S o v ie t N a tio n a lP o lic yI nU k r a in e
\u041b
th is
tim e
w hen
c o n s i d e r a b l e
L IT \u00b7
t h o s e
w h ic h
e x is te d
m ust
h e
re p la c e d
1
*
a
e
v \u00ba
r
"* * * * f\u00ba^ ;
,
1
?
!
^
'
c irc le s
o n
th e
re la tio n
o f
U kraine
t o
m g
t o
V aganian. is
fo rem o st,
re v d h t\u00af ,
\u0406 4
^
_
^
^
_
\u043b
* *\u00be \u0438
1
\u0433
\u00bb *
\u043c
\u00bf * ,\u0456
\u041b
\u0456\u0456< *
S o v ie t
R ussia,
w hen
o n e
o f
th e
c h ie f\u0406tio h a ry -p ro ie ta ria n
a n d
e v e n
inteW m
1
aim s
o f
o u r
c o u n try
a n d
a n d
h e r
a l\u00ad
lie s
i s
n o t
o n ly
t o
w in
th e
w ar
b u t
a l s o
th e
p e a c e ,
a n d
w hen
i t
i s
g e n \u00ad
e ra lly
re a liz e d
th a t
w in n in g
o f
p e a c e
tio n a l.
T h is g ro u p
s tro n g ly
a tta c k e d
E ] u r o p e a n
in flu e n c e s
w h ic h
i t
c o n \u00ad
s i d e r e d
t o
b e
fo re ig n
a n d
s p iritu a lly
e lu d e d
m em bers
o f
tn e
\u00be \u00be M n m tth iS t
P a rty ' a m o n g
i t s
fo llo w ers.
N ext
y e a r
th e
v ic tim
w as
th e
"U krainian
M il\ue000
i t a r y
O rg a n iz a tio n ,"
am ong
w h o se
h o stile
t o
R ussia.
T h is
philosophy,>em bers
w ere
R ed
A rm y^com m and-
w ill
b e
g re a tly
d e p e n d e n t
u p o n
th e
o f
c o u r s e ,
p l e a s e d
R ussian
v a n ity .
A
s i z e
a n d
s h a p e
o f
th e
post-w ar
E u-1special cam paign w as launched against\u00a1J J *
\u0457\u043b\u00bf \u0413 ^ ^ ^\u00be ^ * ^
\u00ab_
J
\u00b7
> _
T L
.\u0406
. _
\u0422 '\u042c \u00b7.-.\u0406\u041f
\u0406 \u041e
\u041f
\u0430 /\u0442 \u0427 to r\u00ab
M R U .P I A I I V
T fb w .
I
e
a
8
t
% VW
m em oers
o r
tn e
u rg
e rs
a n d
num erous
in te lle c tu a l
w ork
e r s .
I n
1 9 3 3
th e
G .P .U .
a r r e s t e d
a t
r o p e a n
b o u n d a r i e s ,
i t
i s
w e ll
t o
r e
v ie w
th e
c h ie f
f e a t u r e s
o f
S o v ie t
n a \u00ad
tio n a l
p o lic y
i n
U k ra in e
a s
i t
e x is te d
u p
t o
th e
tim e
o f
th e
d is s o lu tio n
o f
th e
S o v ie t-N a z i
p a c t
a n d
H itle r's
a t-
a n -
U k ra in ia n
w riters,
e s p e c ia lly
K hvy
.
lio v y ,
w ho
h a d
c o n s is te n tly
a r g u e d
f* '\u00ba*
o
f
\u00be
^
n
i
^
^
l
u
i
l
o
n
a
r
!
^
th a t
M u sc o v ite
c u ltu re
w as
th e \u00a6
t o
.
o rg a n iz a tio n
w h ich
h ad
b e e n
f h
p r o d u c t
o f
A sia,
th a t
i t
w as
fo re ig n
!
f* * te n c e
s i n c e
1& 29.
T h ese
w ere
o n -
a n d
h o stile
t o
th e
U krainian
s p i r i t
\u00ber s i p s
of w hat
w as
u n d e r n e a t h .
