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PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS2009

Nama: Muhammad Yusuf Bin Nor Hashim No i/c: 920329-10-5353Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Baru Bangi

-Content-

No.ContentsPage1Introduction32Part 14 - 53Part 26 - 94Part 310 - 16

-Introduction-

circle

is a simpleshapeof Euclidean geometryconsisting of those pointsin a plane which are the samedistancefrom a given point called the

centre

. The common distance2

of the points of a circle from its center is called its

radius.

diameter

is aline segment whoseendpointslie on the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. Thelength of a diameter is twice the length of the radius. A circle is never a polygonbecauseit has no sides or vertices.Circles are simple closedcurveswhich divide the planeinto two regions, aninterior and an exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer toeither the boundary of the figure (known as the

perimeter

) or to the whole figureincluding its interior, but in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while theinterior of the circle is called a

disk

. The

circumference

of a circle is the perimeter of thecircle (especially when referring to its length).A circle is a specialellipsein which the twofociare coincident. Circles areconic sectionsattained when aright circular coneis intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for thewheel, which, with related inventions such asgears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire thedevelopment of geometry and calculus.Early science, particularly geometryandAstrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for mostmedieval scholars, and many believed that there was somethingintrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in circles.Some highlights in the history of the circle are:

•

1700 BC – TheRhind papyrusgives a method to find the area of a circular field.The result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of π.

[1]

•

300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elementsdeals with the properties of circles.

•

1880 – Lindemannproves that π is transcendental, effectively settling themillennia-old problem of squaring the circle.

[2]

PART 1

a)Collect pictures of 5 such objects. You may use camera to take picture aroundyour school compound or get from magazines, newspaper, the internet or anyother resources.3