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V O B O
U k r a in ia n
D a ily
V O L.
L L
N o.
1 4 .
S
E
C
T
I
O
N
I I .
*
9
D ed icated
t o
th e
n e e d s
a n d
in t e r e s t
o f
y o u n g
A m e r ic a n s
o f
U k r a in ia n
d e s c e n t .
N o.
4
JE R S E Y
C IT Y ,
N. J.S A T U R D A Y ,
JA N U A R Y
2 3 ,
1 9 4 3
V O L.
X I
A N
IN S P IR IN G
D A T E
B ooks
I n
E n g lis h
O n
U k ra in e
\u00b6 R E C E N T L Y
w e
r e c e i v e d
a
r e q u e s t
fro m
o n e
o f
o u r
C h ic a g o
r e a d e r s
fo r
a
l i s t
o f
b o o k s
a n d
b r o c h u r e s
i n
E n g lis h
o n
U k ra in e
a n d
U k ra in ia n s,
th e ir
h isto ry ,
c u ltu re ,
a n d
a c h ie v e m e n ts .
S in c e
w e
r e c e i v e
s u c h
r e q u e s t s
fro m
tim e
t o
tim e ,
a n d
a n d
s i n c e
i t
i s
im p o ssib le
fo r
u s
t o
answ er
e a c h
o n e
p e rso n a lly ,
w e
p r e s e n t
b e lo w
s u c h
a
l i s t
w ith
th e
h o p e
th a t
a ll
o u r
r e a d e r s
w ill
s a v e
i t
a n d
re fe r
i t
t o
i t
w hen
th e
n e e d
a r i s e s .
A
H IS T O R Y
O
FU K R A IN E .
B y
P rof.
O n
th e
w h o le
th is
b o o k
s h o u l d
b e
M ic h a e l
H rushevsky.
E d ite d
b y
ta k e n
w ith
som e
r e s e r v a t i o n s .
I t
i s ,
P ro f.
O ,
J .
F r e d e r i k s e n .
P r e f a c e\u00a1fo r
o n e
th in g ,
p o o rly
o r g a n i z e d .
A s
b y
P ro f.
G eorge
V ernadsky.
1 9 4 1 .
o n e
review er
(D r. A rthur
C o lem an\u2014
(6 2 9
p a g e s .)
P u b lis h e d
fo r
th e
w ritin g
i n
th e
U k ra in ia n
W e e k ly )
U k ra in ia n
N a tio n a l
A s s o c ia tio n
b y
e x p r e s s e d
i t ,
i t
h a s
e v e r y th in g
i n
i t
th e
Y ale
U n iv ersity
P r e s s .
$ 4 .0 0 .
b u t
th e
p r o v e r b i a l
k itc h e n
s t o v e .
I t s
T h is
c a r e f u l
tra n s la tio n
o f
th e
p o p \u00af
" \u00ba *
* \u0404
* \u00b0 \u00bb *
d
e
f
e
c
t
'
how ever,
lie s
i n
u la r
w o rk
b y
U k ra in e 's
g r e a t e s t
h is\u00b7
*
8
too great a reliance on R ussian,
o r
to ria n
w ho
n o t
o n ly
w ro te
h isto ry
1
0
D U t
*\u00be ^P*
o
n
a \u00bb ti-U k ra in ia n
b u t
m ade
i t
a s
w e ll,
i s
b y
f a r
th e
f ?
u
r
c
e
s
;
S till
m
s p ite
o f
i t s
h m ita-
b e s t
o f
i t s
k in d
i n
th e
E n g lis h
la n _ .tio iw ,
i t
h a s
i t s
u s e s
fo r
th e
a d -
g u a g e .
I t
m eets *a
v ita l
n e e d
fo r
a
n
v a n c e d
s tu d e n t,
w ho
i s
a l r e a d y
a c -
a u th o rita tiv e
w ork
i n
E n g lis h
o n
th e
q
"
a
u
?
t
e
,
d
^ th
H rushevsky s,
D o ro \u00b7
m ain
d e v e lo p m e n ts
i n
th e
h is to ry
s
n
e
n
k
o
*' * \u00bb *V ernadsky\u00ab s
w orks.
o f
U kraine,
a
c o u n t r y
w hose
c e n -
U K R A IN E ,
A N D
IT S
P E O P L E .
B y\u0456t o
w hom
th e
d o c trin e
o f
s e l f - d e t e r -
th a t
n a tio n
i n
1 7 6 4 ."
E xposing
th e
'
\u2014
*
-
\u2014
L
\u00b7
- \u2014
A
1
I
"
J
\u00bb
I
:
~* \u0406
1
* \u0406
\u0422
\u041f
. - \u00bb\u00a1 \u00ab
(\^ S
a
c l e a r ,
c o ld
d a y
a
s c o r e
a n d
fo u r
y e a r s
a g o
y e s t e r d a y ,
J a n u a r y
2 2 ,
1 9 1 9 .
a
h is to ric
e v e n t
to o k
p la c e
i n
th e
S t.
S o p h ia
S q uare
o f
K ie v ,
a n c ie n t
c a p ita l
o f
U kraine.
R epresentatives
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
N a tio n a l R e \ue000
p u b lic ,
w h ic h
h a d
d e c l a r e d
i t s
in d e p e n d e n c e
o n
J a n u a r y
2 2 ,
1 9 1 8
a n d
w h ic h
em braced
th e
t e r r i t o r y
o f
E astern
U kraine,
a n d
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
o f
th e
W estern
U k ra in ia n
R e p u b lic , w h ic h
h a d
d e c l a r e d
i t s
in d e p e n d e n c e
o n
N ovem ber1 ,
1918 and
em braced
th e
t e r r i t o r y
of W estern
U kraine, m et
th e re
a n d
am idst
g r e a t
re jo ic in g
p r o c la im e d
th e
u n io n
o f
t h e s e
tw o
com ponent
a n d
new ly-freed
p a rts
o f
U kraine
in to
o n e
U k ra in ia n
N a tio n a l
R e p u b lic .
W hat
fo llo w e d
i s
n o w
h is to ry .
A tta c k e d
fro m
a ll
s i d e s
b y
th e ir
pow \ue000
e r f u l
n a tio n a l
enem ies,
la c k in g
th e
n e c e s s a r y
e q u ip m e n t
t o
c o n d u c t
a
s u c c e s s f u l
w ar,
w eakened
b y
th e
s p r e a d
o f
th e
ty p h u s
d i s e a s e ,
a n d
d e n ie d
a t
in te rn a tio n a l
c o n f e r e n c e s
th e
rig h t
o f
self-d eterm in atio n
u p o n
w h ic h
th e y
h a d
re lie d ,
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
so o n
lo s t
th e ir
n e w ly -w o n
in d e \ue000
p e n d e n c e
a n d
fo u n d
th e m s e lv e s
o n c e
m ore
u n d e r
th e
m isru le
o f
th e ir
n a \ue000
tio n a l
o p p r e s s o r s .
T o d a y
w hen
a g a i n s t
a
com m on
enem y
th e y
h a v e
m ade
a
com m on
c a u s e
w ith
th e ir
fo rm er
o p p re sso rs
a n d
a r e
w a g in g
a
v a lia n t
fig h t
a g a i n s t
th e
N azi
i n v a d e r s
a n d
o c c u p a n t s ,
o n e
o f
th e ir
c h ie f
in s p ira tio n s
m ust
u n \ue000
d o u b te d ly
b e
th e
m em ory
o f
th a t
h is to ric
J a n u a r y
22, 1919,
w hen
U kraine
w as
in d e p e n d e n t
a n d
u n ite d .
t u r i e s - o l d
s tru g g le
fo r
in d e p e n d e n c e
i s
b e g in n in g
t o
h a v e
a n
im p o rta n t
< b e a r in g
o n
th e
c o u r s e
o f
E u r o p e a n
^ e v e n ta .
I t
h a s
a n
e x c e lle n t
b ib lio \u00b7
- g r a p h y ,
a n d
m aps.
H ig h ly
recom \u00b7
-m ended.\u2014 Svoboda
B o o k s t o r e .
H ugh
P .
V o w les.
1 9 4 1 .
2 2 4
p a g e s
w ith
m ap.
W . &
R
C h a m b e r s L td .,
L ondon.
C h e a p e d itio n .2 /6 \u0427 \u0406 .
(b o u t
6 5 c .) .
T h is
i s
d e fin ite ly
a
p ro -S o v ie t
v e r \u00ad
sio n
o f
U k ra in ia n
h isto ry .
I n
i t
M r.
BOH D A N,
H E T M A N
O F
U K R A IN E .
V ow les
c a lls
U k ra in ia n
l e a d e r s
w ho
B y
P ro f.
G eorge
V ernadsky.
1 9 4 1 .
d r e a m
o f
a n
in d e p e n d e n t
U k ra in e
1 5 0
p a g e s .
P u b lis h e d
fo r
th e
U k-
" i r r e d e n t i s t s , "
o r
" s e p a r a t i s t s "
o r
n a -
ra in ia n
N a tio n a l
A ssociation
b y
tio n a lis ts ,
" s a t u r a t e d
i n
l i t e r a r y
ro -
th e
Y ale
U n iv ersity
P r e s s .
$ 3 .5 0 .
m an ticism ."
H e
fu rth e r
claim s
th a t
W ritten
b y
P ro f.
V ernadsky
o f
t
n
e
" r e s u r r e c t i o n
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
Y ale
U n iv e rsity ,
a u th o r
o f
" P o litic a l
P
e
\u00ba P
l
e
i
s
id e n tic a l
w ith
th e
c r e a tio n
a n d
D ip lo m a tic
H isto rv
o f
R ussia "
t
h
e
S o v ie t
U kraine
a s
a
m e m b e r\u00a6 ro le
U kraine
h a s
p la y e d
i n
R ussian
\u00ab \u00ab T
\u00b7
T \u00b7\u00bb J
\u0422 \u0427 \u0406 \u00ab.
X
\u041c
. . .
,
\u00bb r e e l > \u00bb \u00bb
\u043b\u0433_
\u043b \u0442
1 \u2014
\u00ab\u2014 1i _I_i
-
\u2014
u
~ u : ~ i .
T >
: \u2014
\u00b7 L e n in :
R ed
D ictato r,"
th is
b o o k
m in a tio n
h a s
n o t
y e t
b e e n
a p p lie d ."
