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Basic Process Control

Basic Control Principles

Inflow
Supply
l l Level

ll ll
(Controlled Variable)

Pump
Overflow
Open vs Closed Loop
! Closed loop
! Automatic control
! Open Loop
! Manual control
! Person takes the place of the controller
Feedback Control
Disturbances

Controller
Error Manipulated Output
Set Point Comparator Amplifier Process (Tank)
(SP - M) Variable (Controlled
Variable - Level)

Measurement
Signal
Process
Sensor
Feedback vs. Feedforward
! Feedback
! Control action after an error exists
! Feedforward
! Reacting to the disturbance before the
error occurs
Typical ON/OFF Control System

V1 Inflow

SP
l Qin
l L2
Electrically Operated

ll ll
L1 Solenoid valve

Solenoid
P1 Power Supply
Qout P1 closes @ L1
P1 opens @ L2
Typical ON/OFF Response

L2

SP
time

L1
Periodic Time
Proportional Control
Level Control of Open Tank
V1

l l
A/C
Qin
SP

ll ll LT 20 - 100 kPa

Qout
Simple Proportional System

Inflow
Valve

l ll
Float
Pivot

l l
Outflow
Open Tank Control

A/O

20 - 100 kPa
Qin
SP
LIC

LT

Qout
Controller Action
A/C

l l
Qin
20 - 100 kPa
Direct
SP

ll ll
LIC

LT
Qout A/O

l l
20 - 100 kPa
Qin
SP

ll ll
LIC

Reverse
LT

Qout
Proportional Control

Setpoint Error
+ k•e + Output
- +

Measurement Bias

m= k(SP-M) + bias
Proportional Band and Gain
Proportional Band – the input change required to
change the output 100%

∆output
gain =
∆input
100%
gain =
PB
Narrow, Wide, High & Low
In Out
Wide PB – Low Gain

Narrow PB – High Gain


Proportional Control Response
Curve
New mass balance
Loss in Volume occurs here

Outflow

Input/Output Inflow

t0 t1 time
t
Level originally
at setpoint
Offset New level
Level below setpoint

t0 t1
time
Proportional Response with
Narrower PB
New mass balance
Loss in Volume occurs here

Outflow

Input/Output
Inflow
t0 t1 time
t
Level originally Offset
at setpoint New level
t1 below setpoint
Level t0
time
Response Versus PB, Proportional
Control Only
Load Change

Step Disturbance

time

"Wide" PB
SP
Offset
System Response

"Moderate" PB
SP
Offset

"Narrow" PB
SP

time
¼ Decay Response Curve
System Response

A
A/16
A/4 time
For You To Do
! Read pp. 89-105
! Answer Questions pp. 121-122, #1-19
Reset or Integral
Response Curve: Proportional
Control Only

Step Disturbance
System Response

time

SP
Offset
Additional Control Signal Restores
Process to Setpoint

Initial mass balance Final mass balance

Outflow

Reset Action
Inflow
Setpoint
time
Offset
Removed
Integral Action
1
TR ∫ edt

Setpoint Error Output


+ k•e +
- +

Measurement Bias

 1 
m = ke +
 TR
∫ edt  + bias

Units
! Minutes per repeat
! MPR
! The length of time that it will take the
integrator to add an amount equal to the
proportional response
! Repeats per minute
! RPM
! The number of times the proportional
response is repeated in one minute
Proportional Plus Reset, Open Loop
Response

error

e
se t R es et
R e rm a l
st No
Fa Slow Reset
Control Signal

}
ke
Proportional
Response
time
A problem
Output initially 50%, Gain = 2, reset = 2 minutes per repeat
A direct acting controller control is subjected to a sustained
error of 5%
What is the output after 4 minutes?

Proportional Response = ke = 2x5=10%


Integral Action- in 4 minutes the control will go through 2 repeats.
Integral action = 2 x 10 = 20%
Total output change is proportional + integral = 30%
A Couple More Things
! Reset Windup
! Instability because of lag
For You to Do
! Read over text pp. 89 –110
! Answer questions pp. 121-122, 1-24
Rate or Derivative
Proportional and Derivative – Open
Loop Pressure
Input

Derivative ceases as
Proportional error stops changing
Action
Output

Derivative
time
Derivative Control
1
TR ∫ edt

Setpoint Error + Output


+ k•e + +
- + +

Bias
Measurement de
TD
dt

 1  de
m = ke + ∫ edt  + kTD + bias
 TR  dt
Simple Flow Control System

_l l
l
√ FT
A/C

FC
The open Loop Response of Proportional Plus
Derivative (PD) Action to Rapidly Changing
Error Signals

B
Process

A C

t0 t1 t2 time
Proportional action
A-B
Rate action due to cessation of increase in e
Rate
Control action Rate action
A-B B -C
Signal Control signal at end of excursion
%
Rate action due to cessation of increase in e
Proportional
action B - C

t0 t1 t2 time
Large System Under Proportional and
Proportional Plus Derivative Control

Control Signal

Load
Disturbance
Applied

Prop. + Derivative
Prop. Only
time
Setpoint

Level
Multiple Control Modes
! Virtually all controls have a proportional
response
! Integral and derivative are added to
improve performance
! Majority have proportional and integral
! Some, typically heat exchangers have
derivative added
Open Tank Level Control With
Valve In Inflow

l l
A/O
Qi

LIC LT
ll ll
Qo
SP
Typical Flow Control Loop

_l l A/O

√ FT
FIC

SP
Pressure Control – Constant
Bleed

SP

PIC PT

Feed Pressure
Pressure Vessel
Bleed
A/C
Split Ranged Feed and Bleed
Pressure Control
SP

PIC PT

A/O

Feed Pressure Vessel Bleed


A/C
Representative Hot Bleed/Cold Service
Water Heat Exchanger

Hot Bleed

Cold

A/C

TT TC

SP
Cooled Bleed
For You To Do
! Read pp. 106-120
! Answer Questions pp. 122-123, #20-38

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