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Gii thiu
Phn ny gii thiu cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u, th h th hai. Ni dung ph n ny bao gm: Mng v tuyn cell Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h th hai v cc h thng phi GSM Cc h thng cell trn th gii v s phn b thu bao
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Phn 2:
2.1 Cc s nhn dng trong mng GSM 2.1.1 IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) l s nhn d ng thit b di ng quc t, dng phn bit tng my TD. Khng th c hai TD cng mang mt s IMEI. Thng thng, s IMEI do mt s t chc cung cp cho nh sn xut TD. IMEI c lu trong AuC, my, EIR. EIR dng s ny nh n dng thit b di ng bi ly cp v ngn cm truy cp vo m ng S IMEI lun gm 15 ch s theo dng:
TAC(Type Approval Code) c 6 ch s 2 ch s u cho bit t chc no cung cp s IMEI cho nh sn xut TD. Bn ch s k tip c gi l Mobile Equipment Type Identifier, dng nhn dng dng (model) TD FAC (Final Assembly Code) dng xc nh xut x ca sn phm SNR (Serial Number) s xri ca sn phm Spare cho s dng trong tng lai V d: Nu IMEI l 350893-30-952659-2 :s u 35 cho bit do t chc BABT cp, c sn xut ti Hn Quc(30).
MCC(Mobile Country Code): M nc di ng(Vit Nam l 452) MNC(Mobile Network Code): M nh cung cp mng di ng(Viettel l 04) MSIN(Mobile Station Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di ng
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LAC(Location Area Code):16 bit cho php 65536 vng nh c xc nh trong 1 PLMN
CC(Country Code) : M nc NDC(National Destination Code):M mng SN(Subscriber Number): S thu bao
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NCC(Network Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7 BCC(Base Station Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7
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H LR
EIR
GM SC
MSC
B SS
BSC N MC and OMC
MS
Mng GSM hnh thnh t 3 phn: Mobile Station (MS) Base Station Sub-system (BSS) : Gm 1 BSC v nhiu BTS Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) : gm MSC v VLR, HLR, EIR, AUC
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Nhng thit b di ng u cui dng trong mng GSM thng l class 3 v 4 i vi bng t n 900 , class 1 v 2 i vi bng tn 1800(DCS). Nhng class khc dng cho nhng thit b lp t c nh hay lp trn xe
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Dng sao(star): y l cu hnh ph bin cho nhng h thng GSM u tin. Chi ph t v mi BTS u c lin kt ring vi BSC, 1 lin kt b h khng tc ng n BTS khc
Cc BTS c lin kt n BSC theo 1 trong nhng topo chu n. Cc lin kt vt l c th l vi ba, cp quang hay ng.
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2.2.3.4AUC-Authentication Centre
AuC c kt hp vi HLR, cha kha nhn thc ca cc thu bao ng k trong HLR Kha ny c dng to ra: D liu c dng nhn thc 1 MS c quyn truy nhp vo m ng hay khng Mt kha c dng mt m thng tin trn ng v tuyn gia MS v m ng Nhng th tc c dng cho nh n thc v m ha s c miu t y hn chng an tan trong GSM
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2.3
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2.3.6
Giao din E
y l giao din gia cc MSC. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t 1 MSC ti 1 MSC khc trong 1 cuc gi. Mt th tc chuyn giao phi c thc hin dy tr cuc gi. V mc ch cc MSC phi trao i d liu khi to 1 knh MSC mi v gii phng knh MSC c Sau khi chuyn giao thnh cng cc MSC s trao i thng tin truyn bo hiu giao din A nu cn thit. Khi 1 tin nhn c truyn gia MS v trung tm dch v nh n tin(Short Message Service Centre-SC), giao din ny c dng truyn bn tin gia MSC phc v MS v MSC ni vi trung tm dch v nhn tin
2.3.8
Giao din G
y l giao din gia cc VLR. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t vng phc v ca VLR ny sang vng phc v ca VLR khc th tc cp nht v tr s xy ra. Th tc ny nh m l y li thng s IMSI v cc thng s nhn thc t VLR c
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Ton b ph v tuyn c chia thnh cc bng tn nh VHF, UHFbng tn UHF c s dng trong thng tin di ng. Cp pht tn s Cc yu t chn bng tn s dng: V tr Mc cng sut Loi iu ch Bng thng Cc t chc qui nh v cp pht tn s trn th gii: ITU (International Telecomunication Union) ESTI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) RA (Radiocommunications Agency) ti Hoa k Chi ph chnh ban u cho cc nh khai thc mng l tm c licence s dng mt phn bng tn v tuyn. Phng php cp pht bng tn hot ng khc nhau trong cc
