Embed Doc
Copy Link
Readcast
Collections

CommentGo Back

Download

Definition

Inguinal hernia repair, also known as herniorrhaphy, is the surgical correction of an inguinal hernia. An inguinal hernia is an opening, weakness, or bulge in the lining tissue (peritoneum) of the abdominal wall inthe groin area between the abdomen and the thigh. The surgery may be a standard open procedure throughan incision large enough to access the hernia or a

laparoscopic procedureperformed through tiny incisions,using an instrument with a camera attached (laparoscope) and a video monitor to guide the repair. When thesurgery involves reinforcing the weakened area with steel mesh, the repair is called hernioplasty.

Purpose

Inguinal hernia repair is performed to close or mend the weakened abdominal wall of an inquinal hernia.

Demographics

The majority of hernias occur in males. Nearly 25% of men and only 2% of women in the United States willdevelop inguinal hernias. Inguinal hernias occur nearly three times more often in African American adultsthan in Caucasians. Among children, the risk of groin hernia is greater in premature infants or those of

lowbirth weight. Indirect inguinal hernias will occur in 10–20 children in every 1,000 live births.

Description

About 75% of all hernias are classified as inguinal hernias, which are the most common type of herniaoccurring in men and women as a result of the activities of normal living and

aging. Because humans standupright, there is a greater downward force on the lower abdomen, increasing pressure on the less muscledand naturally weaker tissues of the groin area. Inguinal hernias do not include those caused by a cut(incision) in the abdominal wall (incisional hernia). According to the National Center for Health Statistics,about 700,000 inguinal hernias are repaired annually in the United States. The inguinal hernia is usuallyseen or felt first as a tender and sometimes painful lump in the upper groin where the inguinal canal passesthrough the abdominal wall. The inguinal canal is the normal route by which testes descend into the scrotumin the male

fetus, which is one reason these hernias occur more frequently in men.Hernias are divided into two categories: congenital (from birth), also called indirect hernias, and acquired,also called direct hernias. Among the 75% of hernias classified as inguinal hernias, 50% are indirect or congenital hernias, occurring when the inguinal canal entrance fails to close normally before birth. Theindirect inguinal hernia pushes down from the abdomen and through the inguinal canal. This condition isfound in 2% of all adult males and in 1–2% of male children. Indirect inguinal hernias can occur in women,too, when abdominal pressure pushes folds of genital tissue into the inquinal canal opening. In fact, womenwill more likely have an indirect inguinal hernia than direct. Direct or acquired inguinal hernias occur whenpart of thelarge intestineprotrudes through a weakened area of muscles in the groin. The weakening resultsfrom a variety of factors encountered in the wear and tear of life.Inguinal hernias may occur on one side of the groin or both sides at the same or different times, but occur most often on the right side. About 60% of hernias found in children, for example, will be on the right side,about 30% on the left, and 10% on both sides. The

muscular weak spots develop because of pressure onthe abdominal muscles in the groin area occurring during normal activities such as lifting, coughing, strainingduring urination or bowel movements, pregnancy, or excessive weight gain. Internal organs such as the intestines may then push through this weak spot, causing a bulge of tissue. A congenital indirect inguinalhernia may be diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or later in adulthood, influenced by the same causes asdirect hernia. There is evidence that a tendency for inguinal hernia may be inherited.A direct and an indirect inguinal hernia may occur at the same time; this combined hernia is called apantaloon hernia.A

femoral hernia is another type of hernia that appears in the groin, occurring when abdominal organs andtissue press through the femoral ring (passageway where the major femoral artery and vein extend from theleg into the abdomen) into the upper thigh. About 3% of all hernias are femoral, and 84% of all femoralhernias occur in women. These are not inquinal hernias, but they can sometimes confusethe diagnosis of inguinal hernias because they curve over the inguinal area. They are more often accompanied by intestinal

obstructionthan inguinal hernias.

