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L I.
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2 3 6 .
S V O B O D A
U k r a in ia n
D a ily
V O L.
L L
N o.
2 3 6 .
I I
\u0429
\u00a2\u0428
\u043a \u0433 \u0430 \u0442 \u0456\u044e \u0456 \u0416 \u0435 \u0435 \u0428
D e d ic a te d
t o
th e
n e e d s
a n d
in t e r e s t
o f
y o u n g
A m e r ic a n s
o f
U k r a in ia n
d e s c e n t
A
REPO RT
O N THE
S IT U A T IO N
I N
U K R A IN E
U K R A IN IA N
S E R V I C E M E N 'S
A S S 'N
H O L D S
B A L L \u00a5
I N
L O N D O N
N A Z IS
G E R M A N IZ E D
K IE V
O ver
s e v e n t y
servicem en
o f
U k\ue000
ra in ia n
d e s c e n t
fro m
a ll
c o r n e r s
o f
th e
B ritish
I s l e s
a tte n d e d
a
G e t-T o \ue000
g e th e r
i n
L ondon
o n
J u ly
3 1
a n d
A ugust
1 st
l a s t
u n d e r
th e
a u s p i c e s
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
C a n a d ia n
Servicem en's
A s s o c ia tio n
(A ctiv e
Service \u2014
O ver\ue000
s e a s ) ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
a
N ew s
L e tte r
p u b lis h e d
b y
th e
A s s o c ia tio n
a n d
re \ue000
c e n tly
r e c e i v e d
b y
u s.
T he
g e t- to \ue000
g e th e r
w as
h e ld
i n
th e
C a n a d ia n
L e g io n
S e r v i c e s
C lu b
a t
C artw rig h t
G ardens.
B e h in d
th e
f a c a d e
o f
o ffic ia l
w ar
com m uniques,
e v e n ts
a r e
ta k in g
p la c e
i n
E ]aste rn
E u ro p e
w h ic h
p ro b a b ly
b e g g a r
d e s c rip tio n a n d o f w h ic h th e o u ts id e w o rld h a s little c o n c e p tio n .
T h u s
w e
r e a d
a
g r e a t
d e a l
a b o u t
th e
m ig h ty
c l a s h
o f
th e
S o v ie ta n d
N azi
arm ies, the
o ffe n s iv e s a n d
c o u n te r
o f f e n s iv e s ,
a n d
o c c a s io n a l e x p lo its o f g u e r illa s . A n d w e g e t
a n
o c c a s i o n a l
g lim p s e , to o , o f th e te rrib le
s u ffe rin g s o f th e h o m e le s s a n d
o fte n
\u00a1starving population. B u t on account of the censorship, so neces\ue000
sary in w artim e, m ost of the picture
o f w h a t is h a p p e n in gth e re
n e v e r
m e e ts
o u r
e y e .
O c c a s io n a lly , h o w e v e r,
a
re p o rt
d o e s
m anage to reach
u s w h ic h
g iv e s u s s o m e id e a o f w h a t is
re a lly
g o in g
o n
o v e r
th e re .
O ne
s u c h
re p o rt
w e ^ re c e n tly
r e c e iv e d
i n
a
r o u n d a b o u t
m anner
fro m
S to c k h o lm . It g iv e s u s a d ra m a tic p ic tu re o f w h a t
h a s
b e e n
h a p p e n in g
re c e n tly
i n
U kraine, especially
i n
th a t
p o rtio n
o f it w h ic h is u n d e r
N azi
o c u p a tio n .
T he
re p o rts ta te s
a t
th e
v e r y
o u ts e t
th a t
th e
N azis em\ue000
p lo y
a g a i n s t
th e
U k ra in ia n s
th e
sam e
t e r r o r i s m
th a t
th e
U k\ue000
ra in ia n s
s u f f e r e d
u n d e r
fo rm er
B o ls h e v ik ru le .
Those U krain\ue000
ia n s w h o
th o u g h t
th e
N a z is w o u ld
tre a tth e m
b e tte r
th a n
th e
^ S S L \u00batJ ^
" '" \u0422 \u0438
\u0413
" \u00b7"\u00b7.1 ^
_
,
,
-
\u00ba
,
,
, .
m ajo rity
w ere
o n
sh o rt
p riv ile g e d
R eds,h a v e
fo u n d
o u t
b y
n o w
h o w
w ro n g
th e y
w ere.
p a s s e s .
I
n
m
o
8
t
t
h
e
p a s s e s
w ere
A t
th e
b e g in n in g
O f
th e
w ar,
th e
re p o rt
fu rth e r
S ta te s ,
g r a n t e d
b y
th e
c o m m a n d in g
o ffic e rs
th e
"G erm an
M ilitary
E ast
C o m m a n d " w a n te d
t o
u tiliz e
th e
e s p e c ia lly
t o
g iv e
th e
b o y s
th e
o p -
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
m o v e m e n t,
b u t
th e
N azi
p a rty
a n d
i t s
^
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^
^
^
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t
h
e
Z
a
f
t
h
e
r
i
n
^
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*
*
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4
.
-
1
-
4
.
* v .
4.
4
. t. 4
. - i 4
. \u00a1
I
n
\u043e
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\u0430
\u0433
\u0442
\u0423
u n it
th e
a d ju ta n t
o n
G estapo
a t
o n c e ,to o k
a
s t a n d
a g a in s t
th a t,a s th e y
w a n te d
t o
b e in g
a p p r o a c h e d
b y
o n e
of our
m em -
~
r
^ ^ *
^ '" ^ \u00a1\u044c
\u0427
\u043b
\u044f
o n H
\u043a _ _ -\u00ab
\u00a1\u044f \u044f \u0456\u0438 \u0447 \u0456
\u044f
\u044f \u043f \u0435 \u0441 \u0456\u0430 \u0456
r e a u e s t
t o
a ll
A
d e s c rip tio n
o f
th e
G e rm a n iz a tio a
o f
K iev
w h ile
i t
w as
u n d e r
N azi
o c \u00ad
c u p a tio n
a p p e a r e d
i n
l a s t
T h u r s d a y 's
N ew
Y ork
H e ra ld -T rib u n e
i n
a
d is \u00ad
p a tc h
fro m
U k ra in e 's
a n c ie n t
c a p ita l
b y
M aurice
H in d u s .
S tre e ts
b e a rin g
U k ra in ia n
nam es
w ere
g iv e n
G erm an
nam es,
K ie v ite s
w ere
e v ic te d
fro m
th e
b e tte r
s e c tio n s
o f
th e
c ity
t o
m ake
ro o m
fo r
th e
h o rd e
o f
G erm an
tradesm en
a n d
in \u00ad
te lle c tu a ls ,
th e
b o ta n ic a l
p a r k
w as
o p e n
o n ly
fo r
th e
G erm ans,
a n d
a ll
U k ra in ia n
h ig h
s c h o o l s
a n d
u n iv e r\u00ad
s itie s
w ere
c l o s e d ,
th e
d is p a tc h
re -
T h o u g h
th a t
w eekend
h a p p e n e d
t o\u00a6p o rts ,
b e
a
b a n k
h o lid a y
w hen
tra v e lin g
\u0434
8
a
r e s u l t
th o s e
U k ra in ia n s
o f
re s tric tio n s
fo r
th e
F o r c e s
w ere
i n\u00a1G alicia
"w ho
flo c k e d
t o
K ie v
a s
a id s
e ffe c t,
th e
n e w s - le tte r
re p o rt
o f
th e
a f f a i r
s t a t e s ,
y e t
" in
s p ite
o f
th e
tra v e lin g
re s tric tio n s
a n d
i n
s p ite
o f
o f
th e
G erm ans,
g r e w
in c re a s in g ly
r e s t l e s s
a n d
re s e n tfu l,"
a n d
dem anded
\u00a1 t h a t
th e
G erm ans
fu lfill
th e ir
e a rly
th e
f a c t
th a t
a
lo t
o f
o u r
b o y s
h a d
\u0456prom ises
t o
a llo w
th e
U k ra in ia n s
l e f t
fo r
S ic ily ,
th e
g e t-to g e th e r
w a s \u0406\u00bf \u0434 \u0435 \u0456\u0433
n a tio n a l
in d e p e n d e n c e ,
H in d u s
a
s u c c e s s
b e y o n d
a ll
e x p e c ta tio n s .I
w
r i t e s .
IO ver
s e v e n t y
b o y s
a tte n d e d
fro m
a ll
c o r n e r s
o f
th e
B ritish
I s le s ...
T he
" T h o s e
w ho
dem anded
to o
lo u d ly
o r
p e rs is te n tly
w ere
s h o t.
O th ers
w ere
s e n t
t o
c o n c e n tra tio n
cam ps.
A
b a tta lio n
o f
U k ra in ia n
G a lic ia n s
w as
s o
o u tra g e d
th a t
th e
m en
k ille d
th e ir
G erm an
o f f i c e r s ,
f le d
t o
th e
f o r e s t
a n d
jo in e d
th e
S o v ie t
g u e rrilla s ,"
th e
\u00a6re p o rt
s t a t e s .
\u0413 \u0456\u0420
\u042ftA DO
a t
\u041e
\u041f
\u0421 \u0404 . LO O K
a
S L < A -lU
a g o .-H O
C
v u \u00ab .v ,
-\u00bb ~
j
|\u00ab v u .e \u00bb r r \u00b7"
?
-
u s e
U k ra in e
o n ly
fo r
p u r p o s e s
o f
G erm an
e x p lo ita tio n
a n d
b e r s
te a \u00ab l
*
'
P
^
_
^
*
J
^
.
g
S E B V
IC E M
E N
IN V IT E D
T O
V IS IT
u s e
\u0443 \u043a \u0433 \u0430 \u0448
\u0435
\u043e \u0448
\u0443
V
\u0442 \u0442_ -a in i\u00bb n
n a tio n a list
le a d e r s
w ere
th e
s e c t io n s
i n
th e
u n it
t o
g r a n t
a ll
U K R A IN IA N
C L U B
c o lo n iz a tio n .