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GSM s dng phn chia tn s song cng (FDD), mi knh ng ln v xung hot ng mt tn s khc nhau. Do , c 2 bng tn c cp cho GSM, cch nhau 20MHz. Bng tn u tin c cp trong GSM (P-GSM): Bng tn 890MHz n 915MHz cho ng ln (uplink) t MS n BTS Bng tn 935MHz n 960MHz cho ng xung (downlink) t BTS n MS Mi bng tn c chia thnh mt s sng mang, mi sng mang c bng thng 200KHz. Do c 125 sng mang cho mi bng tn ln, xung. Trong , mt knh c dng nh knh bo v, iu ny lm gim s knh cn 124 knh. Hai tn s n nh cho mi cp knh cch nhau 45MHz. Mi cp tn s c nhn dng bi mt s ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel) Tnh ton tn s knh ng ln v xung: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz n = ARFCN vi 1 n 124 3.2.3 Ph E-GSM (Extended-GSM)
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E-GSM cp thm 10MHz ca bng thng ti u cui ca bng tn ng ln v xung. Cc bng tn nh sau: ng uplink: 880MHz n 915MHz ng downlink: 925MHz n 960MHz Kt qu: Thm 50 cp sng mang (cc knh 10MHz/200KHz) Gim khong cch bng thng gia bng tn ng ln v ng xung t 20MHz xung10MHz. Tng kch thc bng tn ng ln v xung t 25MHz ln 35MHz Cp dy sng mang tn s v tuyn mi t 975-1023. Sng mang tn s v tuyn 0 trong P-GSM chuyn t bng bo v thnh mt sng mang tn s v tuyn c gi tr. Cc knh tn s v tuyn ng ln v xung trong E-GSM c tnh nh sau: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n (0<=n<=124) Ful(n)=890MHz+(0,2MHz) (n 1024) (975<=n<=1023) Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz 3.2.4 Ph DCS 1800
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Biu ph ny cho thy cch phn b bng tn 1800MHz gia cc nh khai thc ti UK. 3.2.5 Ph PCS-1900
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Chia ph tn s c sn thnh cc knh, mi knh s dng hon ton mt bng thng Vic phn chia knh t c bi cc b lc: Tnh chn lc tt Cc bng bo v gia cc knh Mi user truy nhp vo mng trn 1 tn s khc nhau . Ch mt ngi dng trn knh tn s ti mt thi im Hn ch: Dung lng khng cao do ti nguyn bng thng hn ch Nhiu xuyn knh cao 3.3.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) Truy nhp vo ph c gii hn trong cc khe thi gian Mi user c cp pht ph trong sut mt khe thi gian Cc khe thi gian c lp li trong cc khung.
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TDMA c php s dng trong cc h thng s nh GSM m cc lung d liu c th c chia thnh cc cm v c n nh vo mt khe thi gian. 3.3.3 K thut a truy nhp s dng trong GSM
GSM s dng kt hp c 2 k thut a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA trn giao din v tuyn: FDMA cung cp cc sng mang v TDMA chia s truy cp vo cc sng mang.
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Mt cm d liu (data burst) (chu k 0.577ms hay 156.25 bit) c truyn trn mt knh vt l. Knh lun l (knh logic) Ty vo ni dung thng tin c truyn trn cc knh vt l m c chia thnh cc knh logic khc nhau. Mt knh vt l c th h tr mt hay nhiu cc knh logic Hai loi knh logic c nh ngha: knh lu lng v knh iu khin Mi knh c chia thnh cc knh ph nh sau:
3.4.1 Knh lu lng (TCH) Mt knh vt l (mt khe thi gian) c th h tr: 1 TCH/F (Full rate) hay 2 TCH/H (Half rate) TCH/F: mang thng tin tc 13Kbps voice hay 9.6Kbps data, c cp pht hon ton knh vt l trn mt khe thi gian trong khung TDMA. TCH/H: mang thng tin tc 6.5Kbps voice hay 4.8Kbps data, 2 knh lu lng c n nh trn 1 knh vt l n. ng b ng ln/xung
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a khung TCH bao gm 26 TS a khung TCH nh x cc knh logic sau: TCH, SACCH, FACCH Ngoi cc TS TCH va SACCH, knh lu lng cng mang thng tin FACCH. FACCH l knh logic duy nht khng dnh ring TS truyn dn. FACCH nh cp TS ca TCH khi c yu cu. 3.5.2.1 Thi gian ca mt a khung TCH Mt a khung l s thit lp lin tc ca cng mt TS trong khung TDMA. Chu k khung TDMA l 4.615ms, do , thi gian cho 1 a khung c tnh l: chiu di ca a khung (cc TS) x 4.615ms.
