2013 Marty Hall

Basic Object-Oriented Programming in Java

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2013 Marty Hall

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Topics in This Section

Similarities and differences between Java and C++ Object-oriented nomenclature and conventions Instance variables (fields) Methods (member functions) Constructors Example with four variations

Object-oriented programming is an exceptionally bad idea which could only have originated in California. -- Edsger Dijkstra, 1972 Turing Award winner. 4

2013 Marty Hall

Basics
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Object-Oriented Programming in Java

Similarities with C++
User-defined classes can be used like built-in types. Basic syntax

Differences from C++

Methods (member functions) are the only function type Object is the topmost ancestor for all classes All methods use the run-time, not compile-time, types (i.e. all Java methods are like C++ virtual functions) The types of all objects are known at run-time All objects are allocated on the heap (always safe to return objects from methods) Single inheritance only

Comparisons to C#
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C# very similar to Java in OOP. For details, see http://www.harding.edu/fmccown/java1_5_csharp_comparison.html

Object-Oriented Nomenclature
Class means a category of things
A class name can be used in Java as the type of a field or local variable or as the return type of a function (method)

Object means a particular item that belongs to a class

Also called an instance

Example
String s1 = "Hello"; Here, String is the class, and the variable s1 and the value "Hello" are objects (or instances of the String class)
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 2013 Marty Hall

Instance Variables
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Overview
Definition
Data that is stored inside an object. Instance variables can also be called data members or fields.

Syntax
public class MyClass { public SomeType field1, field2; }
In any class that also has methods, it is almost always better to declare instance variables private. We will show how and why in the next tutorial section.

Motivation
Lets an object have persistent values.
It is often said that in OOP, objects have three characteristics: state, behavior, and identity. The instance variables provide the state.
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Ship Example 1: Instance Variables

public class Ship1 { (In Ship1.java) public double x, y, speed, direction; public String name; } public class Test1 { (In Test1.java) public static void main(String[] args) { Ship1 s1 = new Ship1(); s1.x = 0.0; s1.y = 0.0; s1.speed = 1.0; s1.direction = 0.0; // East s1.name = "Ship1"; Ship1 s2 = new Ship1(); s2.x = 0.0; s2.y = 0.0; s2.speed = 2.0; s2.direction = 135.0; // Northwest s2.name = "Ship2"; ...
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Instance Variables: Example (Continued)

... s1.x = s1.x + s1.speed * Math.cos(s1.direction * Math.PI s1.y = s1.y + s1.speed * Math.sin(s1.direction * Math.PI s2.x = s2.x + s2.speed * Math.cos(s2.direction * Math.PI s2.y = s2.y + s2.speed * Math.sin(s2.direction * Math.PI System.out.println(s1.name + " is at (" + s1.x + "," + s1.y + System.out.println(s2.name + " is at (" + s2.x + "," + s2.y + } } / 180.0); / 180.0); / 180.0); / 180.0); ")."); ").");

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Instance Variables: Results

Compiling and running in Eclipse
Save Test1.java R-click, Run As Java Application

Compiling and running manually

DOS> javac Test1.java DOS> java Test1

Output:
Ship1 is at (1,0). Ship2 is at (-1.41421,1.41421).

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Example 1: Major Points

Java naming conventions Format of class definitions Creating classes with new Accessing fields with variableName.fieldName

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Java Naming Conventions

Start classes with uppercase letters
Constructors (discussed later in this section) must exactly match class name, so they also start with uppercase letters public class MyClass { ... }

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Java Naming Conventions

Start other things with lowercase letters
Instance vars, local vars, methods, parameters to methods public class MyClass { public String firstName, lastName; public String fullName() { String name = firstName + " " + lastName; return(name); } }
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Objects and References

Once a class is defined, you can declare variables (object reference) of that type
Ship s1, s2; Point start; Color blue;

Object references are initially null

The null value is a distinct type in Java and is not equal to zero A primitive data type (e.g., int) cannot be cast to an object (e.g., String), but there are some conversion wrappers

The new operator is required to explicitly create the object that is referenced
ClassName variableName = new ClassName();
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Accessing Instance Variables

Use a dot between the variable name and the field
variableName.fieldName

Example
For example, Java has a built-in class called Point that has x and y fields
Point p = new Point(2, 3); int xSquared = p.x * p.x; int xPlusY = p.x + p.y; p.x = 7; xSquared = p.x * p.x; // Build a Point object // xSquared is 4 // xPlusY is 5 // Now xSquared is 49

Exceptions Can access fields of current object without varName

See upcoming method examples

It is conventional to make all instance variables private

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In which case outside code cant access them directly. We will show later how to hook them to outside with methods.

