PHYTOHORMONES

PRESENTED BY:- SHIYAS

 HORMONES
 Chemical that transfers information
and instructions between cells in
animals and plants
 Hormones act more slowly, and their
effects typically are maintained over
a longer period of time.
 Required in very low concentration.
 Synthesized at one part and
translocated to another for their
action.
 PHYTOHORMONES
 Also called growth
hormones.
 A hormone
produced naturally
by plants that
activates or
regulates their
growth.
 The synthetic
equivalent used to
promote growth in
cultivated plants
are called as
growth
 TYPES
 Different types:-
 Auxin
 Gibberellins

 Cytokinins

 Ethylene

 Abscisic acid

 Jasmonic acid

 Other hormones
 AUXIN
 Auxin (Gk. auxein=to
grow).
 First to be discovered.
 Name Auxin given by
WENT(1928).
 First auxin isolated
from human urine and
was named
heteroauxin,
chemically it was
indole 3 acetic acid
(IAA).
 Weakly acidic
 Capable of cell
 Heteroauxin found in humans
suffering from pellagra, a disease
caused by deficiency of niacin
(vitamin B5).
 TYPES
a tissue or organ in the earliest
stage of embryonic development,
 Natural Auxins :- found when the dividing cells in
the fertilized ovum first
 Phytohormones differentiate .
 Synthesized in leaf primordia, shoot
apices and developing seeds.
 Show polar movement.

 Move slowly by diffusion from cell to cell

 Optimum concentration:
 Shoots :10ppm
 Roots : 0.0001ppm
 Examples :
 IAA
 3 acetaldehyde

 4-chloro-idole
acetic acid
 Synthetic Auxins
:-
 Artificially made.
 Cause similar
responses
common to IAA.
 Move in all
directions.
 Eg:-
 2,4-D
 IBA (Indole
Butyric Acid)
 NAA
(Naphthalene
 FUNCTIONS
 Cell enlargement
 Cell division in
cambium
 Root growth (low conc.)
 Apical dominance
 Cause phototropism
 Parthenocarpic fruits
(banana)
 Synthesis of ethylene
( high conc. IAA)
 Respiration (stimulate)
 USES
 Eradication of weeds (2,4-D)
 Rooting stem cuttings (IBA ,NAA)
 Parthenocarpy (grapes)
 Flowering, plants like pineapple, litchi
(NAA)
 Preventing pre harvest fruit drops of
orange, apple ,tomato etc.(2,4-D)
 Prevention of falling of crop plants.
(NAAM-Naphthalene acetamide)
 GIBBERELLINS
 Isolated from
Gibberlla fujikori by
Yabuta(1935).
 Weakly acidic
 Cause cell
elongation of intact
plant.
 Increase internodal
length of dwarfed
plants NODE:the place on a
plant stem where a leaf
 Synthesized in is attached or has been
attached
young leaves near
 They are synthesized from a
precursor compound mevalonic
acid (derived from acetyl co A).
 They are transported in plants by
simple diffusion and also by
conducting channels.
 TYPES
 100 different types
have been
identified.
 A single plant
posses a no. of
gibberellins.
 They are termed as
GA1 (Gibberellic
acid), GA2,GA3,GA4
and so on.
 FUNCTIONS
 Stem and leaf growth
 Elongation of genetically dwarf plants
(pea, maize)
 Bolting (cabbage): elongation of
internodes.
 Induce flowering
 Seed germination (stimulate prod. of
hydrolytic enzymes)
 Development of fruits
 Induce Parthenocarpy
 Break dormancy
 USES
 Fruit growth (size, bunch length in
grapes)
 Parthenocarpy (rice, pear)
 Overcoming dormancy
 Seed germination (lettuce, tobacco )
 Delayed ripening (citrus fruits for
storage)
 Malt yield (increase the yield from
barley grains)
 CYTOKININS
 They are basic in nature
 Promote cell division (cytokinesis)
 Work alone or with auxin
 Discovered by Miller (1955) in coconut
water
 Skoog gave the term Cytokinins.
 They are largely found in roots
 From roots they pass upward via xylem
 They are synthesized in endosperm of
seeds,growing embryos and developing
fruits.
 TYPES
 First isolated was
ZEATIN (6-hydroxy
3-methyl trans, 2-
butenyl amino
purine)
 Almost 18 types of
Cytokinins are
known
 Miller discovered
Kinetin
 KINETIN