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Cc knh logic truyn thng tin iu khin c t chc lp li mi 51 TS0 trong lin tc 51 khung TDMA. 3.5.3.3 a khung knh iu khin kt hp v khng kt hp (combined v non-combined) Knh CCCH l cc block bo hiu (mi 4 TS) c n nh cc knh bo hiu dnh ring ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu. Bao gm s n nh: SDCCH, SACCH, AGCH v PCH. Khi cc yu cu dung lng bo hiu c tnh ton, c th dung lng trn mt knh iu khin n c sn khng , trong trng hp ny thm knh vt l n nh cho bo hiu. Khi a khung knh bo hiu vt l yu cu n nh sng mang BCCH dng TS 2, 4 hay 6 (ngoi TS0). Ghp knh bo hiu c sp xp trong c hai nh dng kt hp (combined) v khng kt hp (non-combined). Cu trc ca ghp knh bo hiu c th thay i ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu. Cu hnh ghp knh bo hiu Trong a khung khng kt hp, c th dnh 7 trong 9 blocks cho AGCH.
S blocks CCCH dnh ring cho AGCH c ch nh trong bn tin thng tin h thng m MS c trn BCCH.
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3.5.4.1 Siu khung (superframe) Mc ch c bn ca lp siu khung l cung cp mt im m ti a khung knh lu lng v a khung knh iu khin c ng b. V vy, 51 a khung TCH ca 26 khung c nhm ln nhau v 25 a khung CC ca 51 khung c nhm. Trong c hai trng hp, thi gian ca 1 siu khung l 26x51 frame=6.12s. 3.5.4.2 Siu siu khung Knh ng b (SCH) pht s khung (FN) TDMA m cho php mt MS ng b vi trm gc ti mc khung TDMA. FN l mt s 22 bit m c reset sau mi siu siu khung (sau 2048x26x51=2715648 frame TDMA)
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Hnh 4.1: M hnh OSI Chc nng ca tng khi trong m hnh OSI Application layer: cung cp dch v h tr cho vic x l ng dng ca user v iu khin thng tin gia cc ng dng. y l lp xem xt n nhn thc v thng tin c nhn ca user, cc gii hn v c php d liu. Chc nng ca lp 7 c th l file transfer, x l bn tin, vn hnh v bo dng,.. Presentation layer xc nh cch trnh by d, chuyn i cu trc d liu ca ng dng sang dng cu trc chung cn thit cho vic lin lc gia cc ng dng. Lp 6 bao gm chc nng nn, mt m d liu. Session layer thit lp kt ni gia cc lp presentation trong cc h thng khc nhau. N cng iu khin kt ni, ng b, gii phng kt ni. N cho
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4.3 Khi qut v cc nghi thc GSM Mng GSM c nhiu nghi thc khc nhau iu khin lung d liu v bo hiu gia cc phn t trong mng. V GSM l mng vn chuyn nn n ch yu gm 3 lp di trong m hnh OSI. Ni dung chng ny ch yu phn tch cc nghi thc s dng trong GSM t lp 1 ti lp 3. 4.3.1 Lp 1: Lp vt l bao gm cc chc nng cn thit truyn cc dng bit qua mi trng vt l. N cung cp dch v vn chuyn cho cc knh GSM logic, bao gm cc dch v: Kh nng truy nhp (GSM 0408): Cc knh logic c ghp knh trn cc knh vt l. Cc knh vt l l nhng n v c sp xp theo thi gian trong mi trng v tuyn. Trong , mt s c dng cho s dng chung nh t hp CCCH v BCCH, s khc dng kt ni vi MS (cc knh vt l c n nh). Pht hin li: t sa li (forward error correction) hay yu cu truyn li (backward error correction) th c hin lp 1. Cc khung li s khng c chuyn ti lp 2. M ha d liu
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Hnh 4.2: Nghi thc truyn trong GSM mc truyn dn, lp vt l cung cp cc knh tc 13kbps. Tuy nhin, thch ng vi cc nhc im ca giao din v tuyn, pht hin v t sa li c thc hin da vo cc mo u (overhead). Thm vo , lp truyn dn iu khin cc qu trnh m ha v truy nhp FDMA/TDMA trn giao din v tuyn. Ti mt s giai on, cc knh 13kbps c chuyn thnh 64kbps vn chuyn qua mng PSTN. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi phn t mng TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaption Unit). Chc nng chnh ca TRAU l chuyn cc knh thoi 16 kbps thnh cc knh PCM 64 kbps trn ng ln v ngc li ng xung. Chc nng ny cn thit v MSC ch c th chuyn mch mc knh 64 Kbps. Do , khi thc hin cuc gi gia hai MS, knh khi u phi chuyn t 16 Kbps thnh 64 Kbps, chuyn mch bi MSC v sau chuyn li thnh 16 Kbps truyn ti MS ch. Vic chuyn i tc c thc hin da theo lut A. V mt k thut TRAU c th t BTS, BSC hay MSC nn c th ci t nhiu cu hnh khc nhau.
