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REPORTER:
Miranda, Dirk Benedict R.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAt the end of my 15 minutes discussion, the class will:
•
Discuss the epidemiology of meningitis caused by 
Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcuspneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogeneses.
•
Explain how bacterial meningitis is diagnosed.The topic that am going to discuss now is about the Bacterial Diseasesof the nervous system. To starts this lets key in what is the meaning of Bacterial Meningitis:Meningitis is an infection of the fluid in the spinal cord and the fluid thatsurrounds the brain. Meningitis is usually caused by an infection with a virusor a bacterium. Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or abacterium is important because of differences in the seriousness of theillness and the treatment needed.
VIRAL MENINGITIS
is usually relatively mild. It clears up within a week ortwo without specific treatment. Viral meningitis is also called asepticmeningitis.(e.g., chickenpox, measles, and rubella virus)
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
is much more serious. It can cause severedisease that can result in brain damage and even death.Meningitis can be caused by different types of pathogens, including viruses,bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.Historically, there are three
major causes of bacterial meningitis
•
H. infuenzae (the primary cause in children)
•
Nesseria meningitides (the primary cause in adolescents)
•
And S. pneumoniae (the primary cause in the elderly)
Signs and symptoms
Early symptoms of bacterial meningitis include
fever, headache, stiff neck, sore throat, and vomiting
. Then
neurological symptoms
of 
dizziness, convulsions, minor paralysis, and coma
occur;
death
mayresult within a few hours.
 
Diagnosis
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and steps must takenimmediately to determine the cause. Diagnosis is usually made by acombination of patients symptoms, physical examination, and Gram-stainingand culture of the CSF.
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Alternative Names
 H. influenzae meningitis; H. flu meningitis
Definition
 
Haemophilus influenzae
meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membranescovering the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
Causes
 
H. influenzae
meningitis is caused by
Haemophilus influenzae
bacteria agram negative bacteria aerobic bacterium that requires blood for growth.This bacterium should not be confused with the diseaseinfluenza, an upperrespiratory infection caused by the influenza virus.
H. influenzae
meningitismay come after an upper respiratory infection. The infection usually spreadsfrom the respiratory tract to the bloodstream, and then to the meninges. Atthe meninges, the bacteria produce infection and inflammation, causingserious illness and sometimes death.
Symptoms
•
Fever(in young infants the temperature may actually be belownormal)
•
Irritability,poor feedingin infants
•
Nausea and vomiting
•
Pain in back when neck is bent forward and chin is brought towardchest (older children)
•
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
•
Severeheadache(older children)
•
Stiff neck or pain in neck
•
Unusual body positions
 
Diagnosis
For any patient with meningitis, it is important to perform a lumbar puncture("spinal tap"), in which spinal fluid (known as cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) iscollected for testing.Other tests include:
•
Antibodies in blood (serology)
•
Blood culture
•
Spinal fluid culture
•
White blood cell count
Treatment
Treatment must be started as soon as meningitis is suspected.
H. influenzae
meningitis should be treated with antibiotics given through a vein (IV).Steroid medication may also be used, mostly in children. Steroids are givento reduce hearing loss, which is a common complication of meningitis inchildren.This picture shows the organism Haemophilus influenza. Infections causedby Haemophilus influenza usually occur in children under 6 years old and areextremely serious.
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