\u00a6o p p r e s s io n s
p ra c tic e d
o n
th e
U k ra in \u00b7
P O L IT IC A L
A
N
D
D IP L O M A T IC
\u0456
i
a
n
s
* \u0423
.
t
h
? *
o p p re sso rs,
th e
a u th o r
H IS T O R Y
O F
R U S flA .
B y
G eorge\u00a1P r o p h e c i e s th a t
th e
d a y
w illy e t
com e
V ernadsky.
1 9 8 6 .
4 9 9
p a g e s .M aps.\u00a6 ^
h
e
n
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^
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.
t
h
e
,
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n
a
t
l
0
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a
l
L ittle ,
B ro w n ,
a n d
C o. B oston.$ 3 .\u00a1
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r
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h
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e
n
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,
^
,
. J c a lle d
th e
* B ritish
o f
E astern
E u-
T h is
b o o k
a t
th e
tim e
w hen
i t
, \u201e
h
e
w
r
i
t
e
s
\u201e
T
h
e
n
a
m
e
f i t s
w as
f ir s t
p u b lis h e d
w as
a
r a d i c a l
a n d
L
i
k
e
t
h
e
B
r
i
U
s
h
t
h
h
a
v
e
b
r a t h e r
s ig n if ic a n t
d e p a r t u r e
fro m
th e
t
h
e
|
r
i
n
d
u
s
t
a
n
d
e n t e r p r i s e
c r e a t e d
u s u a l
ru n
o f
w o rk s
i n
E n g lis h
o n
a
c
u
]
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
i
v
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
t o
R ussian
h is to ry ,
m
th a t
it g a v e
a f a r ;
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
i
c
h
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
>
A
n
d
m ore
a d e q u a te
c o n s id e r a tio n
t o
th e
^
t
h
e
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
|
t
n
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
f
a
t
a
l
h is to ry
o f U k r a in e th a n
a n y ^ o f th e m .
d
e
f
e
c
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
,
n
t
o
f
^
o
f
I t
s e r v e s
t o
b rin g
o u t
th e
g r e a t
o f
th e
U .S .S .R ."
M r.
V o w le s
f a i l s
t o
te lls
i n
a n
e n g a g in g
f a s h i o n
th e
* * P
l
a
,
n
\u00b7
w
r
o
t
e
,
a
P o lis h
review er
i n
sto ry
o f
th e
fam ous
H etm an
B ohdan
^ r e e
E u ro p e
(L o n d o n )
w hy
m any
K h m e ln its k y ,
" th e
C rom w ell of
E ast-
U k ra in ia n
l e a d e r s ,
co m m u n itists
o r
e r a
E u r o p e , "
w ho
le d
th e
K ozak
com m unist
sym pathizers
'(lik e
Y efre-
R e v o lu tio n
o f
1 6 4 8 ,
i n
w h ic h
m odern
m
i
w
\u00b7 .
H olubovich, Sersel
M azurenko,
U kraine
w as
b o rn .
B o h d a n 's
l i f e
a n d : K o ts m b in e k y
K ovnar,C hubar
S k r y p -
p o litic a l
c a r e e r
w ere
b o th
dram atic
m
k
\u00b7
o
r
L iu b c h e n k o )
w ere
s h o t
o r
a n d
colorful, a
s t r a n g e
sto ry
o f b lo o d
co m m itted
s u ic id e ,
o r
w hy
P e tlu ra
a n d
th u n d e r
a n d d ip lo m a tic m a n e u v e r .
a
n
d
?
0
,
n
o
Y
a
l
e
t
*
w ere
a s s a s s i n a t e d
P ro f.
V ernadsky
g iv e s
a
s trik in g
a b r o a d .
O n
th e
w h o le
th e
b o o k ,
p ic tu re
i n
th is
b o o k
o f
th e
r is e
o
f >
s
e
d
\u00ba *
s e c o n d - h a n d
in fo rm a tio n ,
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
u n d e r
th is
pow -
d
o
e
*
n
< *
c o n s titu te
a
s e r i o u s
s tu d y
e r f u l
l e a d e r .
H ig h ly
recom m ended.-
o
f
t
h
e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le .
S v o b o d a
B o o k s t o r e .
P O L A N D ,
K
E Y
T O
EU R O PE.
B y
H IS T O R Y
O F
T H E
U K R A IN E .
B y
^ym ond
L e slie
B u e ll.
1 9 3 9 .
A lfred
P ro f.
D m y tro
D oroshenko.
T ran s-\u00a6
A
K
n
o
P
f
\u00b7
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
*
^ \u00b7\u00ba\u00ba\ue000
k ite d
a n d
a b r i d g e d
b y
H anna
C h i\u00b7
T
h
i
s
b o o k
i s
h ig h ly
recom m ended
k a le n k o -K e lle r.
E d ite d
a n d
in -
\u00a4
o
t
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\u043f
1
\u0423
b e c a u s e
o f
i t s
g e n e r a l
e x -
tro d n c tio n
b y
P ro f.
G eorge
W .
c e lle n c e
i n
i t s
tre a tm e n t
o f
P o la n d ,
S im p so n .
1 9 3 9 .
6 8 6
p a g e s .
T he\u00a1b u t
a l s o
b e c a u s e
o f
i t s
fin e
a n d
o b -
In s titu te
P r e s s ,
L td .
E d m o n to n , |J e c tiv e
c h a p te r
(1 0 th )
o n
'\u00ab T h e
U k-
A lberta,
C anada.
$ 3 .5 0 .
:ra in ia n s "
u n d e r
pre-w ar
P o la n d ,
3 0
"N o
o n e
c a n
r e a d
th is
m asterpiece
P ^ .* "
a
" '
d
i
^ e d
in to
1
A
D is-
o f
D oroshenko
w ith o u t
k e e n
s y m- ^
n
5
e
d
p
\u00ab > \u00be \u00b7\u00b7
\u00be .
T
h
e
< \u00be J \u00bb \u00a6*
p a th y
fo r
th e
tra g ic
f a t e
o f
th e
U k-
S \u00ab * \u00ab o n .
\
T he
U kraine
a n d
th e
ra in ia n
n a tio n ,
'\u00be e
I r i s h
o f
E ast\u00b7
I
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o
f
P
o
w
e
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r
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a
n
f
e ra
E u ro p e ,'
a n d
o u t
o f
th a t
sym -
p a th y
m ay
com e
a
h a p p ie r
in te g ra \u00b7
\u00a1A u to n o m y
o r
C o lla b o ra tio n ?
I t
i s
tio n
o f
th is
c o lo rfu l
r a c e
in to
th e !
w
r
j "
e
n
..\u00a4 \u0423
o
n
e
o f
A m erica's
c h ie f
n a tio n a l
l i f e
o f
C anada
. . . "
th u s
\u0456a u th o ritie s
o n
w o rld
a f f a i r s
a
fo r\u00b7
w ro te
a b o u t
th is
b o o k
th e
d is tin -\u00a1
m
e
r
f
H
a
r
T
a
r
d
P ro fesso r
o f
G overn-
g u i s h e d
C a n a d ia n
s c h o l a r ,
P ro f.
W at\u00b7
r a e n t
\u00b7
a
n
d
P r o \u00bb d e n t
o f
th e
F o re ig n
so n
K irk c o n n e ll.
I t s
1 3
m aps
a r eH
* >
\u00be
A s s o c ia tio n ,
a n d
n o w
e d ito r
;v e r y
g o o d . Its
a b r id g e m e n t,
how ever, \u00a6
o
f
F
< ?
r
t
u
n
e
^ \u0433 \u0456\u043f \u0435 ^
D r.
B u e ll
i s
som ew hat
to o
c u rso ry .
H ig h ly
^ is c h a p te r
o n
U k ra in ia n s
W
t h
recom m ended.-S voboda
B ookstore.
\u00be
W
\u00bf *
1
* \u00a6\u00a6\u00a6*
8
t
a
4
m
e
n
*
W hat
th e
P o lis h p ro b le m
w as
I n
th e
T H E .
U K R A IN E ,
A
H IS T O R Y .
B y; n in e te e n th
c e n t u r y ,
th e
U k ra in ia n
\V .
E:
D .
A lle n .
C am bridge
U n i-!p r o b l e m
m ay
becom e
i n
th e
tw e n \u00b7
\ e r s i t y
P r e s s .
L ondoa.
( \u041c
\u0434 \u0435 \u0433 \u0430 \u0456\u042c
tie th .
C o n sid e ra b ly
m o re
num erous
I a n \u00bb
N ew
Y ork).
1 9 4 0 .
4 0 4
p a g e s .|\u041b
\u0430 \u00ab \u043f , th e
P o l e s ,
th e
U k ra in ia n s
a re
'
'
M aps.
$ 5 .0 0 .
h isto ry ,
a
ro le
w h ic h
R ussian
p ro \u00ad
p a g a n d is ts
a n d
e v e n
som e
s c h o l a r s
u u a lly
d i s p a r a g e
o r
c o n c e a l
e n tire ly ,
i n
o r d e r
t o
c r e a t e
th e
im p ressio n
th a t,
a s
a
R ussian
M inister
o f
S ta te
d e c l a r e d
i n
1 8 6 3 ,
" t h e r e
n e v e r
h a s
b e e n
a n d
th e re
n e v e r
w ill
b e
a
U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
la n g u a g e
o r
n a tio n a lity ."
D esp ite
som e
n a tu ra l
d e fic ie n c ie s ,
V e r a a d s k y 's
a c c o u n t
o f
th e
U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
p e o p le
h e r e
i s
d e ta ile d ,
w e ll
b a l\u00ad
a n c e d ,
p e n e tra tin g ,
a n d
q u ite
f a i r .
H is
tre a tm e n to f th e
U krainian m ove\u00ad
m ent
d u rin g
th e
1 9 th
c e n tu ry
i s
e s p e \u00ad
c ia lly
g o o d ,
i n
th a t
i t
p r e s e n t s
a
p re tty
c le a r
p ic tu re
o f
w hat
fo r
a n
o u ts id e
o b s e r v e r
i s
u s u a lly
a
c o n \u00ad
f u s e d
b lu r.
