O'leary Pearse CC

"What Stalked through the Post Office?
": Pearse's C Chulainn Author(s): Philip O'Leary Source: Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, Vol. 3 (1983), pp. 21-38 Published by: Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, Harvard University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557129 . Accessed: 21/08/2013 11:20
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Philip
O'Leary
"WHAT STALKED THROUGH THE POST OFFICE?": PEARSE'S CO CHULAINN
Any Statues"
discussion will, of
of course,
Yeats's tell
famous us a
great
question deal
from more
"The about
Yeats
pearse
and
or
his
Cu
rough
Chulainn.
beasts
For
than
those
it
will
about
in
either
Pearse or
interested
uses of made in the of this century, years When Pearse be: might to he expect what did
He from very had had early years in his
Irish in the material epic early a better if less elegant question to his Cu Chulainn summoned side, the Post stalk Office? through
to refine career?and those his expectations, career for began very
early Gaelic been

abound
on with the of his Three Lectures publication ? he had in 1898 when he was only nineteen Topics to the hero fascinated References by Cu Chulainn.
in his writings on all topics, and he was eventu
to write two ally Deeds (The Boyhood Ford (1913) of the In all of acter.
for ary that artist Pearse model, ideal and a moral
Chuchulainn Macghniomhartha pageants, of Cu Chulainn, and The Defence 1909) as the char with C? Chulainn central Cu Chulainn these writings represented
and ethical his valuable ideal as attempts insight well to into as a liter as incarnate Pearse
in and examining we a can gain revolutionary.
one who learned Not Irish from for his surprisingly in Dublin, with direct encounter Pearse's first books was Fenian heroic Irish literature the through Cycle was just then than the Ulster much of which rather Cycle, In the for the 1900 issue June edited first time. being na Gaedhilge, text of a he published the of Irisleabhar he had delivered lecture at a Gaelic "An meeting, League
Fhiann agus an Fhiannaidheachd," a paper largely con
cerned
references
with
to
the
historicity
of
Celticists.
Fionn
and
bristling
a few
with
years
continental
Within
he had sufficiently mastered the of the later language of three them: Torai to edit and publish Fenian tales in dheacht Fhiacail 6 Neachtain (with Eoghan R?ogh Gr?ag an Chota and Bruidhean Lachtna 19 04), Bodach (1906), Chaorthainn (1908). even Yet while his he was establishing scholarly
credentials with the Fenian material he was beginning to
immerse himself through In his 1897 lecture March the New Ireland Literary
eighteen-year-old the Red Branch,"1 president, quoted
translations on "Gaelic Society

he extensively
in the Ulster Cycle. Prose to Literature" of which he was the

"the from knights of translations,
discussed
Philip
O'Leary
22
and, in words he could have restated unchanged at old the to Gael," Fionn, mere time: this heart theme the end
of
value ...
his
of may
life,
the still
affirmed
early be the literature: inspiring
his
faith
"These and
in
rejuvenating
the
self-same
inspirational
epics of
man,
October "The
and
lifting
of
him
same
to
year, Future the
higher
he of
and
returned the than
nobler
ideals."2
declaring: Oscar? Oisin, names they of represented great
In
in
Intellectual were Conchubhar, more to and warriors
"Fearghus, these champions
Cuchulainn, Gael of a
former two
to rol
ours,
him led
men away
yet are
who
had
though
gone those
before, mighty
is not
who heroes
dead: conviction
had
thousand
fought
years
the land
on we, in
good
have
fight....
And their
well-nigh
since
trod
it lives
this
that
of
our as a
spirit overmastering for higher
irresistible, nation, made
things."3
At Literary
spoke lecture on
22 February the it Society,

which, "Cuchulainn as Ruth
was
1898 meeting Patrick's

the Red Edwards
of the brother
Branch has
New Ireland Willie who

Cycle" said, in "shows a
and Dudley
all the to Fainne

Branch, literature. vividly Branch
signs an
and
of Lae,
traced The
Patrick's Willie
its feats from ... The
fine Gaelic the "sketched

influence of the numerous on Red Branch extracts position naturally a clear,
hand."4 origin
Irish
According of the Red

... the and were 'Red by his light."5
history heroes from occupied devoted
illustrated Epics.' to whom was
Cuchulainn, chief attention,
commanding Mr. Pearse placed in
historic
Not
surprisingly, forms a true
Patrick
and, that
found
seconding the noble
the
the
lecture
vote of personality
an
of
entirely
thanks Cuchu to
edifying experience the speaker, "urged
lainn
is Club of
type
and delivered
of
Gaelic
vigour to
nationality,
and the on 5 Lae what hope...."*> Catholic January
full
Commercial 1899,
as
it
youthful a In lecture on "Irish
life
Saga
Literature" Fainne an attention love of
Pearse
was
Gaelic point thought,
a bit
more
explicit
he directed
on C? Chulainn
as
reported: was the was
"a true
elevation and
type
"The last
of
of
nationality." which to the
chivalrous
great
noble;
the
whole
purity
Saga and
and
delicacy
were and and, in
of
conception
heroes, inspirations, what would invariably
that
while
marked
their
men of a
literature. willful, elevated short,
Their
arrogant of noble mean Cu actions, Chulainn
represented be
sometimes as
impulse
incapable now called
'thorough Catholic
rather clothes whom or
gentleman'
as a worthy
(sic)."?
candidate
This no
of
bathetic
for admission
picture
to
of
the
Commercial
priggish at Father young formal Dinneen a reference academic ensuing
Club
man functions invariably
is
who
doubt
insisted the called
the
on Gaelic "P.
creation
wearing League8 Haitch fondness
of
morning
the
and
Pearse" for and
listing"
"B.A.B.L.," his In the
to degrees.* years of
young literary,
Pearse's
political,
especially
educational
work,
and
with
his
founding
of
23 in 1908, Pearse's ?anna of the pedagogi conception Scoil Irish value literature and his of early of Cu cal image as an inspirational model both focused and deep Chulainn
ened. No longer gentleman." was Cu Chulainn
type ?
of
Gaelic
nationality"
Writing
or when
merely
the Claidheamh
shadowy
"true on
the
in
absurdly
An
anachronistic
Soluis
thorough
at a time 1906, 27 October on educational fixed entirely at Scoil later would adopt
readers:
his issues ?anna,10
was attention almost and the methods he he had exhorted his
?r
uasal, naidhe
gcead
chomhairle
'ideal' a os mar gcomhair Biodh realt
do
Ghaedhealaibh,
Bearl?ir,
biodh
i Cuirohnighmis a agus
cusp?ir
gcomh ar r?idhte
Chuchulainn.
an ad?arfadh amach ac?. a ghn?omhartha
sin,
mar ?,
no os first
gn?omhartha
'n-a eolais
agus
r?idhte
ag lonnradh
gaisgidhigh
go glormhar
eile
sa
sp?ir (Our
before speaker
?r
gcomhair.11 counsel
a noble say.
to
Gaels,
an us
let
"ideal" remember
them
as
always
the Cu
have
them would
goal, Let
English Chulainn.
Let his some of shining When