 2013 Marty Hall

Methods
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Overview
Definition
Functions that are defined inside a class. Methods can also be called member functions.

Syntax
public class MyClass { public ReturnType myMethod() { } }
If you want code that uses your class to access the method, make it public. If your method is called only by other methods in the same class, make it private. Make it private unless you have a specific reason to do otherwise.

Motivation
Lets an object calculate values or do operations, usually based on its current state (instance variables).
It is often said that in OOP, objects have three characteristics: state, behavior, and identity. The methods provide the behavior.
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Ship Example 2: Methods

public class Ship2 { (In Ship2.java) public double x=0.0, y=0.0, speed=1.0, direction=0.0; public String name = "UnnamedShip"; private double degreesToRadians(double degrees) { return(degrees * Math.PI / 180.0); } public void move() { double angle = degreesToRadians(direction); x = x + speed * Math.cos(angle); y = y + speed * Math.sin(angle); } public void printLocation() { System.out.println(name + " is at (" + x + "," + y + ")."); } }
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Methods (Continued)
public class Test2 { (In Test2.java) public static void main(String[] args) { Ship2 s1 = new Ship2(); s1.name = "Ship1"; Ship2 s2 = new Ship2(); s2.direction = 135.0; // Northwest s2.speed = 2.0; s2.name = "Ship2"; s1.move(); s2.move(); s1.printLocation(); s2.printLocation(); } }

Compiling and Running: (R-click, Run As in Eclipse)

javac Test2.java java Test2

Output:
Ship1 is at (1,0). Ship2 is at (-1.41421,1.41421).
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Example 2: Major Points

Format of method definitions Methods that access local fields Calling methods Static methods Default values for fields public/private distinction

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Defining Methods (Functions Inside Classes)

Basic method declaration:
public ReturnType methodName(Type1 arg1, Type2 arg2, ...) { ... return(somethingOfReturnType); }

Exception to this format: if you declare the return type as void

This special syntax that means this method isnt going to return a value it is just going to do some side effect like printing on the screen In such a case you do not need (in fact, are not permitted), a return statement that includes a value to be returned
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Examples of Defining Methods

Here are two examples:
The first squares an integer The second returns the faster of two Ship objects, assuming that a class called Ship has been defined that has a field named speed
// Example function call: // int val = square(7); public int square(int x) { return(x*x); } // Example function call: // Ship faster = fasterShip(someShip, someOtherShip); public Ship fasterShip(Ship ship1, Ship ship2) { if (ship1.speed > ship2.speed) { return(ship1); } else { return(ship2); } }
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Calling Methods
The term method means function associated with an object (I.e., member function)
The usual way that you call a method is by doing the following:
variableName.methodName(argumentsToMethod);

For example, the built-in String class has a method called toUpperCase that returns an uppercase variation of a String
This method doesnt take any arguments, so you just put empty parentheses after the function (method) name.
String s1 = "Hello"; String s2 = s1.toUpperCase(); // s2 is now "HELLO"
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Accessing External and Internal Methods

Accessing methods in other classes
Get an object that refers to instance of other class
Ship s = new Ship();

Call method on that object

s.move();

Accessing instance vars in same class

Call method directly (no variable name and dot in front)
move(); double d = degreesToRadians()
For local methods, you can use a variable name if you want, and Java automatically defines one called this for that purpose. See constructors section.

