List of inventors killed by their own inventions

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Franz Reichelt (d. 1912) attempted to use this contraption as a parachute. Reichelt died after he jumped off the Eiffel Tower wearing his invention, which failed to operate properly as a parachute. This is a list of inventors whose deaths were in some manner caused by or related to a product, process, procedure, or other innovation that they invented or designed.

Contents
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1 Direct casualties o 1.1 Automotive o 1.2 Aviation o 1.3 Industrial o 1.4 Maritime o 1.5 Medical o 1.6 Physics o 1.7 Publicity and Entertainment o 1.8 Punishment o 1.9 Railways o 1.10 Rocketry 2 Popular myths and related stories 3 See also

4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links

Direct casualties
Automotive

Fred Duesenberg, killed in high speed road accident in Duesenberg automobile. William Nelson (ca. 18791903), a General Electric employee, invented a new way to motorize bicycles. He then fell off his prototype bike during a test run.[1] Sylvester H. Roper, inventor of eponymous steam-powered bicycle, died of heart attack or subsequent crash during public speed trial in 1896. It is unknown whether the crash caused the heart attack or vice-versa.

Aviation

Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (died ca. 10031010), a Muslim Kazakh Turkic scholar from Farab, attempted to fly using two wooden wings and a rope. He leapt from the roof of a mosque in Nishapur and fell to his death.[2] Jean-Franois Piltre de Rozier was the first known fatality in an air crash when his Rozire balloon crashed on 15 June 1785 while he and Pierre Romain were attempting to cross the English Channel. Otto Lilienthal (18481896) died the day after crashing one of his hang gliders.[3] Franz Reichelt (18791912), a tailor, fell to his death off the first deck of the Eiffel Tower while testing his invention, the coat parachute. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and he had told the authorities in advance that he would test it first with a dummy.[4] Aurel Vlaicu (18821913) died when his self-constructed airplane,[5] Vlaicu II, failed him during an attempt to cross the Carpathian Mountains by air.[6] Henry Smolinski (died 1973) was killed during a test flight of the AVE Mizar, a flying car based on the Ford Pinto and the sole product of the company he founded.[7] Michael Dacre (died 2009, age 53) died after testing his flying taxi device designed to accommodate fast and affordable travel among nearby cities.[8]

Industrial

William Bullock (18131867) invented the web rotary printing press.[9][10] Several years after its invention, his foot was crushed during the installation of a new machine in Philadelphia. The crushed foot developed gangrene and Bullock died during the amputation.[11]

Maritime

Hunley Submarine

Horace Lawson Hunley (died 1863, age 40), Confederate marine engineer and inventor of the first combat submarine, CSS Hunley, died during a trial of his vessel. During a routine exercise of the submarine, which had already sunk twice previously, Hunley took command. After failing to resurface, Hunley and the seven other crew members drowned.[11] Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder) (7 February 1873 15 April 1912) was an Irish businessman and shipbuilder; managing director and head of the drafting department for the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. Andrews was the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner RMS Titanic. He was travelling on board the Titanic during its maiden voyage when it hit an iceberg on 14 April 1912 and was one of the 1,507 people who perished in the disaster.[12]

Medical

Thomas Midgley, Jr. (18891944) was an American engineer and chemist who contracted polio at age 51, leaving him severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of strings and pulleys to help others lift him from bed. This system was the eventual cause of his death when he was accidentally entangled in the ropes of this device and died of strangulation at the age of 55. However, he is more famousand infamousfor developing not only the tetraethyl lead (TEL) additive to gasoline, but also chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).[13][14][15] Alexander Bogdanov (22 August 1873 7 April 1928) was a Russian physician, philosopher, science fiction writer and revolutionary of Belarusian ethnicity who started blood transfusion experiments, apparently hoping to achieve eternal youth or at least partial rejuvenation. He died after he took the blood of a student suffering from malaria and tuberculosis, possibly due to blood type incompatibility.[16][17]

Physics

Marie Curie (18671934) invented the process to isolate radium after co-discovering the radioactive elements radium and polonium.[18] She died of aplastic anemia as a result of prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation emanating from her research materials. The dangers of radiation were not well understood at the time.[11][19] Some physicists who worked on the invention of the atom bomb at Los Alamos died from radiation exposure, including Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. (19211945) and Louis Slotin

(19101946), who both were exposed to lethal doses of radiation in separate criticality accidents involving the same sphere of plutonium.[20] Sabin Arnold von Sochocky invented the first radium-based luminescent paint, but eventually died of aplastic anemia resulting from his exposure to the radioactive material, "a victim of his own invention."[21]