these
deeds and sayings other hero like in the gloriously Scoil

into practice.
or the deeds and him a guiding be us.) sky before in

As
sayings light he
entered
he
opened
?anna
September
the new
19 08,
students
put
beliefs
a large at Cullenswood faced hall the main House, they C? Chulainn of the for Pearse mural arms, young taking be a noble "it would to set somewhere that believed thing entered that the school see it a where every boy might in which the boy Cuchulainn be the central should picture the somehow be Lest he began point lost, figure."12 on their Cu Chulainn the his students very telling story
first Irish story morning speaker writer in from Padhraic their Rosmuc, ?g ? new the school.13 future A novelist claims the young and native short students
Conaire,
learned
this
N?orbh an ag l?inn
lesson
fhada bPiarsach mar bhi
quickly:
ann duinn "Cuchulainn" Cuchulainn ina gur thuigeamar a dh?anamh eisiomplair gur de chuspoir gach aige....14 mac
(We weren't
was lainn," Pearse's for
there
long
until
make
we
understood
student exemplar....) a
that
"Cu Chu
it
to goal Cu Chulainn
every was his
cess,
religious truer ours."15
In his Pearse
oneness
history said
community of
of
of Scoil The Story ?anna, the school: "I do not think

can ever or was no have by a less been finer than knit
of
a Suc that any

by than and a
together
purpose
This
purpose
comradeship recreate "to
perpetuate
in
Eire
the
knightly
tradition
of
the
macradh
24
of the tradition Emain noble Macha tradition of Colm ... the of Cille...."16 high the tradition Fianna For ... Pearse of Cuchulainn the now, Christlike the edu ...
cational Ulster
Chulainn, ration
system and Cycle

offered for himself, may
of as
a never
Ireland early by epitomized

clear, his have at concrete, students, lived, Eamhain; of the
as its
and and but kind
in outlined finest product,

detailed all there of of
the Cu
and
"Cuchulainn a have been as the Gael's
inspi Ireland: never may endures and
Boy-Corps idealisation
the
picture environment
the
hero."1? perfect
kind
of
hero,
fostering
When he Pearse makes
which
is
go
clear a long
to
the
the
way
making
qualities from the
of
a perfect
of such a "thorough
gentleman" desiderate
struggle, only however, practiced warrior does
of is
1900: effort
rise
"The key-note on the part

self-discipline, to
of of
the the
school child
for
life itself,
by these
self-sacrifice, the soul
All
was
for his facing
not
the virtues
Spartan
emphasis with
at
perfection."18
Cullenswood
on the boy and To Cu
House
Chulainn, not the
in
1908,
who doomed
was
overwhelming
exuberance, odds.
celebrate
the
end
of
life,
this
school
Pearse
year,
wrote,
one
and
of
his
the of
happiest his two

for
periods
performed
of
on the
his
the
students motive
school
eants. in his It
grounds,
Pearse school may be
the
explained magazine wondered ambitious in to our crown and
first
his An
Cu Chulainn
writing
pag
play
Macaomh: we have of The first undertaken a Cuchulainn is work to send that with our the com
why career. our symbolic;
paratively so early anxious thing
project
reason year's anxious
Pageant we were some boys
worthy
home with the knightly of Cuchulainn in their image ears. words in their hearts and his knightly ringing the of leave under the St. Enda's They will spell
magic is, their the Pearse in of after country, of epic stressed play. about often opinion are true their all, the most the indeed, world.'9 his absolute fidelity it makes question and his Those who discussions of the of to his sense Pearse's entire Pearse, of personally source at Ulster dif early this sour beloved greatest as I hero, figure think, the in the Macaomh the greatest epic who of in
this writing to investigate point ces for ideas his Cycle. ferences Irish As of literature is
Therefore, whole the Cu Chulainn in
concerning sharp.
knowledge him knew
were
ship.
impressed
Desmond
by
Ryan
the
breadth
said of Irish
and
him:
depth
"His
of
close
his was
scholar
study of
Irish
make
gave
him Cuchulainn one
him
of
that
the
mastery
great
over
it
writers
which
of
later the
to
He
to-day.
steeped
and
his the
mind
in
the
heroic
Stephen
literature
MacKenna
of
claimed
Fionn
Pearse
cycles."20
knew
native
literature
"as
other
men
know
their
25
arithmetic,"21 was "He other the and deeply hand, read Father more in recently early Francis was Irish lists of Irish Shaw David Greene wrote that On
literature...."22 states categorically:
"To
Gaelic
judge
past his
by
of
his
the
writings
country
Pearse's
slight
knowledge
rather than was and over his not
of impression
and case
the
pro very over
found.
that wide. again
Certainly
acquaintance He falls uses Shaw to in the is
his
back same on
written
with
work
gives
the
literature names
he While
quotations."23 undeniably overstating
here, Cycle
it
pearse texts to hardly this the for
is
impossible
refers and that the surprising.
to
a
ignore
very
the
limited
fact
that
of instance in of This the Ulster
in
it is,
his
Ulster is of
writings
possible course, years tales, edited of of
number
trace
virtually translation had Very real which Pearse Cuchulainn few
every he used. people mastery were
early Cycle
century texts the
of first
many
any of time. The
being must Saga
competently have had in Irish
Eleanor
Hull's
a copy Literature
(1898), translations
The Father Phantom
for
he quotes collected
Chariot Hogan's of
more once from than in it, The Wooing of