 6-FURFURYLAMINO-PURINE
 FUNCTIONS
 Cell division
 Cell elongation
 Morphogenesis
 Delay in senescence
 Counter action of apical dominance.
 Differentiation : Plastid etc
 Increase resistance from diseases
 Stimulate enzyme activity especially
photosynthesis
SENESCENCE

AGEING OF LEAVES
 USES

 Tissue culture.
 Increasing shelf life of fruits and
vegetables.
 Increasing resistance.
 ETHYLENE
 Gaseous hormone
 Stimulates transverse growth
 Discovered by Crocker (1935)
 Produced in plants from methionine.
 Synthesized in all parts of plants.
 High auxin conc. also causes
ethylene production
 FUNCTIONS
 Transverse growth
 Inhibition of geotropism
 Fruit ripening
 Apical dominance
 Root initiation (low conc.)
 Stimulate senescence
 Formation of ABA
 Flowering (pineapple)
 USES
 Ripening of fruits (ethylene lamps)
such as apple, banana, mango etc
 Increase in number of fruits by
increasing no. of female flowers
especially in cucumber
 Sprouting of storage organs such as
tubers.
Sprouting of Rhizome
 ABSCISIC ACID
 Mildly acidic
 Growth inhibitor
 Counter acts all other hormones
 First isolated by Addicott (1963)
 He named it Abscisin II
 Wareing and Cornforth isolated a
substance which induced bud dormancy.
 They named it Dormin.
 Both abscisin and dormin later were found
to be same and named abscisic acid
(ABA)
Chemical structure of
ABA
 FUNCTIONS
the natural process by which
leaves or other parts are shed
 Dormancy of buds and seeds from a plant

 Abscission of flowers and fruits

 Senescence of leaves by chlorophyll
destruction
 Stomata closure ( during
tiny porestress, prevents
in the outer layer (epidermis) of a
transpiration) plant leaf or stem that controls the passing of
water vapour and other gases into and out of
 Inhibition of germination
the plant.

 Delays flowering
 Tuberization in potato.
 Enhances rooting
 Controlled growth by checking activities of
other hormones
 USES
 Antitranspirant
 Promote rooting of stem cuttings
 Prolongs dormancy of buds, seeds
and storage organs
 Induce flowering
 JASMONIC ACID
 3-Oxo-2-pentenyl-
cyclopentaneacetic
acid
 It is biosynthesized
from linolenic
acid
 A member of the
jasmonate class of
plant hormones.
 FUNCTIONS
 Growth inhibition,
 Senescence
 Leaf Abscission
 Tuber formation in potatoes, yams,
and onions.
 It has an important role in response
to wounding of plants and
resistance. When plants are
attacked by insects, they respond by
releasing JA, which inhibits the
insects' ability to digest protein
 OTHER
OTHER HORMONES
HORMONES
 Brassinolides :Plant steroids chemically similar
to animal steroid hormones. First isolated from
pollen of the mustard family. They promote cell
elongation and cell division, differentiation of
xylem tissues, and inhibit leaf abscission.Plants
found deficient in brassinolides suffer from
dwarfism.
 Salicylic acid :In some plants activates genes
that assist in the defense against pathogenic
invaders.
 Systemin : A polypeptide consisting of 18 amino
acids, functions as a long-distance signal to
activate chemical defenses against herbivores. .
 Strigolactones: Implicated in inhibition of shoot
branching.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://en. wikipedia . org
 P.K.Garg, J.P.Sharma ; Biology; 2007;
Laxmi Publications.
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