A lth o u g h
h e
h a s
n o t
th e
g r a s p
o f
th o se
e v e n ts
th a t
a
U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
h isto ria n
w o u ld
h a v e ,
h is
e x p o \u00ad
s itio n
o f
th e m
i s
m ost
c o m m e n d a b le .
R ecom ended.
PEA SA NT
E U R O P E .
B y
E .
H essel
T iltm a n .
1 9 3 4 .
2 8 2
p a g e s .
I l l u s \u00ad
tra te d .
J a rro ]d s,
L ondon
(L im ite d
3 4 ,
P a t e r n o s t e r .
R ow
E .C . 4). $3.
T h is
i s
a n
u n u s u a lly
fin e
b o o k
w ritte n
b y
a
w e ll
know n
E n g lis h
w rite r
a n d
new spaper
c o r r e s p o n d e n t
(n o w
i n
N ew
Y ork
C ity )
a n d
i t
i s
h ig h ly
recom m ended.
"L ook
fo r
th e
U k ra in ia n
s ta te
o n
th e
m ap
o f
E u\u00ad
ro p e
a n d
y o u
w ill
n o t
fin d
i t , "
th u s
b e g in s
M r. T iltm a n
h is
e x te n s iv e
a n d
s e v e r a l - c h a p t e r e d
a c c o u n t
o f
th e
U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
p e a s a n t s .
"Y et
th e re
i s
a b u n d a n t
e v id e n c e
th a t
th e
U k ra in e
s t i l l
e x i s t s ,
s i x
h u n d r e d
y e a r s
a fte r
th e
in d e p e n d e n t
U k ra in ia n
d y n a s t y
d i s a p p e a r e d
fro m
E urope,
a n d
n e a r \u00ad
l y
tw o
c e n tu rie s
a fte r
th e
l a s t
a u to \u00ad
nom ous
U k ra in ia n
s ta te
a llie d
t o
th e
th e
l a r g e s t
n a tio n a l
g ro u p
i n
E u ro p e
R ussian
E m p ire,
w as
a n n e x e d
b y
P o lish
D esigns.
5 .
P o lis h
P o lic y .
6 .
th e ir
a d v e r s a r i e s ,
o f
n e v e r
k n o w in g
w hen
th e y
a re
b e a te n ."
T he
b o o k
h a s
som e
fin e
illu s tra tio n s
o f
U k ra in ia n
t y p e s .
I t
m ay
b e
o u t
o f
p rin t
now ;
som e
lib ra rie s
m ay
h a v e
i t .
S P IR IT
O F
U K R A IN E .
B y
D . S no-
w yd.
1 9 3 5 .
1 5 2
p a g e s .
I llu s tra te d .
P u b lis h e d
b y
"O byednanye"
w ith
th e
a s s i s t a n c e
o f th e
U k ra in ia n
N a\u00ad
tio n a l
A s s o c ia tio n .
S v o b o d a
B ook\u00ad
s t o r e .
$ 1 .0 0 .
T h is
h ig h ly
recom m ended
w o rk
d e a ls
w ith
th e
q u e s tio n ,
"W hat
h a v e
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
c o n trib u te d
t o
w o rld 's
c u ltu re ? "
T he
answ er
t o
i t
s h o u l d
b e
w e ll
know n
b y
o u r
y o u n g
U k ra in ia n
A m erican.
I t
w ill
h e lp
h im
u n d e r s t a n d
a n d
a p p re c ia te
th e
ric h n e s s
o f
h is
h e rita g e ,
a n d
i t s
p o s \u00ad
sib le
ro le
i n
th e
d e v e lo p m e n t
o f
h is
A m erican
c u ltu re .
B esides
c o n ta in in g
a
b rie f
h isto ric a l
s u r v e y
o f
U k ra in e ,
th e
b o o k
a l s o
c o n ta in s
c h a p t e r s
d e a l\u00ad
in g
w ith
th e
U k ra in ia n
c u ltu ra l
a b il\u00ad
ity ,
w ith
th e
E u ro p e a n iz in g
in flu e n c e s
o f
U k ra in ia n s
i n
R ussia,
th e
U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
l i t e r a r y
c o n trib u tio n s ,
U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
m usic,
fo lk
d a n c e ,
n a tio n a l
c o s \u00ad
tu m e ,
a rts
o f
th e
hom e,
a rc h ite c tu re ,
p a in tin g ,
e t c h e r s
a n d
i l l u s t r a t o r s ,
m oral
a n d
le g a l
h e rita g e ,
re lig io u s
l i f e ,
a s
w e ll
a s
s k e t c h e s
o f
re p re \u00ad
s e n ta tiv e
m en
a n d
w om en
o f
U k ra in e
a n d
th e ir
c o n trib u tio n s .
I ts
m ar.y
illu s tra tio n s
a re
o f
a
e s p e c ia lly
fin e
q u a lity .\u2014 S v o b o d a
B ookstore.
(T o
b e
c o n tin u e d )
Ukrainian W tomen and The\u00be O rganizations
'
,
.
.. ..
- -
\u00b6 ffl
W r it t e n
b y
Y A R O S L A V
J .C H Y Z
for the
J u b ile e
B o o k
o f
U K R A IN fc\u00b6 L #
N A T IO N A L
W O M E N *S
\u0426
\u0418
\u041c
* |\u00ab A M feft* C A ,
a n d
r e p r in te dh e r e'\u00be s
th e
k in d
p e rm issio n
of both.
I n
E a rly
T im e s
T hey
H ad
F ew
B ig h ts
T N
e a r l y
U k ra in ia n
h is to ry
w om en
c o u ldh a r d ly la y c la im
to a n y
rig h ts ,
a s
th e
t e r m
i s
u n d e r s t o o d
to d a y .
C oncerning
t h i s ,M ic h a e l
H rushevsky,
U kraine's
g r e a t e s t
h is to ria n ,
h a s
m ade
th e
fo llo w in g
o b s e r v a t i o n :
1
"A m ong
th e
S la v ic
t r i b e s ,
th e
R us-
U kram ian
* p a rtic u la rly ,
a s
show n
i n
th e
o l d e s t
h i s t o r i c o - l i t e r a r y
a n d
le g a l
so \u00a4 rt* s,
m an w as
a lw a y s
o n
a
h ig h e r
p la n e .
C h ristian ity
la te r
b o re
sim ilar
in f lu e n c e s
b u t
i t
c e rta in ly
d id *
H ot
c r e a t e
th e
id e a
o f
m an*s
s u p e r f c r t t y V
c o n tra rily ,
i t
w eakened
th e
s ig n ifi\ue000
c a n c e
o f
h is
c o n tro l
o v e r
h is
w i* fe
a r i d
c h ild r e n ,
w h ic h
h a d
b e e n
h a n d e d
dow n
fro m
p a g a n
tim es.
T he
\u00be arty
m arriage
cerem ony
re q u irin g
\u00be
w o \ue000
m an
t o
ta k e
h e r
h u s b a n d 's
s h o e s
o ff,
a s
r e v e a l e d
t n
o u r
e a r l i e s t
c h r o n ic le ,
d e a f l y
dem onstrates
th a ta
w ife
w as
r e g a r d e d
a s
h e r
h u s b a n d 's
s e r v a n t .
9 f i c h
p r a c t i c e s
a s
k illin g
a
w om an
a f t e r
l i r e < d e a tho f h e r
h u s b a n d ,
s h o w
th a t
sh e
w as
c o n s i d e r e d
h is
p r o p e r t y ,
h i s " '\u00b7c h a tte l.
T h is
id e a
i s
fo u n d
i n
p o ly g a m y ,w h ic h
i n
p a g a n
tim es
w ars
w id e ly
p r a c t i c e d
am ong
R us-U kram -
ia n
t r i b e s .; .
W e~
s e e
i t
i n
th e
g r e a t
m oral
dem ands
m ade
u p o n
w om en
a n d
i n
th e
g r e a t
o r
c o m p le te
f r e e d o m
o f
th e
m e n ...
" A
p o r c h a e d
o r
s to le n
w ife
w as
a t
f ir s t
a s
m uch
o f
a
p ie \u00a9 e
o f
h e r
h u s> \ue000
b a n d 's
p r o p e r ty ,
a
p a r t
o f
h is
in \ue000
v e n t o r y ,
a s
a n y
o th e r
o b je c t
i n
h is
p o s s e s s i o n .
I f
h e
w a n te d
m ore
th a n
o n e
w ife,
a n d
h e
h a d
th e
m eans
t o
b u y
a n d
s u p p o r t
a
l a r g e r
nu\u00be n\u00be er,
n o th in g
s to o d
i n
h is w a y
i n
a c q u irin g
m o re..,"
H rushevsk^y
m akes
t h e s e
claim s
o n *
th e
b a s i s
o f w ritin g s
b y
G reek,
A rab\ue000
ia n
a n d
W estern
E u r o p e a n
tra v e l\ue000
l e r s
w ho
j o u r n e y e d
th ro u g h
U kraine
i n
th e
9 th
a n d
\u00b7IO th
c e n tu r ie s
o r
w ho
m et
U krainians,
th e n
know n
a s
ttu -
th e n ia n s ,
i n
o th e r
c o u n t r i e s .
F ro m
t h e s e
sam e
s o u r c e s
w e
l e a r n
th a t
S la v ic
w om en
o f
th a t
p e rio d
w ere
v e r y
fa ith fu l
a n d
th a t
m any
o f
th e m
f r e e l y
su b m itted
t o
th e
d e a th
r i t e
perfo rm ed
a f t e r
th e ir
h u s b a n d 's
p a s s \ue000
in g
I n
o r d e r
th a t
th e y
m ig h t
b e
b u r i e d
i n
th e
S am e
g r a v e .
"R usks
P r a v d a "
Im pro ved
T h e ir
L ot
W fth
th e
p a s s i n g
o f
tim e,
how \ue000
e v e r ,
a f t e r
th e
e a r h e s t
U k ra in ia n
s ta te
h a d
ta k e n
o n
a
sem blance
o f
o rg a n iz a tio n
a n d
w as
d o m in a te d
b y
th e
a l r e a d y
s e ttle d
p o p u la tio n ,
c o n \ue000
d itio n s
c h a n g e d
fo r
th e
b e tte r.