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Hnh 4.3: Cu hnh TRAU. Nu TRAU c ci t BTS, mi knh GSM 16 Kbps s c nh x thnh cc knh PCM 64 Kbps. Do , cu hnh ny gy lng ph 75% bng thng truyn dn trn giao din Abis v A. Tuy nhin, nu TRAU c t MSC th b ghp 4 knh 16Kbps thnh knh PCM 64Kbps c th c t ti BTS. Vi cu hnh ny, vic chuyn i 16kbps sang 64kbps ch cn thit khi n MSC, do , hiu sut s dng truyn dn t gi tr ti a bng cch tng s knh trn mt PCM 2048 t 30 ln 120 knh. Bng cch tp trung chc nng TRAU MSC, s lng TRAU trong mng s gim ng k. G.703: TRAU chuyn cc knh GSM thnh ISDN knh D theo khuyn ngh ca G.703. G.703 ch r cc c tnh vt l, in ca cc giao din theo mc tc bit (G.702). Cc giao din c nh ngha cc tnh cht, c im u vo, u ra, kt ni cho gia cc im, lut m ha, 4.5 Nghi thc bo hiu GSM
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Hnh 4.5: Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho cho tng nghi thc. 4.6 Nghi thc trn giao din Um Giao din Um kt ni MS v mng c nh nh BTS.
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Thoi cha nhiu thng tin hn vn bn phin dch li t vic ni. Chng ta c th nhn ra ngi ni, v nhn bit nhiu thng tin khng c ni thnh m thoi Mi khi trong qui trnh lin quan cc phng php x l thng tin thai khc nhau m bo cht lng tn hiu to li tt nht trong bng tn nh nht. 5.2.1 M ho thoi ng truyn GSM s dng kiu iu ch s - thoi phi c chuyn thnh cc s nh phn. Lu m ha n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM) Chu k ly mu 125s. Ly mu vi tn s 8KHz v dng 8 bit m ha tn hiu nn tc d liu yu cu 64Kbps. Tc ny qu cao cho bng thng c sn trn cc knh v tuyn
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S m ha thoi
Giai on u ca m ha thoi l chuyn ting ni c pht bi micro xem nh tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s tng ng. GSM thc hin chuyn i A/D bng vic ly mu tn hiu thoi tng t mi 125ms hay 8000 mu/s. Mi mu c lng t thnh mt trong 8192 mc in p. Mi mc ny c biu din bi m nh phn 13bit (213). V vy, mi giy c 8000x13bit mu tn hiu tng t c to ra, do , tc d liu th l 104Kbps. Lung bit th ny c chia thnh cc block 20ms a vo b Vocoder RPELTP (vocoder regular pulse excitation-Long time prediction). Sau , mi block c x l ring l. B Vocoder chia mi block d liu 20ms thnh 3 phn: D liu m ha d on tuyn tnh thi gian ngn (LPC) D liu d on tuyn tnh thi gian di (LTP). D liu kch thch xung u (RPE) Speech digitisation
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Dng sng ca LTP v LPC c m ha nh thng tin tn s v bin ca cc block 36 bit, trong khi RPE c m ha block 188 bit m bo c tnh m thoi c to li ng. Tc d liu 13Kbps ph hp cho bng thng ng truyn trn giao din v tuyn. V vy, mi 20ms block d liu 2080 bit a vo u vo ca b vocoder to ra on d liu 260 bit mi 20ms u ra. V vy, mt t l nn xp x 10:1 t c m khng gim cht lng thoi c ch. S m ha thoi RPE-LTP n gin
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M sa li to li thng tin thoi, b gii m cn t l bit li khng qu 0.1%. Cc knh v tuyn c t l li 1% hay nhiu hn th cn sa li. M ha knh gip sa li Hai phng php sa li: Backward error correction (BEC) Forward error correction (FEC) 5.3.1 Backward error correction Trong BEC, gi s rng nu cc bit kim tra c truyn mt cch chnh xc th cc bit d liu cng chnh xc. Nu cc bit kim tra khng n nh mong mun, h thng yu cu truyn li. Yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ) khng thch hp cho thoi v thai yu cu thi gian thc.
Cc block c kim tra ti u cui bng vic so snh FCS/BCS, nu pht hin li yu cu b pht truyn li khi d liu. BEC dng m ha khi. BEC thch hp cho truyn d liu khng thch hp cho truyn thai. 5.3.2 Forward error correction Vic m ha s thm cc bit m cho php d liu gc c to li vi mt s nh cc li ngu nhin. FEC khng dng c ch pht li nn ph hp cho truyn thai
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FEC thng c s dng trong m ha chp 5.3.3 M ha khi (block channel coding) Block d liu hin hnh (c truyn) c dng to mt m. M ny c gi i cng vi cc bit d liu gc.