H undreds
o f
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a lis t
le a d e r s
w ere
th e
s e c tio n s
i n
tn e
u n n
\u044e
g r a n t
th e re u p o n
a r r e s t e d
b y
th e
G e s ta p o , in c lu d in g
O rshan, Scibor\u00ab
U
k
r
a
i
n
i
a
n
* \u00ba\u0423 *~*
4 8 -h o u r
p a s s ."
s k y ,
S e n y k
(H rebivsky), T eliha, and
B aranow sky.
.
T
u
h
e
\u0433
\u0430
\u041f
\u0423
.
s ta rte d
F rid a y
n ig h t
'
\u0456
,
A.
.
,
_
.
w ith
a
m e e tin g
o f
th e
a s s o c ia tio n 's
F u rth e rm o re ,
th e
re p o rt
S ta te s ,
th o u s a n d s
O f
m em bers
e x e c u tiv e
b o a r d .
S a tu rd a y
a fte rn o o n ,
o f
"U W O "
(p ro b a b ly
U krainska
V iy s k o w a
O rg a n iz a ts ia \u2014 U k -,fo llo w in g
re g is tra tio n ,
a
b u s i n e s s
s e s -
ra in ia n
M ilitary
O rg a n iz a tio n ,
f o u n d e d
a t
th e
c lo s e
o f
th e
s io n
w as
h e ld ,
a t
w h ic h
th e
o f f i c e r s
l a s t
w ar
fo r
th e
p u r p o s e
o f
lib e ra tin g
U k ra in e ,
a n d
la te r
f
a ve
t
h
e
i
r
re p o rts.
I n
th e
e v e n in g
a ll
r e o r g a n iz e d
in to
th e
O U N ^ rg a n iz a tio n of
U k ra in ia n N a -
\u00a1\u0419
\u00a3\u0416
\u041b
%
\u0406& \u00a6^
t i o n a l i s t s ) ,
p a rtic u la rly
B a n d e r a 's
fo llo w ers,
w ere
m urdered
\u00a1\u00ab\u00abw as
v e r y
g o o d
in d e e d ."
b y
th e
N azis,
w h ile
B andera
(n a tio n a lis t
le a d e r ,
w hose
a t\u00b7
S u n d a y
m o rn in g
o v e r
6 5
o f
th e \u00a6
te m p t
t o
p ro c la im
W estern
U k ra in ia n
in d e p e n d e n c e
i n
L v iw
servicem en
a tte n d e d
c h u r c h .
T he|
i n
June, 1941
fo llo w in g
R ed
re tre a t
fro m
W estern
U kraine,
s e r v i c e
w as
a ll
i n
U k ra in ia n .
A fter
w as
r u t h l e s s l y
s u p p r e s s e d
b y
th e
N azis)
him self
d ie d
i n
a |\u00a3 * f , U tu rg y
a
m em orial
s e r v i c e
w as
4.
I \u00b7
__
\u0422
\u044f
* \u0456\u00b7
\u201e
\u0433
\u043b
\u201e
i L
n
\u0406
\u0432
\u043b
\u201e _ -\u00a6h e ld
fo r
a ll
th o s e
w hose
nam es
th e
G erm an
c o n c e n tra tio n
cam p.
I n
th is
w ay,
th e
re p o rt
s a y s ,
a s s o c ia tio n
h a d
b e e n
a b le
t o
g a th e r
th e
G erm ans drove
th e
U krainian nationalist movement uncjer-
f
o
r
i
t
s
h o n o r
ro ll,
1 1 5
nam es
th u s
g ro u n d ,
a n d
th o u s a n d s
o f v illa g e s
w ere
b u r n e d ,
a n d
th e
U k-'far.
ra in ia n
p e o p le
w ere
m urdered
w ith
w om en
a n d
c h ild re n
b y
F o llo w in g
c h u r c h
s e r v i c e s
a n o th e r
N azis.
F u rth e rm o re
* * th e s i t u a t i o n
i n
th e
*colkhoz' is as
h e a v y
b u s i n e s s
s e s s i o n
w as
h e ld .
T h e n
a t
a s
i t
w as
u n d e r
th e
B o ls h e v ik re g im e ."
\u00be cheon
w as
h a d
i n
th e
d in in g
_ _
-
.
.
.
. . .
T T i
n
a
l
l
\u00b7
H
o
s
t e s s
w as
M rs.
S .
D a v id o -
A s
a
result of all this, th e re appeared
i n
W estern
U k ra in e
v ic h .
T he
t o a s t
w as
p r o p o s e d
b y
l a s t
sp rin g
a
U k ra in ia n
p a trio t
c a llin g
him self
T aras
B u lb a .L ie u t.
K upchenko.
o f
E d m o n to n ,
(nam e
of principal character
o f th e
K ozak
s t o r y
o f
th a t
nam e-C ig a re tte s
w ere
th e n
d is trib u te d
t o
b y
G o g o l)
w ho
a t
th e
h e a d
of a
f o r c e o f a b o u t 1 5 ,0 0 0
m en
h a s
^ J ^ ./^ .^ \u00a6\J ^
o f
.
th e
:
h a d
n o t
o n ly
t o
fig h t
a g a i n s t
th e
G erm ans
b u t
a l s o
h a s
h a d
^ o^ c^ V ^ ^ T ^
t o
repel attacks by
P o le s a n d
B o ls h e v ik s
O n e n o ta b le
* * in s u r - i
S u n d a y a fte rn o o n
w a s c o m p le te d
b y
re c tio n "
(a s
th e
re p o rt
d e s c r ib e s
i t )
to o k
p la c e
b e tw e e n
K re-
a n o th e r
b u s i n e s s
s e s s i o n
a n d
a
s o c ia l.
m ia n e tz
a n d
L u b o m l.
T here
th e
G erm ans* re ta lia te d
a g a i n s t
D u rin g
th e
social those
p r e s e n t
w ere
'
i t
b y
b o m b in g
v illa g e s fro m
th e
a i r .
H undreds
o f
a r r e s t s
b y
e n te rta in e d
b y
v o c a l s e le c tio n s
b y
L .
N a z isa l s o
fo llo w e d , in c lu d in g
th a t
o f M e tro p o lita n
P o lik a rp .
A
C
' J
'
J
u z
*
k
' \u00bal
R
e
&
n
e
>
S
a
s
\u00b7
1 1
\u00ba
\u0491
w as
fin a lly
d e c id e d
t o
h o ld
a n o th e r
Q u ite
s ig n ific a n tly , to o ,
th e
S to c k h o lm
re p o rt
a d d s
th a t |s u c h
g e t-to g e th e r
n e x t
J a n u a r y
6 ,
7
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le
a re
re ly in g
g re a tly
u p o n
th e ir
ow n
%
n
u
d
J ^
h
'
an d
,
t 0
.
m
.
a k e
1 1
a
U k r a in ia n
\u00bb * * * r.
,
-
,
.
,
,
jC h ristm as
c e le b ra tio n .
s tre n g th
t o
a c h ie v e
th e ir
f r e e d o m
b u t
fin d
th e m s e lv e s
h a n d i-:
_ .
. .
&
,
\u0456
\u0456_
\u0456
4?
. .
\u0434 \u0456\u0457\u00b7
i t
T
n
e
n e w s -le tte r
re p o rt
o f
th e
r a l l y
capped by
th e
* * la c k o f m o r a l h e l p
fro m
th e
A llie s.
\u0456c l o s e s
w ith
th a n k s
t o
" t h o s e
M an-
I n
1942, there p o rt
fin a lly
r e v e a ls ,UW O
e s ta b lis h e d
a n
\u0406 \u041f
-
C h ester
g irls
w ho
cam e
a ll
th e
w ay
fo rm atio n
b u r e a u
in H e ls in g fo rs , F in la n d , b u t G e rm a n
persecu \u00b7\u00a6\u00a6\u00a1 _ J \u00a6^ Y w as^T hefw ere^M is^s
&
tion \u00a3arced
UW O
to transfer
the bureau
t o
S to c k h o lm , w h e re
it'W in n ie ,
A n n ie
a n d
M ary
B orodinsky,
\u00b7> .
. .
,_ \u00b7_
\u0456_ _ .
4 -\u0456\u2014
o _ t
M iss
S te p h a n ie
Z a v a lin s k i, M iss
O lg.
M ANCH ESTER
U K R A IN IA N
C L U B
T h e
U k ra in ia n
S o c ia l
C lu b
i n
M an\u00ad
c h e s t e r ,
E n g la n d ,
w h ic h
h a s
b e e n
re \u00ad
p o rte d
o n
t h e s e
p a g e s
s e v e r a l
tim es
i n
th e
p a s t,
in v ite s
A m erican
s e r v i c e \u00ad
m en
o f
U k ra in ia n
d e s c e n t
t o
v i s i t
i t s
q u a rte rs
a n d
p a rta k e
o f
U k ra in ia n
h o s p ita lity ,
C o rp . T om
E w asko,
m em \u00ad
b e r
o f
U .N .A .
B ranch
3 6 1 ,
in fo rm s
u s
i n
a
le tte r
fro m
E n g la n d .
"D uring
m y
n in e te e n
m o n th s
o f
a c tiv e
s e r v i c e
i n
th e
U n ited
S ta te s
A rm y
A ir
F o r c e
I
m et
m any
n ic e
p e o p le ,"
C pl. E w asko
w rites,
" b u t
I
n e v e r
e n jo y e d
m yself
m o re
th a n
I
have am ong
m y
n e w
U k ra in ia n
frie n d s
h e r e
i n
E n g la n d .
T h is
U k ra in ia n
c lu b
w as
k in d
e n o u g h
t o
fin d
m e
a
n ig h t's
lo d g in g s
a t
o n e o f its m e m b e r 's
hom es.
I
h a d
a n
e n jo y a b le
s t a y
w ith
th e
U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
fam ily
a n d
w e
h a d
th e
tra d i\u00ad
tio n a l
d in n e r
o f
b o r s c h ,
p y ro h y ,
h o lu b ts i,
e tc .