A c-
-X W
\u0456 \u00bb * * *
\u00ab
\u00bb
\u00b7
w
\u00bb
\u00ba
\u2014
\u0406 ^ \u0413\u00be\u0456 _ \u00a1\u00bd\u0456 ^ ^ \u0456^ |\u0413 ^
\u00abW AV
c o rd in g
t o
P ostyshev,
S ta lin 's
p e r
ta c k
u p o n
th e
S o v ie tU n io n , e s p e c ia l\u00b7
a n d
th a t
U k ra in e
m ust
tu rn
aw ayj
-
\u0439\u0433\u201e \u043d \u00ab \u044f \u0433 \u0433
$ \u201e
\u0422
\u041f
\u0421
\u0413
\u042f
\u0406 \u041f
\u0420
th p
\u043f \u044f-
l v
s in c e th e
a b u s e s
o f th is
p o lic y b a v e
fro m
M oscow
a n d
f a c e
E u ro p e ."
H e;f \u00ba
n
a
l
\u00b6
. em issary
m
U kraine,
th e
\u043f \u0430\u00ad
\u0457>
since ine
\u00bb D u s e so i t\u00a4 ie
1 * > " * < \u0423
v\u00bb
v c
.
. .
-
_
-
f
i
n
_
j
M
f
l -
M
l
f
i
f
t
n
jtio n a h s ts
h a d
perm eated
e v e r y
in -
m erely
a d d e d
f u e lt o
th e
c e n tu rie s -o ld
becam e a
v ic tim
o fre fin e d
p e r s e c u t i o n.
. . .
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
e
t
h
e
p _
H v
*
d
t
h
e
flam m \u00a2 r
d e s i r e
o f
th e
U krainian
p e o -
a n d
w as
fin a lly
d riv e n
t o
su ic id e
\u041b
"
"
"
T
\u00b7
in c lu d in g
tn e
p a rty
a n d
tn e
pd\u00a3 l \u00bfW \u00bb
a n
\u00a6n d e p e n e ^ n t,
dem o\u00b7
1 * 3 3 .
U pon
S ta lin 's
ow n
adm ission,!I
*
<
f
f
\u00b7
*
\u00a3
^
c r s t i c
a n d
u n d iv id e d
S
S
\u00a6 \u00a6 \u00bb
\u0443
w as
h a ile d
a s
a
m arty r
i n
^
\u041b
\u0406
\u00be
.
p o lic y
P u rp o se
o f
E arfy
"U ki> alh iah is* f io n f
R\u00b7\u00b7\u00ab a a ir t ^ \u00ab ld A
o
f
c o lle c tiv iz a tio n
w as
b e g u n
i n
e a r -
G e n e ra lly
s p e a k i n g
th e
f i r s t
d e c a d e \u00a6
V
,
*
\u0413
*
~
\u0422
,
. ,
n e s t .
I n
U k rain fe
i t
w as
accom panied
o f
M o s c o w 's ru le
i n
U k ra in e
fo llo w in g !
I
n
1
5
t
h
P
a
r
t
v
C ongress
h e ld
i n
b y
p e a s a n t
ris in g s
a n d
num erous
a c ts
th e
c o lla p s e
o f th e
U k ra in ia n
N a tio n \u00b7!
1
9
2
7
b e g a n
w hat
m ay
b e
c a lle d
d e -
o f
s a b o t a g e .
G overnm ent
re p re s e n \u00b7
a l
R e p u b lic
a b o u t
\u0407^& \u042e
w as
c h a r -
U k ra in ia n is a tio n
o f
U k ra in e .
T h e |ta tiv e s
w ere
m urdered,
p ro p e rty
w as
a c te riz e d
b y
v a rio u s
c b n c e s s r o f t\u00bb
t o\u00a6P re te x t
fo r
th is
w as
b a s e d
o n
t* e
\u00a6b u r n e d ,liv e s to c k .w a s k ille d a rid
c r o p s
th e
m ilitan t
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
c o n \u00b7I p ro fo u n d
d i s c o v e r y
th a t
b e s i d e s
U k -\u00a1w ere
d e s t r o y e d .
T he
p e a s a n t
a r g u e d
sciouB ness
a n d
s p i r i t ,
e s p e c i a l l y
sin c eI ra in ia n s
th e re
w ere
o th e r
n a tio n a l! -1 th a t
th e y
m ig h t
a s
w ell destroy
th e ir
C om m unism
o f
i t s e l f
w as
fro m
th e \u00a1
t
i
e
s
living in
U kraine.