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B m ha trn gm 4 bit thng tin trn lung bit vo cc thanh ghi v a ra 2 a thc: Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+1 cho ra bit G0 Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+d1+1 cho ra bit G 2 bit ny c a n ng ra. Cc bit c lu trong cc thanh ghi c chuyn n thay th ngay v bit thng tin k tip c a vo. Qu trnh trn c lp li. Kt qu 2 bit c to ra cho mi bit thng tin c a vo b m ha. Cc bit ny khng l d liu gc nhng gn ging d liu gc. V vy, m ch p khng th pht hin li, n gi n n to li d liu bng vic dng cc thng tin c lu trong cc bit truyn.
5.4 M knh
GSM dng kt hp 2 phng php m khi v m chp. u tin, cc bit thng tin c m khi, to ra cc khi thng tin, mi khi lin kt vi BCS (block check sequence). Tt c cc bit m khi (gm c BCS) c chuyn qua b m chp a ra cc bit m cui cng. M knh TCH/F trong GSM
L do cho vic kt hp m l v m ha chp pha sau s pht hin v sa tt c cc li. Tuy nhin, nu d liu b h hng nng, m khi s b qua d liu v yu cu pht li khi d liu b hng. S m ha trong GSM c m t nh s kt hp v phn chia d liu thnh 3 class u tin tu thuc vo s quan trng ca d liu vi t tnh thoi. Khi n
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khc phc iu ny, cc burst d liu khng c gi theo th t m c ghp xen d liu gia cc TS trong mt a khung. Ghp xen c a ra sau m sa li v c khi phc li trc khi gii m. V vy, cc li c phn b ngu nhin. Ghp xen v cc nh hng ca burst nhiu
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Ngoi ra, tnh nng ca cc thut ton sa li hiu qu nht khi cc li c ngu nhin. V vy, kh nng sa tt c cc li c phn b trn mi knh s cao hn so vi kh nng sa tt c cc li tp trung trn 1 knh trong trng hp khng ghp xen. 5.5.3 Thc hin ghp xen trong GSM GSM thc hin ghp xen gim nh hng ca nhiu cm trn giao din v tuyn. Ghp xen xy ra sau khi m ha knh nhng trc khi chuyn cc lung bit m ha vo cc cm d liu. Mc ghp xen dng trong GSM ph thuc vo lu lng sng mang. Khi block 456 bit d liu c truyn qua: 8 TS cho thoi full rate 4 TS cho hu ht cc knh iu khin 19 TS cho truyn d liu Mi TS tng ng vi mt cm d liu trn giao din v tuyn. 5.5.4 Ghp cm v tuyn 5.5.4.1 Nguyn l ghp cm v tuyn D liu c truyn thnh cc block trn giao din v tuyn. Mi block c xem nh 1 cm. 1 cm p ng 1 TS trong 1 khung TDMA 8 TS. Ty thuc vo chc nng ca cm, GSM nh ngha mt s loi cm. Tuy nhin, tt c u c kch thc 156.25 bit trong khong thi gian 0.577ms
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Tuy nhin, tn ti khong bo v trn mi cm cung cp mt b m trong TS. V vy, kch thc cm thng l kch thc ca phn thng tin trong cm. V d, 1 cm bnh thng normal burst 156.25 bit c khong bo v 8.25 bit, v vy kch thc cm thng tin l 148 bit. Bit trong mi cm c nh s t 0-156, bit cui cng nh s 156. Bit 0 lun c truyn u tin. 5.5.4.2 Cc loi cm d liu (data burst) Khong thi gian truyn 156.25 bit ca mt TS c th t chc cc loi burst d liu khc nhau.