Because inguinal hernias do not heal on their own and can become larger or twisted, which may close off the intestines, the prevailing medical opinion is that hernias must be treated surgically when they cause painor limit activity. Protruding intestines can sometimes be pushed back temporarily into the abdominal cavity,or an external support (truss) may be worn to hold the area in place until surgery can be performed.Sometimes, other medical conditions complicate the presence of a hernia by adding constant abdominalpressure. These conditions, including chronic coughing,constipation, fluid retention, or

urinary obstruction, must be treated simultaneously to reduce abdominal pressure and the recurrence of hernias after repair. Arelationship between smoking and hernia development has also been shown. Groin hernias occur morefrequently in smokers than nonsmokers, especially in women. A hernia may become incarcerated, whichmeans that it is trapped in place and cannot slip back into the abdomen. This causes bowel obstruction,which may require the removal of affected parts of the intestines (

bowel resection

) as well as hernia repair.If the

herniatedintestine becomes twisted, blood supply to the intestines may be cut off (intestinal ischemia)and the hernia is said to be strangulated, a condition causing severe pain and requiring immediate surgery.

Surgical procedures

In open inguinal hernia repair procedures, the patient is typically given a lightgeneral anesthesiaof shortduration. Local or regional anesthetics may be given to some patients. Open surgical repair of an indirecthernia begins with sterilizing and draping the inguinal area of the abdomen just above the thigh. An incisionis made in the abdominal wall and fatty tissue removed to expose the inguinal canal and define the outer margins of the hole or weakness in the muscle. The weakened section of tissue is dissected (cut andremoved) and the inguinal canal opening is sutured closed (primary closure), making sure that no abdominalorgan tissue is within the sutured area. The exposed inguinal canal is examined for any other trouble spotsthat may need reinforcement. Closing the underlayers of tissue (subcutaneous tissue) with fine sutures andthe outer skin with staples completes the procedure. A sterile dressing is then applied.An open repair of a direct hernia begins just as the repair of an indirect hernia, with an incision made in thesame location above the thigh, just large enough to allow visualization of the hernia. The

surgeonwill lookfor and palpate (touch) the bulging area of the hernia and will reduce it by placing sutures in the fat layer of the abdominal wall. The hernial sac itself will be closed, as in the repair of the indirect hernia, by using aseries of sutures from one end of the weakened hernia defect to the other. The repair will be checked for sturdiness and for any tension on the new sutures. The subcutaneous tissue and skin will be closed and asterile dressing applied.Laparoscopic procedures are conducted using general anesthesia. The surgeon will make three tinyincisions in the abdominal wall of the groin area and inflate the abdomen with carbon dioxide to expand thesurgical area. A laparoscope, which is a tube-like fiber-optic instrument with a small video camera attachedto its tip, will be inserted in one incision and

surgical instruments

inserted in the other incisions. Thesurgeon will view the movement of the instruments on a video monitor, as the hernia is pushed back intoplace and the hernial sac is repaired with surgical sutures or staples. Laparoscopic surgery is believed toproduce less

postoperative pain and a quicker recovery time. The risk of infection is also reduced becauseof the small incisions required in laparoscopic surgery.The use of surgical (prosthetic) steel mesh or polypropylene mesh in the repair of inguinal hernias has beenshown to help prevent recurrent hernias. Instead of the tension that develops between sutures and the skinin a conventionally repaired area, hernioplasty using mesh patches has been shown to virtually eliminatetension. The procedure is often performed in an outpatient facility with

local anesthesia and patients canwalk away the same day, with little restrictions in activity. Tension-free repair is also quick and easy toperform using the laparoscopic method, although general anesthesia is usually used. In either open or laparoscopic procedures, the mesh is placed so that it overlaps the healthy skin around the hernia openingand then is sutured into place with fine silk. Rather than pulling the hole closed as in conventional repair, themesh makes a bridge over the hole and as normal healing take place, the mesh is incorporated into normaltissue without resulting tension.