(A c c o rd in g
t o
p ro p e rty
th e m s e lv e s
a s
b e
d e p r i v e d
v e f v
o u ts e t
h ig h ly
u n p o p u la r
am ong;
t
h
e
\u00be
\u00be
C
e
n
9
u
s
o
f
i
m
_
\u00beJ\u00ab
P \u00b0 P ? ! ? "\u00a6
o f
l
t
b
v
o
t
h
e
\u00ab .
O ne
o f
th e
r e s u l t s
th e *
h \u00be e rty -lo v in g
a n d
h ig h ly
in d i\u00b7
s
*
1
0
1
1
o
f
U kraine
w as
a s
fo llo w s:
U k-\u00a1w as
a
d r a s t i c
f a l l
i n
p la n te d
a c r e a g e ,
v id u k listic
a n d
re lig io u s
U krain\u00b7|rainians,
8 0
p e r c e n t ;
R ussians 9
p e r \u00b7|A ccording
t o
K o ssiO r,
th e n
s e c r e t a r y
i a n s
T h is
p o lic y
w as
c a lle d
"U krain>
c e n t;
Jew s.
5 .4
p e r c e n t ;
o th e rs
5 .6
o f th e
U kram ian
C e n tra l C o u n c il,
n o w
i a n \u00a1 s a t i o n
p e rc e n t.)
The Congress then
d e c l a r e d
irre v o c a b ly
p u r g e d ,
U kraine
lo st
3 0 0
A side
fro m
b e i n g
a
concession, t h e \u00a6
t
h
a
t
:
"U krainian
c h a u v i n i s m
places \u00a6m illion
p o o d s
o f
g ra in
i n
1 9 3 2 .
T h is
p o lic y
h ad
a n o th e r
aim ,
a s
stressedim pedim ents
i n
th e
W ay
O f
th e ir
fig u re
r e p r e s e n t e d
alm ost one-third
o f
b y
a
S oviet
id e o lo g ist
P o p o v
i n
a n\u00a6* * \u00b7\u0435 \u00b7\u00b7
m in o rities)
c u ltu ra l
d e v e lb p -
U k ra in e 's
norm al
pre-w ar
c r o p
a n d
a rtic le
h e
w ro te
fo r
th e
" C o m m u n \u00b7 fm e h t,A n d
th e re fo re ,
d b je d t\u00b6 v e
ju s tic e | a b o u t
th re e -e ig h th s
o f
a h
a v e r a g e
i s t "
(N o.
1 2 0 )
i n
1 9 2 7 .
"A s
fa r
a s
f o r c e s
th e
S o v ie t G o v e r n m e n t t6
ta k e |N .E .P .
c r o p .
S ta rv a tio n
s e i z e d
U k-
w e
( S o l s h e v i k s )
a re
c o n c e r n e d , "
h e
t
n
e
8
e
m in o rities
* u n d e r
i t s
c a r e
i nt
raine. There
is every
r e a s o n
to b e lie v e
w ro te,
" U k ra in ia n is a tio n
n e v e r
w as
o r d e rt o
e n s u r e
th e ir
rig h ts\u2014 \u0435 \u0432 \u0440 \u0435 \u0441 \u0456\u0430 \u0456\u00b71
th a t
th e
K rem lin
c o u n t e n a n c e d
th is
a n 9
is
n o t
a n
e n d
i n
i t s e l f .
I t
i s
\u00af
v t
n
e
e q u a lity
\u00ba f
la n g u a g e ."
\u00a1m ass
sta rv a tio n
O fsom e
fo u r
o r
fiv e
o n ly
a
m e th o d
o f
e s t a b l i s h i n g
a
A s
a
r e s u l t
th e
R ussian
la n g u a g e ' m illio n
U krainian
p e o p le .
T hus
d u r\u00b7
c l o s e rc o n ta c t
w ith
U krainianm asses.< becam e
v irtu a lly
o b lig a to ry
i n
U k-\u00a1in g
th e
m ost
a c u te
p e rio d
o f
h u n g e r
W ith b u t
s u c h
close contact
th e
P arty. raine
o n ly
b e c a u s e
th e re
a re
s c a t t e r e d
~M oscow
d i s p a t c h e d
in to
U kraine
so \u00b7
c a n n o t
w ork
i n
U kraine.
T he
o rg a n ic
\u0448
U kraine\u2014 now here
i n
a
c o m p a c t \u00a6 c a lle d
" u d a r n i i
b ry g a d y ,"
o r
s h o c k
d e v e lo p m e n t
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n s
h a s
b o d y ~
som e
tw o -a n d -a -h a lf
m illio n
b r i g a d e s ;
t o
re q u is itio n
g ra in
fro m
it s
ow n
c o u r s e ,
a n d
if this
i s
n o t
c o n -
R ussians.