T he
f i r s t
U k ra in ia n
C ode
o f
L aw s,
e s t a b \ue000
lis h e d
b y
Y arosiav
th e
W ise
( \u0428
9 -
1 0 5 4 ) ,
know n
a s
" R u th e n ia n
J u s tic e "
(\u0412 \u043e \u044f \u043a \u0430
P r a v d a )
g ra n te d
w om en
com \u00ad
p a ra tiv e ly
num erous
rig h ts.
T he
;> e h a !ty
fo r m u rd e rin g
a
w om an
w as
t h e '
sam e
a s
fo r
m u rd e rin g
a
m aft.
U pon
th e
d e a th
o f
a
fa th e r,
th e
!
m o th e r
w o u ld
becom e
th e
h e a d
o f
th e
fam ily .
E states
w ere
d iv id e d
e q u a lly
am ong
c h ild re n
a n d
m o th e r.
A
g u a rd ia n
fo r
o r p h a n e d
c h ild re n
w o u ld
b e
a p p o in te d
O n ly
a fte r
th e ir
m o th e r
re-m arried .
H rushevsky
o b \u00ad
serves -
th a t
a
w id o w ,
w ith
fe w
re \u00ad
s e r v a t i o n s ,
w o \u00ab ld
v irtu a lly
h a v e
th e
sam e
rig h ts
o v e r
h e r
c h ild re n
a n d
th e ir
p ro p e rty
a s
h e r
d e c e a s e d
s p o u s e
h a d .
T he
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le ,
c h ie fly
u p \u00ad
p e r
c l a s s e s ,
h o n o r e d
t h e s e
la w s
a n d
th e y
rem ained
i n
fo rc e
fo r
m any
a \u00a7 \u00a3 s .
I n
c o n t r a s t
W ith
th is .
\u041c \u0438\u00be >\u00b7
c o v y .
th e
p r e d e c e s s o r
of m odem
R us\ue000
s i a ,
c u rta ile d
w o m e n 's
rig h ts
a n d ,
1
M ic h a e l
H rushevsky:
b*o r * a
UK \u00b7
ra in y
B usy
(H isto ry
of R us-U kraine)
L v iw . 19& 4; V ol.I, p.
3 0 8 .
=tM d .,
V o l . TN,
p p .
3 S 2 -3 .
w ith
th e
p a s s i n g
o f
tim e,
t u r n e d
b a c k
th e
c lo c k
t o
a
s t a g e
i n
h e r
d e \ue000
v e lo p m e n t
w hen
th e
s ta tu s
o f
w om en
c o u ld :
b e
c h a r a c t e r i z e d
a s
s ta te
o f
v irtu a l
s l a v e r y .
U k ra in ia n
w om en
o f
th is
p e rio d
e n jo y e d
e v e n
m ore
rig h ts
th a n
th e ir
s i s t e r s
i n
W estern
E u r o p e ,
w here
th e
O ld
G erm anic
a n d
R om an
la w
p r e v a ile d .
T he
U lrr\u00be nfen
w dm an
h a d
g r e a t e r
f r e e d o m
o f
a c tio n :
sh e
c o u ld'a c c o n i p a 'n y '' h e r
h u sM n d \u2014 -o r,
w ith ' \u00bd is
|\u0456\u0435 \u0442 \u0442 \u0456\u0432 \u0432 \u0456\u043e\u00be, 'gd
w ith o u t
\u00be im
- t o
'enT ertam m e\u00be ts,'
b a n q u e t s ,
p a r \ue000
tie s
a n d
h u n t s ;
sh e
c o u ld
o b ta in
a
d i v o r c e
a n \u00bf
re-m aY ry;
a n d
sh e
c o u ld
g a in
c u s to tiy ,
o f
o n e
o r
m ore
c h il\ue000
d r e n
a f t e r
b e in g
le g a lly
s e p a r a t e d
fro m
h e r
h u s b a n d .
Fam ous
U k ra in ia n
Q ueen s
S m all
w onder,
th e n ,
th a t
s u c h
c o n \ue000
d itio n s
s h o u l d
p r o d u c e
fem inine
fig \ue000
u r e s
i n
U k ra in ia n
h is to ry ,
s u c h
a s
th e
id o m ita b le
P r i n c e s s
O lga
(9 4 6 -
9 6 0 ),
w ho
ru le d
th e
g r e a t
d o m a in s
o f
th e
K ie v a n
s ta te
fro m
th e
tim e
o f
h e r
h u s b a n d * s
d e a th
u n til
h e r
so n
S v ia to s la v
cam e
o f
a g e .
A n o th e r
w as
th e
d a u g h te r
o f
O lg a \u00be
g r a n d s o n
Y a\ue000
r o s l a v ,
A nna,
w ho
m arried
th e
F * r e n c h
K ing
H enry
I
a n d ,
a f t e r
h is
d e a th ,
ru le d
F r a n c e
u n til
h e r
so n
P h ilip
a s c e n d e d
t o
th e
t h r o n e .
A n n a 's
s i s \ue000
ter, Elizabeth, m arried
th e
N orw egian
K ing
H a ro ld ,
w ho
c o u r t e d
h e r ,
a t
f ir s t
u n s u c c e s s f u l l y ,
a n d
b r o o d e d
i n
a
s o n g ,
w h ic h
s u r v i v e d
t o
o u r
tim es,
th a t
" th e
R u th e n ia n
g irl
w ith
th e '
g o ld e n
n e c k la c e
d o e s
n o t
w ant
m e ." |
T he
w id o w
o f
th e
G a * ic ia n
P rin c e
R om an
liv e d
i n
e x ile
w ith
h e r
s o n s
fo r
m any
y e a r s
a n d
s tu b b o rn ly
d e \ue000
f e n d e d
th e ir
T ig h ts
t o
th e
G a lic ia n
th ro n e
U n til
sh e
a c h ie v e d
h e r
g o a l;
h e r
e ld e s ^ t
so n
D a n ilo
u ltim ately
b e \ue000
cam e
th e
m o st
pow erful
U k ra in ia n
ru le r
o f
th e
1 3 th
c e n t u r y .
D u rin g
th e
c o u r s e
o f
s u b s e q u e n t
c e n t u r i e s ,
w hen
U kraine
cam e
un \ue000
d e r
th e
ru le
o f
L ith u a n ia n
p r i n c e s ,
a n d
la te r
o f
P o lis h
k i n g s ,
th is
o ld
law ,
w h ic h
g r a n t e d
w om en
s u c h
r e \ue000
la tiv e ly
W id e
freedom ,
rem ained
in \ue000
ta c t
d e s p ite
a tte m p ts
o f
P o lis h
la w \ue000
m akers
a n d
c h u r c h
a u th o ritie s
t o
c u rta il
it .
I n
th e
w ritin g s
o f
P o lis h
clergym en
fro m
th e
1 5 th
a n d
1 6 th
C entury,
m any
c o m p la in ts
a r e
fo u n d
t o
th e
e f f e c t
th a t
i n
U kraine
d i v o r c e s
a r e
e a s ily
g r a n t e d ,
th a t
w om en
r e \ue000
c e iv e
o n e -th ird
o f
th e ir
d e c e a s e d
h u s b a n d 's
e s ta te s
( s u c h
w ere
th e |
p ro v is io n s
o f
U k ra in ia n
law ),
th a t\u00a6
g irls
h a v e
th e
rig h t
t o
d i s o b e y
th e ir\u00a6
p a r e n t s
i n
m atters
o f
m atrim ony.
I t
w o u ld
a p p e a r
fro m
t h e s e
c o m p la in ts ;
th a t
d e s p ite
P o lis h
ru le
U k r a in ia n :
w om anhood
m anaged
t o
re ta in
rig h ts
w h ic h
w ere
d e n ie d
t o
w o h ie n
o f
P o \ue000
l i s h
n a tio n a lity ,
w ho
b e lo n g e d
t o
th e
d o m in a n t
n a tio n
i n
th e
P o lis h
s ta te .
U k ra in ia n
W om an
H ad
M ore
R ig h ts
T han
P o lis h
o r
R ussia n
W om an
D u rin g
4
th e
K ozak
a g e
i n
U krain\ue000
ia n
h is to ry
th e
p o s itio n
o f
w om en
r e \ue000
m a in e d
th e
sam e,
i.e .,
b e tte r
th a n
in '
P o la n d
o r
M uscovy,
w here,
fo llo w \u00b7!
in g
T artar
ru le ,
O riental
c o n c e p tio n s !
D f
w o m e n 's
rig h ts
s p r e a d
a n d
p r e \u00b7\u00a6
v a ile d .
O nly
a
g irl
b r o u g h t
u p
i n
3 u c h
a n
in d e p e n d e n t
atm osphere\u00a6
c o u ld
h a v e
a s c e n d e d
fro m
th e
m ean!
s t a t i o n
o f
a
c a p tiv e
s l a v e
s o ld
t o
the \u00a6
S u lta n 's
h a r e m
t o
th e
e x a lte d
p o si-\u00b7
tk > n
o f
W ife
N o.
1
a n d
t r u s t e d
c o n \ue000
fid a n te
o f
T u r k e y 's
g r e a t e s t
r u l e r .
S u le im a n
th e
M a g n if ic e n t.(1 5 2 0 \u00b7* \u042e
\u00b7 ) .
S ueh
a
g irl
w as
A nastasia
L iskova.
:h e d a u g h te r
o f
a
U k ra in ia n
p r i e s t
i n
:h e
to w n
o f
R o h a tm ,
th e
fam ous
\u0447 \u043e \u0445 \u0430 \u0456\u0430 \u043f \u0430
o f
th e
T u rk ish
h isto ry .
T he
tra v e le r
P a \u00a2 u l
A lepsky,
w ho!
\u043bs ite d
U k ra in e
d u rin g
th e
H etm an-
m ip
o f
B o h d a n
K hm einitsky
(1 6 4 8 ^
> 7 )
r e c o r d s
w ith
a d m ira tio n
th a t
a |
N lar\u00be e
num ber
o f
U k ra in ia n
w om en
.\u0441 \u043e \u0439i d
a n d
lo v e d
t o
re\u00be ft"
T h is
n e a r-e q u a lity
o f
U k ra in ia n
w om anhood
rem ained
a
v ita l
f o r c e
i n
d a ily
U k ra in ia n
l i f e
th ro u g h o u t
th e
p e r i o d s
o f
R ussian,
P o lis h
a n d
la te r
A u strian
ru le .
