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DRAFT: The CrypTool Script: Cryptography, Mathematics and moreBackground reading for the free eLearning program CrypTool (version 1.4.00)(c) Bernhard Esslinger (co-author and editor), 1998-2006 Frankfurt am Main,Germany April 11, 2006This is a free document, so the content of the document can be copied anddistributed, also for commercial purposes – as long as the author, title and theCrypTool web site (www.cryptool.org) are acknowledged. Naturally, citations fromthe CrypTool script are possible, as in all other documents. This licence isabutted on the GNU Free Documentation Licence.1
 
Overview about the Content of the CrypTool ScriptIn this CrypTool script you will find predominantly mathematically orientedinformation on using cryptographic procedures. The main chapters have been writtenby various authors (see appendix A.2) and are therefore independent from oneanother. At the end of most chapters you will find literature and web links. Thefirst chapter explains the principles of symmetric and asymmetric encryption anddescribes shortly the current decryption records of modern symmetric algorithms.Because of didactical reasons the second chapter gives an exhaustive overviewabout paper and pencil encryption methods. Big parts of this script are dedicatedto the fascinating topic of prime numbers (chap. 3). Using numerous examples,modular arithmetic and elementary number theory (chap. 4) are introduced andapplied in an exemplary manner for the RSA procedure. By reading chapter 5 you’llgain an insight into the mathematical ideas and concepts behind moderncryptography. Chapter 6 gives an overview about the status of attacks againstmodern hash algorithms and is then shortly devoted to digital signatures, whichare an essential component of e-business applications. The last chapter describeselliptic curves: they could be used as an alternative to RSA and in addition areextremely well suited for implementation on smartcards. Whereas the eLearningprogram CrypTool motivates and teaches you how to use cryptography in practice,the script provides those interested in the subject with a deeper understanding ofthe mathematical algorithms used – trying to do it in an instructive way. If youare alrady a little bit familiar with this field of knowledge you can gain a fastoverview about the functions delivered by CrypTool using the menu tree (seeappendix A.1). The authors would like to take this opportunity to thank theircolleagues in the company and at the universities of Frankfurt, Gießen, Siegen,Karlsruhe and Darmstadt. As with the eLearning program CrypTool, the quality ofthe script is enhanced by your suggestions and ideas for improvement. We lookforward to your feedback. You will find the current version of CrypTool at the websites http://www.cryptool.org, http://www.cryptool.com or http://www.cryptool.de.The contact people for this free open-source program are listed at the web siteand in the “readme” file delivered within the CrypTool package.2
 
ContentsOverview Contents Preface to the 7th Edition of the CrypTool Script Introduction –How do the Script and the Program Play together? 1 Encryption Procedures 1.1 1.1.11.1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 8 9 10 11Symmetric encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 11 New results about cryptanalysis of AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 12 Current status of brute-force attacks on symmetric algorithms (RC5) . . .. 14Asymmetric encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 14 Hybrid procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 15 Further details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 17 Web links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2 Paper and Pencil Encryption Methods 2.1 2.1.12.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.4 19Transposition ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 19 Introductionary samples of dierent transposition ciphers . . . . . .
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 . . . . 19 Column and row transposition ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 21 Further transposition algorithm ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 22 Monoalphabetic substitution ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 24 Homophonic substitution ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 29 Polygraphic substitution ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 29 Polyalphabetic substitution ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 31Substitution ciphers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 24Combining substitution and transposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 33 Further methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 40 3 Prime Numbers 3.1 42What are prime numbers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 423
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