N o
sim ilar
c o n c e s s i o n
w as\u00a1 g r a m
fro m
th e
p e a s a n t s .
S om e
o f
tro lle d
th e
p o sitio n
o f
th e
S oviet
m ade
t o
th e
com pact
m ass
o f
th re e \u00b7\u00a6th e
fa c ts
c o n n e c te d
w ith
th is
fam in e
governm ent
a n d
C om m unism
i n
g e n -
a n d - a - h a l f
m illio n
U k ra in ia n s
w ho
a re
s e t
o u t
i n
a
special reso!U U oh \u2014
e r a l
m ay
becom e
d a n g e r o u s
i n d e e d
a
r
e
ad m in istrativ ely
in c lu d e d
i n
th e
H .
R es.
3 9 9 ,
7 3 rd
C ongress>
2 n d
N ot
K n o w in g th e
U krainian
la n g u a g e ,
R ussian
R e p u b lic
(R .S .F .S .R .).
T h is
S essio n \u2014o f
th e
H ouse
o f
R epreseri\u00b7
a
la rg e
p ro p o rtio n
o f
P a rty
m em bers,
d
e
c r e e
w as
p u r p o s e l y
d e s i g n e d
t o
ta tiv e s
o f
th e
U n ited
S tates,
m ust
rem ain
o u tsid e
U krainian
n a -
s
P
r
e a d
M u sc o v ite
in flu e n c e
th ro u g h " |
T h e stru g g le
w h ich
e n s u e d
w as
n a \ue000
tio n a l
H fe.
o
u
t
U kraine, and
n o ta b ly
i n
th e
c i t i e s
tio n a l-p o litic a l
a s
w e ll
a s
econom ic.
T ow ard
th e
e n d
o f
1 9 2 7
M oscow
w
>
e
r
e
th e
R ussians
liv e d
a n d
w h ich
T he
C e n tra l
C o m m ittee
O fth e
P a rty
r e a l i z e d
th a t
th e
p o lic y
o f
U k ra in in -
M oscow
p a rtic u la rly
d e s i r e d
t o
d o -
i n
U kraine
d e c i d e d
(N ovem b>er
1 8 ,
i s a t i o n
w as
p r o d u c i n g
u n d e s i r a b l e
re -
m in a te .
1 9 3 2 )
th a t
"th e
c o lla b o ra tio n
b e \u00b7
s u l t s .
U krainian
in stitu tio n s-th e
A
t
t
n
e
8
8
1
1
1
6
t
i
m
e
U kraine
w as
d e -
tw e e n
g r o u p s
o f
com m unists,
le a d -
p r e s s ,
th e
s c h o o l s ,
th e
c o - o p e r a t i v e s
P
r
i
v
e d
o f
fin a n c ia l
f r e e d o m
th ro u g h
e rs
o f
P a rty
C e n tre s
a n d
th e
k u la k s
w ere
becom ing
th o ro g h ly
n a tio n a l\u00b7
th e
c e n tra lisa tio n
o f
th e
b u d g e t.
I n
a n d
n a tio n a list
fo llo w ers
o f
P e tliu ra ,
i s t
i n
s u b s t a n c e
a n d
o n ly
C om m unist
1
9
2
9
t
h
e
c o n stitu tio n
i t s e l f
w as
" c o r \u00b7
h as
m ade
th e
P a rty
o rg a n iz a tio n
a h
i n
fo rm .
T he
n a tio n a l
U krainian
re c te d ,"
b u t
th e
f i c t i o n
o f
" i r i d e -
instrum ent
i n
th e
h a n d s
o f
th e
eh e\u00b7
m ilieu
w as
ra p id ly
d isin te g ra tin g
th e
P e n d e n t
U kraine"
w as
p r e s e r v e d
a n d
m y ."
I t
i s s u e d
th e
fo llo w in g
recom -
C om m unist
P a rty
in U kraine, the very
e
v
e
n
a
n
e
w
P a r a g r a p h
t o
th a t
e f f e c t
m e ttd a tio tt:
"W e
m ust
d e stro y
th e
a g e n c y
w h o se
d u ty
i t
w as
t o
u tiliz e
w
a
s
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c o n stitu tio n .