Normal burst Normal burst l loi burst ph bin nht v c dng thng xuyn mang d liu ngi dng nh thoi qua knh lu lng (TCH) v cho cc knh iu khin khc ngoi cc knh FCCH, SCH, RACH. Kch thc burst thng tin l 148bit (8.25 bit bo v). Cm bao gm cc thnh phn:
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Block data: burst bao gm 2 block data 57 bit (2x57). Cc block ny (k c cc bit nh cp) c m ha Tail Bit: burst bao gm 2 block tail bit 3 bit (2x3). Cc block ny lun thi t lp 0,0,0. Mc ch l h tr cc b cn bng xc nh u/cui mu bit. Training bit: Mi burst cha chui hng dn 26 bit. Chui ny c dng bi b cn bng b vo thi gian thay i trn knh. Stealing flag bit : Mi burst cha 2 bit nh cp, mi bit lin kt vi mi block thoi/d liu. 1 stealing bit c thit lp ln 1 khi block d liu m n lin kt b FACCH nh cp s dng. Guard period: 8.25 bit bo v khng mang thng tin, cho php khong thi gian trng gia cc TS lin tc ngn nhiu gia cc TS. Khong bo v cng cho php thi gian b pht dch ln hay dch xung. Frequency correction burst
Frequency correction burst c dng ng b tn s ca MS. Tt c cc bit bng 0 tng ng mt sng mang cha iu ch vi mt tn s la chn ring. Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH). Kch thc burst thng tin 148bit. Chc nng cc tail bit v guard period nh trong normal burst. Synchronisation Burst
Synchronisation burst c dng ng b thi gian ca MS vi BTS. C bn n khc vi normal burst: synchronisation burst c chui hng dn c m rng n 64 bit v kch thc block d liu gim. Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh ng b (SCH). Kch thc burst thng tin 148 bit. 1 burst ng b bao gm cc thnh phn: Block data: Burst bao gm 2 block data 39 bit m ha. Cc block ny mang thng tin v s khung TDMA v m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC). N c qung b cng vi burst hiu chnh tn s. S khung (FN) c mt m thnh mu 19 bit ch ra chnh xc 1 khung trong siu siu khung v c lp li mi 2,715,648
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nh dng ca dummy burst ging nh normal burst. Tuy nhin n khng mang thng tin. N thng c pht bi BTS trn cc TS ca sng mang BCH khi khng c thng tin no khc c gi cc cell neighbor vn thc hn o cng sut. Access burst
Access Burst c dng truy nhp vo mng, ch dng cho ng uplink. N cng c dng yu cu ti nguyn t cc cell mi trong chuyn giao. Kch thc burst thng tin ca burst truy nhp ngn 88 bit. Cc thnh phn ca burst truy nhp: Block data: Burst bao gm 1 block d liu 36 bit. Block ny cha thng tin yu cu ti nguyn mng ca MS. Tail Bit: Burst bao gm 1 block 3 bit ui bnh thng v block 8 bit ui m rng. Training bit: mi burst cha mt chui hng dn m rng 41 bit cho php b cn bng cung cp thi gian cn chnh. Chui ny c dng ng b gia MS v BTS. BTS pht hin chui truy nhp 41 bit v tnh gi tr timing advance sau c pht n MS. Guard period: khong bo v c m rng n 68.25 bit v khi MS mi kt ni vo mng n khng c thng tin v timing advance. Khong bo v ny cho php timing advance ti a ban u (gi tr timing advance max cn 64 bit) n khi MS c thng tin v mc timing advance chnh xc.
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Phn 6: Qun l di ng MM
6.1 Gii thiu MM (mobility management) l phn lp trong nghi thc bo hiu gia MS v MSC. Cc thng tin MM c trung chuyn thng qua BSS. MM thc hin cc chc nng iu khin cn thit cho thu bao di ng: nhn thc, cp pht TMSI, qun l v tr thu bao,.. 6.2 Cc qu trnh qun l di ng (MM) 6.2.1 MM common procedures MM common procedure cung cp cc thng tin nhn dng thu bao. Qu trnh MM thng thng c th bt u khi cc kt ni v ti nguyn v tuyn (RR) tn ti. Nhm common procedure li c th chia thnh 2 nhm: Qu trnh do MS khi ng Qu trnh do mng khi ng Cc qu trnh MM do mng: Qu trnh cp pht li TMSI: cung cp s nhn dng tm thi nhm bo mt cc thng tin nhn dng v v tr ca thu bao. Mng thc hin qu trnh ny khi MS thay i LA, cp nht v tr theo nh k. Qu trnh nhn thc (authentication): mng kim tra tnh hp l ca thu bao v cung cp cc thng s cho php MS tnh li ciphering key mi. Qu trnh nhn dng (identification): yu cu MS cung cp thng tin nhn dng cho mng nh IMSI, IMEI, Qu trnh abort: mng hy cc kt ni MM hoc ang thit lp. Qu trnh abort ch thc thi c khi kt ni MM ang thit lp hay thit lp, khng thc thi c trong qu trnh MM specific hay IMSI detach. Qu trnh IMSI detach (ri mng) l qu trnh MM thng th ng do MS khi ng tt my. Qu trnh IMSI detach khng th khi ng c khi qu trnh MM specific ang chy. Qu trnh ny c th hon li cho n khi MM specific kt thc nu khng th IMSI detach b b qua. 6.2.2 MM-specific procedures Qu trnh MM-specific h tr cho tnh di ng ca thu bao, v d nh cung cp cho mng v v tr hin ti ca thu bao. Mt qu trnh MM-specific khng th bt