" T h e
c lu b
i s
sm all
b u t
i t
h a s
th e
frie n d ly
atm osphere
s o
ty p ic a l
of U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
c l u b s .
I t
i s
v e r y
w e ll
d e \u00ad
c o r a t e d
a n d
h a s
p ic tu re s
o f
fam ous
U k ra in ia n s ,
s u c h
a s
th e
p o e t
T aras
S h e v c h e n k o ,
I v a n
F r a n k o ,
M ic h a e l
H rushevsky,,
L esya
U k ra in k a ,
a n d
o t h e r s .
" T h e
c lu b
a n d
th e
U k ra in ia n
fam \u00ad
ilie s
th a t
com pose
i t
a re
a lw a y s
g la d
t o
w e lc o m e
A m erican
a n d
C a n a d ia n
servicem en
o f
U k ra in ia n
o rig in ."
M r.
P .
T a r n o w s k y
i s
p r e s i d e n t
o f
th e
c lu b ,
a f t d
M r.
J . L esniow sky
i s
s e c r e t a r y .
I n
h is
le tte r
C pl.
E w asko
a l s o
w rite s
h o w
in v a lu a b le
h e
fin d s
th e
U k ra in ia n
W e e k ly ,
a n d
recom m ends
th a t
i t
b e
s e n t
t o
a ll
A m erican
servicem en
o f
U k ra in ia n
d e s c e n t .
i s
> n * * e e d
UW O
t o
t r a n s f e r
t\u00be e
D U reau
\u0442 \u043e
\u0440 \u0438*\u044f \u0448
\u0438
\u0448
\u0456
w
\u00ab
\u00ab
\u00ab .
^
*
\u00be
\u00be
\u00be
j
\u00be
M
i
s
8
O lga|are
a l s o
r e n d e r e d
t o
M isses L y d ia
a n d
\u00ab\u0442 \u044e
\u0438 \u043f \u0456\u0435 \u0433 \u0456\u043f \u0435
m any
d iffic u ltie s
p la c e d
i n
i t s
w ay
b y
th e
P o le s
^
m
^
w
g
k
t o
S
t
e
p
h
a
n
i
e
T^ n io w \u00b7
N a d ia
P a n k o w
a n d
M rs.
S .
D av*\u00b7
tu w u u iv tu \u00b7g
\u00bf
- i_ f_ _
m _
0 1 ..---
rm .--.i--1 d o v ic h ."
-
*
t - _ _ _ i
and *he B olsheviks.
s k y
a n d
M rs. C a m ille
S lu sa r.
T hanks
AS h o rt H is to ry o f ilk r a in ta nM u s ic
B y
D R.
A L \u00b7E X A \N D E R
K O S H E T Z
(C o n tin u e d )
(3 )
(F ro m
th e
s e r i e r * o f
le c tu re s
O AU kram ian
s u b \ue000
je c \u00b7ts ,
s p o n s o r e d
b y
th e
D epartm ent
o f
E *astern
E u r o p e a n
L anguages
o f
C o lu m b ia
U n iv e rsity
i n
c o lla b o ra tio n
w ith
th e
U k ra in ia n
N a tio n a l
A s s o c ia tio n ,
h e ld
a t
th e
U n iv e rs ity 's
P h ilo s o p h y
H all
i n
M arch,
1 9 4 1 .)
(T ranslated
b y
W .
P a lu k )
**T H E
D um yo fth a t
p e rio d
have \u00bf
\u00b7r e a l**st*W *oeais;.
th e ir
m ood
i s
e a g e r ,
th e
\u00be oaa\u00a3
\u00b7 e le m e n t* -
a c tiv e ,
th e ir
to n e
h e r o i c ,
o r
b itte rly
iro n ic
to \ue000
w ards
th e
P o l e s .
A t
th is
p o in t,
i n
c o n s e q u e n c e
o f
th e
u p liftin g
tu rn
th a t
l i f e
t o o k ,
th e re
a p \ue000
p e a r
m o ralistic
id e a s
i n
th e
D um y,
of" a
d id a c tic
n a t u r e .
I n
a d d itio n r
\u00b7th e r e
i s
th e
c o m p le te
j
id e a liz a tio n
o f
K ozakdom
a s
d e f e n d e r
o f
th e
f a i t h
a n d \u00b7 tru th * ,
a n d
K h m e ln its k y
a s
th e
L ead\ue000
er-L ib erato r.
A s
m e n tio n e d
b e f o r e ,
th e
D um a
i s
a
m e lo d ic
" r e c ita tiv e ,' m
w h ic h
tn e ' w o r d s
h o ld
f i r s t
p la c e ,
a n d
d o m in a te
th e
m e lo d y .
P ro p o rtio n
o f
fo rm
a S
a
w hole, how ever,
i s
a c h ie v e d
b y
i t s
d iv is io n
in to
c l a u s e s \u00bf
w h ic h ', t h o u g h
n o t
l a r g e ,
f i n i s h
w ith
a
c e rta in
m e lo d ic
fio ritu re
fig u re .
T h*e
m e lo d ic
p a r t
o f th e
dum y
is b a s e d
o n
th e
special U krain\ue000
ia n
s e a * * :
m in o r,
w ith
a u g m e n te d
4 th
a n d
7 th .
f
I t
i s
fu ll
o f
o rie n ta l
m eH sm arnic
g r a c e s
a n d
em -
b e ils h m e n ts ,
w h ic h
m akes
i t
v e r y
im pressive.
I ts
m usical
ro o ts
a r e
t o
b e
fo u n d
i n
th e
la m e n \ue000
ta tio n
fo r
th e
d e a * d ,
o f
" p re h isto ric
a n tiq u ity .
I t
i s
v e r y \u00b7
d iffic u lt
t o
p e rfo rm
a n d
th e re fo re
b e y o n d '
m ost'
s i n g e r s .
I t
w as
com posed
b y
a c tu a l
p a rtic ip a n ts
i n
th e
s u n g
e v e n t s .
A t
f i r s t
th e
dum y
m e lo d ie s
w ere
b a s e d
o n
th e
p a tte rn
o f
fo lk
s o n g s ;
la te r
o n
m o re
l i t e r a r y
p a tte r n s .
S u c h
fo lk
c re a tiv e
g e n iu s
i s
u n iq u e ,
a n d
i t
c a n \ue000
n o t
b e
fo u n d
i n
a n y
o th e r
c o u n try .
T hey
w ere
s o n g
a c c o m p a n ie d
b y
th e
B an
d u r a ,
a
p lu c k in g
in s tru m e n t
o f
12 to
2 3
\u00b7 s t r i n g s ,
o f A siatic
O rig m T
C hum ak
S ongs
T hese
a r e
s o n g s o f th e
w agoners, w ho
i n
o ld \ue000
e n
d a y s
u s e d
o x e n
fo r
tra n sp o rt;
s h ip p in g
la n d -
tillers' prod*uce-to
d is ta n t
p a rts
o f
U k ra in e \u2014 to
th e
s t e p p e s ,
S itc h ,
t o
th e
D n ie p e r ,' C rim e a ?
B la c k
S e a ,
th e
D o n ,\u2014 a n d
re tu rn in g
w ith
s a lt,
f i s h ,
a n d
c a v i a r .
T h is
tra d e
w as
t r a n s a c t e d
n o t
o n ly
b y
o rd in a ry
K ozaks,
b u t
a l s o
b y
S itc h
m en,
to w n s p e o p le ,
a n d
g e n tle m e n .
U su ally
a
g r o u p 'o f
p e o p le
w o u ld
g e t
to g e th e r,
o rg a n iz e
a
v a lk a
( c a r a v a n )
o f
w agons
draw n
b y
o x e n ,
e le c t
a
le a d e r
fro m
am ong
them selves,
a r m
th e m s e lv e s
a g a i n s t
a ll
em ergencies,
a n d
s t o c k
u p
w ell
w ith
fo o d .
I n
th e
forem ost
w agon,
a
c a g e d
r o o s t e r
w as
p la c e d ,
s e r v i n g
a s
a
c h r o n o \ue000
m eter.
T hey
w o u ld
th e n
s e t
o u t
o n
d is ta n t,
d a n g e r o u s
j o u r n e y s .
S o
lo n g
a s
th e y
s t a y e d
w ith in
th e
Z a p o r o z h i a n
l a n d s ,
th e ir
t r i p
w as
u n e v e n tfu l.
B u t,
w hen
th e y
v e n tu re d
p a s t
th e
D n ie p e r,
in to
th e
p a th le s s
s t e p p e s ,
d a n g e r
s ta lk e d
a t
e v e r y
s t e p .
E ith e r
T artars
w o u l\u00b7d
a tta c k
th e m ,
o r
r o b b e r s .
V ery
s e l d o m
d id
th e '
tra d e
jo u rn e y
e n d
w ith o u t
a d v e n t u r e .
B ecause
o f
th is ,
o n ly
b r a v e
a n d
stro n g
p e o p le
s e t
o u t
o n
s u c h
j o u r n e y s ,
w h ile
th e
a d v e n t u r e s
a n d
d a n g e r s
th a t
th e y
e x p e r i e n c e d
p r o d u c e d
a
s ile n t,
s e v e v e
c h a r a c t e r - t y p e .
I n
c o m p e n s a tio n ,
th e
s p a c i o u s
s t e p p e s ,
th e
v a s t
h e a v e n s
a n d
s ile n c e ,
th e
lo v e lin e s s a n d
p o e s y
o f
th e
lo n g
trip ,
r o u s e d
th e
c re a tiv e
s p i r i t ,
a n d
i t
fo u n d
e x p r e s s i o n
i n
s o n g s
fu ll
o f
th e
m e la n c h o ly
a n d
b e a u ty
O f
th e
s t e p p e s .
T hey
a r e
a
m ost
b e a u tifu l
e x a m p le
o f
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
p o e try
a n d
m usic'.
C hU m ak
w anderings
la s te d
i n
U k ra in e
t o
th e
m id d le
o f
th e
1 9 th
c e n t u r y .
