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Process of CommunicationBARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION:
 The word barrier means hindrance or hurdles or difficulties orproblems. Barriers with reference to communication implies hurdles or problems on the way whichadversely affect the transmission of information from the sender to the receiver. The way is notsmooth and clear. There are many problems on the way leading to misunderstanding or non-reaching the message to the receiver. The main barriers are:
Organizational
Managerial
Psychological and
Language
Organizational barriers1. Policy:
Broad objectives and policies of the organization are laid down by the topmanagement. They are broad guidelines for everyone in the organization to follow. They changebehavior or the receiver. Policy is generally in writing. If policy is not supporting the flow of communication, vertically and horizontality, it acts as hurdle in the smooth flow of communication.
2. Rules and Regulations:
Formal communication should follow the path of flow thecommunication. Organizational rules and regulations sometimes work as obstacles fortransmitting message. They prescribe rigidly in the message to be communicated as well as thechannel to be followed and through which alone the communication must move. The rules areso rigid and formal that they restrict the free flow of communication and result in delay indecision-making process and action.’
3. Status and Position:
In two-way communication, status and position block the flow of communication, particularly in upward flow. The reasons are non-listening attitude of thesuperior, non-answering and interpreting as well as withholding information etc.
4. Complex organization:
Complexity in organization structure is also equally a seriousproblem in the smooth flow of communication. The organizational structure has an importantinfluence on the capacity of the members to communicate. Complexity involves many layers of supervision, long distance, more lines, communicating gaps, organizational distance betweenthe workers and the top management. This is also a barrier for effective communication.
5. Facilities:
 The management in every organization must provide minimum facilities tohandle message load and to communicate effectively. Facilities like typing pool, media,mechanical instruments carriers, cost etc. Organizational facilities are indispensable for smooth,proper and a timely flow of communication. The purpose of 
Communication is defeated is minimum facilities for transmitting message are notprovided. l
Organizational Climate Barriers:
 These are the barriers that are created due to problemsin the culture of the origin and also due to lack of proper directions of the managers or topbrass. These are as follows:1. Fear
Fear of being misinterpreted
Fear of distortion by gossip
Fear of exposing oneself to criticism
Fear of getting fired2. Poor or Ego-centered supervision: Poor supervision may create obstacle in the communicationprocess. Typically, the person may thrive that s/he is being ignored or dominated.3. Insincerity and lack of confidence: Insincerity means that communication is superficial. Lack of confidence means that the massage is not trustworthy.
Organizational Barriers:
Problem arises when the organizational structure is not properlydefined. It is necessary to assign the responsibility and authority, and to clear the channels for awealthy organization. Thus communication is likely to be ineffective and over harmful. Thesebarriers are:
Lack of chain of command
Bureaucratic delay
Political manipulations
Class confects
Language barriers:
Language that describes what we want to say in our terms may presentbarriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we
 
couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global marketplace the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language.
Perceptual barriers:
 The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the worlddifferently. If we didn't, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensoryperception would take its place. Sometimes it also causes disruption in communication.
Cultural differences
: Whatever we assume about the recipients of our message, the wider theaudience, the more of them will fail to meet your assumptions. In Some cases, this virtuallyguarantees we may be misunderstood. What we intend to say as a neutral matter of fact will beinterpreted (by different people) as a detestable political opinion, a horrendous blasphemy, and alovely piece of poetry.
Physical barriers:
Physical barriers in the workplace include:
 