Cuchulainn."25 translation of He The also Battle
two of Emer,24
quotes of Rosna
the and
from
Edmund
from ree Eugene (1892);26 O'Curry's Cuchulainn and Only Sick-bed 2? from the of translation (1859);"Z7
Ford" section of the Tain in A. H.
translation of Jealousy "The Combat

Leahy's Heroic
of The Eimer at the

Roman
ces I re 1 a nd of (1 905) ;28 same "The Fight section,

O'Curry's On the Manners and
from the of Ferdiad

Customs of
of translation and Cuchulaind"

the Ancient
the in
Irish
and from Mrs. (1873);29 of the Tain (1 90 7 ).30

Yet in none of these
Arthur
writings,
Hutton1"^
apart
verse
from the
translation
those done
when
home itself.31 yses quotations topics pieces lectures
he
with of
was
still
Irish, He was
a
was not
teenager
Pearse attempting rather his to as
just
dealing
beginning
with
to
scholarly references
feel
anal
at
literature or of range of these
detailed using ideas brief on a
the from were
but tales, to illustrate education written
wide
bearing can hardly own when required
and prepared down?Pearse be adequate lay ready blamed
Since many politics. or editorials public newspaper a perhaps deadline with pressing was a notorious procrastinator?he of his for translations not making of It the brief also be should passages noted that
renderings to hand.
he
when could
shown ship,
he went find.
a good and he
to translations as his As early

knowledge always Claidheamh Pearse Standish was kept of
he 1900
contemporary with up
looked lecture
the
the best for on Fionn he

Celtic field, scholar as is
he had
ob
vious,
Stokes statement ed source"
for
in
example,
An that of
in
his
editorial
Soluis.32 largely reliant for
eulogy
Thus, on of "many
of
Father "the his
Whitley
Shaw's infect romantic
O'Grady
notions
about
early
Ireland"33
is
misleading.
Of
course,
26 no one growing
time and epic writers the
up with
could young of
an
have Pearse
interest
avoided was
in
the
the
Irish
influence
past
in
of
Pearse's O'Grady, the by unlike his Dennis tion serious
grandeur such study has O'Grady of told
Gwynn between
O'Grady's as Yeats, to Irish, an instructive and Pearse of writes: after a
undeniably creations.34 was Pearse well story which Cu
captivated However, able, beyond a of through O'Grady. conversa as by
move in
O'Grady's "Cutch-ulane." the discovery,
mispronunciation Gwynn and
that
he knew own had
he
the book. Of
"O'Grady pause long
Pearse corrected name Chulainn's was overwhelmed informed Pearse
would
known correct course,
have
the
written
correct sound and
an
sound was
entirely
of thus of the able
different
name."35 to produce mature
book
Pearse his Pearse's
if
the
clearest
proof
the
ability is the
three his was
to fact
scenes
work that
with his
texts in the Ulster Cycle Cu Chulainn first pageant,

Cu Chulainn's and based his very arrival taking closely name, Irish
original a play
at of
in
earning written
presenting his heroic of a modern in
Emain, arms, on the
of the Book of Leinster (henceforth language text German edited with translation by Ernst in his in 1905.36 wrote Pearse published for notes the first of the play publication
magazine great part An of Macaomh: the dialogue "I have from extracted the the Tain,
a LL) Tain, and Windisch introductory school in his

story and modern a merely
ising cent
(but phrase
altering of the
for that a
as little original."37
of
as
his
possible) In this
pageant changes the modern
he
the is
with he
magnifi entirely
the made intelli as after the origi we LL were
accurate, shows Tain those gible will listing absolutely an to see, a
comparison the only necessary which is
linguistic make to knew inaccurate minor deviations
audience
he however, few extremely
dialogue Irish.38 when he claims, from
nal
else
due
I Before
largely
have
to
staging
problems,
the changes
that
he
"For
did
everything
we may
authority."39 investigating
make,
over LL Tain the the ask why he chose version na hUidre and The Ye 1 low Book of Lecan Lebor not LU and YBL).4u too much should Naturally,
this material tically poses. were convenient choice, have crafted The available form for writers Tain of to of him generally LL wishing found the a better the in LU-YBL the original Stories to more text adapt unified for which in from the the Irish
in found (henceforth be made of

heroic and their he artis pur required extremely Tain (pub
source
sections
Strachan's
lished form Ihn

version
na Gaedh i Ige in book in Iri^sleabhar in 190 3 and in Winifred in and in translation 1908) Faraday's the LU-YBL Raid of Cualnge Cattle (1904). However,
of the tale simply did not suit Pearse's purpose,
it two for contains Cu Chulainn: youthful Emain of Boy Troop
episodes hardly his of killing and his hiding
to the flattering of the members fifty their from enraged
27
parents servant under who Conchobar's to wake couch, too him and early Conchobar his in slaying the from a of morning. a
dared rescue
It field
also
includes and
of
two
of
entire
the wounded
episodes supernatural
twenty-seven
absent foes,
invaders
from
LL:
battle
Cu his
the
Chulainn's defence
his
Ulster
fight
against
with his
and
from
Isles
pearse lainn light unnecessary his
of
thus in or
Faiche.
also a negative, are which venture chosen had "a
With
rejected
rejection
episodes an by crude supernatural. claimed obvious which
of
excessively
the
present
LU-YBL
Cu
Tain
Chu an from One
especially marked into LL, the Pearse
exaggeration any departures purpose."41
violent, or
Having original
sufficiently
of such is his of omission of the most striking changes and of the with hound Culann's Cu Chulainn's fight single in the Deeds" section of the episode "Boyhood longest Cu Chulainn's to the border his and Tain, expedition
combats with the sons of Nechtan Scene, although these
fights
scene.42
are
A
referred
"sufficiently
to
in
the might
choral be
wild
song
purpose"
which
for
opens
the
the
omis
obvious the various
sion
and able One not
of
the
these
incidents
of resources
that
the
beasts
combat
were
scenes
unstage ?anna. decision bizarre Pearse's a subur re
captures with the
could to
perhaps attempt
physical unwillingness Dublin ban no quires There nal in of his
the command of Scoil at same in the the way explain a presentation of Cu Chulainn's of the the end at appearance episode.43 a bevy women to naked onto send of an lawn of before audience adolescents further are, pageant explanation.44 several however, for which the from are less
changes reasons
the
origi "suffi Emain,
ciently
First
obvious"
all, when
and
Pearse's
for
which
Cu
he
had
not
arrives
authority.
at
Chulainn
him to take invite the boys freely in their he interferes the LL Tain, in the invitation. Also, original
clearly and of newcomers equals. never adds, against fic. "Da have heard "If I them."45 Having mb'eol, done it.") told dheanfainn But their then has acting chosen under When of had on their he this later the to assumption disregard protection informs the I should Cu ignorance e."46 again, LL their
in part hurling tale