Accessing static methods

Use ClassName.methodName(args)
double d = Math.cos(Math.PI/2);
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Calling Methods (Continued)

There are two exceptions to requiring a variable name for a method call
Calling a method defined inside the current class definition
Use methodName(args) instead of varName.methodName(args)

Functions (methods) that are declared static

Use ClassName.methodName(args)

Calling a method of the current class

You dont need the variable name and the dot For example, a Ship class might define a method called degreeesToRadians, then, within another function in the same class definition, do this:
double angle = degreesToRadians(direction);

No variable name and dot is required in front of degreesToRadians since it is defined in the same class as the method that is calling it
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Static Methods
Also class methods (vs. instance methods)
Static functions do not access any non-static methods or fields within their class and are almost like global functions in other languages

You call a static method through the class name

ClassName.functionName(arguments);

For example, the Math class has a static method called cos that expects a double precision number as an argument
So you can call Math.cos(3.5) without ever having any object (instance) of the Math class

Note on the main method

Since the system calls main without first creating an object, static methods are the only type of methods that main can call directly (i.e. without building an object and calling the method of that object)
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Method Visibility
public/private distinction
A declaration of private means that outside methods cant call it only methods within the same class can
Thus, for example, the main method of the Test2 class could not have done double x = s1.degreesToRadians(2.2);
Attempting to do so would have resulted in an error at compile time

Only say public for methods that you want to guarantee your class will make available to users You are free to change or eliminate private methods without telling users of your class

private instance variables

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In next lecture, we will see that you almost always make instance vars private and use methods to access them

Declaring Variables in Methods

Format
When you declare a local variable inside of a method, the normal declaration syntax looks like:
Type varName = value;

The value part can be:

A constant Another variable A function (method) call A constructor invocation (a special type of function prefaced by new that builds an object) Some special syntax that builds an object without explicitly calling a constructor (e.g., strings)

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Declaring Variables in Methods: Examples

int x = 3; int y = x; // Special syntax for building a String object String s1 = "Hello"; // Building an object the normal way String s2 = new String("Goodbye"); String s3 = s2; String s4 = s3.toUpperCase(); // Result: s4 is "GOODBYE" // Assume you defined a findFastestShip method that // returns a Ship Ship ship1 = new Ship(); Ship ship2 = ship1; Ship ship3 = findFastestShip();
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 2013 Marty Hall

Constructors
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Overview
Definition
Code that gets executed when new is called

Syntax
Method that exactly matches the class name and has no return type (not even void).
public class MyClass { public MyClass() { } }

Motivation
Lets you build an instance of the class, and assign values to instance variables, all in one fell swoop Lets you enforce that all instances have certain properties Lets you run side effects when class is instantiated

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Example: No User-Defined Constructor

Person
public class Person1 { public String firstName, lastName; }

PersonTest
public class Person1Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Person1 p = new Person1(); p.firstName = "Larry"; p.lastName = "Ellison"; It took three lines of code to make a properly constructed person. It would be possible for a // doSomethingWith(p); programmer to build a person and forget to assign a first or last name. } }
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Example: User-Defined Constructor

Person
public class Person2 { public String firstName, lastName; public Person2(String initialFirstName, String initialLastName) { firstName = initialFirstName; lastName = initialLastName; } }

PersonTest
public class Person2Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Person2 p = new Person2("Larry", "Page"); // doSomethingWith(p); It took one line of code to make a properly constructed person. It would not be possible for a } programmer to build a person and forget to assign a } first or last name.
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Ship Example 3: Constructors

public class Ship3 { (In Ship3.java) public double x, y, speed, direction; public String name; public Ship3(double x, double y, double speed, double direction, String name) { this.x = x; // "this" differentiates instance vars this.y = y; // from local vars. this.speed = speed; this.direction = direction; this.name = name; } private double degreesToRadians(double degrees) { return(degrees * Math.PI / 180.0); } ...
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Constructors (Continued)
public void move() { double angle = degreesToRadians(direction); x = x + speed * Math.cos(angle); y = y + speed * Math.sin(angle); } public void printLocation() { System.out.println(name + " is at (" + x + "," + y + ")."); } } public class Test3 { (In Test3.java) public static void main(String[] args) { Ship3 s1 = new Ship3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, "Ship1"); Ship3 s2 = new Ship3(0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 135.0, "Ship2"); s1.move(); s2.move(); s1.printLocation(); s2.printLocation(); } }
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Constructor Example: Results

Compiling and running in Eclipse
Save Test3.java R-click, Run As Java Application

Compiling and running manually

DOS> javac Test3.java DOS> java Test3

Output
Ship1 is at (1,0). Ship2 is at (-1.41421,1.41421).