'
S o n g s
o f
U k ra in ia n
H om e
L ife
T hese
s o n g s
d e a l
w ith
th e
p riv a te
l i f e
o f
s o c ie ty
a s
w ell
a s
th e
s e p a r a t e
in d iv id u a l.
I n
o u r
n a tio n a l
s o n g -lite ra tu re ,
th is
i s
th e
m ost
w idespread
a n d
m ost
d e v e lo p e d
fo rm .
H ere
i n
fa c t,s o n g
em braces
m a n 's
l i f e
i n
all its
s t a g e s \u2014
fro m
th e
c r a d l e
t o
th e
g r a v e ;
a n d
h e re
w e
fin d
th e
m ost
d e v e lo p e d
e x a m p le s
o f
in d iv id u a l\u00b7-
u n i s o n a l
a n d
g ro u p \u2014 p o ly p h o n ic
s o n g ,
a s
w ell
a s
som e
e x tre m e ly
b e a u tifu l
e x a m p le s
o f
n a \ue000
tio n a l
p o e s y .
E s p e c ia lly
e x h a u s tiv e
i n
tre a t\ue000
m e n t,
w h ile
d e e p ly
a n d
b r illia n tly
d e v e lo p e d ,
i s
th e
lo v e
m o tif,
t o
w h ic h
a r e
a s s i g n e d
th e
m ost
b e a u tifu l
m e lo d ie s ,
p ro fo u n d
i n
m e a n in g
a n d
fe e lin g ,
n e a r l y
alw ays characterized
b y
a
h a u n t\ue000
in g
m e la n c h o ly ,
b u t
a lw a y s
fa r
fro m
b e in g
e ro tic .
M o lo d ie s
i n
th e
m a jo r
m ode
s u g g e s t
v ig o r,
jo y
o f
liv in g ,
som etim es
w hole-hearted
h u m o r,
b u t
a h v a y s
r e s t r i c t e d
i n
r a n g e .
A lo n g
\u00b7w ith
m e lo d ie s
o f
lim itle ss
b r o a d n e s s ,
th e
e a r
i s
im pressed
b y
s p rig h tly
rh y th m s
o f
a
d a n c e
c h a r a c t e r .
\
I n
S o n g s
o f
U k ra in & n
H om e
L ife ,
w e
fin d
m any
B a lla d s
d e a lin g
w ith
n a tiv e
a n d
b o r\ue000
row ed
s u b je c t- m a tte n
T hese
in c lu d e
E *astern
a n d
W estern
them es,
w orked
o u t
i n
a
d is tin c tlj
U k ra in ia n
s ty le
a s
r e g a r d s
w o rd s
a n d
m e lo d y .
H ere
y o u
m ay
d i s c o v e r
th e
a n c ie n t
G reek
ta le
o f
O e d ip u s
a b o u t
th e
m arriage
o f
th e
so n
a n d ' m o th e r;
a r i '
e c lo
o f
th e
K n ig h th o o d
o f
W estern
p o e try
m
tn e * '*\u041b \u0435 \u043f \u0441 \u043f *'le g e n d* ^ o f
B lu e \u00ad
b e a r d ,
a n d
i n
th e
s o n g
a b o u t
a
p rin c e ;
a n d
th e
I ta lia n
le g e n d
o f
S t:
A lexfsy
m an
o f
G od,
a r-
r a n \u00bf e d
v e * r y
sim ilarly ,
t o
th e '\u00b7o rig in a l,
e tc .
A ll
t t t l s
teT ltf \u00be f
th e
m any
u e s
th a t
U \u00be raifle
e s t a * >
'IisH e d 'w itn
t\u00be e " E a \u00be t
a\u00be a^W est
i n
th e
d is ta n t
p a s t
R e lig io u s *am i
M o ralistic
S o n g s
J u s t
a s
i h
th e
p re-C h ristian
E *ra
U k ra in ia n
c r e a t h * e
g e n iu s
com posed
a
c o m p le te
c y c le
o f
s o n g s
b e lo n g in g
t o
th e
p a g a n
c u lt,
s o
i n
th e
C h ristia n
E ra,
i t
w as
th e
s o u r c e
o f
a
g e n r e
o f
s p e c i a l
s o n g s
C h ristia n
i n
th e m e ,
d e d ic a te d
t o
J e s u s
C hrist, the
H o ly
M o th e r,a x f d th e ir
b e lo v e d
S a in ts
(N icholas,
B arbara,
A lexis,
G eorge,
D 'im itri,
M ic h a e l,e tc .), o r
t o
th e
Ikons, or
w on\ue000
d ro u s
h a p p e n i n g s ;
o r
a g a in
re la tin g
E v a n g e li\ue000
c a l
e v e n ts
i n
a n
a p o c r y p h a l
s e t t i r t g ;
a n d
e v e n
h a p p e n in g s
i n
\u0428
* \u0433 \u0430 \u0456\u043f \u0456\u0430 * \u043f
H isto ry ,
i n
w h ic h
fo lk
im a g in a tio n
s a w
s u p e r n a t u r a l ;
fa n ta s tic
f o r c e s
a t
w o rk
(e.g. the
T a rta r
s ie g e
o f
P o tc h a iv ,
J u l y
2 0 th ,
1 6 7 5 ,
a n d
th e
m iracle
o f
th e
P o tc h a iv
M o th e r of G od).
Q uite a
num ber
o f th e s e
s o n g s
a re
d e v o te d
t o
C h ristian
m o rality
a n d
d id a c \u00ad
tic is m
(re g a rd in g
d e a th ,
t l \u00b7 l e
f e a r
in s p irin g
Judgm ent,
th e
l i t t l e
o r p h a n ,
T ru th
a n d
W ro n g ,
th e
R ich
M an
a n d
th e
P a u p e r ,
e tc .).
I n
th e s e
s o n g s
* is
d e v e lo p e d
a
h ig h ly
m oral
p ic tu re
o f
U k ra in ia n
c h a r a c t e r ,
a n d ,
a s
L a c ta n tiu s
c a lls
i t ,
i t s
''n a tu r a l
C h ristian ity ,"\u2014 its
h u m a n ity ,
a n d
i t s
h ig h -to n e d ,
b u t
gentle", religious
fe e lin g .
F o r
th e
m ost
p a rt
th e s e
s o n g s
fo rm ed
th e
re p e r\u00ad
to ry
o f
" G o d 's
p e o p le ," \u2014 th e
b lin d
s i n g e r s
w ho
s in g
th e m
a c c o m p a n ie d
b y
a
L yra,
8
a n
in s tru \u00ad
m ent
b ro u g h t
t o
u s
fro m
E u ro p e
a b o u t
*\u00a3*h e
9 th
o r
1 0 th
c e n tu rie s
( p e r h a p s
b y
th e
so*-called S k o -
m o ro h y
\u2014
itin e ra n t
m usicians).
T he
C hurch
fo u n d
i n
t h e s e
s o n g s
a
h e lp fu l,
n o n - L itu rg ic a l,
fa c to r
o f
m oral
te a c h in g
fo r
th e
m asses,
d id
n o t
o p p o s e
th e m ,
a s
i t
d id
th e
p a g a n
R itu a l
S o n g s .
P e r h a p s
th e y
w ere
e v e n
com posed
i n
th e
san itariu m s
fo r
o ld
fo lk s,
a n d
h o s p ita ls
fo r
th e
s i c k ,
b o th
o f
w h ic h
U k ra in ia n
m onasteries
h a d
i n
p le n ty .
T hey
r e p r e s e n t e d
a
p h a s e
o f
l i f e
half-L iturgical, half-secular.
T he
re lig io u s ,
o r
a s
th e y
s a y
i n
U k ra in e
L yra
p l a y e r 's *
s o n g s
|
w ere
th e
p re c u rso rs
o f
th e
H ym n
B ook
"B oho\u00b7
I
h la s n ik ,"
W h ic h
p la y e d
s u c h
a n
im p o rta n t
ro le
in
o u r
m usic.
U k ra in ia n
S o n g s A n a ly z e d
A n
a n a ly s is
o f U k r a in ia n
Songs reveals
th e m
t o
b e
a k in
t o
g e n e r a l
E * * u r o p e a n
m usic,
a n d
o f
I n d o - E u r o p e a n
g e n e a lo g y .
T he
c o u r s e
o f
h is \ue000
to ry
h a s
s e p a r a t e d
o u r
s o n g
fro m
g e n e r a l -
E u \ue000
r o p e a n
a r t ,
a n d
i t
h a s
g o n e
i t s
w ay
a lo n e ;
s u b \ue000
je c te d
t o
m any
in flu e n c e s
o f
th e
A n c ie n t
C lassi\ue000
cal
w o rld ,
o f
th e
W est
a n d
E ast,
a n d
O riental
w o rld
w hen
i t
cam e
in to
c o n ta c t
w ith
fo re ig n
c u ltu re s
o n
U kraine's road
th ro u g h
h is to ry .
B ut
a ll
t h e s e
in flu e n c e s
w ere
th ro w n
in to
th e
b o il\ue000
in g
p o t
b y
o u r
p e o p le 's
c re a tiv e
g e n i u s ,
w h ic h
m e lte d
th e m
in to
a
d is tin c tiv e
c a s t ;
a n d
b e fo re
o u r
e y e s
th e re
a r i s e s
th e
S la v ic
e s s e n c e
o f
th e
U k ra in ia n
s o u l,
i n
i t s
ow n
d r e s s ,
th o u g h
som e\ue000
tim e s
b e d iz e n e d
w ith
th e
fin e ry
o f
o th e r
l a n d s .
O n
a n a l y s i s ,
w e
fin d
th a t
o u r
s o n g
d e v e lo p e d
th e
lo g ic a l
w ay\u2014 "from
th e
sim p le
t o
th e
in \ue000
v o lv e d ;
fro m
th e
sm all
t o
th e
g r e a t."
