies are added to provide financial protection and quantify management or executive judgements for final project cost outcome. Considerations of changes in scope normally generated by an organization should be covered in these amounts. In rare cases, risk could be expressed as a deduction from the base cost plus additives. Examples of items covered by risk are: inclement weather conditions, time extensions of the project, prototype processes, productivity loss, etc. Fees. The amount of money anticipated to be recovered by the contractor to provide funds for payments of his non-project overhead and profit.

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CONCEPTUAL COST ESTIMATING MANUAL

Conceptual Cost Estimating Manual

Gulf Professional Publishing

The Human Factor in Estimating

Method OneAccuracy Level of 10%

Method TwoAccuracy Level of 30%

Introduction .............................................................................. xvi Section 1. Disciplines of Work .......................................... 1

Home Office Cost .......................................................................... 10

Process Equipment ......................................... 11

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Site Preparation ............................................... 217

Site Improvements ........................................... 219

Concrete ........................................................... 222

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Structural Steel and Miscellaneous Iron ........ 236

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Contents Buildings ........................................................... 243

Piping ................................................................ 247

Electrical ........................................................... 262

Section 10. Instrumentation ................................................ 269

Section 11. Insulation .......................................................... 276

Section 12. Painting ............................................................. 281

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Section 13. Paving ............................................................... 293

Section 14. Proratables ....................................................... 297

Section 15. Construction Equipment ................................. 300

Section 16. Overhead and Indirects ................................... 303

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Section 17. Home Office Cost ............................................. 309

Section 18. Ratio Estimating Factors ................................. 316

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Section 19. Estimate Adjustments ..................................... 325

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Section 1 DISCIPLINES OF WORK

Overhead and Indirects

Indirect Labor (Except for Temporary Facilities Labor)

Watchmen and Janitorslabor

Salariesoffice clerical Quality assurancelabor

Salariessubcontract administration Salariescost engineering

Salariesscheduling and planning Salariestechnical clerks Material control labor

Safety and medical expenselabor Salariesoffice

Temporary Construction Facilities (Labor and Material)

Temporary buildings and utilitiesmaterial and supplies

Labor Burdens and Overhead Personnel Benefits

Vacation pay (for overhead and indirect personnel only)

Small Tool and Consumables

Small tools (in accordance with contract limits)

Expediting Heat, light, water, and power Insurancegeneral

Legal Licenses and permits

Move in/outsupplies and services

Safety and medical expense, material

Testing and laboratory analysis

Unclassified Data processing services

Section 2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT

ACID CCX)LERS WITH PUMP AND MOTOR

Heat Exchanger Area

ACID COOLERS WITH PUMP AND MOTOR

Heat Exchanger Area

VIBRATING BIN ACTIVATORS

VIBRATING BIN ACTIVATORS

HIGH-SPEED MECHANICAL AERATORS