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TABLE OF CONTENTS
................................................................................................................1  1.1. Terms of Reference..................................................................................................2 
..............................................................................................................3  2.1. Indian Port Sector....................................................................................................3  2.2. Cargo Profile at Indian Ports...................................................................................3  2.3. Stakeholders of the Port Sector................................................................................3  2.4. Ex-Im Procedures at the ports..................................................................................3 
3.
 
...........................................................5  3.1. Concept and Introduction.........................................................................................5  3.2. Definition of Dwell Time.........................................................................................5  3.2.1 Comparison Of Average Dwell Time at Indian Major Ports.......................6  3.3. Port Efficiency Parameters......................................................................................7  3.3.1 Pre-Berthing Detention................................................................................7  3.3.2 Non Working Time of Vessels At Berth.....................................................7  3.3.3 Turn Round Time (TRT).............................................................................8  3.3.4 Output Per Ship Berth Day.........................................................................8  3.3.5 Efficiency Parameters Inter-Dependency.................................................8 
4.
 
......10  4.1 Standards at some International Ports....................................................................10  4.2 International Ports - Overview..............................................................................10  4.2.1 e-Environment With ERP for Port Operations:.........................................10  4.2.2. Port Infrastructure and Superstructures....................................................13  4.2.3. Quantum of traffic......................................................................................14  4.2.3.1 Cargo traffic:.............................................................................................14  4.2.3.2 Vessel Traffic:...........................................................................................14  4.2.4 Dwell Time Comparison with International Ports:...................................15  4.2.5 Level of Mechanization:............................................................................15  4.2.6 Space- not a constraint:..............................................................................15  4.2.7 Evacuation of Cargo:.................................................................................15  4.2.8 Regulatory Practices:.................................................................................16  4.3. A Comparative analysis of International Port viz-a-viz Indian Major Ports:........16  4.4. Business Process Flow At Indian Container Terminals:.......................................18  4.5. Constraints in achieving the International norms..................................................25 
...................................................................................................26  5.1 Analysis of Factors Attributable To Port...............................................................26  5.1.1. Infrastructure Constraints..........................................................................26  5.1.1.1. Inadequate Port Capacity...........................................................................26  5.1.1.2 Inadequate Navigational Aids And Facilities:...........................................26  5.1.1.3 Bunching Of Vessels.................................................................................27  5.1.1.4 Poor Road Network Within The Port.........................................................27 
 
ii5.1.1.5 Low Cargo Handling Capabilities............................................................27  5.1.2.1. Inadequate Cargo Handling Equipments / Machinery...............................27  5.1.2.2. High Down Time of Equipments..............................................................28  5.1.2.3. Low Labour Productivity..........................................................................28  5.1.2.4. Shortage of Storage Space........................................................................28  5.1.2.5. Regulatory restrictions on Operation Time..............................................28  5.1.3. Low IT Application..................................................................................29  5.1.3.1. Insufficient IT implementation in Port Operations...................................29  5.1.3.2. Partial Implementation Of EDI.................................................................29  5.1.3.3. Too many Manual Documents:..................................................................30  5.1.3.4. Systems and Procedures:...........................................................................30  5.1.3.5. Limited Time For Payment And Documentation:.....................................30  5.2. Factors Attributable to Other Stakeholders...........................................................30  5.2.1. Cargo Evacuation / Aggregation Constraints............................................30  5.2.1.1. Non- Aggregation of Cargo in time...........................................................30  5.2.1.2. Slow evacuation of cargoes from the areas leased / licensed to Users......31  5.2.1.3. Document Readiness..................................................................................31  5.2.1.4. Mismatch at transfer points........................................................................31  5.2.2. Statutory Inspection And Procedures........................................................31  5.2.2.1 Procedural Formalities of Regulatory Authorities................................31  5.2.2.2 Limited working hours by Customs and other Govt. Agencies.................31  5.2.2.3. Lack of inspection / testing facilities for Edible / Plant / Drugs at theport 325.2.2.4 Restrictions by Local Bodies.....................................................................325.2.3. Deployment Of Private Cargo Handling Equipments...............................325.2.3.1 Delay in mobilization of Equipments & trucks by Stevedores..................325.2.4. Inadequate IT implementation...................................................................325.2.5. Shortage of Railway Wagons/Rakes/Heavy duty trucks...........................335.2.6. Manual Customs Examination of Containers............................................335.2.7. Poor / Inadequate Hard infrastructure (Road / Rail Network)...................335.2.8. Other Factors.............................................................................................335.2.8.1. Onboard Stowage of Cargo........................................................................335.2.8.2. Draught Survey..........................................................................................335.2.8.3. Cargo unlashing and lashing......................................................................335.2.8.4. Delays in Confirmation of loading / unloading plan.................................345.2.8.5. Ballasting / Deballasting............................................................................345.2.8.6. Liquid bulk vessels delayed for want of Ullage, Flushing and Survey.....34
6.
 
INITIATIVES UNDERTAKEN BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SHIPPING
.............35
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
.................................................................................................367.1. Short Term Measures - Port Account.......................................................................367.1.1 Reduction of Non-working time and improvement of Output per ShipBerthday 367.1.2. 24 X 365 Round the clock port working.................................................377.1.4 Strengthen the roads to and within the Ports.............................................377.1.5 Improve labour productivity......................................................................377.1.6. IT as a strategic weapon In the Port Sector...............................................387.1.7. Norms for Stevedoring License................................................................397.1.8. Creation of Off-Dock Facilities for Bulk/Break-Bulk Cargoes................40
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