V ari\u00b7
r e s i s t a n c e
O f
th o se
com m unists
w ho
I'k ram ian isatio n
fo r
th e
e h t r e n c h \u00b7
\u00ba\u00a1 J
8
o
t
h
\u00a2
r
m easures
w ere
p a s s e d
i n
becam e
th e
a c tu a l
d ire c to rs
o f
s a -
m ent
o f
C om m unist,
o r
i n
r e a l i t y
1
9
2
9
w
m
c
h
c e n t r a l i s e d
alm ost
e v e r y
b o ta g e
a n d
w e
m ust
liq u id a te
th e
M uscovite,
e le m e n ts
i n
U kraine.
C o m m issariat,
th u s
d e p riv in g
th e
n a -
p a s s i v e
a ttitu d e
to w ard
s a b o t a g e ,
o n
B e tw e e n
1 9 2 5
a n d
1 9 2 6
th e
o p p o s i \u00b7
t
l
o
n
a
l
re p u b lic s
o f
a n y
f r e e d o m
o f
th e
p a r t
o f
v a rio u s
P a rty
o r g a n i z a \ue000
tio n
g ro u p
i n
th e
P a rty
i n
U kraine
a
c
t
l
o
n
\u00b7
T he
U krainian
in d u stria l
tio n s."
g a i n e d
c o n s i d e r a b l e
stre n g th
u n d e r
M
,
w
e
r
e
.
liq u id a te d
i n
f a v o u
o f
.
^
\u0456**\u00ab^\u00b7*\u0448 \u0436
L \u00b7
l e a d e r s h i p
o f
Shum sky
M a x im o -
\u00ab \u00a6f
\u00be
f t^
l
o
r
M iiscovlte centre.!
T
h
*
\u00a4
"
*
o f
N atio n alist\u00ab
v i c h ,
V o lu b u e v
a n d
K h v y lio v y .
T h is
T
h
e
U krainian
C o m m issariat
o f
A gri\u00b7\u00a6
D isturbances
r e a c h e d
a
clim ax
i n
g ro u p
f a v o r e d
a n
in d e p e n d e n t,'th o u g h
c u ltu re
w as
m ade
in to
a
s u b s e r v i e n t
1 9 3 3 .
U n its
o f
" s p e c i a l i s t s
i n
p ro b \u00b7
a
k in d
o f
n a tio n a l-c o m m u n ist,
U k\u00b7
b r a n c h
o f
th e
M u sc o v ite
C o m m is\u00b7\u00a6lem s
o f
c o u n te r-re v o lu tio n \u00b7'
w ere
r a i n e .
I n
h is
\u00abany, books
a n d
e s s a y s
s
a
n
a
t
a
s
t
h
e
f i r s t
s
t
e
P
to w ard
c o l-.se n t
t o
U kraine.
T h eir
m e th o d s
c o n \u00b7
V o lo b u e v
sh ow ed
th a t
b y
v irtu e
o f
c
. e t i v i s a t i o n
o n
a
la rg e
s c a l e .
I n
1 9 3 0 ,|siste d
o f
a d v a n c e d
fo rm s
o f
p h y s i c a l
h er
c o n n e c t i o n s
w ith
R ussia, U k rain e
?
n
a
"
c
0
e
l
a
m
i
c
r
e
d
i
t
w
e
r
e
centraU sed;; and
m oral
te rro r.
T he
g r e a t
p u rg e
w as
d e s t i n e d
fo r
econom ic
e x p k > ita \u00b7
m
1
9
3
1
\u00b7
t
h
e
M
u
s
c o v ite
C o m m issariat\u00a6 o f
1 9 3 3
fo llo w e d
i n
th e ir
w ake.
A c\ue000
tio n
a n d
w as
slo w ly
b e i n g
c o n v e r t e d
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
a l
A ffairs
to o k
o v e r
th e , c o rd in g
t o
o f f i c i a l
fig u re s
g i v e n
b y
in to
a
c o lo n y .
M o s c o w 's
a tte n tio n
su p e rv isio n
o f
U krainian
in te rn a l
a f-
P o s t y s h e v , 2 7 ,0 0 0
o u t o f a to ta l
m em -
w as
s o o n
draw n
t o
th e
a c tiv ity
o f
f
a
i
r
s
;
a
n
d
n n a lly ,
i n
1 9 3 3 ,
th e
a d - \u00a1 b e r s h i p
o f
1 2 5 ,0 0 0 .
w ere
th ro w n
o u t
th is
fa c tio n
w ith in
th e
P a rty
i n
U k-
m in istratio n
o f
U krainian
h e a v y
in -
o f
th e
P a rty
i n
U kraine.