W hile
o n
th e
o n e
h a n d
o u r
b e g in n in g
w ith
m e lo d y
o f
o n ly
a
h a lf-to n e
o r
a
w h o le - to n e
i n
r a n g e
le a d
u s
t o
th e
age-dim m ed
p re h is to ric
p a s t,
t o
th e
d a r k
a g e s
o f
p rim itiv e
l i f e
w hen
s in g in g
w as
h a rd ly
d is tin g u is h a b le
fro m
s p e e c h ;
o n
th e
o th e r
h a n d ,
a t
a
m o re
a d v a n c e d
p h a s e
o f
o u r
d e v e lo p m e n t,
w e
com e
a c r o s s
contem porary
m a jo r
a n d
m in o r
m odes
a n d
th e
d is tin c tiv e
U k\ue000
ra in ia n
s c a l e :
m in o r
w ith
th e
r a i s e d
4 th
a n d
7 th
in te rv a ls .
W e
w itness
th e
p e rfe c tio n
o f
th e
s o n g
s t r u c t u r e ,
th e
b r o a d e n i n g
o f
th e
fo rm ,
a n d
th e
a c h ie v e m e n t
o f
lo v e lin e s s
a n d
d is tin d \u00b7
tio n
i n
th e
1 6 th ,
1 7 th ,
a n d
1 8 th
c e n tu r ie * s ,
fro m
th e
s t* r o p h ic
fo rm ,
s e t
a n d
d e fin e d
a l\ue000
r e a d y
i n
th e
f i r s t
v e r s e ,
I n
w h ic h "
c a s \u00be
th e
rh y th m
i s
s u p e r i o r
t o
th e
w ords,
t o
th e
f r e e
re c ita tiv e
fo rm
o f
th e
K ozak
D um y.
w here
th e
s
B r it a n n ic
\u00b7*K rauth "
o r
* * R o t e ."
0
B eggar\u2014 singers
o f
r e lig io u s
s o n g s
a c c o m p a n ie d
b y
tb e
L yra.
H ad
B o h d a nL \u00b7iv e dT enY ears
L onger
H a d
B ohdan
K h m e ln its k y . th e
g r e a t
H etm an
o f
U kraine,
liv e d
te n
y e a r s
lo n g e r,
w rite s
P ro f.
V ernadsky
i n
h is
Y a le - p u b lis h e d
"B O H D A N ,
HETM A N
o f*tJR \u00be R A IN E ''
boo\u00be ,
" h e
w o u ld
h a v e
s u c c e e d e d
i n
a s s u r i n g
th e
s ta b ility
o f
th e
U k\ue000
ra in ia n
g o v e r n m e n t,
i n
s p ite
o f
a ll
d is ru p tiv e
f o r c e s
a t
w o rk
e ith e r
a t
hom e
o r
a b r o a d .
B ut
a s
h is
(p re m a tu re )
d e a th
cam e
i n
th e
m idst
o f
w ar
a n d
b e fo re
th e
re la tio n s
( b a s e d
o n
T reaty
of Pereyaslav,
1 6 5 4 )
b e tw e e n
th e
h e tm a n
a n d
th e
(R u ssian)
ts a r
c o u ld
assu m e
d e fin ite
s h a p e ,
B o h d a n 's
p a s s i n g
p r o v e d
t o
b e
a n
e v e n t
o f
fa te fu l
c o n s e q u e n c e
t o
U k * r a in e ."
T h e
s to * r y
o f
w hat
took> place
b e fo re
a n d
a fte r
th e
d e a th
o f
B ohdan
K h m e ln its k y ,
i s
V iv id ly
to ld 'in
tw o
o u ts ta n d in g
w o rk s
in E*nglish
o n
U ^ k ra in ia n
h is to ry \u2014
I
B O H T D .\N ,
HETM A N
O F
U K R A IN E
b y
P ro f.
G eorge
V ernadsky
\u041f
A
H IS T O R Y
O F
U K R A IN E
*by
P ro f.
M ic h a e l
H rushevsky
\u00b7* >
($ 4 .0 6 )
B o th
p u b lis h e d
i n
1 9 4 1
fo r
th e
U k ra in ia n
-
N a tio n a l
A s s o c ia tio n
b y
th e
Y A L E
U N lV *E R SIT*f
PR E SS
T \u00be ey
4
m ay
* D\u00be o b ta irie d
a t
SV O B O D A
B O O K S T O R E
8 1 - 8 3
G rand
* S tr e e t
J e r s e y
C ity,"N .
J .
rh y th m
i s
d e p e n d e n t
o n
th e
w ords,
a n d
th e
a rc h ite c tu ra l
fo rm
o f
th e
w h o le
\u0456 \u0437
m arked
by
m e lo d ic
fig u re s
( c a d e n c e s ? .
F ro m
s trO n g ly \u00b7
d e fin * e d
d a n c e
rh y th m s ,
t o
m ix e d
rh * y th m s .
H o m o p h o n ic
a n d
P o ly p h o n ic
T h e
e n tire
t r e a s u r y
o f
U k ra in ia n
s o n g s
m ay
b e
fu n d a m e n ta lly
d iv id e d
in to
h o m o p h o n ic
s o n g s
(of
o n e
v o ic e ) a n d
\u00a2 o ly p h o n lc
( c h o * r a l* ) '.
F o r
th e
m ost
p a rt,
s o n g s
o f
a n
in d iv id u a l
c h a r a c t e r
a r e
n a tu ra lly
h o m o p h o n ic ,
(b o th
a s
r e g a r d s
c o n \ue000
s t r u c t i o n
o f
m e lo d y
a n d
th e
m e th o d
o f
re n d i\ue000
tio n )
a n d
liv e
o n *
i n
th is
w ell
s e t
a n d
d e fin e d
fo rm
in th e song tradition
o f th e
p e o p le . T h e s e
a r e
th e
fam ily
s o n g s
(e s p e c ia lly
w om en's), the
L yra
p l a y e r 's
S o n g s ,
th e
K oza*k
D um y>
s o n g s
o f
th e
B andu rists.
A lo n g
w ith
t h e s e ,
w e
h a v e
th e
s o n g s
o f
p o ly p h o n ic
fo rm ,
w here
th e
m e lo d y
.fro m
th e
v e r y
s t a r t
i s
i* n tr o d u c e d
b y
th e
c o \ue000
o p e ra tio n
o f
a t
l e a s t
tw o
v o i c e s .
I s
a d d itio n ,
o n e
s h o u ld
p o in t
o u t
th e
o ld e r
th e
s o n g ,
th e
m o re
it is, so
t o
s p e a k ,
h o m o p h o n ic ,
a lth o u g h
i t
m ay
b e lo n g
t o
th e
c h o r a l
c l a s s s
o r
s u n g
i n
u n is o n
tr a d itio n a lly ,
a s
fo r
in s ta n c e
th o s e
o f
th e
p a g a n
c u lts
(R itu alistic
S o n g s ) .
T he
m em ory
o f
th e
p e o p le
fo r
t h o u s a n d s
o f
y e a r s
h a s
g iv e n
u s
th is
u n i s o n a l
m e th o d
o f
re n d e rin g
s u c h
s o n g s ;
th e y
d o
n o t
v io la te
th is
ru le
to d a y ,
n o r
th e
ru le
g o v e rn in g
th e
o th e r,
m u lti- v o ic e d
s o n g s .
I n
p r a c tic e ,
s o n g s
m ay
a l s o
b e
c la s s ifie d
a s
g i r l s ' ,
y o u n g
m e n 's
w o m e n 's
a n d
o ld
fo lk s'.
A nd
ju s t
a s
o n e
n e v e r
h e a r t
a
C h ristm as
C arol
s u n g
in
o n e
v o ic e ,
n o r
a
S p rin g
S o n g ,
s o
o n e
c a n 't
h e a r
a
c h o ir
s in g
s o n g s
o f
\u0430 \u0446
in d iv id u a l
c h a r a c \u00ad
ter\u2014 fam ily ,
w o m e n 's ,
L y ra
p la y e r's
s o n g s ,
o r
K o z a tf
D um y.
J u s t
a s
y o u n g
m en
d o
n o t
s in g
g i r l s '
s o n g s ,
n e ith e r
d o
th e
g irls
th e
y o u n g
m e n 's
n o r
y o u th
th e
o ld
fo lk s '.
A s
a
m an
d o e s
n o t
s in g
( e x c e p t ,
p e r h a p s ,
a s
a
jo k e )
a
w o m a n 's
s o n g ,
n e ith e r
d o e s
a
w om an
s in g
a
K ozak
D um a
o r
a
w ar
s o n g .
I n
a d d itio n ,
s o n g s
m ay
b e
d iv id e d
seasonally \u2014
S p rin g .
W inter,
Sum m er
a n d
A u tu m n ,
a n d
n o
o n e
w ill
s in g
a
sum m er
s o n g
i n
w in ter,
nor vice versa. G irls
w ill
n o t
p la y
a n d
s in g
S p rin g
S o n g s
i n
W inter,
n o r
s in g
" S h c h e d r y
V e t c h i r " in
s p rin g .
P o ly p h o n y
M ost
I n te re s tin g
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
p o l* y p h o n y
i s
a
m ost
in \u00ad
te re s tin g
m usical
phenom enon.
I ts
o rig in s
a r e \u00b7
h id d e n
i n
th e
o b s c u rity
o f
th e
p a g a n
c u lt,
a n d
in
p h a s e s
o f
s o c i a l
l i f e .
I t
i s
e a s y
t o
u n d e r \u00ad
s ta n d
th a t
th e
c u lt,
o r
com m unal
a c tio n
o f
p e a c e f u l
o r
w arlik e
c h a r a c t e r ,
i s
th e
c ra d le
o f
c h o r a l
s in g in g ,
a n d
th e
p r o c e s s
o f
i t s
d e v e lo p \u00ad
m ent
m ay
b e
t r a c e d
o n
th e
U k ra in ia n
c h o r a l
s o n g
i t s e l f .
O ur
c h ro n ic te r-h * io n k s
o f
th e "
1 2 th
c e n tu rie s
re la te
o f
p a g a n
h o lid a y s
a n d
th e ir
c h o r a l
s in g in g , a c c o m p a n y in g
D ev il,gam es,
le a p \u00ad
in g
o v e r
th e
f ir e ,
a n d
s o n g s ,
e tc .