T he^
p e a s a n t
fo rm
o f
th e
U krainian word for "com \ue000
p a n io n
o f
h e r
hus\u00be am l
E v e n
h e r
nam e \u2014
n
d i\u00be 2hm a
,
'- \u2014
\u0457 \u0432
th e
fe m in in e
fo rm
<of d ie U k ra in ia n
w ord
fo r
com \u00ad
p a n io n /'
N e v e r in
th e ir
h isto ry
h a v e
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
s u b o r d i n a te d
th e ir
w om anhood
t o
th e
lo w
s ta tu s
\u00b7in to
w h ic h
i t
h a s
b e e n
f o r c e d
to d a y
| i n
such, countries
a s
G erm any,
I ta ly
\u0456a n d
S p a in .
, .
I n
s p ite
o f
t h e s e
c o n d it& \u00a2 > h s ,
how \ue000
e v e r ,
th e
m odern
fem in ist
m ovem ent
a p p e a r e d
i n
U kraine
re la tiv e ly
la te .
T h is
M T\u00a2
\u0429
\u0424
a ttrib u te d
t o
th e
f a c t
th a t
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
h a d
t o
liv e
u n d e r
re a c tio n a ry ,
a n tiq u a te d
fo rm e
|o f
g o v e r n m
e n t
im posed
u p o n
;th e m
b y
R ussia,
P o la n d
a n d
A ustria,
jA n o th e r
c a u s e
m ay
b e
fo u n d
i n
th e
|f a c t
th a t
e d u c a te d
c l a s s e s
o f
U k^
\u00a1ra in e
becam e
p o lo n iz e d
a n d
r u s s i a n -
\u00a6 iz e d .
\u0422
* \u0415
U N T V teR S X L '
F E M IN IS T
T he
in ju s tic e
O f
le g a l
c u rta ilm e n ts
o f
w o m e n 's
rig h ts
i n
c u ltu ra l,
e c o \u00ad
n o m ic
a n d
p o litic a l s p h e re s
fo u n d
i t s
c ritic s
e v e n
d u rin g
th e
A m erican
a n d
F r e n c h
re v o lu tio n s.
A s
e a rly
a s
e a rly
a s
1 7 9 0
a n
E n g lis h w o m a n ,
M ary
W o llsto n e c ro ft.
dem anded
i n
her book,
V in d ic a t io n
o f th e
R ig h ts o f
\u00a6 W o m e n , e q u a lity
fo r
h e r
s e x
i n
m a t-
|te rso f
e d u c a tio n
a n d
p o litic a l
rig h ts,
\u0456B ut
i t
w as
n o t
u n til
th e
f ir s t
h a lf
o f
th e
1 9 th
C e n tu ry
th a t
A m erican
w o\u00b7
|m en
becam e
re a lly
a c tiv e
i n
th e
m ovem ent
fo r
fe m in in e
e q u a lity .
A t
th a t
tim e ,
w e ll
o v e r
a
c e n t u r y '
;a g o ,
w om en
w ere
n o t
a d m itte d
to |
h ig h e r
in s titu tio n s
o f
le a rn in g .
In |
th e
v a rio u s
c a p ita ls
th e re
w ere
in \u00ad
deed schools where
d a u g h t e r s
o f
w e ll\u00b7\u00a6
to -d o
fam ilies
m ig h t
le a rn
s o m e th in g \u00a6
o f
m usic,
lite ra tu re ,
F r e n c h ,
b u t
fo r\u00b7
m id
h ig h e r
e d u c a tio n
c o u ld
b e
o b \u00ad
ta in e d
o n ly
b y
m en.
Failing to
g a in
e n t r a n c e
in to
u n iv e rsitie s,
w om en
d e \u00ad
c id e d
t o
e s ta b lis h
th e ir
ow n
s c h o o l s .
T hus.
E >m m a
W illard
o r g a n i s e d
a
t e a c h e r 's
sem inary
i n
T ro y ,
N .
Y .,
M ary
L yon
in itia te d
som e
c o u r s e s
m
h ig h e r
le a rn in g ,
w h ic h
i n
1 8 3 7
c u l\u00ad
m in a te d
i n
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
o f
a
w o m a n 's
c o lle g e
m
M t.
H o ly o k e ,
M ass.
O b erlin
i n
O h io
b e g a n
t o
a d \u00ad
m it
w om en.
A nd
i n
th is
w ay
h u n \u00ad
d r e d s
o f
fem in ist
l e a d e r s
g o t
th e ir
e d u c a tio n .
S im u lta n e o u s ly ,
w om en
b e g a n
t o
ta k e ' in te re st
m
v a rio u s
h u m a n ita ri\u00ad
a n
m ovem ents,
a s
i n
th e
r e f o r m
o f
p riso n
c o n d itio n s ,
th e
e m a n c ip a tio n
m o v e m e n t,
tem perance,
a n d
re lie f
o f
th e
n e e d y .
W ith
th e
o u t b r e a k
o f
E uropean
n a tio n a l
re v o lu tio n s
i n
1 8 4 8 ,
w hen
th e
s e c o n d
R e p u b lic
o f
F r a n c e
w as
e s ta b lis h e d ,
a n d
a n
e ra
o f
r e f o r m
b e g a n
i n
v a rio u s
c o u n trie s ,
w om en
s h a r p e n e d
th e ir
dem ands
a l s o .
I n
E n g la n d
a n d
i n
th e
U n ited
S ta te s
a
f r e s h
im p e tu s
w as
g iv e n
t o
th e
fem \u00ad
i n i s t s .
A
c o n v e n tio n
fo r
D efense
o f
W o m e n 's
R ig h ts
w as
h e ld
i n
S eneca
F a l l s ,
N .
Y .,w here
a
d e c la ra tio n
o f
w o m e n 's
dem ands
w as
i s s u e d .
L augh\u00ad
te r
a n d
rid ic u le
e m a n a te d
fro m
m ale
c irc le s
i n
b o th
th e
U n ited
S ta te s
a n d
i n
E n g la n d , w h ere
tw e n ty
y e a r s
la te r
J o h n
S tu a rt
M ill
w as
t o
i s s u e
h is
fam ous
tra c t
T he
S u b je c tio n
o f
W o\u00ad
m en
(1 8 6 7 ).
B u t, a s
th e
s a y i n g
g o e s ,
h e
w ho
la u g h ts
l a s t
la u g h s
b e s t.
m
L e tt|in g
E v e n t\u00ab \u00ab
I n
A m e r ic a n
F em in ist
M ovem ent
W ith o u t
e n te rin g
in to
a n y th in g
e v e n
rem otely
a p p r o a c h i n g
a n
a c \u00ad
c o u n t
o f
th e
lo n g ,
draw n-out
fem \u00ad
in in e
stru g g le
fo r
e q u a lity ,
le t
u s
m e n tio n
a
fe w
o f
th e
im p o rta n t'
e v e n ts
le a d in g
u p
t o
th e
fe m in in e '
e m a \u00ab c ip a tio n .
F o llo w in g th e
w o m e n 's \u00a6
c o n v e n tio n
i n
1 8 4 8 ,
th e
N ew
Y ork
S ta te
(le g is la tu re
a b o lis h e d
th e
o ld
'* B n \u00bf lis h
ta w
W hfch
d e c r e e d 'th a t
a ll
p ro p e rty
o f
a
m arried
w om an,
e v e n
h e r
e a r n i n g s ,
b e lo n g
t o
h e r
h u s b a n d .
C alifo rn ia
a n d
.W isconsin
(1 8 5 0 ),
th e n '
M assachusetts
flg 5 4 ? ,
K ansas
(1 8 5 9 )
a n d
o th e r
s ta te s
fo llo w e d
s u i t .
Then, after
w idespread
fem in ist
a c tiv itie s
i n
th e
'6 0 s
a n d
7 0 s ,
i n
w h ic h
S u s a n
B . A n th o n y
p la y e d
s u c h
a
g r e a t
r o l e ,
th e
T e r r i t o r y
o f
W y\ue000
o m in g ,
not yet
a d m itte d
t o
th e
U n io n
a s*\u00be ,S ta te ,
g r a n t e d
w om en
th e
rig h t
o f
s * n * r a g e
i n
1 8 6 9 .
C o lo ra d o
(1 8 9 3 ),
U ta h ,
I d a h o
(1 8 9 6 ),
a n d
m any
o th e rs
d id
lik e w is e .
N ew
Y o rk ,
how er,
r e \ue000
m a in e d
adam ant
u n til
1 9 1 7 .
.A t th e
b e g in n in g o f
th e
f ir s t
W o rld
W ar'
th e
w o m e n 's
m ovem ent
i n
A *m erica
h a d
becom e
a
v ita l
f a c t o r
i n
th is
c o u n t r y 's
l i f e .
T he
n o w
pow er\ue000
fu l.
N a tio n a l
F e d e r a tio n
o f
W orths
C lubs,
w as
th e n
form ed.
B efo re
th e
w ar
e n d e d ,
P r e s i d e n t
W ilso n,
o n
S e p te m b e r
3 0 ,
1 9 1 8 ,
r e q u e s t e d
\u0427 \u043a>\u043f\u00b7
g r e s s
t o
am end
" th e
C o n s titu tio n
i n
o r d e r
t o
g r a n t
w om en
e q u a l
p o liti\u00ad
c a l
rig h ts.
I n
J u n e
o f
th e
fo llo w in g
y e a r
th e
am endm ent
p a s s e d
b o th
h o u s e s
of the
n a tio n a l
le g is la tu re
\u00be y
a
tw o -th ird
v o te ,
a n d
o n
A ugust
2 S ,
1 9 2 0 ,
th e
th irty
s i x t h
s ta te ,
T en\ue000
n e s s e e ,
r a t i f i e d
th e
a m e n d m e n t.
T he
fem in ist
s tru g g le
i n
o th e r
c o u n trie s
w as
o f
a
\u00be im \u00a3 lar
n a t u r e .
B efo re
th e
f ir s t
W o rld
W ar
o n ly
th e
w om en
o f
N ew
Z e a la n d ,
A u stralia,
F in la n d
a n d
N o rw ay
w ere
a llo w e d
t o
v o te .