Publicity and Entertainment

Karel Soucek (19 April 1947 20 January 1985) was a Canadian professional stuntman who developed a shock-absorbent barrel. He died following a demonstration involving the barrel being dropped from the roof of the Houston Astrodome. He was fatally wounded when his barrel hit the rim of the water tank meant to cushion his fall.[22]

Punishment

Li Si (208 BCE), Prime Minister during the Qin dynasty, was executed by the Five Pains method which he had devised.[23][24][25] James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1581) was executed in Edinburgh on the Scottish Maiden which he had introduced to Scotland as Regent.[26]

Railways

Valerian Abakovsky (18951921) constructed the Aerowagon, an experimental highspeed railcar fitted with an aircraft engine and propeller traction; it was intended to carry Soviet officials. On 24 July 1921, a group led by Fyodor Sergeyev took the Aerowagon from Moscow to the Tula collieries to test it, with Abakovsky also on board. They successfully arrived in Tula, but on the return route to Moscow the Aerowagon derailed at high speed, killing everyone on board, including Abakovsky (at the age of 25).[27] George Jackson Churchward CBE (1857-1933), former Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Western Railway (GWR), was struck and killed by a Paddington to Fishguard express, pulled by No. 4085 'Berkeley Castle'. The locomotive was of the GWR Castle class, a successful design by Charles Collett and greatly influenced by Churchward.

Rocketry

Max Valier (18951930) invented liquid-fuelled rocket engines as a member of the 1920s German rocketeering society Verein fr Raumschiffahrt. On 17 May 1930, an alcoholfuelled engine exploded on his test bench in Berlin, killing him instantly.[28]

Popular myths and related stories

Perillos being pushed into his brazen bull

Jim Fixx (19321984) was the author of the 1977 best-selling book, The Complete Book of Running. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging. On 20 July 1984, Fixx died at the age of 52 of a fulminant heart attack, after his daily run, on Vermont Route 15 in Hardwick.[29][30] Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (17381814) While he did not invent the guillotine, his name became an eponym for it.[31] Rumors circulated that he died by the machine, but historical references show that he died of natural causes.[32] Perillos of Athens (circa 550 BCE), according to legend, was the first to be roasted in the brazen bull he made for Phalaris of Sicily for executing criminals.[33][34] James Heselden (19482010), having recently purchased the Segway production company, died in a single-vehicle Segway accident. (Dean Kamen invented the Segway.)[35] Wan Hu, a sixteenth-century Chinese official, is said to have attempted to launch himself into outer space in a chair to which 47 rockets were attached. The rockets exploded, and it is said that neither he nor the chair were ever seen again.

See also

List of unusual deaths Darwin Awards

References
1. ^ KILLED BY OWN INVENTION; While Trying Motor Bicycle He Had Made, Schenectady Man Meets Death Article Preview The New York Times

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ^ google.com Piero Boitani, Winged words: flight in poetry and history. University of Chicago Press, 2007. p. 38 ^ Biography of Otto Lilienthal Lilienthal Museum ^ 2003 Personal Accounts Darwin Awards ^ Great Britain Patent GB191026658 ^ Aurel Vlaicu at www.earlyaviators.com ^ Morris, Neil (2010). From Fail to Win, Learning from Bad Ideas: Transportation. ISBN 1-4109-3911-1. ^ British inventor dies in crash on test flight of his flying taxi ^ United States Patent 61996 ^ United States Patent 100,367 ^ a b c "Inventors killed by their own inventions". Discovery News. Retrieved 2010-10-30. ^ "The building of the titanic". Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9 ^ Alan Bellows (2007-12-08). "The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth". Damn Interesting. ^ "Milestones, Nov. 13, 1944" Time, November 13, 1944 ^ Transfusion Medical Reviews. 2007. pp. 337340. ^ "Alexander Bogdanov: the forgotten pioneer of blood transfusion.". US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed.gov). Retrieved 2012-11-19. ^ American Institute of Physics Biography of Marie Curie ^ American Institute of Physics Biography of Marie Curie ^ Criticality accidents ^ "RADIUM PAINT TAKES ITS INVENTOR'S LIFE; Dr. Sabin A. von Sochocky Ill a Long Time, Poisoned by Watch Dial Luminant. 13 BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Death Due to Aplastic Anemia-Women Workers Who Were Stricken Sued Company.", The New York Times, November 15, 1928. ^ Associated Press (21 January 1985). "35,000 Watch as Barrel Misses Water Tank : 180-Ft. Drop Ends in Stunt Man's Death". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 August 2012. ^ Guisso, R. W. L., The first emperor of China, New York : Birch Lane Press, 1989. ISBN 1-55972-016-6. Cf. p.37 ^ Fu, Zhengyuan, Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics, Cambridge University Press, 1993. Cf. p.126 ^ "The Civilization of China, Chapter II: Law and Government". Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ "The Maiden". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 6 August 2010. ^ Alexey Abramov / By the Kremlin Wall / Moscow / ., Politizdat / 1978 pp./. 399 (Russian) ^ American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ^ Why sports people get heart attack ^ McDougall, Christopher (20 July 2009). "To live is to jog". BBC News Magazine (BBC). Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January - June 1844). "Dr Guillotin". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal I: 218221. Retrieved 2009-12-30. ^ "Joseph Ignace Guillotin" Who Named It? ^ "Perillos of the Brazen Bull". Retrieved 25 July 2010. ^ "The Brazen Bull". Retrieved 1 October 2011. ^ "Segway company owner dies in apparent Segway accident". CNN. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Further reading