Marked out territories, empires andfiefdoms into which strangers are not allowed closed office doors, barrier screens, and separateareas for people of different status and noise in the place where communication is taking place.
Psychological Barriers:
 The psychology of the employees in an organization is relating tosecurity of job, dignity, peace of mind etc. Psychological needs and feelings are the prime barriersin organizational communications process. Listening, interpretation or encoding and decoding of amessage depend upon psychological status of both transmitter and the receiver. Some of thepsychological barriers are the following:
Distrust of communicator
Inattention
Premature evaluation
Failure of communication
Loss by transmission and poorretention
Emphasis on written message 
Personal Barriers:
Human beings differ from one person to the other because of differentgeographical, economic, social, education or occupational background, also results from:
Personal emotions
Biases
Perceptual variations
Competencies
Prejudice
Lack of time
Message overload
Mental faculties
Five sense
Psychological problem
Technical Barriers:
 Technical malfunction
Wrong time of communication
Space and geographical distance
Mechanical failures andDisturbance
Physical Obstruction- too much emphasis on the information structure.
Semantic Barriers:
Science of meanings is termed as semantics. A word can carry as many asfive hundred meanings. Semantic barriers arise due to differences in meanings, which peopleattach to the different words. The meanings of the word are not in the words are not in the words,these are with us. A poor choice of symbols or their confused meanings could distortcommunications. A Semantic barrier can be divided into the following categories:
Word interpretation
Gestures (handshakes and frown)
Language translations
VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
Among the various forms of communication, verbal or oralcommunication is considered to be the earliest and common medium of communication. The basisof communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for peopleto communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound,words, speaking, and language. The sender, the medium, the receiver and the message are the basic factors associated withcommunication. It should be clear enough to achieve the object of communication. It is an art; forthis, there are no fixed rules which can be uniformly followed always and in all circumstances. There are a number of factors which influence effective verbal communication. Factors likeconversation style of speaking, language, medium, temperament of the receiver and speaker, sizeof audience, importance of message etc. are important. So effective verbal communication calls for
 
certain principal to be followed whatever the circumstances, the following are the essentialingredients of good verbal communication.
Brevity- A
message to be delivered should be brief. It should neither be too short or too long. Onecan achieve brevity by taking pains and framing short sentences rather than lengthy and complex.Using precise words, simple and familiar words and avoiding superfluous words are importantfactors in effective communication.
Avoid jargon-
In conversation, we must be conscious to avoid jargon because only people whoare well-versed in a particular subject can understand. It may be called legal jargon, military jargon, commercial jargon etc. But in general conversation, the words used must be clear otherpeople as well.
Seven C’s of communication-
Francis J. Betgin advocates that there are seven Cs to rememberin verbal communication. They are:
Candid
Clear
Complex
Concise
Concrete
Correct
Courteous
Sequences- P
resentation of matter in a logical sequence is yet another important principal of effective communication. The speaker should not jump points or change the sequence.Consistency, continuity and logical development of the subject matter should be there. Themanner in which speaker says something is important than the something itself that matters incommunication.
 Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions- A
djective and adverb should be used where necessary. They emphasize the meaning with degree of importance and use of unnecessary prepositionsshould be avoided. For instance, ‘All employees must follow the safety regulation in regard towork’. Here, the word ‘about’ can be used in place of “in regard to”.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION-
Communicating a message without using arbitrary symbols i.e.words or meaning of words is termed as “non-verbal communication”. Non-verbal language consistof hidden messages, it is the cues which convey the messages. Non-verbal messages express truefeeling more accurately than the spoken or written language. Non-verbal messages do not haveuniversal meaning. In different context they vary. Our sensitivity to non-verbal messages increasewith experience and age. According to one study, only seven percent of a message effect is carriedby words and listener receive other 93% through non-verbal means.
There are some categories of non-verbal communication as follows-
Sign Language-
Marks or symbols used to mean something is termed as signs of language.Gesture is used in the place of words, number, or punctuation marks in the sign language. Thelanguage system of the deaf people and the hitch-hiker’s finger is the example of the signlanguage.
Objective language-
Objective language medium of non-verbal communication indicatesdisplay and arrangement of Material things. This method may include intentional orunintentional communication of material things like clothing, ornaments, books, building, room,furniture, interior decoration etc. Objective language is non-verbal message communicatedthrough appearance of objects.
Silence-
In many
 
circumstances
,
silence
 
also is an effective medium of communication. Through silence, some people evoke response from others. Sometimes, silence itself isconsidered equivalent to speech. However, Silence as a Medium of communication isconsidered as a dangerous mode of communication.
Paralanguage-
Another important dimension of non-verbal communication is paralanguage.Sounds are the basis for paralanguage. Paralanguage include tone of voice, power or emphasis,pitch, rhythm, volume, pause or break in sentence, speed of delivery, loudness or softness etc. These languages too influence meaning and convey messages.
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