M e x ic o
d id
n o t
g r a n t
i t s
f e \ue000
m ale
p o p u la tio n
th is
p riv ile g e
u n til
1 9 1 7 ,
E n g la n d
a
y e a r
la te r,
w h ile
H o la n d ,
G erm any,
C z e c h o \u00b7s lo v a k ia ,
P o la n d ,
th e
U .S .S .R .,
L a tv ia
a n d
L ith u a n ia
w a ite d
u n til
1 9 \u0406 9 .
F r e n c h \u00ad
w om en
s t i l l
h a v e n 't
b e e n
g ra n te d
th e
u s e
o f
th e
b a llo t,
w h ile
th e
w om en
o f
G erm any
h a v e
h a d
th e ir
rig h ts
r e v o k e d
b y
H itler.
I n
I ta ly
a n d
S p a in
th e
fem ale
p o p u la tio n
e n j o y e d
th e
p riv ile g e s
o f
c itiz e n s h ip
a n d
e q u a lity
o n ly
d u rin g
a
sh o rt
s p a c e
o f
tim e .
T he
w om en
o f
T urkey,
w h o se
lo t
w as
o n c e
p ro b a b ly
w o rse
th a n
th a t
o f
th e ir
s i s t e r s
i n
o th e r
l a n d s ,
r e c e i v e d
e q u a l
rig h ts
d u rin g
th e
ru le
o f
th e
g r e a t
T u rk ish
re \u00ad
fo rm er
K em al
A ta tu rk .
U K R A IN IA N
W b\u00abiA rt
'
W
T O
TH E
20T H
C E N T U fcY
T hroughout
th e
K ozak
p e rio d
i n
I 'k ra in ia n
h isto ry ,
w hen
th e
u p p e r
c l a s s e s
o f
U k ra in e
w ere
d e n a tio n a l\u00ad
iz e d ,
th e
U k ra in ia n
w om anhood
c o n \u00ad
s i s t e d
o f
th e
p e a s a n t s '
w iv e s
a n d
d a u g h t e r s ,
]p e tty
n o b le w o m e n ,
p r i e s t s '
w ives,
a n d
th e
w iv e s
a n d
c h ild re n
o f
s u c h
K ozaks
w ho
s e ttle d
o n
th e
la n d
a n d
e n g a g e d
i n
h u s b a n d r y
d u r\u00ad
in g
tim e s
o f re la tiv e
p e a c e .
T hey
h a d
n o
p a rtic u la rly
e x tra o rd in a ry
p riv \u00ad
ile g e s
i n
th e
w ritte n
law s,
b u t
th e y
n e v e r th e l e s s
e n j o y e d
a
g r e a t
m easure
o f
freedom ,
e q u a lity
i n
m arriag e
a n d
f r e e d o m
i n
th e
s e le c tio n
o f
l i f e
p a rt\u00ad
n e r s ,
a s
w e ll
a s
a
to le ra b le
m easure
o f
ju stic e
i n
le g a l
m atters
p e rta in \u00ad
in g
t o
te s ta m e n ts
a n d
e s t a t e s .
T here,
how ever,
th e ir
f r e e d o m
e n d e d .
T he
fem in ist
m ovem ent
w h ic h
b e \u00ad
cam e
s o
w idespread
i n
A m erica
a n d
E n g la n d
d u rin g
th e
1 9 th
C e n tu ry
a p \u00ad
p e a r e d
i n
U k ra in e
m uch
la te r.
O n ly
c e rta in
in d iv id u a ls
em erged
fro m
th e
d a ily
ro u tin e
o f
d o m e s tic
l i f e
a s
l e a d e r s
i n
s p e c i a l
fie ld s
o f
e n d e a v o r
m ch
a s
lite ra tu re
a n d
th e
th e a te r.
I t
c o u ld
n o t
h a v e
b e e n
o th erw ise
u n d e r
th e
T sarist
reg im e
o f
E astern
U k ra in e ,
w here
e v e r y
p ro g re ssiv e
th o u g h t
w as suppressed
and even
s u c h
a c tiv ity
a s
th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t
o f
p riv a te
s c h o o l s
i n
w h ic h
S o fia
L in -
T ors
R ussova
(1 8 5 6 -1 9 4 0 )
w as
s o
ic tiv e ,
b ro u g h t
a b o u t
a r r e s t
a n d
\u0437 \u043e \u0456\u0456\u0441 \u0435
p e r s e c u t i o n .
T he
som ew hat
m ore
lib e ra l
a tm o \u00ad
sp h e re
i n
pre-w ar
A ustria-H ungary,
lo w e v e r,
le n t
i t s e l f
q u ite
fa v o ra b ly
: o
th e
d e v e lo p m e n t
o f
a
w o m e n 's
n o v e m e n te
am ong
th e
U k ra in ia n s
o f
\u00af\u0457\u0430 \u0456\u0456\u0441 \u0456\u0430 .
T here
U lian a
K ravebenko
\u00b7\u0441 \u0438 \u043f \u00bb
p o e t e s s ,
a n d
th e
p e a s a n t
A nna
? a v ly k
(1 8 5 5 -1 9 2 5 )
w ere
r a i s i n g
d e -
n a n d s
fo r"
fe m in in e
e q u a lity
th ro u g h
h e
U k ra in ia n
R a d ic a l
P a rty .
(T o
b o
eonftiM M > tfl)
R eal
W a r S p ir it
O Q \u00a3S,
a s
e v e r y b o d y
i n
th e
B ritish
l\u00bf ie s
know s,
h a v e
becom e
a b o u t
a s
\u00b7s c a r c e
th e re
a s
th e
te e th
o f
th e
h e n s th a t la y th e m .
N ot km g ago
S ta ff
S e rge a n t
R u sse ll
J o n e s ,
o f
th e
U .S .
A rm y ,
s e t
o u t
lik e
a
gastronom ic
C hristopher
C o lu m b u s
t o
d i s c o v e r
e g g s >
H e fo u n d
th e m .
W hat
i s
e v e n
m ore
im p o rta n t,
i n
" th e
fin d in g
h e
seem s
t o
iia v e fo u n d
him self
th ro u g h
s o m e th in g
\u00ab \u0428
|\u0438 \u0441 \u044e \u0433 \u0433 \u0430 \u0413 \u0443
lik e
a
S p irit\u00ad
u a l'
re g e n e ra tio n ;
T \u00be isi s
a
g r e a t
de\u00be l
t o
g e t
o u t
o f
th e
d i s c o v e r y
o f
a
f e w
eggs and
th e
S e r g e a n t
h a s
d e s c r i b e d
h is
w h o le
a d \ue000
v e n t u r e
so e n te rta in in g ly
th a t
w e
are \u00a6
g la d
t o
re p rin t
i t
h e r e
fro m
T he
S ta ts
a n d
strip e s,
o f f i c i a l
new spaper
b f
th e
V \u00a3.
arm ed
f o r c e s
i n
th e
E u\ue000
r o p e a n
th e a te r
o f
o p e r a t i o n s .
A n
"A vera ge
<W #\u00bb*
N o rth ern
Ire la n d
-L \u00b7ik eth e
a v e r a g e
g u y ,
I 'v e
b e e n
g o in g
a lo n g ,
n o t
p a y \ue000
i n g
m uch
a tte n tio n
t o
w hat
w as
g o \ue000
i n g
o n
a n d
e v e n
l e s s
t o
th e
s p e e c h e s
th a t
a r e
m ade
a b o u t
th e
w ar.
I
fig \ue000
u r e d
I
w as
i n
i t
b e c a u s e
I
h a d
t o
b e ,
n o t
b e c a u s e
I
h a d
a n y
re s p o n s ib ility
o r
o b lig a tio n .
B u t
th e
o th e r
d a y
s o m e th in g
h a p \ue000
p e n e d
t o
m e
th a t
k in d
o f
c h a n g e d
m y
s l a n t
o n
th in g \u00bb :
\u0413
n e v e r
w ent
f o r th is
m oral
r e s p o n \u00ad
s ib ility
s t u f f ,
b u t
I
g u e s \u00be
th a t\u00be
W hat
W \u00bf
ow e
th e
l i t t l e
p e o p le
w ho
a r e
th e
o n e s
th a t
a r e
b a c k in g
u s
u p ,
n e v e r
c o m p la in in g
a n d
c o n te n t
t o
b e
fo rg o tte n .
I t
w as
a
w om an
a n d
h e r
d a u g h te r
\u2014 I
s u p p o s e
th a t
y o u * J
c a ll
th e m
peasants\u2014 that
m ade
m e
r e a liz e
th a t
W e
d o
ow e
s o m e th in g .
\u00b7
D ream ing
o f
E g g s
I
s t o p p e d
a t
th e
l i t t l e
s to n e
h o u s e
w ith
i t s
th a tc h e d
ro o f
o n
th e
o ff
c h a n c e
th a t
I
m ig h t
b u y
so m e
e g g s .
I
k n e w
th a t
e g g s
w ere
s t r i c t l y
r a \ue000
tio n e d , b u t
w hen
y o u
g o to
b e d
th in k \ue000
i n g
o f
e g g s
a n d
w ake
u p
s t i l l
th in k \ue000
i n g
o f
th e m ,
y o u
d o n 't
c a r e
m uch
f o r
th e
r u l e s .
A n d
y o u
d o n 't
g e t
a n y
m o ie
law -
a b id in g
e a tin g
th e
e v il-ta s tin g
m ess
th a t
r e s u l t s
w hen
th e y
m ix
w a te r
w ith
pow dered
e g g s .
I
h a d
a s k e d
farm ers
a ll
a lo n g
th e
r o a d
i f
th e y
c o u ld
sell m e
so m e
e g g s ,
b u t
th e
answ er
h a d
a lw a y s
b e e n
n o
u n til
I
a s k e d
o n e
o ld
la d y ,
w ho
w hispered
th a t
i f
I
t r i e d
"W ee
Tom \ue000
m y
F itc h
o 'B a n b r i d g e "
I
m ig h t
b e
a b le
t o
g e t
som e.
S he
e x p la in e d
th a t
I
w o u ld
h a v e
t o
u se
th e
fu ll
nam e
b e c a u s e
th e re
w ere
th re e
Tom \ue000
m y
F itc h 'e ,
o n e
w ho
w as
w ee
b u t
d id n 't
liv e
i n
B anbridge,
o n e
w ho
w a s n 't
b u t
d id ,
a n d
th e
rig h t
o n e ,
w h o
w as
a n d
d id .