T he
p u rg e
ra in e
a n d
i t s
l e a d e r s
w ere
s e v e r e l y
d
u
8
t
r
v
w
a
s
u s u r p e d
b y
M oscow .
to o k
i n
1 ,3 0 0
m em bers
o f
th e
K om -
condem ned
a n d
p e n a l i z e d .
\u043f -> \u0456\u0442
\u0422
\u0422
\u043f
\u043b
\u043b
\u00be
,
\u043b
^
\u201e
1
\u0422
\u043a
\u0438
\u0430
som ol, 240
regional secretaries
o f
th e
O .P .U .
U ncovers
U n io n
F o r
P
a
r
t
y
>
2
5 0
h e a d s
o f
Is p o lk o m s
o r
K hvyfto\y
D r iv e n
t o
S u ic id e
L ib e r a t io n
o f
U k r a in e '
E x e c u tiv e
C om m ittees,
1 5 0
h e a d s
o f
T h e
fa ilu re
o f
U k ra in ia n is a tio n
t o
T h e s e
c h a n g e s
c o u s e d
d e e p
r e s e n t \u00b7
C o n t r o l l i n g C o m m i t t e e s , 1 ,0 0 0
o f f i c i a l s
a c h ie v e
d e s ira b le
r e s u l t s
fo r
M o s- m ent
i n
U k ra in e .
R e v o lu tio n a ry
a c -in
th e
D epartm ent
o f
E d u c a tio n ,
2 0 0
cow ,
b ro u g h t
t o
th e
fo re
i n
th e
R us\u00b7
tiv ity
b e g a n
t o
s p r e a d
s i n c e
i t
b e \u00b7l* e a d e r s
o f
th e
c o o p e ra tiv e
o r g a n i z a -
s i a n
C om m unist
P a rty
th o s e
e le m e n ts
cam e
in c re a s in g ly
e v id e n t
th a t
the |ti\u00ban s
a n d
3 0 0
p r o f e s s o r s
a n d
m em \u00b7
w h ic h
h ad
p e r s i s t e n t l y
o p p o s e d
a n y \u00a6le g a l
p riv ile g e s
w h ich
U kraine
w as\u00a6b e rs
o f
th e
U krainian
A cadem y
o f
c o n c e s s i o n s
t o
th e
non-R ussian
n a -
s u p p o s e d
t o
e n jo y ,
w ere
o n ly
ch im eri\u00b7;S cience.
A ll
w ere
a c c u s e d
o f
n a \ue000
tio n a litie s
a n d
sto o d
fo r
R ussifica\u00af
c a l
b e c a u s e
M oscow
c o u ld
a n d
w o u ld\u0456tio n a lis t
sym pathies,
tio n .
I t s
le a d in g
fig u re s
w ere
Z in o v \u00b7 re v o k e
th e m
w hen
i t
s u ite d
h e r .
In |
T he
several m inor
in d e p e n d e n t
U k-
c iv ,
L a rin
a n d
V a g a n ia n .
I n
h is
1 9 3 0
th e
G .P .U .
u n c o v e r e d
th e
c o n \u00b7
ra in ia n
C o m m issariats
w ere
m ade
w o rk s
V a g a n ia n
a r g u e d
th a t
C om \u00af
s p i r a c y
o rg a n iz a tio n
know n
a s
th e
s u b s e r v i e n t
t o
M oscow .
I t
becam e
m uniem
c a n n o t
to le ra te
th e
presence \u00a6"U nion
fo r
th e
L ib eratio n
o f
U k\u00b7
p a te n tly
c le a r
th a t
S ta lin
m eant
t o
o f
s e v e r a l
fu lly
d e v e lo p e d
n a tio n a l
1
ra in e ."
T he
y o u th
s e c t i o n
o f
th isI re ly
fo r
h is
s u p p o r t
o n
tw o
f a c t o r s ,
v u ltu re s
i n
th e
U .S .S .R .,
a n d
th a t|o rg a n iz a tio n
h ad
a d o p te d
t e r r i r i s m
a sj n a m e ly ,
P a rty
b u r e a u c r a c y
a n d
R us\ue000
s i a n
n a tio n a list
e le m e n ts .