E. Cobham Brewer (1898). "Inventors Punished by their own inventions". Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Bartleby. pp. 657658.

List of inventors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of inventors.

Alphabetical list[edit] Contents:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References

A[edit]

George Antheil, (19001959), Bruno Abakanowicz, (18521900), Poland/Lithuania/Russia/France Integraph, spirograph Vitaly Abalakov, (19061986), Russia camming devices, Abalakov thread (or Vthread) gearless ice climbing anchor Hovannes Adamian, (18791932), Armenia/Russia tricolor principle of the color television Robert Adler, (19132007), Austria/United States wireless remote control (with Eugene Polley) Anatoly Alexandrov, (19031994), Russia anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker) Alexandre Alexeieff, (19011982) Russia/France pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker) Rostislav Alexeyev, (19161980), Russia ekranoplan Zhores Alferov, (1930), Russia heterotransistor, continuous-wave-operating diode laser (together with Dmitri Garbuzov) Genrich Altshuller, (19261998), Russia TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems") Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfe, (18721931), Germany Gyrocompass Mary Anderson, (18661953), United States windshield wiper blade Vasily Andreyev, (18611918), Russia standard balalaika Oleg Antonov, (19061984), Russia An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft An225) Nicolas Appert, (17491841), France canning (airtight food preservation) Archimedes, (c. 287212 BC), Greece Archimedes' screw Ami Argand, (17501803), France Argand lamp Edwin Howard Armstrong, (18901954), U.S. FM radio William George Armstrong, (18101900), UK hydraulic accumulator Neil Arnott, (17881874), UK waterbed Lev Artsimovich, (19091973), Russia tokamak Joseph Aspdin, (17881855), UK Portland cement John Vincent Atanasoff, (19031995), Bulgaria/U.S. modern digital computer

B[edit]

Charles Babbage, (17911871), UK analytical engine (semi-automatic) Roger Bacon, (12141292), UK magnifying glass Leo Baekeland, (18631944), BelgianAmerican Velox photographic paper and Bakelite Ralph H. Baer, (1922), German born American video game console John Logie Baird, (18881946), Scotland an electromechanical television, electronic color television Abi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia/Iran mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computer