S o
h e r e
I
w as
i n
W ee
Tom m y
F itc h 's
b a r n y a r d ,
p a s s i n g
h is
frie n d \ue000
l y
o ld
s h e e p
d o g
a n d
k n o c k in g
o n
h is
d o o r
i n
o r d e r
th a t
I
m ig h t
a s k
h im
t o
b r e a k
th e
law .
I
f e l t
a
l i t t l e
g u ilty ,
b u t
w hen
a
h e n
c a c k le d
h e r
triu m p h
o v e r
a
new -laid
e g g
I
lo s t
a l l
i r : y
s c r u p l e s .
R eq uest
fo r
" F e a s t "
W hen
th e
d o o >
o p e n e d .
I
s tu tte re d
o u t
m y
r e q u e s t
t o
th e
m a tro n ly -
lo o k in g
w om an
w ho
s to o d
t h e r e .
E x\ue000
p e c tin g
a
c u r t
r e f u s a l ,
I
w as
am azed
w hen
sh e
in v ite d
m e
i n
a n d
c a lle d
t o
h e r
d a u g h te r
t o
f e t c h
a s
m any
e g g s
a s
I
w a n te d .
S he
in s is te d
th a t
I
s it
doW i
a n d
h a v e
te a :
I
< 5 :
:
d n
r
t
h a v e
a n y
answ er
w hen
sh e
s a i d
th a t
a lth o u g h
she" w o u ld n 't
b r e a k
th e
te w
b y
selling m e
e g g s ,sh e
w o u ld
g iv e
a ll
th e
e g g s
I
w a n te d
b e c a u s e
I
w as
i n
u n ifo rm .
A s
sh e
b u s tle d
a b o u t,
s t i r r i n g
u p ;
th e
f r e ,
I
lo o k e d
o v e r
th e
f ir s t
r u r a l
I r i s h
hom e
th a t
I
h a d
s e e n .
T he
w all
w as
o f
rough-hew n
s t o n e ;
a
s in g le
t h i c k n e s s ,
w ith
n o
in n e r
w a ll.
T h e
fo \u00be > r
w as
p a c k e d
e a r t h /
a n d
th e
firep\u00be ee
ju s t
a
r e c e s s
i n
th e
w all. If
y o u
s t o o p e d
y o u
c o u ld
s e e
th e
sk y
th ro u g h
th e
c h im n e y .
A n
iro n
r a i l
w ith
h o o k s
d a n g lin g
fro m
i t
r a n
a lo n g
th e
to p
o f
th e
f ir e p la c e .
I t
w as
h e r e
th a t
a ll
th e
c o o k in g
w as
d o n e ;
w here
a ll th e w a te r w a s
h e a te d ;
fro m "
w here
a ll
th e
w arm th
o f
th e
h o u s e
e m a n a te d .
T h e
c h a i r s
a n d
th e
table w ere
h a n d \ue000
m ade, and
o n
th e
w a ils
w ere
s titc h e d
m o tto e s
h a n g in g
i n
h a n d - c a r v e d
fram es.
I n
th is
atm osphere,
i t
w as
a
s u r p r i s e
t o
s e e
a
m odern
ra d io .
W hen
I
rem arked
o n
th is ,
M rs.
F itc h
re p lie d ,
"H ow
e l s e
w o u ld
w e
b e
a b le
t o
h e a r
w hen
H itle r
g e ts
h is
fro m
o u r
b o y s ? "
S h e
ta lk e d
o f
th e
w ar,
a n d
I
w as
s u r p r i s e d
a t
h e r
k n o w le d g e
a n d
p e r \ue000
c e p tio n .
F ew
w o n ie n
i n
th e
U n ite d
S ta te s ,
w ith
a ll th e ir
new spapers
a n d
th e ir
h o u rly
new s
b u lle tin s ,
h a d
a s
c le a r
a n
u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f
e v e n t s .
S h e
sa id , " T h in g s lik e o u r
ra d io
a r e
th e
th in g s
th a t
w ill
h e lp
u s
w in
th e
w ar.
W e
a r e
p o o r\u2014 su re
a n d
I
d o n 't
h a v e
t o
te ll
y o u
th a t\u2014 b u t
w e
k n o w
w hat
w e
a r e
fig h tin g
fo r
a n d
w e
h a v e
f a i t h
i n
o u r
c a u s e .
"H itle r
c a n 't
b e a t
u s
w hen
w e
a r e
d e te r m in e d
n o t
t o
b e
b e a te n .
A nd
a s
lo n g
a s
w e
h e a r
th e
tru th
w e
c a n
s t a n d
a n y th in g
a n d
k e e p
o u r
f a i t h
i n
y o u
la d s
t o
d o
th e
jo b
fo r
u s ."
T hat
s t o p p e d
m e.
H ere
I
w as\u2014 a
ty p ic a l
A m erican
w ise
g u y ,
k n e w
a ll
th e
answ ers
a n d
a ll
th e
a n g l e s ,
n o \ue000
b o d y 's
sucker \u2014
a n d
I
w as
g e ttin g
th is
fro m
a n
hum ble Irish w om an
w ho
p r o b a b l y
h a d n 't
b e e n
m ore
th a n
3 0
m iles
fro m
B anbridge
i n
a ll
h e r
l i f e .
H ere
w as
a
p e r s o n
w ho
b e lie v e d
i n
u s
b e c a u s e
sh e
b e lie v e d
i n
rig h t.
Y ou
d o n 't
b ru sh
th a t
o ff
w ith
a
w ise
c r a c k .
I t
w as
th e
f ir s t
tim e
a n y o n e
h a d
t r i e d
t o
p in
a
h a lo
o n
m e
o r
e v e n
in c lu d e d
m e
i n
a
g ro u p
h a lo ,
a n d
i t
m ade
m e
th in k .
I t
w as
a
p re tty
c h e a p
t r i c k
t o
b e
d o in g
th in g s
lik e
b u m m in g
e g g s
fro m
p e o p le
th a t
w ere
t r u s tin \u00bb
u s
i n
th e
b lin d
c o n v ic tio n
th a t
w e
w o u ld n 't
f a i l
th e m .
I
g o t
u p
a n d
s a i d
I
h a d
c h a n g e d
m y
m in d .
I
n e v e r
lik e d
e g g s
anyw ay.
B u t
th e
d a u g h t e r ,
a
s h y ,
p re tty
g irl,
s t o p p e d
m e
w ith :
"B ut
y o u
m ust,
S e r g e a n t .
I
k n o w
th a t
i f
m y
J o h n \ue000
n y "
( s h e
b l u s h e d )
"w ere
i n
y o u r
c o u n t r y ,
y o u r
p e o p le
w o u ld
b e
g la d
t o
d o
f a r
m ore
fo r
h im ."
S p e e c h l e s s
W hat
th e
h e ll
c o u ld
I
s a y ?
Y ou
a r e n 't
ru d e
t o
p e o p le
lik e
th a t.
Y ou
ju s t
s t a r t
th in k in g
o f
w hat
a
h e e l
y o u
re a lly
a r e ,
a n d
f e e l
asham ed
o f
th e
tim es
th a t
y o u
h a v e
been, scornful
o f
th e m
a n d
th e ir
custom s.
Y ou
k n o w
th a t
th e re
is n 't
a
w ise
answ er
t o
this\u2014 that
y o u
c a n 't
fig u re
a n
a n g le
fo r
t h e s e
p e o p le .
T hey
a r e
th e
k in d
th a t
y o u
c a ll
s u c k e r s .
T hen
y o u
w onder
ju s t
w ho
i n
h e ll
re a lly
is
th e
s u c k e r .
A nd
y o u
fig u re
th a t
i t
is n 't
th e
to u g h
g u y
th a t
H itle r
" h a s
t o
f e a r ;
i t
i s
th e
p e o p le
th a t
b e \ue000
lie v e
i n
th e
sim p le
th in g s
lik e
rig h t
a n d
w ro n g ,
a n d
k n o w
th a t
y o u
c a n 't
b e a t
rig h t.
T h a t's
w here
I
g o t
th e
id e a
th a t
m aybe
w e
ow e
th e m
s o m e th in g .
T hey
h a v e
g iv e n
th e
o n e
th in g
th a t
th e y
c a n \u2014 th e ir
fa ith .
A nd
w e
c a n 't
le t
th e m
dow n.
T ra n sla to rs W a n te d
U k ra rh ia n -E n g lis h
t r a n s l a t o r s
a r e
;u rg e n tly
n e e d e d
b y
th e
Federal G ov-
\u00a1ernm ent
fo r
d u ty
i n
W a s h in g to n ,
D .
iC .
S a l a r y :
$ 2 ,0 0 0 -2 ,3 0 0
p e r
y e a r .
|A p p o in tm e n t
fo r
d u ra tio n
o f
th e
w ar,
p lu s
6
m o n th s .
R e q u ir e m e n t:
A b ility
t o
tra n s la te
|e v e r y d a y
U k ra in ia n
in to
E n g lis h
ra p id ly
a n d
c o r r e c t l y .
P r e f e r e n c e
t o
a p p lic a n ts
w ith
c o lle g e
d e g r e e
o r
i t s
e q u iv a le n t
i n
h is to ry
o r
s o c i a l
|s c i e n c e s .
F o r
a p p lic a tio n
b l a n k s ,
|w rite
t o
th e
U n ite d
S ta te s
C iv il
\u0406S e rv ic e
C om m ission,
W a s h in g to n ,
D .
C .-,
o r
y o u r
n e a r e s t
P o st
O ffice.
I N
U K R A IN E
(B efore
th e
W ar)
B y
H E L E N E
S E A R C Y
P U L S E
|\u00a1 \u00b7* A
L
L
fh is
i s
th e
s e c o n d
d a y
\u00ab o f
F a ll.
T ho
f ir s t
I
w as
to o
b lin d e d
b y
th e
s p a r k l i n g
a ir
T o
w rite .
I t
w as
a s
th o u g h
a
s ta r
h a d
b u rst
A n d
s c a t t e r e d
silver fragm ents
e v e r y \ue000
w here.
T h e
m illet
w here
th e
w in d
h a s
la te ly
s i g h e d
'
S ta n d s
u p
i n
s h in in g
p a c k e ts
fo r
a
g o d
T o
c a r r y
hom e
a t
sundow n
t o
h is
b rid e ;
T hat
s u c h
a
m e ta l
l i f t s
i t s e l f
fro m
s o d !