T h e re fo re
th e s e
g ro u p * s o n g s
a n d
a c ts
( p e r h a p s
w ith o u t
g r e a t
c h a n g e s )
w ere
re ta in e d
e v e n
t c
r e c e n t
tim es
i n
U k ra in e
i n
tb e
R itu al
S o n g \u00bb .,
T he
m ain
s te m
o f
m e lo d y
a c q u i r e s
b e fo re
c u r
e y e s
U K R A IN IA N
W EEKLY,
SATURDAY, DECEM BER
4 .\u0428
\u0417
-
-
. . . . . .
3
, and P aym ent
'4 -
O
no r
b e fo re
D ecem ber
\u0407 5
c e rta in
g ro u p s
o f p e o p le
a re
re q u ire d , b y
la w
t o
f ile
d e c la ra tio n
o f
e s tim a te d
1 9 43
in c o m e
a n d
v ic to ry
fa x
a n d
m ake
a
ta x
p a y m e n t.
T he
T r e a s u r y
D e p a rt\u00ad
m e n t, s a y s
farm ers
a re
th e
p rin c ip a l
g ro u p
a f f e c t e d ,
inasm uch
a s
th e y
w ere
n o t
re q u ire d
t o
f i l e
o n
S e p te m \u00ad
b e r
1 5 ,
b u t
th a t
tw o
o th e r
g ro u p s
a ls o
m ust
f i l e :
p e r s o n s
# h o s e
Incom e
i n
Septem ber, w as
n o t
la rg e
e n o u g h
t o
re q u ire
filin g
b u t
n a s
s in c e
r i s e n
t o
s u c h
a
s iz e
th a t
filin g
I s
n e c e s \u00b7
.
s a r y ;
a n d
p e r s o n s
w ho
s u b s ta n tia lly
u n d e re s tim a te d
th e ir
ta x
i n
S e p te m \u00ad
b e r
a n d
n o w
\u00b7m ust
f ile
a n
am ended
d e c la ra tio n
t o
a v o id
p e n a ltie s .
T h o s e
w ho
f ile d
o n ' S e p te m b e r
I\u00a3 t
b u t'
p a id
o n ly
a
p a rt
o f
th e ir
ta x
a l s o
a re
re q u ire d
b y
la w
t o
c o m p le te
paym ent
o n
D ecem ber
151 T h e s e
p e o \u00ad
p le
w ill
b e
b ille d
fo r
th e
am ount
th e y
ow e.
I n
S e p te m b e r
fo u r
g ro u p s
w ere
re \u00ad
q u ire < d t o
f ile :
X _s in g le
p e r s o n s
e a r n \u00ad
in g 'm o re
th a n
$ 2 ,7 0 0 f r o m
w a g e s sub^\u00ad
je c tt o
w ith h o ld in g ; 2 , m a rrie d
c o u p le s
e a rn in g
m o re
th a n
$ 3 ,5 0 0 'fro m
w ages
s u b j e c t
t o
w ith h o ld in g ;
3 , s in g le
p e r\u00ad
s o n s
o r
m arried
c o u p le s
w ith
a n
in \u00ad
com e,of m ore
th a n
$ 1 0 0 'fro m
s o u r c e s
o th e r
th a n
w ages
s u b j e c t
t o
w ith \u00ad
h o ld in g ,a n d
sufficient gross
in c o m e
t o
estim ated
th e ir
ta x
i n
S e p te m b e r,
f ile
acL \u00b7 am ended
d e c la ra tio n
t o
re \u00ad
d u c e
tn e ir
D ecem ber
1 5
p a y m e n t.
F orm s
w ill
n o t
b e
m ailed
o u t
in \u00ad
asm uch
a s
th e
C o lle c to r
o f
In te rn a l
R evenue
s a y s
i t
w o u ld
b e
im possible
t o
s in g le
o u t
th o s e
w ho
a re
re q u ire d \u00b7
' t o
t
f ile .'
P e r s o n s
w ho
d o
n o t
s t i l l
h a v e
th e
fo rm s
m ailed
o u t
b e fo re
S e p te m b e r
1 5
m ay
o b ta in
th e m
b y
w ritin g
th e ir
lo c a l
C o lle c to r
o f
In >
t e\u043f \u0456\u0430\u0413
R evenue.
T h e y
a re
r e q u e s t e d
t o
specify* w hether
th e y
w ant
th e
sim p lified
fo rm
o r
th e
m o re
d e ta ile d
fo rm
a n d
in s tru c tio n s
a v a ila b le
fo r
^ th o s e
p e r s o n s
w ho
w ant
t o
m ake
a
p r e c i s e
e s tim a te .
P
m
o
M ust
M ake
a
T ax
P aym ent
t M
o n
D ecem b er
1 5 ?
A ll
p e r s o n s
w ho
a re
re q u ire d
t o
f ile
a n d
h a v e
a
ta x
lia b ility
a re
re \u00ad
q u ire d
t o
m ake
a
paym ent
o n
D e*
cem ber
1 5 .
I n
a d d itio n
i t
i s
a
ta x
paym ent
d a te
fo r
a p p ro x im a te ly
4 ,-
0 0 0 ,0 0 0
p e r s o n s
w ho
f ile d
a
d e c l a r a \u00ad
tio n
o n
S e p te m b e r
1 5
b u t
p a id
o n ly
a
p a rt
o f\u00af th e ir
ta x
a t
th a t
tim e . P e o \ue000
p le
i n
th is
g ro u p
w ill
b e
b ille d
b y
th e ir
lo c a l
< \u00be H e c to r
o f
I n t e r n a l
R e\ue000
v e n u e
fo r
th e
am ount
th e y
s t i l l
ow e.
A ny
o n e
w ith
q u e s t io n s
o n
h is
ta x
lia b ility
s h o u ld
a d d r e s s
th e m
t o
h is
W hatW
eS a id
T h e n
U K R A IN IA N
W E E K llr E dM rta*s\u00a6\u0429
\u041b \u043a
\u00ab f
the T ears W *en T hey
A ppeared. ^ R e c a lle do h\u00af \u00a3 h eo c c a s io n\u00af ott h e W e e k ly 's1 0 t h a n n iv e r s a r y .
(C o n t in u e d )
'" -0
\u2014
\u00b7 - ~
\u2014
(9 )
re q u ire
th e
filin g
of an
incom e tax
re-| local
C o lle c to r in te rn a l
R evenue. C ol-
tu rn ;
4 ,
persons, regardless
o f
m arital
s t a t u s ,
i f
th e y
w ere
re q u ire d
t o
f i l e
a n
in c o m e
ta x
re tu rn
fo r
1 9 4 2
a n d
e x p e c te d
th e ir in c o m e fro m
w ages
s u b j e c t
t o
w ith h o ld in g
t o
b e
le s s
i n
1 9 4 3
th a n
i n
w as
\u0448
1 9 4 2 .
N ow ,
farm ers
a n d
o th e rs
i n
a n y
o f
th e
a b o v e
c a te g o rie s
w ho
d id
le c to r's
o ffic e s
w ill
p ro v id e
t a x p a y e r s
w ho
r e q u e s t^
i t
w ith
a d v ic e
a n d
te c h \u00ad
n ic a l
a s s i s t a n c e .
\u0456
T he
T r e a s u r y
h a s
a n n o u n c e d
th a t
th e
D ecem ber
1 5
d e c la ra tio n s
a n d
ta x
p a y m e n ts
a re
a n o th e r
s te p
i n
g e ttin g
a ll
t a x p a y e r s
o n
a
s u b s t a n \u00ad
tia lly
c u rre n t
b a s is
o n
th e ir
in c o m e
n o t
f ile
i n
S e p te m b e r
(farm ers
b e \u00b7\u00a1ta x ;
th a t
i t
i s
p a r t
o f
th e
tra n s itio n
c a u s e
th e ir
in c o m e
w as
d iffic u lt
t o
e stim ate
a t
th a t
s e a s o n ,
a n d
o th e rs
b e c a u s e
th e ir
in c o m e
s ta tu s m ay
h a v e
c h a n g e d )
a r e
re q u ire d
t o
f i l e
a
d e c la
t o
p a y - a s - y o u - g o .
T he
ta x e s
w ith \ue000
h e ld
fro m
w ages
cover only
m in im u m
ta x
r a t e s .
W ith h o ld in g
does not
c o v e r
c e rta in
ty p e s
o f
in c o m e
(fro m
farm -
ra tio n
a n d
p a y
th e ir
ta x
b y
S e p te m \u00b7 | in g ,
in v e s tm e n t
in c o m e ,
e a r n i n g s
o f
p r o f e s s i o n a l
m en
a n d
p e o p le
w ho
ow n
th e ir
ow n
b u s i n e s s ,
e tc .)
N o tic e
t oth e S u b s c r ib e r s
O F
" S V O B O D A '* A N D
"U K R A IN IA N
W E E K L Y **
b e r
1 5
o r
b e
s u b j e c t
t o
a
p e n a lty
o f
1 0
p e r
c e n t
o f
th e ir
ta x .
T h e
T r e a s u r y
D epartm ent
e x p la in s
th a t
m any
o f
th o s e
n o w
re q u ire d '
t o
f i l e
a r e
p e r s o n s
w ho
s i n c e
S eptem b er
1 5
h a v e
c h a n g e d
jo b s ,
r e c e i v e d
s u p \ue000
p le m e n ta ry
in c o m e ,
o r,
b e c a u s e
o f
som e
circum stance,
h a v e
i n c r e a s e d ,
th e ir
in c o m e
t o
th e
p o in t
w here
th e y\_ \u00bf I \u00a6* \u00a6_
S
f
S
\u00a6 _
U c
t
f_ \
\u00be g \u00a6
.
. .
\u201e ,
_ ,
___.,
,
Ie n c e , be, \u00bbore to
n o t ify
the hom e office
a r e
n o w
re q u ire d
t o
f i l e .