Dont Bnki, (18591922), Hungary inventor of the carburetor for the stationary engine[1] Ridgway Banks, inventor of the Banks Engine, a Nitinol based solid state heat engine Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, (18881944), Ukraine/Russia/France Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage John Barber, (17341801), UK gas turbine John Bardeen, (19081991), U.S. co-inventor of the transistor Vladimir Barmin, (19091993), Russia first rocket launch complex (spaceport) Anthony R. Barringer, Canada/U.S. INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system Earl W. Bascom, (19061995), Canada/U.S. side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chaps Nikolay Basov, (19222001), Russia co-inventor of laser and maser Muhammad ibn Jbir al-Harrn al-Battn (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey observation tube Eugen Baumann, (18461896), Germany PVC Trevor Baylis, (1937), UK a wind-up radio Francis Beaufort, (17741857), France Beaufort scale Ernest Beaux, (18811961), Russia/France Chanel No. 5 Arnold O. Beckman, (19002004), U.S. pH meter Ulugh Beg, (13941449), Persia/Iran Fakhri sextant, mural sextant Vladimir Bekhterev, (18571927), Russia Bekhterev's Mixture Alexander Graham Bell, (18471922), UK, Canada, and U.S. telephone Karl Benz, (18441929), Germany the petrol-powered automobile, the carburetor[2][3] Alexander Bereznyak, (19121974), Russia first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev) Georgy Beriev, (19031979), Georgia/Russia Be-series amphibious aircraft Emile Berliner, (18511929), Germany and U.S. the disc record gramophone Nikolay Benardos, (18421905), Russia arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method) Tim Berners-Lee, (1955), UK with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide Web Bi Sheng (Chinese: ), (ca. 9901051), China clay movable type printing Gerd Binnig, (1947), Germany with Heinrich Rohrer, scanning tunneling microscope Laszlo Biro, (18991985), Hungary modern ballpoint pen Clarence Birdseye, (18861956), U.S. frozen food process Ab Rayhn al-Brn, (9731048), Persia/Iran mechanical geared lunisolar calendar, laboratory and surveying equipment. J. Stuart Blackton, (18751941), U.S. stop-motion film Otto Blathy (18601939), Hungary co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogenerator Fyodor Blinov, (18271902), Russia first tracked vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractor Katharine B. Blodgett, (18981979), UK nonreflective glass Alan Blumlein, (19031942), UK stereo Nils Bohlin, (19202002), Sweden the three-point seat belt Joseph-Armand Bombardier, (19071964), Canada snowmobile

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Sam Born, Russia/U.S. lollipop-making machine Satyendra Nath Bose, (18941974), India work on gas-like properties of electromagnetic radiation, Boson and providing foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein Condensate Jagdish Chandra Bose, (18581937), India Crescograph George de Bothezat, (18821940), Russia/U.S. quadrotor helicopter, (The Flying Octopus) Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, (18201894), UK aileron Robert W. Bower, (1936), U.S. self-alignedgate MOSFET Seth Boyden, (17881870), U.S. nail-making machine Walter Houser Brattain, (19021987), U.S. co-inventor of the transistor Louis Braille, (18091852), France the Braille writing system Jacques E. Brandenberger, (18721954), Switzerland Cellophane douard Branly, (18441940), France the coherer, the first widely used detector for radio communication. Karl Ferdinand Braun, (18501918), Germany cathode-ray tube oscilloscope Stanislav Brebera, (19252012), Czech Republic Semtex explosive Harry Brearley, (18711948), UK stainless steel Sergey Brin, (1973), Russia/U.S. with Larry Page invented Google web search engine Mikhail Britnev, (18221889), Russia first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot) Rachel Fuller Brown, (18981980), U.S. Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibiotic John Moses Browning, (18551926), U.S. Semi-automatic pistol Maria Christina Bruhn, (17321802), Sweden Nikolay Brusentsov, (born 1925), Russia ternary computer (Setun) Edwin Beard Budding, (17951846), UK lawnmower Gersh Budker, (19181977), Russia electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Corliss Orville Burandt, U.S. Variable valve timing Henry Burden,(17911871) Scotland and U.S. Horseshoe machine (made 60 horse shoes in a minute), first usable Iron Railed road spike, and builder of the most powerful waterwheel in history "Niagara of Water-Wheels" Richard James Burgess, U.K. Simmons (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum synthesizer

C[edit]

Robert Cailliau, (1947), Belgium with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web C`ai Lun, (50121 AD), China paper Marvin Camras, (19161995), U.S. magnetic recording Chester Carlson, (19061968), U.S. Xerography Wallace Carothers, (18961937), U.S. Nylon and Neoprene (together with Arnold Collins) Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl.16301634), Turkey artificial wings Joseph Constantine Carpue, (17641846), France rhinoplastic surgery George Cayley, (17731857), UK glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar track Roxey Ann Caplin, (17931888), UK Corsets Octave Chanute, (18321910), US Civil Engineer