that Cu geis
their in game; no such with are the boys

Chulainn about that knows putting them he as had
before Conchobar Cu have Chulainn of ("if this I had
accepting Chulainn been is the whole invitation from the in Tain and the
geis,
known, Pearse's of his
arrogantly on my guard more far paci he geis, says: I would known, business to of
geis
already,
must the
An in
baffle
through
him
since
the
boys
themselves
have
him,
spontaneous departure Pearse's In of
laid
occurs Chulainn
injunction
even the first and more scene takes
aside.
striking of arms. pageant LL the it, original which in notable all Cu
translations
adaptations
with
exception
of
O'Grady's
History
of
Ireland:
The
Heroic
28
Period, prophecy Cu Chulainn the accidentally future overhears one Cathbad's who takes and Pearse's arms thus
concerning
fame
of
on
he gains
that
is
day.
The
arms
boy
then
at
disingenuously
instruction In trickery.
tells
Conchobar
pageant,
seeking his weapons
Cathbad's
through
as
sented ar radh
in
an
O'Grady's
as bhfaiche ar cheana a member
History,
of agus ina Cuchulainn thimpeal
C?
Cathbad's
Chulainn
class: agus l."47 Fol
is
explicitly
"Cafach lun ag agus comes
pre
teacht an mac on it off having purpose the
("Cafach
green
around Conchobar himself overheard
with
Cu
Chulainn
Furthermore, comes to the prophecy, class,
and
where whereas sets
Fol
in Cu off
lun
and
the
other
boys
is by
him.") who after the
Pearse's Chulainn in LL, the
play stands boy, and
immediately
ful
Pearse's
ly to
to
win
version
arms
through
Cu
verbal
druid's
trickery.40
has a later right anger
Thus,
to at hear
in
the with
Cathbad's
teaching,
Chulainn the and mention
use
Pearse
which
also does
his
not
instruction
Cu
has
been where
put through
and to
is
unjust. trickery
Chulainn's Emain ?anna
encounter leave
Conall
he value compels
Cernach
Conall
at
?th
to
na
return
Foraire,
to Scoil
the
honorific
on
guard
truthfulness
duty
to
at
himself. live up to
Pearse
and
placed
was
a high oath
the
constantly
urging
"truth
his
on and No text The
students
our lips."
to sources
even of of to the part
the
when
Fenian
he found
of
C?a
Apparently,
Chulainn
simply, incidents.
of
his
perhaps survives Defence
trifling
unconsciously, Pearse's Ford. We
with
the
truth,
he
the
suppressed second have "Two only Cu Chulainn summaries
pageant,
the Irish in
of
from
the
action
Sean will O'Casy
in
take
An Claidheamh
this
Soluis49
Worker: pageant.
and
in
hundred
letter
per be
formers
Here
will
on the The shown the of Ulster field. hurling Boy Corps news the march of the body to of Cuchulainn's wounding; scene the defend the frontiers till the Hero recovers; of the men of Ireland the attack their around Camp Fires; by the Boy Corps and final last the of Ulster; act, ly in the
'Battle and of the Ford' between the two calls and such drama What Feardiadh."50 O'Casey An in Claidheamh Soluis,, "parts" an enormous cast with and such was a spectacle rather than a a Heroes, "acts" it is Cuchulainn are called plain action, it may that, this well
sweeping and that
have
Chulainn
had
no
set
text
to
or
play
dialogue.
prominent
With by
this
role
pageant,
in Pearse's
Cu the
ceases
writings,
heroes As have gression of a
which
physical result too through
come
of
to
such
be
dominated
politics
and
force
perhaps
readily a series able to in
Republicanism. in shifts seen Pearse's of stages:
emphasis, career cultural
scholars as a pro national
ist;
canism late
political
but as 1912; still
activist
believer
moving
address
towards
a
radically
Home blood Rule sacrifice;
Republi
meeting as or,
messianic
to
define
his
development
in
terms
of
his
successive
role
29
models: Cu Chulainn, Robert Emmet, Jesus Christ. Pearse
himself wrote
farnham:
undoubtedly after moving

"Whereas at
gave Scoil
a view to such impetus to the Hermitage ?anna

House I spoke
he when in Rath
oftenest
Cullenswood
to our prime,
Robert lainn Emmet Desmond such writings, a
of boys I have
was Emmet our
Cuchulainn and been speaking

and the heroes inspiration of
his to
of compeers them oftenest

the at last stand.
the
Gaelic of here
Cuchu Robert Yet against in his a stu
has Ryan, view
greatest our been who of
greatest knew him
inspiration intimately, change."52
Cullenswood; here."51 has warned may be Ryan, traced once
but
Pearse: no essential
"Development
at Scoil felt dent ?anna, to the Hermitage, ?anna Sgoil member of the an invisible with moved the Cu Chulainn
and his like had also been
that but school school

at the
"Cu Chulainn moved with settled down and became if staff."53 Further, to Rathfarnham, Emmet
Ryan describes
Cullenswood.
how,
at Gaelic cle Sarsfield, McHale,
after
Scoil the
passing
?anna, he
the
names
Cu Chulainn
main the heroes, Brian of the of
mural
saints, Tributes, Patrick, mantlepiece
on his
and
first
"where sages Owen a
day
in cir Roe, John pic
entered
classroom,
lettering wainscotting: Tone, Thomas
Davis.
Colmcille, Over
Keating, hangs
ture
Pearse's
of the Christ This reference

most daring,
child."54 to the
indeed
Christ
to some a
child Christ. in his
brings This 1913

of sinless new are the
us
assi
to
blasphemous,
milation, fication
"Some lainn The personal less Aspects
that of is most
of
Cu Chulainn with fully developed