O nce
d e \ue000
c i d e d
u p o n ,
h ow ever,
i t
rem ained
t o
m ake
o u t
a
p la u sib le
c a s e
w hy
M us\ue000
c o v ite
o r
R ussian
n a tio n a lism
w as
t o
I5 e
view ed
a s
a
p ro g re ssiv e
p h e n o \ue000
m enon
c o m p a tib le
# ith
S o ci\u00be lism
a n d
In te rn a tio n a lism
w h ile
th e
n a tio n a l
a sp ira tio n s
o f
U k ra in ia n s
o r
G eor\ue000
g i a n s ,
f\u00a9 r-m \u00be tafice\
w ere
* * c a p ita list,
c o u n te r-re v o lu tio n a ry
r e a c t i o n ,
a n d
d e s p i c a b l e
in trig u e s
o f
th e
enem ies
o f
th e
p e o p le ."
A
w o rk a b le
so lu tio n
w as
fo u n d
i n
th e
th e o ry
th a t
th e
M uscovities
w ere
"th e
le a d in g
n a \ue000
tio n
o f
(h e
p ro le ta ria n
re v o lu tio n ,"
a n d
s e c o n d l y , th a t
e a c h
c itiz e n
o f
th e
U .S .S .R .
w as
b o u n d
b y
p a trio tic
d u ty
t o
h is S o v ie t fa th e rla n d , w h ic h
m e a n t,
i n
fa c t,
th a t
h e
ow ed
u n q u e stio n in g
a lle g ia n c e
t o
h is
M u sc o v ite o v e rlo rd s.
In c id e n ta lly ,
th e
w o rk s
o f
som e
o f
th e
le a d in g
m em bers
o f
th e
o ld
L enin
G uard
a n d
som e
o f
th e
G uardists
th em selves,
w ere
a p p ro p ria te ly
re \ue000
v i s e d
o r
p u r g e d
t o
c o n fo rm
t o
th e
e x i g e n c i e s
o f
S ta lin 's
o p p o rtu n ism .
T hus
S talin ism
becam e
a
re ju v e n \u00bb
a te d
e x p r e s s i o n
o f
M u sc o v ite
am bi\ue000
\u00a6tio n s
w h erein
o f f i c i a l
in te rn a tio n a lism
i s
w edded
t o
a
c u lt
o f
n a tio n a l-im \ue000
\u00a6p e ria l
m essianism
s o
ty p ic a l
o f
T sar\ue000
\u00a6 i s t
R ussia.
I n
tru th
i t
m ay
b e
s a i d
\u0456th a t
a
n a tio n a l
p o lic y ,
e v e n
a s
u n \u00ad
d e r s t o o d
b y
L e n in , n o
lo n g e r e x is ts .
% t
i s
s ig n ific a n t
th a t
th e
y o u n g e r
" g e n e r a t i o n
o f U k ra in ia n s
re a c te d
a n d
\u00a1 s t i l l
r e a c t
f a i r l y
v io le n tly
t o
th is
'd isg u ise d
R ussian
im perialism .
L arge
s e c t i o n s
o f
th e m
h a v e
a d o p te d
a s
|th e ir
ow n,
K h v y lio v y 'e
s l o g a n
th a t
,"U kraine w ill
n e v e r
a c c e p t
M u sc o v ite
\u00a1o v e rlo rd sh ip !"
A lth o u g h
i n
1 9 3 3
S o \u00b7.
\u00a6 v ie t a u th o ritie s
w ere
s a y i n g th a t
th e y
;h ad
b r o k e n
U krainian
c o u n te r-re v o ln -
\u00a6tk > n ,
i n
1 9 3 4
a t
th e
1 7 th
Congress of
\u00a1th e
E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e
o f
th e
P ar\ue000
\u00a6 t y
w h ich
m et
i n
M oscow ,
P e t r o v s k y ,
th e
P r e s i d e n t
o f
S oviet U kraine,
w as
\u00a6fo rc e d
t o
s a y :
"W e
fin d
i t
e x tre m e ly
|d iffic u lt
t o
com bat
n a tio n a list
e le \ue000
\u00af m ents
a n d
t o
re p e l
th e ir
a d v a n c e .