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Dennis Charter, (1952), Australia secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafe Vladimir Chelomey, (19141984), Russia first space station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system) Pavel Cherenkov, (19041990), Russia Cherenkov detector Adrian Chernoff, (1971), U.S. GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber Bandits Evgeniy Chertovsky, (1902), Russia pressure suit Alexander Chizhevsky, (18971964), Russia air ionizer Andrey Chokhov, (c. 15451629), Russia Tsar Cannon Niels Christensen (18651952), U.S. O-ring Samuel Hunter Christie, (17841865), UK Wheatstone bridge Juan de la Cierva, (18951936), Spain the autogyro Alexandru Ciurcu, (18541922), Romania Reaction engine Georges Claude, (18701960), France neon lamp Josephine Cochrane, (18391913), U.S. dishwasher Christopher Cockerell, (19101999), UK Hovercraft Aeneas Coffey, (17801852), Ireland heat exchanger, Coffey still Sir Henry Cole, (18081882), UK Christmas card Samuel Colt, (18141862), U.S. Revolver George Constantinescu, (18811965), Romania creator of the theory of sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics Lloyd Groff Copeman, (18651956), U.S. Electric stove Cornelis Corneliszoon, (15501607), The Netherlands sawmill Jacques Cousteau, (19101997), France co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera Thomas Crapper, (18361910), UK ballcock (toilet valve) Bartolomeo Cristofori, (16551731), Italy piano Jnos Csonka, (18521939), Hungary co-inventor of carburetor Raul Cuero, (1948-), Buenaventura, Colombia, see Inventions and patents list Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (17251804), France first steam-powered road vehicle William Cumberland Cruikshank, (17451800), UK chlorinated water William Cullen, (17101790), UK first artificial refrigerator Glenn Curtiss, (18781930), U.S. aeronautical and aeroengine improvements John Wesley Hyatt, (18371920), U.S. celluloid manufacturing.

D[edit]

Gustaf Daln, (18691937), Sweden AGA cooker; Daln light; Agamassan Salvino D'Armate, (12581312), Italy credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284 Leonardo da Vinci, (14521519), Italy conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed during his lifetime. Some that were used are an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire Corradino D'Ascanio, (18911981), Italy D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooter Jacob Davis, (18681908), U.S. riveted jeans Edmund Davy, (17851857), Ireland acetylene

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Humphry Davy, (17781829), UK Davy miners lamp Joseph Day, (18551946), UK the crankcase-compression two-stroke engine Lee DeForest, (18731961), U.S. triode Vasily Degtyaryov, (18801949), Russia first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat Akinfiy Demidov, (16781745), Russia co-developer of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk) Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, (19272006), Russia 3D holography Miksa Deri (18541938), Hungary co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformer James Dewar, (18421923), UK Thermos flask Aleksandr Dianin, (18511918), Russia Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (18601935), UK motion picture camera Philip Diehl, (18471913), U.S. Ceiling fan, electric sewing machine Rudolf Diesel, (18581913), Germany Diesel engine Al-Dinawari, (828896), Persia/Iran more than a hundred plant drugs William H. Dobelle, (19432004), United States first functioning artificial eye Ray Dolby, (1933), U.S. Dolby noise-reduction system Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, (18621919), Poland/Russia three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer) Nikolay Dollezhal, (18992000), Russia AM-1 reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant, other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors Bryan Donkin, (17681855), UK print industry composition roller Hub van Doorne, (19001979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmission Anastase Dragomir, (18961966), Romania Ejection seat Karl Drais, (17851851), Germany dandy horse (Draisine) Cornelius Drebbel, (15721633), The Netherlands first navigable submarine Richard Drew, (18991980), U.S. Masking tape John Boyd Dunlop, (18401921), UK first practical pneumatic tyre Cyril Duquet, (18411922), Canada Telephone handset Alexey Dushkin, (19041977), Russia deep column station James Dyson, (1947), UK Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.

E[edit]

George Eastman, (18541932), U.S. roll film J. Presper Eckert, (19191995), U.S. ENIAC - the first general purpose programmable digital computer Thomas Alva Edison, (18471931), U.S. phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape machine etc. Willem Einthoven, (18601927), The Netherlands the electrocardiogram Ivan Elmanov, Russia first monorail (horse-drawn) Rune Elmqvist, (19061996), Sweden implantable pacemaker John Haven Emerson, (19061997), U.S. iron lung

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Douglas Engelbart, (19252013), U.S. the computer mouse John Ericsson, (18031889), Sweden the two screw-propeller Lars Magnus Ericsson, (18461926), Sweden the handheld micro telephone[citation needed] Ole Evinrude, (18771934), Norway outboard motor

F[edit]