T hese
p e o p le
j o
f
"S vob oda"
im m ediately
thereb y
a v o id \u00b7
a lS O
a r e
S u b je c t
t o
a
p e n a lty
O f
1 0 \u00a6m a
a n y
d e la y
in
d e liv e r y
o f
new spaper
p e r
cent of the
am ount
o f
th e
am ount
* \u00ba
n
\u00b7
w
~ ^ \u00ab b \u00b7e \u00bb \u00ab \u00b7
A l\u00b7o ,
b e
\u00b7 a r e
t o
e n \u00b7
o f
th e
ta x
i f
th e y
d o
n o t
f i l e
a
d e - \u00a6f *
o e e
t
e
! \
k
(
1
0
)
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e
n
,
u
'
\u0448
\u044c.
\u0441 \u043e \u0456\u043f
\u00ba\u00ab *
\u00b7\u00ab \u00b7\u00b0 *P \u00b7
_
_
_
r _
,
t o c o v e r t h e c o \u00ab t o f m a k in g a n e w \u00bb t e n \u00b7
c la ra rto n
a n d
p a y
w h a te v e r
th e y
ow e\u00a1c \u00a1i.
C a n a d ia n
sub scrib ers
w ill
P
i
ea .
e
o n
D ecem ber
1 5 .
r e m itC O W
O N L Y ,as stam p\u00ab cannot b e
P e r s o n s
w ho
u n d e re s tim a te d
th e ir
ta x
b y
m o re
th a n
2 0
p e r
c e n t
(3 3
1 /3
p e r
c e n t
i n
th e
c a s e
o f
farm ers)
i n
Septem ber,
m ust
f i l e
a n
am ended
d e \ue000
c la ra tio n
o n
D ecem ber
1 5
t o
a v o id
a
p e n a lty
o f
s ix
p e r
c e n t
o f
th e
d iffe r\ue000
e n c e
b e tw e e n
th e
e stim ate
a n d
th e |
a c tu a l
ta x ,
a s
d e te rm in e d
b y
th e :
M arch
1 5 ,
1 9 4 3 ,
filin g .
I n
a d d itio n ,,
those^ persons
w ho
s u b s ta n tia lly
O V er-
redeem ed.
IN T E R E S T E DI N
U K R A IN IA N
F O L K
S O N G S ?
T h e n get your copy of 2G 1 U kram \ue000
ia n
F o lkS o n g \u00b7, for piano, with w ords.
$ 2 .5 0 .
" S
V
\u041e
\u0412
\u041e
D
A "
8 1 -8 3
G rand
S t.,J e r s e y
C ity
3. N . J .
P B E S S
C O
M
M
E N T S
O
N
U K R A IN E
SIM PL IC ITY
i s
k e y n o te
in ~ m o d e m
new s
re p o rtin g .
T he
m ost
in tri\u00ad
c a te
s u b je c ts
a re
w h ittled
dow n
t o
th e
s iz e
a n d
s h a p e
o f
th e
a v e r a g e
m a n 's
m in d ;
m o v e m e n ts
o f
a n
in \u00ad
v o lv e d
n a tu re
a re
ta g g e d
w ith
a
g lib
nam e;
a ll
t o
tb e
e n d
th a t
h is
s e n s e
o f
com prehension
m ay
n o t'
becom e
o v e r s t r a i n e d ,
n o r
th e * d i g e s t i o n
o f
h is
b r e a k f a s t
o r
d in n e r
d is tu rb e d .
A s
a
re s u lt,
w h ile
h is
g e n e r a l
k n o w le d g e
^becom es
b r o a d e n e d ,
i t
a ls o
becom es
v e r y
m uch
th in n e d .
A
g o o d
e x a m p le
o f
th is
i s
i n
th e
c a s e
o f
U k ra in e .
F ro m
tim e
t o
tim e
th is
nam e
c r o p s
u p
i n
th e
A m erican;
p r e s s ,
u s s u a lly
i n
re la tio n
t o
H itle r's\u00a1
d r e a m
of expansion
to w a rd s
th e
e a s t.
"H itle r
p la n s
t o
s e v e r
U k ra in e
fro m
th e
S o v ie tU n io n ,"
i s
th e
g e n e r a l
to n e
o f
s u c h
re p o rts.
I n
fa c t,
th e
u n ifo r\ue000
m ity
a n d
re g u la rity
w ith
w h ic h
s u c h
re p o rts
a p p e a r ,
g iv e s
r is e
t o
th e |
iro n ic
th o u g h t
th a t
w henever
A m e r i\ue000
c a n
p re ss
c o r r e s p o n d e n t s
i n
E u ro p e
a r e
a t
a
lo s s
a s
t o
w hat
t o
w rite
1
a b o u t
G erm an-R u ssian relations, they \u00a6
f a l l
b a c k
u p o n
th is
s t o c k
th e m e .
Y et
h a rd ly
e v e r
i s
a n
a tte m p t
m ade
i n
s u c h
re p o rts
o r
th e
o c c a \ue000
s i o n a l
e d ito ria ls
t o
e x p la in
th e
s ig \ue000
n ific a n c e
o f
th is
c o u n try
U kraine,
o f
i t s
p e o p le ,
w hat
th e y
r e p r e s e n t ,
a n d
t o
w hat
d o
th e y
re a lly
a s p i r e .
I n
m ost
c a s e s
i t
i s
ju s t\u2014 U k ra in e .
J u s t
a
nam e.
J u s t
a
paw n
i n
in te rn a \ue000
tio n a l
d ip lo m a c y .
A nd
th a t
m ay
b e
s a i d
t o
b e
th e
su m
a n d
to ta l
o f|
m any
a n
a v e r a g e
A m erican's
c o n \u00b7\u00a6
c e p tio n
o f
U kraine, draw n
fro m
w hat
h e
r e a d s *
i n
th e
d a ily
p r e s s .
A t
m ost
h e
r e g a r d s
i t
a s
s o m e th in g
th e
K re m lin
h a s ,
a n d
th e
W ilhelm strasse
w ants.
T hat
s o
l i t t l e
is k n o w n
o f
U kraine,
i s
o f
c o u r s e
g re a tly
d u e
t o
th e
s u p -
p r e s s i v e
p o lic ie s
o f
h e r
a u to c ra tic
ru le rs\u2014
th e
S o v ie ts ,
P o la n d ,
R u\ue000
m a n ia
a n d
C z e c h o s lo v a k ia .
T here
h a v e
b e e n
tim e s
w hen
th e
v e ry
e x is t\ue000
e n c e
o f
U k ra in e
a s
a
d is tin c t
n a tio n \ue000
a lity
h a s
b e e n
d e n ie d
b y
th e m .
A nd
s i n c e
th e y
a r e
i n
pow er,
i t
i s
th e ir|
w o rd
th a t
u s u a lly
c o u n t s .
N e v e r th e \u00b7\ue000
l e s s ,
th e
g ro w in g
s tre n g th
o f
th e !
U k ra in ia n
s tru g g le
fo r
fre e d o m ,
to \u00b7,
g e th e r
w ith
U k r a in e 's
r i s i n g
im -\u00a6
p o r t a n c e
i n
in te rn a tio n a l
a f f a i r s ,
is |
g ra d u a lly
a r o u s i n g
p u b lic
in te re s t
in \u00a1
h e r .
T he
a v e r a g e
p e r s o n
i s
b e g in \ue000
n in g
t o
fin d
h is
c u rio s ity
p iq u e d
b y
h e r.-^
T o
h e lp
s a t i s f y
th is
c u rio s ity ,
c o n \u00b7,
s c ie n tio u s
new spaperm en
a r e
b e g in \ue000
n in g
t o
re ly
le s s
u p o n
th e
o ffic ia l
\u00a6
h a n d o u ts
g iv e n
th e m
b y
th e
p ro \u00b7!
p a g a n d a
b u r e a u s
o f
U k r a in e 's
m is-\u00a6
r u l e r s ,
a n d
m o re
u p o n
th e ir
ow n\u00b7
in itia tiv e
a n d
in v e s tig a tio n
t o
g e t
th e
tru e
fa c ts
i n
th e
c a s e .
E s p e c ia lly
h a s
th is
b e e n
n o tic e a b le
w ith in
r e c e n t
d a y s ,w hen
th e
c u r r e n tE u r o p e a n
w ar
c r i s i s
h a s
b r o u g h t
th e
U krainians,
E u r o p e 's
l a r g e s t
m in o rity ,
som ew hat
in to
th e
lim e lig h t o f
p u b l|ic
a tte n tio n .
A
c le a r
\u04561lu s tra tio n
o f
th is
h a s
ju s t
b e e n
fu rn is h e d
b y
a n
A s s o c ia te d
P r e s s
d is p a tc h
o rig in a tin g
I n
W ash\u00ad
in g to n ,
w h ic h
.a p p e a r e d
i n
th e .
S e p \u00ad
te m b e r
2 3 rd
issue of m any
new spapers
th ro u g h o u t
th e
c o u n try .
I n
e s s e n c e ,
th e
d is p a tc h
d e a l s ,
w ith
th e
re p o rts
re a c h in g ; W a s h in g to n
th a t
th e
S o v ie t
U n io n ,
fe a rin g
H itler's
d e s ig ns ^
u p o n
U k ra in e ,
i s
c o n c e n tra tin g ;
tro o p s
w ith in
th a t
lu c ra tiv e
re g io n .
I n
i t s
d e s c rip tio n
o f y h ra in e ,
how ever,
i t
i s
v e r y
e v id e n t
th a t
i t s
w riter.h as
n o t
d e p e n d e d
u p p n
S o v ie t
s o u r c e s
o f
in \u00ad
fo rm a tio n ,
fo r
h e
w rite s
th e
fo llo w \u00ad
in g :
" T h e
U k ra in ia n s
a re
n o t
a d d
n e v e r
h a v e
b e e n
R ussians.
T h e y
d o
n o t
s p e a k
R ussian.
T h e ir
c u ltu re ,
lite ra \u00ad
tu re
a n d
c iv iliz a tio n
i s
v a s tly
d if-
f e r e n
a n d
o ld e r.
T h e r e
h a s
b e e n
a n d
p ro b a b ly
s t i l l
i s
a
p o w e rfu l
s e p a r a \u00ad
tio n
m ovem ent
i n
th e
r e g io n ."