T h e
riv e r
goes m
b lu e lik e
r n a n d a r i n ,
T h e
s t e p p e
i s
tu rn e d
in to
b a z a a r
o f
goW ;
T h e
n e x t
m an
th a t w e m eet w ill
p a u s e ,
b e g in
\u00a6T o
te irth e
h a lf
th a t
P o lo
n e v e r
to ld .
T H ES T O R Y
O f U K R A IN IA N
L IT E R A T U R E
\ | I K
O
L A
K o sto m ariw
(1 8 1 7 -1 8 5 5 ),
j
w riter,
h is to ria n ,
p ro fesso r
o f
|th e
K ie v a n
a n d
S t.
P e t e r s b u r g
u n i-
\u00a6v e r s itie s ,
o n e
o f
th e
f o u n d e r s
o f
th e
jfam ous
S S .
C y ril
a n d
M e th o d iu s
\u00a6B ro th e rh o o d ,
a n d
a
" b rilia n t
e s s a y \ue000
i s t "
i n
th e
o p in io n
o f
W .E .D .
A lle n
\u00a1(a u th o r
o f
"T he
U k r a in e ," a
h is to ry ,
IC am bridge
U n iv ersity
P r e s s ,
1 9 4 0 ),
jw as
o n e
o f
th e
m o st
prom inent
fig \ue000
u r e s
i n
th e
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
m ove\u00b7
Im ent
d u rin g
th e
1 9 th
c e n t u r y .
H e
;e s p e c ia lly
d e v o te d
m uch
o f
h is
ta l\ue000
e n ts
a n d
la b o rs
t o
r a i s i n g
th e
g e n \ue000
e r a l
e d u c a tio n a l
le v e l
o f
th e
U k ra in \u00b7
\u00b7 ian
p e o p le ,
is s u in g
w ith
th a t
p u r\ue000
p o s e
i n
m ind
v a r io u s
k in d s
o f
h is -
\u00a1to ric a l
a n d
l i t e r a r y
w orks,
in c lu d in g
:a
num ber
o f
b o o k s
o n
th e
h is to ry
o f
U kraine.
\u00a1
K o sto m ariw 's
r e s e a r c h e s
a n d
w rit\u00b7
iin g e
i n
th e
f i e l d
o f
U k ra in ia n
h is to ry
\u0456s e r v e d
a s
a
b a s i s
fo r
sim ilar
w o rk
\u00b7o f
fu tu re
U k ra in ia n
h isto ria n s.
H e
d e f e n d e d
th e
rig h t
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
t o
n a tio n a l
in d e p e n d e n c e ,
a n d
s t r e s s e d
a t
e v e r y
o p p o rtu n ity
th e ir
in d e p e n d e n t
n a tio n a l
c h a r a c t e r ,
a s
d is tin g u is h e d
fro m
th a t
o f
th e
R us\u00ad
s i a n s
a n d
P o l e s .
A s
a
h is to ria n ,
K o sto m ariw
w as
o n e
o f
th e
v e r y
f ir s t
t o
s t r e s s
th a t
th e
T reaty
o f
P e r e y a s l a v
(1 6 5 4 )
b e \u00ad
tw e e n
M uscovy
a n d
U k ra in e
w as
n o t,
a s
th e
R ussians
s t i l l
s a y ,
a n
u n c o n \u00ad
d itio n a l
u n io n
b e tw e e n
th e
tw o ,
b u t
" a n
a c t
o f
p e r s o n a l
u n io n "
b e tw e e n
tth em ,
w h ic h
m eant
th a t
th e
tre a ty
\u00a6 r e g a r d e d
U k ra in e
a s
a n
in d e p e n d e n t
\u0456c o u n try .
T he
v e r y
fa c t,
a s
K osto\u00b7
jm ariw
p o in te d
o u t,
th a t
C lause
1 4
|o f
th a t
tre a ty
p ro v id e d
th a t
th e
U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
H etm an
h a d
th e
rig h t
t o
re -
\u00a1c e iv e
fo re ig n
am bassadors,
ju s t
a s
\u00a1K h m e ln its k y
a c tu a lly
d id
e v e n
b e fo re
;th a t
tre a ty ,
i s
b u t
o n e
in d ic a tio n
o f
jth e
in d e p e n d e n t
n a tio n a l
c h a r a c t e r
\u00b7o f
K ozak
U kraine.
R ussia n
b y
B ir t h ,
B ut
D raw n
t o
I k r a in e
I t
i s
in te re s tin g
t o
n o te
th a t
K os\ue000
* to m ariw
w as
half-R ussian
b y
b irth .
|H is father
w as
R ussian
b u t
h is
m o th \ue000
e r
w as
U k ra in ia n .
A t
a n
e a r l y
a g e
\u00a6 he
w as
b r o u g h t
t o
liv e
i n
U kraine,
\u00a6 a n d
i t
w as
h e r e
th a t
h e
f e l l
i n
lo v e
\u00a1w ith
th e
sim p le
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le ,
th e ir
b e a u tifu l
c o u n t r y s i d e ,
a n d
th e ir
|g lo rio u s
p a s t .
I t
w as
th is
lo v e o f
th e
p a s t
th a t
u n ite d
th e
h i s t o r i a n
K os\ue000
to m ariw
w ith
th e
a u th o r
K u lish
a n d
th e
p o e t-t> a in te r
S h e v c h e n k o
i n
th e ir
d e s i r e
t o
m ip r d v e tfie
lo t o f th e
dow n\ue000
tr o d d e n
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le .
A s
h e
him self
w ro te
i n
h is
a u to \ue000
b i o g r a p h y ,
R ussian-born
K o sto m ariw
f e l t
draw n
t o
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
b e c a u s e
th e ir
n a tiv e
h e rita g e
c a p tiv \ue000
a te d
h im
a n d
b e c a u s e
i n
s tu d y in g
th e ir
h is to ry
h e
w as
m oved
b y
th e
c a llo u s
m anner
i n
w h ic h
th e y
h a d
b e e n
tr e a te d .
W riting
t o
Izm afl
S r e z n e v e k y
(1 8 1 2 -8 0 )\u2014 a n o th e r
R us\ue000
s i a n
w ho
becam e
c a p tiv a te d
b y
th e
U k ra in ia n
n a tiv e
h e rita g e
a n d
w ho
w ro te
th e
s ix \u00b7v o lu m e
/'Z a p o r o z h ia n
Y
o r e "
\u2014
K o sto m ariw
c o m p lim e n te d
him self
fo r
h a v in g
l e a r n e d
th e
U k\ue000
ra in ia n
to n g u e
a n d
a l s o
fo r
h a v in g
b e e n
a b le
t o
w rite
i n
th a t
to n g u e
a
le tte r
t o
th e
U k ra in ia n
p o e t
A m \ue000
b r o s e s
M e tly n s k y
(1 8 1 4 -1 8 7 0 ),
a l\ue000
th o u g h , a s
h e
n o te d ,
M e tly n s k y
p ro b \ue000
a b ly
m ade
fu n
o f
th a t
le tte r,
fo r~
" h e
(M e tly n s k y )
i s
a
K ozak,
h is
f a \ue000
th e r
w as
a
K ozak,
h is
a n c e s t o r s
w ere
U k ra in ia n
K ozaks;
w h ile
I
a m
b u t
a
n e o p h ite
U k ra in ia n .
S till,
th o u g h
I
c a n n o t
b e
re -b o rn
a
U k ra in ia n ,
th e re
m ay
b e
so m e
h o p e
fo r
m e
o n
a c \ue000
c o u n t
o f
m y
lo v e
fo r
U kraine,
w h ic h
i s
g r e a t e r
th a n
th a t
of m any
a
n a tiv e -
b o rn
U k r a in ia n ."
I t
w as
th is
lo v e
fo r
U k ra in e
th a t
c a u s e d
h im
t o
s u f f e r
fo r
h e r ,
a s
w hen
to g e th e r
w ith
a
num ber
o f
o th e r
m em bers
o f
th e
S S .C y ril
a n d
M e th \ue000
o d iu s
B ro th e rh o o d
h e
w as
a r r e s t e A
a n d
e x ile d
b y
th e
R ussian
p o lic e .
H is
W orks
K o sto m ariw 's
h is to ric a l
a n d
l i t e r >
|a r y
w o rk s
a r e
num erous.
S u f f i c e
i t
t o
m e n tio n
h e r e
th e
already-fam ous
" B o o k s
o f
G enesis
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
!
P e o p le ,"
a s
w ell
a s
"B ohdan
K hm eT -
n its k y ,"
" R u in ,"
"M azeppa
a n d
th e
M a z e p p is ts ,"
"T he
L \u00b7ast
Y ears of
th e
\u00bf P o lis h
R e p u b lic ," " T h e
T w o
R u\u00a3
r a \ue000
tio n a litie s "
(R ussian
a n d
U k ra in ia n )
" T h e
T ru th
fo r
M uscovians
A bout
R us,"
a n d
"T he
T ru th
fo r
P o le s
A bout
R u e ."
Som e
o f
h is
l i t e r a r y
w o rk s
b o re
th e
p s e u d o n y m
o f
J e \ue000
rem iah
H a lk a .
H e
w as
a l s o
a
d r a \ue000
m atist,
h a v in g
w ritte n
"S a va
C ha\u00b7
v iy ."
nam ed
a f t e r
th e
K ozak
le a d e r
w h o
b e t r a y e d
h is
fo llo w ers
t o
th e
P o le s
a n d
fo r
th a t
w as
s la in ,
a n d
" P e r e y a s l a v s k a
N itc h ,"
w h ic h
d e a ls
w ith
th e
n ig h t
w hen
th e
K ozak
T arns
T riasy lo
d e f e a t e d
th e
P o les.
M ost
o f
K o sto m ariw 's
w o rk s
w ere
w ritte n
i n
R ussian,
a n d
m any
o f
th e m
a p p e a r e d
i n
th e ir
U k ra in ia n
tr a n s la te d
fo rm
u n d e r
th e
g e n e r a l
h e a d in g
o f
"R uska
Isto ry c h n a
B ib -
lio te k a ."
(T o
b e
c o n
tin n e d )
of 00

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