Samuel Face, (19232001), U.S. concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning Switch Federico Faggin, (1941), Italy microprocessor Michael Faraday, (17911867), UK electric transformer, electric motor Johann Maria Farina, (16851766), Germany; Eau de Cologne Philo Farnsworth, (19061971), U.S. electronic television Muhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Persia/Iran/Iraq brass astrolabe James Fergason, (1934), U.S. improved liquid crystal display Enrico Fermi, (19011954), Italy nuclear reactor Humberto Fernndez Morn, (19241999), Venezuela Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome Reginald Fessenden, (18661932), Canada two-way radio Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, (18291901), Germany contact lens Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810887), Al-Andalus artificial wings, fused quartz and silica glass, metronome Artur Fischer, (1919) Germany fasteners including fischertechnik. Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. hand-held metal detector Nicolas Florine, (18911972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely Robert Fulton, (17651815), United States first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarine Alexander Fleming, (18811955), Scotland penicillin John Ambrose Fleming, (18481945), UK vacuum diode Sandford Fleming, (18271915), Canada Universal Standard Time Tommy Flowers, (19051998), UK Colossus an early electronic computer. Jean Bernard Lon Foucault, (18191868), France Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current Benot Fourneyron, (18021867), France water turbine John Fowler, (18261864), UK steam-driven ploughing engine Benjamin Franklin, (17061790), U.S. the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica Augustin-Jean Fresnel, (17881827), France Fresnel lens William Friese-Greene, (18551921), UK cinematography Buckminster Fuller, (18951983), U.S. geodesic dome Ivan Fyodorov, (c. 15101583), Russia/PolandLithuania invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia Svyatoslav Fyodorov, (19272000), Russia radial keratotomy Vladimir Fyodorov, (18741966), Russia Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)

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G[edit]

Dennis Gabor, (19001979), UK holography Boris Borisovich Galitzine, (18621916), Russia electromagnetic seismograph Dmitri Garbuzov, (19402006), Russia/U.S. continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers Elmer R. Gates, (18591923), USA foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks") Richard J. Gatling, (18181903), U.S. wheat drill, first successful machine gun Georgy Gause, (19101986), Russia gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics E. K. Gauzen, Russia three bolt equipment (early diving costume) Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (18821945), Germany Geiger counter Andrey Geim, (1958), Russia/United Kingdom graphene Nestor Genko, (18391904), Russia Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system) Henri Giffard, (18251882), France powered airship, injector Valentyn Glushko, (19081989), Russia hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD170) Heinrich Gbel, (18181893), Germany incandescent lamp Leonid Gobyato, (18751915), Russia first modern man-portable mortar Robert Goddard, (18821945), U.S. liquid fuel rocket Robert W. Gore, (1937), United States Gore-Tex Igor Gorynin, (1926), Russia weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels Peter Carl Goldmark, (19061977), Hungary vinyl record (LP), CBS color television Charles Goodyear, (18001860), U.S. vulcanization of rubber Gordon Gould, (19202005), U.S. co-inventor of laser Richard Hall Gower, (17681833), UK ship's hull and rigging Boris Grabovsky, (19011966), Russia cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube Bette Nesmith Graham, (19241980), U.S. Liquid Paper Temple Grandin, (1945), Inventor of the squeeze machine and humane abattoirs. James Henry Greathead, (18441896), South Africa tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique Chester Greenwood, (18581937), U.S. thermal earmuffs James Gregory, (16381675), Scotland Gregorian telescope William Robert Grove, (18111896), Wales fuel cell Gustav Guanella, (19091982), Switzerland - DSSS, Guanella-Balun Otto von Guericke, (16021686), Germany vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeter Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, (17381814), France Guillotine, a device for human decapitation Mikhail Gurevich, (18931976), Russia MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)

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Johann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s1468), Germany movable type printing press Samuel Guthrie, (17821848), U.S. discovered chloroform

H[edit]