Diagnosis

Reviewing the patient's symptoms and medical history are the first steps in diagnosing a hernia. Thesurgeon will ask when the patient first noticed a lump or bulge in the groin area, whether or not it has grownlarger, and how much pain the patient is experiencing. The doctor will palpate the area, looking for anyabnormal bulging or mass, and may ask the patient tocough or strain in order to see and feel the hernia more easily. This may be all that is needed to diagnose an inguinal hernia. To confirm the presence of thehernia, an ultrasound examination may be performed. The

ultrasound scan will allow the doctor to visualizethe hernia and to make sure that the bulge is not another type of abdominal masssuch as a tumor or enlarged lymph gland. It is not usually possible to determine whether the hernia is direct or indirect untilsurgery is performed.

Preparation

Patients will have standard preoperative blood and urine tests, an electrocardiogram,and a

chest x ray

tomake sure that the heart,

lungs, and major organ systems are functioning well. A week or so before surgery,medications may be discontinued, especially

aspirin

or anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs. Starting thenight before surgery, patients must not eat or drink anything. Once in the hospital, a tube may be placed intoa vein in the arm (intravenous line) to deliver fluid and medication during surgery. A

sedativemay be given torelax the patient.

Aftercare

The hernia repair site must be kept clean and any sign of swelling or redness reported to the surgeon.Patients should also report a fever ,and men should report any pain or swelling of the testicles.The surgeon may remove the outer sutures in a follow-up visit about a week after surgery. Activities may be limited tonon-strenuous movement for up to two weeks, depending on the type of surgery performed and whether or not the surgery is the first hernia repair. To allow proper healing of muscle tissue, hernia repair patientsshould avoid heavy lifting for six to eight weeks after surgery. The postoperative activities of patientsundergoing repeat procedures may be even more restricted.Prevention of indirect hernias, which are congenital, is not possible. However, preventing direct hernias andreducing the risk of recurrence of direct and indirect hernias can be accomplished by:

•

maintaining body weight suitable for age and height

•

strengthening abdominal muscles through

regular exercise

•

reducing abdominal pressure by avoiding constipation and the build-up of excess body fluids,achieved by adopting a high-fiber, low-salt diet

•

lifting heavy objects in a safe, low-stress way, using arm and leg muscles

Risks

Hernia surgery is considered to be a relatively safe procedure, although complication rates range from 1–26%, most in the 7–12% range. This means that about 10% of the 700,000 inguinal hernia repairs each year will have complications. Certain specialized clinics report markedly fewer complications, often related towhether open or laparoscopic technique is used. One of the greatest risks of inquinal hernia repair is that thehernia will recur. Unfortunately, 10–15% of hernias may develop again at the same site in adults,representing about 100,000 recurrences annually. The risk of recurrence in children is only about 1%.Recurrent hernias can present a serious problem because incarceration and strangulation are more likelyand because additional surgical repair is more difficult than the first surgery. When the first hernia repair breaks down, the surgeon must work around scar tissue as well as the recurrent hernia. Incisional hernias,which are hernias that occur at the site of a prior surgery, present the same circumstance of combined scar tissue and hernia and even greater risk of recurrence. Each time a repair is performed, the surgery is lesslikely to be successful. Recurrence and infection rates for mesh repairs have been shown in some studies tobe lower than with conventional surgeries.Complications that can occur during surgery include injury to the spermatic cord structure; injuries to veinsor arteries, causing

hemorrhage;severing or entrapping nerves, which can cause

paralysis;injuries to thebladder or bowel; reactions to anesthesia; and systemic complications such as cardiac arrythmias,

cardiacarrest, or death. Postoperative complications include infection of the surgical incision (less in

laparoscopy

);the formation of blood clotsat the site that can travel to other parts of the body; pulmonary (lung) problems;and urinary retention or urinary tract infection.

Normal results

Inguinal hernia repair is usually effective, depending on the size of the hernia, how much time has gone bybetween its first appearance and the corrective surgery, and the underlying condition of the patient. Mostfirst-time hernia repair procedures will be one-day surgeries, in which the patient will go home the same dayor in 24 hours. Only the most challenging cases will require an overnight stay. Recovery times will vary,depending on the type of surgery performed. Patients undergoing open surgery will experience littlediscomfort and will resume normal activities within one to two weeks. Laparoscopy patients will be able to