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Program Galus Sains SPMBasic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
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Scientific Skills :VariablesConstant
(same/fixed)
MANIPULATED
( different)
RESPONDING
(result of experimen)
Can be identified from:(a) Table(b) Graph(c) Statement(d) DiagramFrom tableExample:(i) Manipulated Respondingvariable variable
SubstanceBoiling Point /
0
C
Distilled water100Distilled water + common salt......................(ii) Manipulated variableHeight of students (cm)146-150151-155156-160161-165166-170Number of studentsResponding variable 
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roslainigc
1
 
ManipulatedRespondingManipulatedResponding
}
 
Program Galus Sains SPMBasic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
 _______________________________________________________________________  _ 
From graph
From statement
:(1)To study the effect of manipulated variable on responding variableTo study the effect of thickness of convex lens on focal lengthExample :(a)Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L andmetal M in dilute hydrochloric acidImportant points from statementSameDifferentResultDilute hydrochloric acidMetal L and metal MReactivity rateConstant variableManipulated variableResponding variable
Volume of hydrochloricacidConcentration of hydrochloricacid
Type of metal
Reactivity rate of metal
From Diagram
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roslainigc
2
 
Distilled water 
 
Fresh milk
SterilizeCottonwool
Freshmilik
SterilizeCottonwool
Incubating Incubating Incubating IncubatingTemperature temperature temperature temperature37
0
C 0
0
C 100
0
C 60
0
CFresh milk(Responding )Temperature(Manipulated )Time
 
Program Galus Sains SPMBasic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables
 _______________________________________________________________________  _ 
Constant variableManipulated variable Responding Variable
Volume of fresh milk(incubating) temperature
Condition of fresh milk
Growth of bacteriaConstant variableManipulated variableResponding variable
Volume of nutrient broth
Type of bacteria
Volume of bacteria culture 
Incubating temperature
Cloudiness of mixture
Steps in writing variables:Parameter 
of 
materials
………………………. of nutrient broth………………………. of yeast……………………… of metal
Example:
Must write parameter 
for each variable
Apparatus
is
not considered
as constant variables
SOLIDLIQUIDGAS
Mass of metalThickness of wireLength of rodType of nailPresence of saltWeight of substanceSize of spongeDepth of dentVolume of culture solutionVolume of hydrochloric acidConcentration of hydrochloricacidVolume of hydrogen
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roslainigc
3
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