T h ese
n a tio n a l\u00a1 s
tram ps
a re
b re w in g
p la n e
t o
a tta c k
a n d
u n d e rm in e
U k-\u00a1
ra in e ,
th e
f o r t r e s s
o f
th e
U .S .S .R ."
\u00a1
R ed
F e a r s
O ver
R ise
o f
I k
ra in ia n
!
N ationalism
S im ila r
w a rn in g s
w ere
h eard
i n
m ore
r e c e n t
y e a r s
u p
t o
th e
w ar.
T he
\u00a1 1 3 t h
C ongress
o f
th e
O om m unist
\u00a1P a rty
i n
U kraine, held
i n
J u n e ,
1 9 3 7 ,
c a lle d
U pon
a ll
P a rty
o rg a n iz a tio n s
t o
c h e c k
th e ir
u n its
i n
v i e w
o f
th e
f a c t
th a t
" th e y
a re
c lu tte re d
u p
b y
\u00a1U krainian
n a tio n a lists
w ho
a re
o c \ue000
c u p y i n g
e v e n
th e m o st im p o rta n t
p o si\u00ab
tio n s
i n
th e
P a rty ."
. O n
J u ly
2 4 th \u00be
\u00a6l& 3 7 ,
P r a v d a
re p o rte d
th a t
i n
m any
t
U krainian
c i t i e s th e re
w ere
groups of
\u00a6U krainian
n a tio n a lists
com posed
o f
m em bers
o f
th e
K om som ol.
N ext
d a y
P r a v d a
w ro te:
"T h ere,
i s
u n
:
*
c o v e r e d
a g a i n
th e
unseem ly
sig h t
o f
th e
activity of
c o u n te r-re v o lu tio n a rie s
a n d
s p i e s
am ong
th e
K om som ol
o f
U kraine.
M asking them selves
i n
lo w -
\u00a6 ly
fa sh io n ,
th e y
c a rrie d
o n
d isru p tiv e
c o u n te r-re v o lu tio n a ry
w o rk ,
d i r t i e l l
\u00a1 u p
th e
K om som ol, w eakened
th e
p ro \ue000
\u00a6p a g a n d a
a p p a r a t u s
a n d
ru in e d
p o liti\ue000
c a l
sc h o o lin g ."
A t
th e
K h arkiv
C on\ue000
f e r e n c e
o f
th e
K om som ol,
h e ld
i n
jS eptem ber;
1 9 3 7 ,
K osariev, a
M usco\ue000
v ite
le a d e r
o f
th e
K om som ol
(liq u id \ue000
a te d ),
ad m itted
th a t
"th e
stru g g le
a g a i n s t
U kram ian nationalists
i s
o n ly
b e g in n in g ."
S im ila r
d a ta
c o v e r i n g
1 9 3 8 ,
1 9 3 9
a n d
1 9 4 0
c o u ld
b e
p ro \ue000
v i d e d
fro m
s p e e c h e s
o f
v a rio u s
O om \ue000
m unist
d ig n ita rie s
i n
U kraine.
T h ere
i s
a m p le
in d ic a tio n
th a t
th e
d e s i r e
fo r
i n d e p e n d e n c e
a n d
th e
r e a d i n e s s
t o
m ake
s a c r i f i c e
a re
w idespread
i n
U kraine.
S in re
W orld
W ar
I, R ussian
p o lic y
to w ard
h er
s u b j e c t
p e o p le s
h as
g o n e
th ro u g h
th e
c o m p le te
c y c le
o f
p o s \ue000
sib le
v a ria tio n .
T h ro u g h o u t
th e
l a s t
a n d
a t
th e
b e g in n in g
o f
th is
c e n tu ry
it did
n o t
re c o g n iz e th e
rig h ts o f
n o n -
R ussian
p e o p le s
a n d
b e l i e v e d
i n
R us-
s i f i c a t i o n
a s
th e
o n ly
m e th o d
w h ere\ue000
b y
s e v e r a l
s c o r e s
o f
d iffe re n t
ra c e s
a n d
c u ltu re s \u2014 p o le s
a p a rt\u2014 W o u ld
b e
tran sfo rm ed
in to
a
hom ogenous
e n \ue000
t i t y
know n
a s
"R uskii liudi"
(R ussian
p e o p l e ) .
T h is
p o lic y
f a i l e d
c o m p le te -
\u00a1 l y
a n d
w as
o n e
o f
th e
c h i e f
c a u s e s
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