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Hnh 6.1: Trnh t MS kt ni mng. 6.4.2 IMSI attach IMSI attach thng bo cho mng MS bt ngun (power-on). IMSI attach l mt phn ca qu trnh cp nht v tr. Gi s IMSI nhp mng vo LA c. Qu trnh IMSI attach din ra theo th t:
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Hnh 6.2: IMSI attach (1) MS camp-on vo cell phc v tt nht. MS gi yu cu cp pht SDCCH ti BSS trn RACH. BSS tr li bng bn tin Immediate Assignment trn AGCH bao gm thng tin v knh SDCCH. (2) MS gi bn tin IMSI attach trn knh SDCCH ti MSC thng qua BSS (3) MSC chuyn IMSI attach ti VLR. VLR xa c IMSI detach v khi phc trng thi bnh thng cho MS. Thng tin v IMSI ri mng cng c cp nht trn HLR (ty chn) . Nu MS bt ngun LA mi th qu trnh bo mt c tin hnh nh nhn thc, kim tra IMEI trn EIR. (4) VLR cp TMSI cho MS. VLR gi bn tin phc p IMSI acknowledge ti MSC. (5) MSC chuyn bn tin ti MS thng qua BSS. MS c nhp mng. (6) MSC gi clear command cho MS trn knh SDCCH gii phng cc ti nguyn dng trong qu trnh IMSI attach. 6.4.3 IMSI detach MS dng qu trnh IMSI detach khi thu bao tt my. Thu bao s c nh du unreachable trn VLR v h thng s khng tm gi thu bao ny na. Thng tin h thng qung b trong cell thng bo cho MS bit qu trnh IMSI attach / detach c cn thc hin hay khng. Cc trng hp IMSI detach Tng minh: MS thng bo IMSI detach Khng tng minh: sau mt khong thi gian xc nh, MSC khng lin lc c vi MS, MSC xem nh MS ri mng. Qu trnh IMSI detach tng minh:
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Hnh 6.3: IMSI detach (1) Khi MS ang tt my, MS gi bn tin channel Request trn knh RACH ti BSS yu cu cp knh SDCCH. BSS n nh knh SDCCH, thng bo ti MS trn knh AGCH. (2) MS gi bn tin IMSI Detach Indication trn knh SDCCH ti BSS v BSS chuyn bn tin ny ti MSC thng bo MS chuyn sang ch detach. (3) MSC gi bn tin Detach IMSI n VLR. VLR bt c IMSI detach v t chi tt c cc cuc gi ti MS. VLR thng bo s thay i ti HLR (ty chn). VLR thng bo cho MSC bng bn tin Acknowledge IMSI Detachment. MSC khng thng bo cho MS v khi ny c th MS ri mng. MSC gi clear Command ti BSS gii phng knh SDCCH. Qu trnh kt thc khi BSS gii phng ti nguyn v gi Clear complete ti MSC. 6.5 Cp nht v tr 6.5.1 Cc ty chn cp nht v tr bo m cho vic nh tuyn cc cuc gi n ng MS, mng cn phi bit v tr ca MS chnh xc ti mc cell. Cc phng php: Cp nht v tr mi khi thay i cell Mi khi di chuyn sang vng phc v ca cell khc, MS gi cp nht v tr cho mng. Thun li ca phng php ny l khng cn phi xc nh v tr cell ca MS mi khi c cuc gi n. tuy nhin,
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Vi PENALTY_TIME <> 11111 C2 = C1- CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET Vi PENALTY_TIME = 11111 V H(x)=0 khi x<0 {x= PENALTY_TIME T} H(x)=1 khi x>0 CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET Tham s chn ny l mt offset m hoc dng trn mi cell khuyn khch hoc khng khuyn khch MS chn li cell
PENALTY_TIME
Khi MS t cell vo danh sch sng mang mnh nht (neighbor list), n bt u b m m kt thc sau PENALTY_TIME. B m ny s c reset khi cell ra khi danh sch. Sut thi gian PENALTY_TIME ca b nh thi, C2 c cho gi tr offset m, iu ny c khuynh hng ngn MS ang di chuyn nhanh khi chn cell.
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Trong ch dedicated, MS lin tc gim st cht lng tn hiu thu (BER) v cng tn hiu (dBm) ca knh lu lng c cp pht trong cell serving. ng thi, cng gim st cng tn hiu ca tt c cc cell neighbor. Thng tin ny c report n BSC serving thng qua BTS. Cc quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin bi mng da vo kt qu o ca MS v BTS
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Hnh 8.1: mobile original call (1) a) MS dng RACH yu cn n nh knh SDCCH. b) Thng tin v knh n nh c truyn cho MS trn AGCH (2) (3) MS thng bo l n mun setup mt cuc gi. VLR phn tch IMSI v nh du MS bn. Qu trnh nhn thc c th c thc hin (ty chn).
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(6)
(7)
8.3 Mobile terminal call Cuc gi kt thc ti u cui di ng pha tp hn cuc gi bt u thu bao di ng do pha ch gi khng bit v tr ca pha b gi.
