SUMMARIZE

This article was about Bibliotherapy: An Indirect Approach to Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Write by Shechtman, Z. This article takes from journal Child Psychiatry and human Development, volume 30(1), fall 1999. The aim of study to took such an approach in the treatment childhood aggression. Bibliotherapy serves for reflection on aggressive behaviour, understanding it, connecting to ones own aggression and its cause and also recognizing the negative aspects. Study to treatment of Childhood aggression involved children ten years old boys from the same fourth grade class. Five were treatment students and the other five were wait-list students. The teacher identified six students as highly aggressive, and the other four were added to make a heterogeneous group composition, as recommended. They were randomly divided into experimental and control conditions. The three aggressive students in the treatment group were the following which is Eli, from a divorced family and has no contact with his father. He is intelligent, but unhappy, anxious, insecure, and aggressive. Second student is name Alex was a new immigrant to Israel, quite neglected by both parent. He is extremely withdrawn. Third student was Chaim comes from a family of high-risk conditions, in which aggression is constantly modelled. He is the center of trouble in class, showing many adjustment problems and antisocial behaviour, and is basically anxious and insecure. Besides that, the two non-aggressive students in the treatment group were Dan and Gad. Dan is a student with learning disabilities, sensitive and withdrawn although occasionally reacts aggressively to threat. Gad is immature, dependent and insecure. He come from an overprotective family and finds it difficult to meet their academic expectation, resulting in a high sense of stress. The therapists were two special education teacher with over 10 years of experience and a rich background. In the therapeutic methods of treatment, but new to particular program they were trained in a 56 hour continuing education program focusing on treatment of childhood aggression. Meanwhile there have ten sessions with a particular program that is done for the children involved. The first session was a pre-program meeting included to inform the children about the purpose, break the ice, and enhance the

language of feelings. At the first bibliotherapy session the Souls Bird was used. This short book describes a variety of feelings, including among others, happiness, anger, hatred, and fear, and how they are developed. Meanwhile for second session a warm-up activity first took place enhance the language and feeling. At the second bibliotherapy session read the poem mood was used. In the third session, Abuse a picture of an aggressor and his victim, was presented, and the boys were invited to make up their own stories about it. Besides that the fourth session introduced Yaron is Angry, this poem is use to express frustration. The experiencing of Catharsis was permitted through identification with the character in the poem. In the five sessions the story about an Abusive father was introduced. In the other hand, in the sixth session a short story, Smiley Face, focusing on proactive aggression, was introduced. The boy easily shared their personal experiences. In the seventh session, a poem about peoples private monster introduced. The student shared their private monster after drawing the, and discussed their sense of helplessness at being unable to control their own monster. The film Madi was presented at the eight session. It made a string impact on the boy because of the dramatic consequences of anger aggression. For the ninth session the poem forgiveness was used. Motif of using this poem because of the difficulty to regret or forgive. Termination took place in the tenth session. The poem I Am My Own Commander focusing on taking responsibility and controlling oneself. As a result of treatment childhood aggression Eli was ranked as the most aggressive child by the teacher and by himself. From the result show that aggression was high in the first few session but decreased consistently during treatment. By contrast, all the constructive behaviours increased. The boys increased self-disclosure, responsiveness, empathy, and insight. The change pattern is consistent but not linear, for example, in the fourth session insight sharply increased, and in the eight sessions it decreased. Empathy and responsiveness increased dramatically in the sixth session, but decreased in some later session. Self-discloser increased in the four session and remained quite high thereafter. Finally, present the change process of Eli, the most aggressive child in the group. The turning point for him appears to be at the sixth session, after which he consistently decreased in aggression and maintained the gain till termination.

Comment and critism In its basic form, bibliotherapy is using books to aid people in solving the issues that they may be facing at a particular time. It consists of selecting reading material relevant to solve the issues of the problem. Bibliotherapy has also been explained as a process of dynamic interaction between the personality of the reader and literature interaction which may be utilized for personal assessment, adjustment, and growth. The concept of the treatment is based on the human inclination to identify with others through their expression in literature such as poem and drawing. The concept of bibliotherapy was widened over time to include self-help manuals without therapeutic intervention, or a therapist prescribing a movie that might provide needed catharsis to children that feeling aggression. For example one of these articles there has ten sessions that occur to solve the problem of children aggression. Most of the literature that has been used was poem, a picture, a story and a film. This literature provides some possible solution, but implementing them in real life may require additional support. Advantages of bibliotherapy include teaching students to solve problems, help students to express their anger, serves for reflection on aggressive behaviour, help children check the pros and cons of their aggression, state goals for change and generate alternative ways to achieve their goals. Bibliotherapy that use to treatment of childhood aggression has three recognized stages firstly identification, second catharsis, and third is insight. Identification is when a reader associates themselves with the character or situation literary work. Catharsis is when the reader shares many of the same thought and feeling of the characters in the literary work for example poem, and insight is when the reader realizes that they relate to the character or situation and learn to deal more effectively with their own personal issues. Literary pieces allow teachers to identify for their class, or an individual student, a particular

issue which they are dealing with directly or indirectly. This exercise will offer insight into the issue of how to help the children aggression. On the other hand, Bibliotherapy can be used to help young people understand themselves and cope with problems by providing literature relevant to their personal situations for example children that have parent divorce and developmental needs at appropriate times. Finally, bibliotherapy is a useful technique for prevention and remediation and is not intended to be a cure for all children, but rather one possible way to encourage students to relate to certain aspects of his/her life.