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Example 3: Major Points

Format of constructor definitions The this reference Destructors (not!)

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Constructors
Constructors are special functions called when a class is created with new
Constructors are especially useful for supplying values of fields Constructors are declared through:
public ClassName(args) { ... }

Notice that the constructor name must exactly match the class name Constructors have no return type (not even void), unlike a regular method Java automatically provides a zero-argument constructor if and only if the class doesnt define its own constructor
Thats why you could say
Ship1 s1 = new Ship1();

in the first example, even though a constructor was never defined

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The this Variable

The this object reference can be used inside any non-static method to refer to the current object The common uses of the this reference are:
1. To pass a reference to the current object as a parameter to other methods
someMethod(this);

2. To resolve name conflicts

Using this permits the use of instance variables in methods that have local variables with the same name
Note that it is only necessary to say this.fieldName when you have a local variable and a class field with the same name; otherwise just use fieldName with no this

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Destructors

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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2013 Marty Hall

Example: Person Class

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Idea
Goal
Make a class to represent a persons first and last name

Approach: 4 iterations
Person with instance variables only
And test case

Add a getFullName method

And test case

Add a constructor
And test case

Change constructor to use this variable

And test case Also have test case make a Person[]
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Iteration 1: Instance Variables

Person.java
public class Person { public String firstName, lastName; }

PersonTest.java
public class PersonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Person p = new Person(); p.firstName = "Larry"; p.lastName = "Ellison"; System.out.println("Person's first name: " + p.firstName); System.out.println("Person's last name: " + p.lastName); } }

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Iteration 2: Methods
Person.java
public class Person { public String firstName, lastName; public String getFullName() { return(firstName + " " + lastName); } }

PersonTest.java
public class PersonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Person p = new Person(); p.firstName = "Bill"; p.lastName = "Gates"; System.out.println("Person's full name: " + p.getFullName()); } }

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Iteration 3: Constructors
Person.java
public class Person { public String firstName, lastName; public Person(String initialFirstName, String initialLastName) { firstName = initialFirstName; lastName = initialLastName; } public String getFullName() { return(firstName + " " + lastName); } }
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PersonTest.java
public class PersonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Person p = new Person("Larry", "Page"); System.out.println("Person's full name: " + p.getFullName()); } }

Iteration 4: Constructors with the this Variable (and Arrays)

Person.java
public class Person { public String firstName, lastName;

PersonTest.java

public class PersonTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Person[] people = new Person[20]; public Person(String firstName, for(int i=0; i<people.length; i++) { String lastName) { people[i] = this.firstName = firstName; new Person(NameUtils.randomFirstName(), this.lastName = lastName; NameUtils.randomLastName()); } } for(Person person: people) { public String getFullName() { System.out.println("Person's full name: " + return(firstName + " " + lastName); person.getFullName()); } } } } }
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Helper Class for Iteration 4

public class NameUtils { public static String randomFirstName() { int num = (int)(Math.random()*1000); return("John" + num); } public static String randomLastName() { int num = (int)(Math.random()*1000); return("Smith" + num); } }

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To Do: Later Iterations

Use accessor methods
Make instance variables private and use getFirstName, setFirstName, getLastName, setLastName

Document code with JavaDoc

Add JavaDoc-style comments so that online API for Person class will be useful

Use inheritance
Make a class (Employee) based on the Person class. Dont repeat the code from the Person class.

Next lecture
Covers all of these ideas, then shows updated code
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2013 Marty Hall

Wrap-Up
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Summary
Conventions
Class names start with upper case Method names and variable names start with lower case Indent nested blocks consistently

Example class
public class Circle { public double radius; // Well make this private next lecture public Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; } public double getArea() { return(Math.PI*radius*radius); } }

Example usage
Circle c1 = new Circle(10.0); double area = c1.getArea();
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2013 Marty Hall

Questions?
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Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.