Irish the Literature": redemption sin lies doom to a their youth, of
identi lecture
Cuchu God. and power curse,
symbolizes curse of sin to save
primal brings themselves;
"The story man a by a upon people; doors; free they from
akin
divine, comes
with
from
them
redeems it.
through
them I do not
his
by his mean
mother
but
through
and Tain his is a
his
own
father
death
valour; that the
conscious
allegory: like is
story one of for
but there retelling

in
is
the story it (or is

This idea for in
in its essence, foretelling?)

not, same the however, issue
and it of the
a of new An
Calvary."55^ Pearse
was
1913,
Macaomh chulainn should

an macaomh
he first which Macghniomhartha published in he had written all Irish that 1909, the example of Cu Chulainn, do follow "?ir in
sin a he bheatha sul da gcail lfeadh heroic se a
Chu boys chai 11 his

to
eineach"
("for
honor"),
that
youth
and
lost
had
his
compared
life
before
this
he would
sacrifice
lose fein
that of another boy chionntach" ("though

life "ar son cionnta race").56 Indeed, as a patriotic Christ over the Jerusalem,
who, "gidh he himself

a as chinidh" as early hero:
s? go raibh was guiltless")

("for 1905 our of his the Pearse
neamh his gave

of had the seen wept And
sins
fallen
"Christ, capital
Exemplar, nation."5'
in of
1906 he had the Heroes,"
urged for
his readers to command in this
"follow "the lay
in the wake summa very
30
of the natural main and lobby Christian at Cul lenswood ethics."58 House The may boys have entering been most
impressed by the Cu to not have failed same hai 1 of Christ out arms stretched
must tion religious soon of have stories instruction.6^ noticed of
could Chulainn also but they mural, in the see Beatrice picture Elvery's as a boy, naked and with to the waist and they in the cruciform position,5^
that Cu the time was for Pearse's invariably recita after Chulainn
Gaelic other
tor's was
While Pearse's of 1900 and his "thorough gentleman" seem Messiah of each 1913 and after to resemble are rooted crea if at all, both in their little
lifelong seeking some correct search noble Victorian for a Gaelic worthy model ideal. to assert In 1900 in the Pearse face
of
the
Anglicized be surprised value system

and to be of merely "the
tawdriness if of
around
Dublin
him,
upbringing,
and,
given
one
his
can
stolidly
hardly of the
maturity ceased the a
he described that milieu.

reaction society. of the
model that With his

his he
in terms increasing
idealism as became At
self-confidence, a of his starkness
however, to what C?
soullessness symbol
Chulainn
perceived now world."61
antique
Scoil
"struggle,
?anna
he
was
held him xhe
up
to
the
boys
as
a model
and
for
they
self-sacrifice,
were to imitate urged and pure."63 truthful

artha was made his to exemplify
self-discipline,"62
"brave by being Cu Chulainn of

precisely these
and unselfish, the Macghniomh

virtues even more
at
the
As
expense
of
despair
fidelity
over
to
the
original
political
text.
and,
Ireland's
importantly, of C? Chulainn
individualistic
her
spiritual underwent
and
servility a further
deepened, transformation.
self-sacrifice
his
view The
of
character-building
the first for one's similarities

earlier identity.
of self the messianic became offering pageant of the and the of The Defence people Ford;64 in at and Christ hinted between Cu" Chulainn
writings Indeed, were as eventually early as 1910 asserted Pearse as was a virtual beginning
to see his first of the 1909-1910 at the the play

"Cuchulainn's
pageant school Castlebel

as
in just the year lingham

Pearse
this light. students in Feis

called it. will
At the end had presented County Louth,

After recall
country"
ing
I
his
pride
them for
in have and
his
any
boys,
great
he
wondered
they
"whether,
rally,
if
ever
as
need
service,
many of them inspiration

them."65 The Chulainn
to promised the tradition

of the Pearse's result
do
... I
to the faith holding have to tried give

conception evolutionary of pro Cu
development was, then,
of
final an
cess. he had remained his life consistent Throughout he felt ethos of to revive to be the what attempting If his Cu Chulainn heroic changed during period.
literary that career of the native of his and was tales, sources always this on radically was not Pearse's due different a conscious to but
in the his
from
manipulation
part,
rather
31 to what standing
Patrick inspiration to him an out As
he of
felt the
from enthusiasm
was real
Cu
own steadily under his deepening of the early literature.66 meaning

drew a great who, Ireland deal of having with Chulainn, an for his once so faith charmed glorious in the have for he Republic no felt himself the on need was a and
Pearse
cultural
live G.P.O. Easter to there.
and
a
literary
of the
past,
then
led
of
him
inexorably
to
myth he read
redemptive Proclamation Pearse to his may side,
self-sacrifice well
Monday summon Cu
morning, Chulainn
465 Long Pond Drive Massachusetts South Yarmouth,
02664
32
NOTES
Patrick
Pearse,
"Gaelic
Prose
Literature"
in
Three
Lectures
on
2Pearse,
Gaelic
"Gaelic "The 35. Dudley
Topics
Prose Intellectual
(Dublin,
Literature,"
1898),
14.
31. of the Gael" in
Three
3Pearse, Lectures, 4Ruth
Future
Edwards,
Patrick
Pearse:
The
Triumph
of
Failure
(London, 5"Gnotha na
5
1977), Gaedhilge"
March
22. ("Irish
7.
Language 7.
Affairs")
in
Fainne
an
Lae,
1898,
6Fainne
an
Lae,
5 March
14 this January lecture eulogistic
1898,
1899, and
way "He extracts bounds to
an 7F?inne Lae, was at present was indiscriminately
14. wrote to absurdity
Joseph in his
Hollo diary: over his
subject,
of
and
which reason listeners....
the
adjectives
he read the It is from stuff this when
he
employed
the so absurd, Sagas praised
to
were
describe
beyond became
the
the known almost
his
unmeaning,
fanatical
language
praise
left to
that
us so
makes
unbearable
the
few
and
lovers
impractical
of
the
to
Irish
all
broadminded people." A Selection Theatre:

pressions of a Dublin
Cited from
from Joseph hjls Unpublished

ed.
Holloway's Journal
Robert Hogan
Abbey "im
and
Playgoer,
Michael
J.
C^Neill 89.
(Carbondale,
1967),
4).
8Edwards,
6 Conluain 9Proinsias agus ?tha Duinn?neach (Baile Cliath, 10See

tional
Donncha 1958), Educational

ed.
? Ceileachair, 198. ist:

0
An
A Significant
o f P^
Irish
?U Pearse,
The
Educa
la
Writings
S?amas
Bu a chai
(Dublin,
1980),
101-17;
"Seanm?ir"
280-99.
("A Sermon") in An Claidheamh
27 October Soluis, 1906, are tions in this paper the text and are followed
12Pearse, "Our Heritage
11Pearse,
Irish All 3. quota language in in the original Irish given translation. by the English
of Chivalry" in An Claidhe
amh Soluis,
14 November
1908,
9.
33 13?esmond 14Padhraic
("Memories of St.
Ryan, 6g Pear
letter
Remembering 6 Conaire,
in
Sion
(London, Scoil
bPiarsach
1934),
97.
"Cuimhn?
Cuimhn? na
?anna"
(Memo
Enda's")
ries
5. concert;
of
This
the
booklet the
ses),
was from
Cu id
issued
3
for
(Baile
an Pearse
Xtha
annual at
Cliath,
Pearse the
n.d.),
memorial beginning
Margaret
of
the
text
is
dated
The Col
11 January
of a
1958.
Success Padraie 1-2. in St. H. Enda's Pearse, and ed.
Its Desmond
15Pearse, Founder, Ryan 16Pearse, 17Pearse, 18Pearse, 1^Pearse,
Story leeted
Works~of n.d.),
(Dublin, Story of of of of
a a a a
Success, Success, Success, Success,
7. 34. 37. 26.
Story Story Story
1919), Piarais
is Three no
Man Ca 11 ed The 20Desmond (Dublin, Ryan, Pearse^ Mac See Seamas also 30. 6 Searcaigh, P?draig 53. ?tha (Baile Cliath, 1938), 38, "?~Searcaigh
doubt Lectures: unconscious "Nocht of se his smaointe irony ... when n?r he writes of a cluineadh
leith?id never
sin i nEirinn." roimhe in Ireland.") before heard 21 Martin Daly

n.d.),
("He revealed
thoughts of the
of
(Stephen
19.
MacKenna),
See also
Memories
the comments
Dead
(Dublin,
Pearse's Pearse
sister (Dublin, 22David 19.

23Father
Mary 1934; Greene,
Brigid Mercier Writing
in The Press in
Home Life edition, Irish Today
of P?draig 84. 1979), (Dublin,
1972),
Francis
Shaw,
"The
Canon
of
Irish
History:
A Reappraisal,"
24See Pearse,
Studies
The
(Summer
of
1972),
a Success,
130.
22, 34; and
Story 14 An Claidheamh "Our Heritage of Soluis, Chivalry, of Emer November The translation of The Wooing 9. 1908, in Hull found is that of Kuno Meyer published originally in the Review Archaeological (1888). 25See Pearse, The Phantom Story of a Success, which first 35; and "Our
Heritage
translation
of
Chi valry7r
of The
9.
Hull
Chariot,
uses
J. ?'?eirne and
Crowe's
appeared
in the Journal of Association 26See
of the Ireland
Historical Royal (1871). Prose
Archaeological
Pearse,
"Gaelic
Literature,"
15.
34
27See Pearse, "Some Aspects of lecture Irish Literature" in
Songs
Pearse,
of tale
to
the
134-35.
Irish
In Emer
Rebels,
this sends
Collected
same
Works
Pearse
of
Padraic
refers
H.
to
the
woman
of
whom
Cu Chulainn's the
Pearse,
death
C?
and (135).
incorrectly
for protection
calls
the
Fann
Chulainn
instead
2?See and
of
correct
"From
Niamh
a
ings 158-59.
Speeches,
Collected
Hermitage" Works
in of
Political Padraic
Writ Pearse,
29See 30See cording the epic to most
Pearse, Pearse, Seamas popular
"Gaelic "Our 6
Prose
Literature," of this ?anna.
15-16.
Heritage
Buachalla, in Sgoil
Ac 9. Chivalry," was of the version An Macaomh comment
ed in its have been

who has
Midsummer 1909 issue we to know that glad

read through her 'Tain'
that have
twice,
"l?rs. on rolls
and
would Hutton a boy of 13

is commencing
it a third Pearse reviewed time" (87). on in An Claidheamh Soluis favorably was he himself time, however, By this tale in the original. 31 The
Aspects confuses See note of
translation the 19 07. 21 December the with working lecture

enough, he of sign
single
Irish names above. in
exception
Literature." this lecture,
is
the
Oddly a
1913
sure
"Some
also haste.
27
32Pearse, 24 April 1909, 33Shaw,

34A.E. Cuchulainn "Standish (London, O'Grady's Troop of
"Whitley 9. 130.
Stokes"
in
An Claidheamh
Soluis,
writes whom
of
"how O'Grady in 144.
the A.E., Gibbon that Boy about
was deep discovered The It Living is, of influenced for the
O'Grady" 1937), romantic Emain must
love Pearse's or invented." ed. Torch, example, education Pearse's Compare of
for See Monk the ideas
obvious
picture have
in Ireland. early schooling of Cuchulainn Coming (London, a The of 32-34. Success, Story 35Dennis Gwynn, Edward Martyn
1894),
49-50,
The O'Grady's Pearse's and
and
the
Irish
Revival
(London, Cattle
1 930),
245. have Cuai been Inge" much "that mentioned

Pearse,
must 36This of Spoil

Sion,
read edition by Desmond

incidentally,
of the in Ryan
could
Remembering German. read 37 Pear
159-60.
se,
"By
Way
of
Comment"
in
An
Macaomh
1.1
(Midsummer
19 09):15.
35
3?For example, when Cathbad gives Setanta his new n-ainm anmuin ?ireann ?ireann identical will and
name
edition): sin, sin." agus
C?
ocus Pearse Alban
Chulainn,
"Con bat an cechlabat lana renders t-ainm den and
he
be?il this
says
fir fer
in
n?rend h?rend
the
LL
ocus ocus "Cluinfidh
Tain
Alban Alban b?il
(Windisch's
inn don fir fear is Scotland
passage: agus sin." men of mouths The Ireland of
sin, ainm "The the
beidh
Alban l?n agus in both versions: hear that name,
meaning and men of
the
Ireland
Scotland
will
be
full
of
that
name." 15.
mural LL Tain. at Cull ens
39Pearse,
4?The House motto was
"By
Way of
the wording
Comment,"
Cu Chulainn of the
under in the
wood
41
Pearse,
"By
Way of
Comment,"
15. (The Boyhood Liteartha j.e of Patrick