I t
is s u c h
new spaper
re p o rtin g
th a t
re v iv e s
o n e 's
f a i t h
i n
th e
e f f o r t s
o f
th e
A m erican
p r e s s
t o
p o rtra y
fa c ts
a n d
7
s itu a tio n s
a s
th e y
re a lly
a r e ,
a n d
n o t
a s
u n s c r u p u l o u s
p r o p a g a n \u00ad
d i s t s
p ic tu re
th e m .
W e
o n ly '
h o p e
th a t
m o re
s u c h
p r e s s
re p o rts
a b o u t
U k ra in e
a p p e a r ,
fo r
th e
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
m ovem ent
fo r
f r e e d o m
c o n \u00ad
s titu te s
o n e
o f
th e
g r a v e s t
p ro b le m s
c o n n e c te d
w ith
E uropean
p e a c e .
T o
v ie w
th is
m ovem ent
i n
th e
d is to rte d
lig h t
i t s
e n e m ie s
p r e s e n t
i t ,
t o
u n \u00ad
d e re s tim a te
o r
ig n o re
i t ,
i s
t o
e n \u00ad
d a n g e r
th is
p e a c e .
F o r
w hen
p e a c e \u00ad
fu l
m e th o d s
a re
o f
n o
a v a il, th e n
a
r e s o r t
t o
arm s
i s
a lw a y s
th e
n e x t
s te p
O f
a n
o p p r e s s e d
p e o p le
d e te r\u00ad
m in e d
t o
g a in
th e ir
f r e e d o m
a n d
rig h ts .
O c to b e r
1 ,
1 9 3 8 .
*
\u0423
\u0406
\u0421
\u0422
B
U
Y
U
N
IT E
] D
S
T
A
T
E
S
W
A
R
B
O
N
D
S
A N D
S T A M
P S
I
th e
b r a n c h e s
a n d
le a v e s
o f
th e
s e c o n d a r y
v o i c e s ,
d iffe re n t
i n
e a c h
v e r s e
o f
th e
s o n g .
I f
y o u
w ere
t o
a s k
th e
s i n g e r s
t o
r e p e a t
th is
p o ly p h o n y
ju s t
a s
th e y
h a d
s u n g
i t ,
th e y
w o u ld
b e
u n a b le
t o
d o
s o .
T h is
i s
" c re a tio n "
i n
th e
e x a c t
m e a n in g
o f
th e
w o rd ,
o r
im p ro m p tu
s in g \u00ad
in g .
T he
c h a r a c t e r
a n d
m usical
w o rth
o f
th is
p o ly p h o n ic
d e s ig n
d e p e n d s
o n
th e
m u sicality
o f
th e
s i n g e r s ,
th e ir
m ood,
a n d
th e
g e n e r a l
w o rd -
s o u n d
p a tte rn .
T h e y
a re
f o r e v e r
new ,
a n d
n e v e r
in frin g e
u p o n
th e ir
m usical
a n d
lo g ic a l
re la tio n \u00ad
s h ip ,
w ith
th e
b a s ic
m e lo d y .
I n
i t s
h a rm o n io u s
b a s i s ,
a ll
th is
i s
w h o lly
c o n tra d ic to ry
t o
th e
id e a s
o f
E uropean
harm ony
a n d
c o u n te rp o in t:
e v e ry th in g
i s
fu ll
o f
a n
u n u s u a l
m usical
h e r e s y ,
s u r p r i s e s ,
b u t
i s
a lw a y s
f r e s h ,
in te re s tin g ,
a n d
new .
Y our
E uropean
m usical
lo g ic
i s
m isled,
a n d
b e fo re
y o u ,
th e
p a r a d o x
(fro m
th e
p o in t
o f
v ie w
o f
E uropean
m u s ic )
becom es
th e
lo g ic a l
th in g .
B efo re
y o u ,
i t
i s
a s
th o u g h
a n
unknow n
p la n t
s u d d e n ly
b lo o m s
w ith
a
f a n \u00ad
ta s tic
flo w er.
T he
im pression
i s
n o t
r e c o r d \u00ad
a b le
n o r
fo rg e tta b le .
C ustom arily,
o n e
v o ic e
b e g i n s ,b u t
i t
d o e s
n o t
p la y
th e
im p o rta n t
p a rt,
b u t
ra th e r
g iv e s
th e
c h o ir
i t s
c u e ,
c a lls
i t
t o
w o rk ,
a n d ,
w hen
th e
c h o ir
com es
in ,
a ll
th e
w o rk
i s
a s s i g n e d
t o
i t .
T he
s o n g
grow s,
d e \u00ad
v e l o p s ,
r e a c h e s
i t s
c lim a x ,
a n d
e n d s
i n
u n is o n ,
o fte n
i n
th e
o c ta v e .
S o n g
L \u00b7in k e d
W ith
H isto ry
A s
o n e ,
a n d
a ls o
th e
b rillia n t
m a n ife s ta \u00ad
tio n ,
o f
th e
s p iritu a l
l i f e
o f
a
n a tio n ,
U k ra in \u00ad
ia n
s o n g
i s
c lo s e ly
b o u n d
u p
w ith
th e
h is to ry
o f
th a t
n a tio n .
T o g e th e r
w ith
i t ,
i t s
s o n g
liv e d
th ro u g h
p e rio d s
o f
u p lift
a n d
o f
d o w n fa ll.
\u00a1
S o
th e
1 6 th
a n d
1 7 th
c e n tu rie s
p r o d u c e d
th e
g r e a t e s t
t r e a s u r e s
o f
U k ra in ia n
m u si\u00b7
c a l
c re a tiv e
g e n i u s .
A lth o u g h
a t
th a t
tim e
th e
j
U k ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
s tru g g le
o c c u p ie d
th e
p e o -
j
p ie 's
m in d s
a n d
s o u ls
e n tire ly ,
i t
n e v e r t h e l e s s
b r o u g h t
t o
th e
fo re
a ll
th e ir
c re a tiv e
pow ers.
T h is
te n s io n
c o n tin u e d
th ro u g h o u t
th e
1 8 th
c e n t u r y ,
a t
w h ic h
tim e
n a tio n a l
id e a a ls
w ere
n o t
a s
y e t
o b s c u r e d ,
a n d
h o p e
a n d
e x p e c ta tio n
in s p ire d
th e
s o u ls
o f
th e
p e o p le
w ith
v ig o ro u s
l i f e .
O n
th e
o th e r
h a n d ,
i n
th e
1 9 th
c e n t u r y ,
th e
d a r k n e s s
o f
n a tio n a l
s l a v e r y
h id
fro m
U k\ue000
ra in ia n s
th e
k in d ly
lig h t
b y
w h ic h
th e y
h a d
liv e d
a n d
h o p e d ,
a n d
th e y ,
a s
i t
w ere,
lo s t
a
g o o d
d e a l
o f
th e ir
n a tio n a l
c o n s c i o u s n e s s .
T he
e b b
i n
n a tio n a l
c r e a t i v e n e s s
m arked
a
d e c lin e
i n
th e
U k ra in ia n
s o n g
to o ,
a n d
fro m
i t s
d o m in \ue000
a n t
p o s itio n
i n
th e
p o litic a ll i f e
o f
th e
p e o p le ,
i t
\u0456
re tire d
t o
a
m odest
p la c e
i n
fam ily
l i f e .
The U k\u00ad
ra in ia n
n a tio n a l
c re a tiv e
g e n iu s ,
how ever,
cam e
t o
th e
fo re
a g a in
w ith
th e
H aydam aky
R e v o lu \u00ad
tio n
u n d e r
th e
le a d e rs h ip
o f Z a liz n ia k a n d
G on-
t a
i n
1768, and
it produced
several m arvelous his\u00ad
to ric a l
s o n g s .
A fter
th a t
i t
a g a in
d ie d
dow n
t o
a
q u ie t
ro le
o f
s in g in g
o f
hom e
l i f e
fo r
th e
rem ainder
o f
th e
1 9 th
c e n tu ry .
G reat
e v e n ts
i n
th e
h is to ric a l
l i f e
o f
th e
pow ers
ru lin g
U k\u00ad
ra in e
d id
n o t
in s p ire
th e
U k ra in ia n
p e o p le ,
a n d
th e y
liv e d
th ro u g h
th e m
s ile n tly .
E ven
s u c h
a n
e v e n t
a s
th e
a b o lis h m e n t
o f
se rfd o m
d id
n o t
g iv e
u s
m any
s o n g s .
(T h e
B o ls h e v ik
e n s l a v e \u00ad
m ent
o f
U k ra in e
w as
ig n o re d
b y
th e
c re a tiv e
s p irit
o f
th e
p e o p le .
E v e ry th in g
th a t
h a s
b e e n
p u b lis h e d
b y
th e
B o ls h e v ik s u n d e r
th e
nam e
o f
n a tio n a l
c o m p o s itio n
i s
e ith e r
(1 )
a
f a l s e
re \u00ad
p e titio n
o f
th e
o ld
w ith
m atched-up
w o rd s
o f
v a rio u s
n a tio n a l
(th a t
is ,
p s e u d o
n a tio n a l)
p o e ts ,
o r
(2 )
a
c o m p o s itio n
b y
S o v ie t
m u s ic ia n s ,
p o o r
a s
r e g a r d s
n a tio n a l
s t y l e
b u t
w h ic h
n e v e r \u00ad
th e le s s
i s
" p o p u la riz e d "
b y
s p e c i a l
o r g a n i s a \u00ad
tio n s
i n
o r d e r
th a t
th e
p e o p le
s in g
o n ly
w hat
th e s e
o rg a n iz a tio n s
r e g a r d
a s
" g re a t.\u00a6"
O b\u00ad
v io u s ly ,s u c h
s o n g s
c a n
o n ly
b e
d u b b e d
a s
s o n g s
fo r
th e
p e o p le , ra th e r t h a n
songs of
th e
p e o p le > \u00b7
(T o
b e
c o n tin u e d )
of 00

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