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Bio Study Sheet 5/4What is the purpose of DNA? –Complete set of information coding for traits- human genome (library) –Every cell has a full copy but they are specialized –Every cell has 23 chromosomes- each chromosome contains the instructions for a particular set of traits (chromosome is a book) –On chromosomes which are made up of DNA there are sections coding for a particular trait, or in other words a gene (gene is a chapter) –ATCG- all the traits in the body are determined by sequences of A,T,C,GTextbook Stuff Changing the Living World –In hybridization two different organisms are crossed to bring out the best in each –Humans use selective breeding to pass on desired traits to the next generation –In inbreeding desired traits that are already existent in a generation are kept alive bymating them with others who have these traits –Mutations are inheritable traits within DNA and they help keep variation –Bacteria are easily mutated b/c they are small and can be mutated in large numbers under little radiation, this helps create useful bacteria –Some drugs stop separation in meiosis and can produce polyploids which means theyhave many sets of chromosomes, b/c plants are more tolerant of having extrachromosomes they can be produced and are stronger than diploid relativesManipulating DNA
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Scientists want to analyze the base pairs of DNA and make unlimited copies of it –In genetic engineering try to make changes to part of DNA –Cells are opened and DNA and cell parts separated –Too large to be analyzed so use restriction enzymes (cuts the ends of certain DNA frags) –Gel electrophoresis makes go down smallest goes fastest –Can be used to locate one gene in a million
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In cutting and pasting synthetic sequences can be attached to normal ones using anenzyme, same enzyme allows take gene from one org and put it into DNA from another,recombinant DNA –To copy DNA take strand and split in half using heat, then add in complementary pairs totwo separate strands and you have two full, separate the new ones and add in another complementary pair and so onCell Transformation
 
 –In transformation cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and this DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA –Takes plasmid and edits b/c it will always replicate in a new cell –Also has genetic marker  –Animal cells can be transformed by replacing target gene with recombinant DNA –In genetic engineering transgenic organismsOther Junk (Protein Synthesis) –Prokaryotes have less DNA and it is carried around in the cytoplasm –Nucleosomes store huge amounts of DNA into a tiny space and they form coils whichform supercoils which are on chromosomes –Since strands are made from complementary base pairs one strand can make another  –In DNA replication the two strands separate, make complementary pairs, come together,and the new ones that were created come together  –DNA polymerase makes the two separate strands make complementary base pairs and itchecks to make sure the complementary strand is correctRNA –Ribose, single stranded and uracil instead of thymine –Disposable copy of a single gene –Messenger RNA carries instructions for creating certain proteins –Ribosomal RNA is a part of a ribosome –tRNA transfers each type of amino acid to the ribosome as the mRNA commands –IN TRANSCRIPTION a part of a nucleotide of DNA is copied into complementary pairsfor RNA, RNA polymerase does this by connecting to one strand of DNA and making acomplimentary copy –There are promoters on DNA which tells RNA polymerase where to connect to build thecorrect RNA molecule –The entire copied sequence is too large so introns are cut out and only exons are left, theythen fuse together to create the final mRNA –A codon is three consecutive nucleotides (base pair) that specifies an amino acid to becreated, remember reads three at a time –IN TRANSLATION mRNA is translated into a protein1) First mRNA must be transcribed from DNA and released into the cytoplasm2) Translation starts when mRNA connects to a ribosome. As each codon moves through theribosome the amino acid it coded for is added to the polypeptide chain. The ribosome can’tidentify what is being coded for so tRNA has an amino acid tied to one end and a region of three unpaired bases at another. The bases on the tRNA are complementary to the ones on themRNA codon. The bases on tRNA are the anticodon. What would happen is an mRNA codonwould be held in the ribosome till the complementary tRNA got there. Then the tRNA with
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