1979), 146-47;
Deeds Padraig
Pearse), 150.
Chuchulainn Macghn?omhartha 42Pearse, in Na Scr?bhinn? of: Cu Chulainn) Mac Piarais (The Literary Writings
ed. Seamas "? Buachalla (Corcaigh,
43Cu the the his reed hideous Ulster
Chulainn's riastrad, Cycle.
physical troubled O'Grady,
transformations, .other for example,
especially early adapters describes of the
distorted
head, in a not
Cu Chulainn
and river 155). his of a his so face he
thus:
was quaked
"His
fearful and
eyes
to trembled" even is he of had
blazed
look more on
terribly
upon. Like (The Coming revisionist: him, but [London,
in
a of the
Cuchulainn, was "It appearance
Gregory Lady own appearance god" riastrad (Cuchulainn
Muirthemne
1902;
refers
Colin
to the
Smythe
edh.,
as
1973],
"a sort
169).
of
Pearse
Berserker
himself
rage"
("From
44 O'Grady
Hermitagerr~in
Pearse's women
Political
reticence order crossed 159). the
Writings,
is men not to their ish to troop Mrs. in out Hutton her
158).
unique retire, here. after
Again has
the
which
exposed Coming
they
of
go
to
and
meet
hands
Cu Chulainn
on Stand
"in
lowly
Hayes
wise,
breasts"
with
(The O'Grady
bosoms
Cuchulainn,
lapses
his and women without
into
virtual
"reduce
incomprehensibility
themselves of Saga, womelvs any critically kind
at
this
to meet omits rendering
point;
garb, him" all of
nature's
(Hull's reference the Tain.
subterfuge Cuchulainn to the
153). nakedness
C?cile
45 Ta in Bo ?^ahilly 46Pearse,
Cualnge, (Dulbin,
ed.
from 1967),
the Book 159-60.
of
Leinster
by
Macghn?omhartha
Ch?chulainn,
145.
36
Pearse, Macghn?omhartha Ch?chulainn, 150-51.
48Pearse,
de Ver? presents
Macghn?omhartha
a garbled version
Ch?chulainn,
of to arm this
151.
incident
Aubrey
in
H?1?.
K9.L?L1. 9.L
??a?H
by
??eave
Cathbad
(London, having earlier
1882),
a new
in
which him his
Conchobar,
urged
"knight,"
chooses Cu Chulainn arms 1 38-40). (pp.

49"The Defence
after
denied
of
the
Ford"
in
An
Claidheamh
So
luis,
31 May 50"To
1 91 3,
9. Worker," 7 June
ed. David
Irish
1913,
Krause
The was
Letters
(New York,
of in
in An
Sean
O'Casey
1 910-1941,
1975),
just one
78.
Apparently
hour. See
all
"Touching
this
the
action
St.
completed
Fete"
Enda's
Macaomh
51
2.2(May
Pearse, The of ideas change."
1913):46.
Story Man Pearse: underwent See of a Success, Pearse, was an a process 53-54. 10. Eavan Boland rather in Dublin
has man; than
52Ryan, written his of
Called ^He
extremely of accretion of Pearse"
consistent
"Aspects
Magazine
53Ryan,
5.1 (Spring
The Man
1966):49.
Called Pearse, Sion, Emmet list at of 95. here. the 83. Ryan Domhnaill names he See has saw An
Remembering 54Ryan, omitted unintentionally in includes his Emmet's in the main classroom
Apparently Liam heroic
Ua
Cullenswood
House.
Claidheamh
55Pearse,
Soluis, Irish
S?amus
12 September
"Some ? he in Aspects Grianna
1908,
of Irish
3.
Literature" in
Songs
Pearse,
of by
the
156.
Rebels,
Collected
("M?ire")
Works
was
of ar
Padraic thuig
1933),
H. se
See
particularly
taken
Cuchulainn." "Padraig 124.
this
Mac
idea,
("How Piarais"
exclaiming
understood Feara Fail
"An
Cu
d?igh
(Dun
Chulainn.") Dealgan,
56 Pear 1.1:5-6.
se,
"Reamhsg?al"
("Preface")
in
An
Macaomh
57Pearse,
"A
Christmas
Sermon"
in
An
Claidheamh
Soluis
23,
58Pearse,
December
"'Seoda
1905,
na
7.
Sean' and Some Reflections" in
An Claidheamh 59Padhraic
A reproduction
Soluis, ?g
of
12 May ? Conaire,
1906,
7. Scoil
several
"Cuimhn?
along with
?anna,"
photo
6.
this
painting
graphs
of
Scoil
?anna,
including
some
from
the
pageants,
37
can be seen in Searnas ? Buachal la's P?draig Mac Piarais
Eire agus His Time)

when displayed the
Linn Lena (Corcaigh,

school near moved a picture
(Patrick 1979),
to the of
Pearse 39-64.
and the Interestingly

this See
Ireland of enough,
picture An Claidhe was
Hermitage, Wolfe Tone.
amh
Soluis,
60Desmond
23 August
Ryan, by Ryan slightly from
1913,
The after An Story
9.
of a Success, of 90. the "By the In this first of Way final
book, four Comment"
edited chapters, pieces
Pearse's revised
execution, versions are by Pearse;
Macaomh,
chapter
is
61Pearse, 62Pearse, 63pearse, 640ne
by
Ryan.
Story Story Story of of of also is central a a a note Success, Success, Success, that in the Pearse's 63. 36. 7. theme play of messianic An R? (The
should
self-sacrifice
King), Scoil Singer,

time. moving
of on the first students grounds presented by his in The more strikingly in June and even ?anna 1912, life written in 1915 but never in his produced
Pearse Irish-language also wrote Passion what was Play apparently was which a staged very at
in the Abbey but survives, An Claidheamh