John Hadley, (16821744), UK Octant Waldemar Haffkine, (18601930), Russia/Switzerland first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccines Tracy Hall, (19192008 ), U.S. synthetic diamond John Hays Hammond, Jr., (18881965), U.S. - radio control James Hargreaves, (17201778), UK spinning jenny John Harington, (15611612), UK the flush toilet John Harrison, (16931776), UK marine chronometer Victor Hasselblad, (19061978), Sweden invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (9651039), Iraq camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass George H. Heilmeier, (1936), U.S. liquid crystal display (LCD) Robert A. Heinlein, (19071988), U.S. waterbed Jozef Karol Hell, (17131789), Slovakia the water pillar Rudolf Hell, (19012002), Germany the Hellschreiber Joseph Henry, (17971878), Scotland/U.S. electromagnetic relay Heron, (c. 1070), Roman Egypt usually credited with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a century earlier John Herschel, (17921871), UK photographic fixer (hypo), actinometer William Herschel, (17381822), UK infrared Heinrich Hertz, (18571894), Germany radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation George de Hevesy, (18851966), Hungary radioactive tracer Rowland Hill, (17951879), UK postage stamp Maurice Hilleman, (19192005) vaccines against childhood diseases Ted Hoff, (1937), U.S. microprocessor Felix Hoffmann (Bayer), (18681949), Germany Aspirin Albert Hofmann, (19062008), Switzerland - LSD Herman Hollerith, (18601929), U.S. recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cards Nick Holonyak, (1928), U.S. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Robert Hooke, (16351703), UK balance wheel, iris diaphragm, acoustic telephone Erna Schneider Hoover, (1926), U.S. computerized telephone switching system Frank Hornby, (18631936), UK invented Meccano Coenraad Johannes van Houten, (18011887), Netherlands cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk Elias Howe, (18191867), U.S. sewing machine Muhammad Husayn, (fl.17th century), Persia/Iran cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compass Christiaan Huygens, (16291695), Netherlands pendulum clock

16

I[edit]

Gavriil Ilizarov, (19211992), Russia Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis Sergey Ilyushin, (18941977), Russia Il-series aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history) Jnos Irinyi, (18171895), Hungary noiseless match Aleksei Isaev, (19081971), Russia first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev) Ub Iwerks, (19011971), U. S. Multiplane camera for animation

J[edit]

Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 11001150), Islamic Spain portable celestial globe Jbir ibn Hayyn (Geber), (c. 721815), Persia/Iran pure distillation, liquefaction, purification, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acid, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mail Moritz von Jacobi, (18011874), Germany/Russia electrotyping, electric boat Karl Guthe Jansky, (19051950), U.S. radio telescope Karl Jatho, (18731933), Germany aeroplane Al-Jazari, (11361206), Iraq crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkage Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898980), Tunisia sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugs Steve Jobs, (19552011), U.S. Apple Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad and countless other devices and software operating systems and applications Charles Francis Jenkins, (18671934) television and movie projector (Phantoscope) Carl Edvard Johansson, (18641943), Sweden Gauge blocks Johan Petter Johansson, (18531943), Sweden the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner Scott A. Jones, (1960), U.S. created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine. Whitcomb Judson, (18361909), U.S. zipper

K[edit]

Mikhail Kalashnikov, (1919), Russia AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)[4] Kaldi, (fl.9th century), Ethiopia coffee Dean Kamen, (1951), U.S. Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device

17

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (18531926), Netherlands liquid helium Nikolay Kamov, (19021973), Russia armored battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters Pyotr Kapitsa, (18941984), Russia first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions Georgii Karpechenko, (18991941), Russia rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding) Jamshd al-Ksh, (c. 13801429), Persia/Iran plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computer Yevgeny Kaspersky, (1965), Russia Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products Adolphe Kgresse, (18791943), France/Russia Kgresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch transmission Mstislav Keldysh, (19111978), Latvia/Russia co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Tikhonravov John Harvey Kellogg, (18521943), cornflake breakfasts John George Kemeny, (19261992), Hungary co-inventor of BASIC Alexander Kemurdzhian, (19212003), Russia first space exploration rover (Lunokhod) Kerim Kerimov, (19172003), Azerbaijan and Russia co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space station Charles F. Kettering, (18761958), U.S. invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more Fazlur Khan, (19291982), Bangladesh structural systems for high-rise skyscrapers Yulii Khariton, (19041996), Russia chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, codeveloper of the Tsar Bomb Anatoly Kharlampiev, (19061979), Russia Sambo (martial art) Al-Khazini, (fl.11151130), Persia/Iran hydrostatic balance Konstantin Khrenov, (18941984), Russia underwater welding Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 9401000), Persia/Iran astronomical sextant Muhammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia/Iran modern algebra, mural instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow square Erhard Kietz, (19091982), Germany & U.S.A. signal improvements for video transmissions[5] Jack Kilby, (19232005), U.S. patented the first integrated circuit Al-Kindi (Alkindus), (801873), Iraq/Yemen ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis Fritz Klatte, (18801934), Germany vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride Margaret E. Knight, (18381914), U.S. machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags Ivan Knunyants, (19061990), Armenia/Russia capron, Nylon 6, polyamide-6 Robert Koch, (18431910), Germany method for culturing bacteria on solid media Willem Johan Kolff, (19112009), Netherlands artificial kidney hemodialysis machine Rudolf Kompfner, (19091977), U.S. Traveling-wave tube Konstantin Konstantinov, (1817 or 18191871), Russia device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine