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Hnh 8.3: nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN Khi MS1 gi MS2 trong cng PLMN, MS1 phi thc hin qu trnh MOC vi MSC ca n (HMSC). HMSC phi xc nh v tr ca MS2 nh tuyn cuc gi chnh xc. Do khng th nh tuyn da vo s c quay (MSISDN ca MS2), HMSC phi hi thng tin v MSRN ca MS2. MSRN c cp pht bi VLR m MS2 ng k. Trong v d ny, VLR ca MS2 l VVLR (Visited VLR). Tuy nhin, HMSC khng th truy vn trc tip VVLR v HMSC khng bit MS2 ng k vo VLR no. Do , MSC dng MSISDN ca MS2 hi HLR v thng tin nh tuyn. HLR truy vn VVLR ly MSRN v gi li cho HMSC. Sau khi c MSRN, HMSC nh tuyn cuc gi ti VMSC. VMSC thc hin qu trnh tm gi khi u MTC cho MS2. 8.4.2 nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN
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Hnh 8.5: Echo canceller Echo l hin tng nghe li chnh ging ni ca mnh lp li khi ni vo in thoi. Hin tng tr trong mng PLMN do m ha v gii m thoi, x l tn hiu gy ra ting vng. Ting vng ny khng nghim trng khi m thoi gia cc MS. Tuy nhin, khi kt ni vi thu bao PSTN, tn hiu phi qua b chuyn i hybrid 4 dy sang 2 dy. Mt phn nng lng t pha nhn quay li pha pht nn thoi c truyn ngc li pha MS. Hin tng ny thu bao c nh khng cm nhn c nhng to ra ting vng c tr khong 180ms cho MS. gim hin tng ny, b trit ting vng c t giao tip gia MSC v PSTN. B trit ting vng chun c th lm gim tr xung 80ms, v thu bao di ng khng cm nhn c.
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Phn 9:
9.1 Mc ch ca an ton mng
GSM SECURITY
Chng li nhng truy cp khng cho php (Nhn thc khi truy cp mng) Bo v s nhn dng ngi dng (dng TMSI gip bo mt IMSI) Bo v thng tin ngi dng (dng mt m) Bo v thng tin bo hiu trong m ng Cc chc nng bo v trn l bt buc i vi MS v mng. Tuy nhin chc nng mt m c th tt. Nhng chc nng bo v ny c thit k bo v ch mng GSM
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Tin trnh nh n thc: Bc 1: Thu bao yu truy cp mng bng cch gi IMSI/TMSI ti MSC Bc 2: Nu VLR khng c b ba thng tin hp l th MSC yu cu b 3 mi t AuC. Sau , MSC gi RAND ti MS dng bn tin Authentication and Ciphering Request Bc 3: MS dng Ki ca n v RAND va nh n t MSC,MS to SRES v gi cho MSC dng bn tin Authentication and Ciphering Response Bc 4: MSC so snh SRES ca n vi SRES nhn t MS. Nu chng ging nhau, MS nhn thc thnh cng v c php truy cp mng
9.4
Mc ch ca chc nng bo v thng tin ngi dng l bo mt thng tin ca mi c nhn Mt m s c ng dng cho tt c cc truyn thng c thoi hay khng thoi. Mc d gii thut chun A5 thng c trin khai, nhng MS v c s h tng m ng c th dng nhiu hn 1 gii thut. Trong trng hp ny, c s h tng mng chu trch nhim quyt nh nn dng gii thut no (bao gm kh nng khng dng mt m trong trng hp s bo mt khng c ng dng) Khi mt m c yu cu, cc tn hiu MS ti m ng ch ra cc gii thut no trong 7 gii thut mt m m n h tr. Mng phc v sau chn 1 trong nhng gii thut ny v bo cho MS bit. Chui s kha mt m(Ciphering Key Sequence Number-CKSN) m cho php mt m bt u trn kt ni v tuyn m khng nhn thc cc chui s kha mt m c dng. Chui ny ct trong VLR cng vi Kc. MSC/VLR gi bn tin AUTHENTICATION REQUEST cha chui s ny, cng vi RAND ti MS
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Khi MS nhn bn tin nh n thc n tnh SRES v Kc, ct Kc cng vi CKSN trong SIM. Ln sau khi MS mun truy cp h thng, n gi CKSN trong bn tin SERVICE REQUEST tin hnh tin trnh mt m m khng cn nhn thc Th tc mt m chung
Bc 1-Xc nh thut ton A5 Gi s nhn thc xy ra, khi 1 MS mun thit lp 1 kt ni c mt m ti m ng, tht ton A5 c thng thuyt u tin trn knh DCCH theo nhng quyn u tin sau:
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9.5
Mt m thng tin bo hiu cung cp s bo mt i vi cc nhn dng ngi dng trn giao din v tuyn Mt m c dng trn cc trng ca cc bn tin bo hiu c trao i gia MS v cc BTS. Cc yu t thng tin bo hiu sau lin quan n ngi dng c bo v bt c khi no c dng sau khi thit lp kt ni ban u: IMEI IMSI S thu bao gi S thu bao b goi Ch rng nhng thng tin bo hiu(loi bn tin,cc nhn dng MS IMSI,TMSI) khng c bo v khi khi to kt ni Khng cung cp mt m t u cui n u cui
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