65Pearse, of here. ly
Week of No text of this 1911. Holy play a fairly can be found in detailed synopsis 8 April Soluis for 1911.
The Pearse's Dennis Story of a Success, of perhaps at Scoil 69-70. students Pearse's ?anna, The is most stated entire una aca of
question voidable demical
proselytism Gwynn, student
his
successful
Pearse
myself, less
after
three consciously,
1914:
years
"Even
earlier, and with
before
he the to educate to The one idea had
had
left
the
begun that
school
more he the or was idea in a
already conviction his day had boys taking
a sacred performing duty, that forward must look they war of Irish independence.
in
part logically
grown
enough
begun."
out
See
of
the
"Patrick
interesting
1923, Pearse," 95-96. has Sion, that "I like the a boys...." he do
programme
Dublin
with
which
he
had
January-March, of Pearse's charge Pearse his (See himself
prize
pupils,
Review, Desmond Ryan, Yet, refuted explicitly 118 ever not and tried mean But 161). to that or a he added: must
172, 344, another Of
Remembering denied writing: anything among
students, on carried propaganda
Gwynn's course, indoctrinate we ever have have
political
revolutionary "We
allowed
hoards in service, up
them
life and
to
too
feel
withal
that
joyous,
no
one
that
can
one
finely
be even
live
generous supreme
who
jealously;
accounting
sacrifices November
of (The Story slight" Pearse 1910, organized
a Success, a body
78). Na of
On 28 Fianna
38
?ireann at Scoil ?anna, whose officers included John
the brother of the C? Chu Dowling, boy who had played in Macghniomhartha lainn Ch?chulainn 2.3 (An Macaomh were on the Fianna exercises [sic] [Christmas 1910]:79). of the Scoil fete of at which ?anna The Defence programme was the Ford 191 3]: 46). (An Macaomh performed 2.2[May
Indeed, ... later Sion, his ism, of among heroes" to share the cast of the along fate never of pageant in was "a whole Colbert," Remembering recruited Republican unaware of army brought Pearse's he While for can the bold "the by 1916 (Ryan, have actively force have been
167). students Pearse
may cause
physical hardly
nevertheless
the
school
influence
and of
on
his
them
own
of
the
pervasive
personality.
philosophy
His
of
dream,
the on
(see of A
forceful
shared
the Story the
by
a
him
with
for
his
Ireland
students,
is, who of
of
course, and he served
a Scoil
well was in Patrick
?anna
known deeply the
body
proud
gallows of Scoil
Success, Sanna
76-77); students
Rising.
list
ing
of
can
the
be
Scoil
found
?anna
in Louis
boys
Le
who
Roux,
took 372.
part
in
the
H?_
fight
Pearse,
trans.
Desmond
66Joseph and not from
Ryan
Lee his has
(Dublin,
said of
1932),
Pearse: spring expediency"
"He from (The
was
an
honest
thinker, sion,
non-sequiturs idealogical
confu logical Modernisation
of
Pearse
Irish
was
Society
quick of figures
1848-1918
to criticize from the
[Dublin,
what early he
1973],
saw literature as
148).
a in Strand' 'seadh Cuchulainn, Hamlet
Indeed,
misunder modern
standing
adaptations.
"Innistear chur nil os de ?r locht
In
dhuinn gcomhair againn cheapann do
19 05 he
go bhfuil ar?s. air an r?ir
wrote
Drama acht gur
in
'On
An Claidheamh
Baile's an-?luinn cosmhala ?, na le
Soluis:
le ? 'na e n-a seo: do le (An
mar r?ir Coinchulainn
t-ughdar mar cheap
sean-Ghaedhil
Claidheamh in English:
presented no fault
Soluis, ''we're
again. with This it
15 April 1). 1905, On Baile's told that

is a that very Cu conceived Pearse beautiful Chulainn
The passage Strand is

play: as the we
reads to be
find author
except
conceives
lainn In as the the
of
him
ancient following
is
more
Gaels year,
like
Hamlet
of
than
him." commented
like
on
C? Chu
Yeats1s
a similar in Deirdre badh gcomhair, dh?igh (An Claidheamh Soluis,

the who passage had created Pearse's
fashion: leat gurab 1 December

would we in his had
"An Deirdre ? Pinero 3). 1906,

that before of it
os ?r bh? a cheap i..." Translated

was Pinero lan
reads:~~ITYou the Deirdre comments
think review
us...." the Irish
guage play especially

moderns from the to gods
Deirdre by interesting:
essay we the lose
An t-Athair "Perhaps
old more theme. and As more
Tom?s it is
we of
6 Ceallaigh a vain thing

move the further divine
are for
away crea
tive breath it godlike"
which of old (An Claidheamh
breathed Soluis,
life into 14 August
clay, 1909,
making 9).

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"What Stalked through the Post Office?

"WHAT STALKED THROUGH THE POST OFFICE?": PEARSE'S CO CHULAINN

early Gaelic been

in and examining we a can gain revolutionary.

translations on "Gaelic Society

in the Ulster Cycle. Prose to Literature" of which he was the

Intellectual were Conchubhar, more to and warriors

"Fearghus, these champions

spirit overmastering for higher

irresistible, nation, made

22 February the it Society,

1898 meeting Patrick's

New Ireland Willie who

all the to Fainne

fine Gaelic the "sketched

According of the Red

history heroes from occupied devoted

illustrated Epics.' to whom was

Cuchulainn, chief attention,

commanding Mr. Pearse placed in

surprisingly, forms a true

edifying experience the speaker, "urged

youthful a In lecture on "Irish

Literature" Fainne an attention love of

nationality." which to the

literature. willful, elevated short,

arrogant of noble mean Cu actions, Chulainn

incapable now called

Pearse" for and

"B.A.B.L.," his In the

his issues ?anna,10

was attention almost and the methods he he had exhorted his

an ad?arfadh amach ac?. a ghn?omhartha

Let his some of shining When

deeds and sayings other hero like in the gloriously Scoil

or the deeds and him a guiding be us.) sky before in

every was his

of Scoil The Story ?anna, the school: "I do not think

a Suc that any

comradeship recreate "to

system and Cycle

Ireland early by epitomized

in outlined finest product,

"Cuchulainn a have been as the Gael's

inspi Ireland: never may endures and

"The key-note on the part

self-sacrifice, the soul

happiest his two

why career. our symbolic;

paratively so early anxious thing

reason year's anxious

Pageant we were some boys

Therefore, whole the Cu Chulainn in

knowledge him knew

literature...."22 states categorically:

quotations."23 undeniably overstating

virtually translation had Very real which Pearse Cuchulainn few

every he used. people mastery were

century texts the

any of time. The

being must Saga

competently have had in Irish