HVDC IN FUTURE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

REASONS FOR AC GENERATION AND TRANSMISSIONS Due to ease of transformation of voltage levels (simple transformer action) and rugged squirrel cage motors, Alternating Current is universally utilized. Both for Generation and Loads and hence for Transmission. Generators are at remote places, away from the populated areas i.e. the load centers

By:
IYAPPAN.M B.E., EEE., ARUNAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE iyps036@gmail.com SANTHOSH.S B.E., EEE., ARUNAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE salemsanthosheee@gmail.com

 They are either Pit Head Thermal or Hydel Voltage is boosted up to 220 or 400 KV by step-up transformers for transmission to Loads. COMPARISON OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS Conventionally power transmission is effected through HVAC systems all over the world. HVAC transmission is having sever limitations like line length, uncontrolled power flow, over/low voltages during lightly/over loaded conditions, stability problems, fault isolation etc.

Considering the disadvantages of HVAC system and the advantages of HVDC transmission, power grid has chosen HVDC transmission for transferring 2000 mw from ER to SR. HVDC: Current Uses Less

o Direct current: Roll along the line; opposing force friction (electrical resistance). o AC current will struggle against inertia in the line (100times/sec)current inertia inductance-reactive power.

DIRECT CURRENT CONSERVES FOREST AND SAVES LAND

DC HAS REACH:

GREATER Fewer support TOWER, less LOSSES.

Distance as well as amount of Power determine the choice of DC over AC.

ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION Controlled power flow is possible very precisely Asynchronous operation possible between regions having different electrical parameters No restriction on line length as no reactance in DC lines Stabilizing HVAC systems -dampening of power swings and sub synchronous frequencies of generator.

Cheaper than HVAC system due to less transmission lines & less right of way for the same amount of power transmission

Important Milestones in the Development of HVDC technology

 Hewitts mercuryvapour rectifier, which appeared in 1901. Experiments with thyristors in America and mercury arc valves in Europe before 1940. First commercial HVDC transmission, Gotland 1 in Sweden in 1954. First solid state semiconductor valves in 1970. First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in 1979. Highest DC transmission voltage (+/- 600 kV) in Itaip, Brazil, 1984. First active DC filters for outstanding filtering performance in 1994. First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in ArgentinaBrazil interconnection, 1998 First Voltage Source Converter for

transmission in Gotland, Sweden ,1999 PURPOSE & FUNCTION OF THYRISTOR VALVE Connects AC phases to DC system Conduct High Current currents upto 3000A without the requirement of paralleling of thyristors Block High Voltage Blocks high voltage in forward and reverse direction up to 8KV Controllable thyristor triggering /conduction possible with the gate firing circuits Fault tolerant and robust 12-Pulse Convertor Bridge

 HIGHLIGHTS Commonly adopted in all HVDC applications Two 6 pulse bridges connected in series 30 phase shift between Star and Delta windings of the converter transformer Due to this phase shift, 5th and 7th harmonics are reduced and filtering higher order harmonics is easier