18

Sergey Korolyov, (19071966), Ukraine/Russia first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earthorbiting artificial satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight) Nikolai Korotkov, (18741920), Russia auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement Semen Korsakov, (17871853), Russia punched card for information storage Mikhail Koshkin, (18981940), Russia T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[6] Ognjeslav Kostovi, (18511916), Serbia/Russia arborite (high-strength plywood, an early plastic) Gleb Kotelnikov, (18721944), Russia knapsack parachute, drogue parachute Alexei Krylov, (18631945), Russia gyroscopic damping of ships Ivan Kulibin, (17351818), Russia egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraph Igor Kurchatov, (19031960), Russia first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships Raymond Kurzweil, (1948), Optical character recognition; flatbed scanner Stephanie Kwolek, (1923), U.S. Kevlar John Howard Kyan (17741850), Ireland The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation

L[edit]

Dmitry Lachinov, (18421902), Russia mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyser Ren Lannec, (17811826), France stethoscope Lala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India seamless globe and celestial globe Georges Lakhovsky, (18691942), Russia/U.S. Multiple Wave Oscillator Hedy Lamarr, (19132000), Austria and U.S. Spread spectrum radio Edwin H. Land, (19091991), U.S. Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera Samuel P. Langley, (18341906), U.S. bolometer Irving Langmuir, (18511957), U.S. gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding Lewis Latimer, (18481928), U.S. Invented the modern day light bulb Gustav de Laval, (18451913), Sweden invented the milk separator and the milking machine Semyon Lavochkin, (19001960), Russia La-series aircraft, first operational surface-toair missile S-25 Berkut John Bennet Lawes, (18141900), UK superphosphate or chemical fertilizer Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history Sergei Lebedev, (18741934), Russia commercially viable synthetic rubber Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, (16321723), Netherlands development of the microscope Jerome H. Lemelson, (19231997), U.S Inventions in the fields in which he patented make possible, wholly or in part, innovations like automated warehouses, industrial

19

robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive used in Sony's Walkman tape players. Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (18221900), Belgium internal combustion engine, motorboat R. G. LeTourneau, (18881969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers Willard Frank Libby, (19081980), U.S. radiocarbon dating Justus von Liebig, (18031873), Germany nitrogen-based fertilizer Otto Lilienthal, (18481896), Germany hang glider Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (18621931), Sweden Kerosene stove operated by compressed air Hans Lippershey, (15701619), Netherlands telescope Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia samovar (the first documented makers) William Howard Livens, (18891964), UK chemical warfare Livens Projector. Alexander Lodygin, (18471923), Russia electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament Mikhail Lomonosov, (17111765), Russia night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smalt Yury Lomonosov, (18761952), Russia/United Kingdom first successful mainline diesel locomotive Aleksandr Loran, (1849 after 1911), Russia fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher Oleg Losev, (19031942), Russia light-emitting diode, crystadine Archibald Low, (18821956), Britain Pioneer of radio guidance systems Auguste and Louis Lumire, France Cinmatographe Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, (19092001), Russia Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project Ignacy ukasiewicz, (18221882), Poland modern kerosene lamp Giovanni Luppis, (18131875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) self-propelled torpedo Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl.15891590), Mughal India seamless globe and celestial globe Arkhip Lyulka, (19081984), Russia first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines

M[edit]

Ma Jun, (c. 200265), China South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany Orbitrap mass spectrometer Stepan Makarov, (18491904), Russia Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice Nestor Makhno, (18881934), Ukraine/Russia tachanka Charles Macintosh, (17661843), Scotland waterproof raincoat, life vest Victor Makeev, (19241985), Russia first submarine-launched ballistic missile Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (18961964), Russia Maksutov telescope

20

Sergey Malyutin, (18591937), Russia designed the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin) Al-Ma'mun, (786833), Iraq singing bird automata, terrestrial globe Boris Mamyrin, (19192007), Russia reflectron (ion mirror) George William Manby, (17651854), UK Fire extinguisher Guglielmo Marconi, (18741937), Italy radio telegraphy John Landis Mason, (18261902), U.S. Mason jars John W. Mauchly, (19071980), U.S. ENIAC - the first general purpose programmable digital computer Henry Maudslay, (17711831), UK screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometer Hiram Maxim, (18401916), USA born, UK First self-powered machine gun James Clerk Maxwell (18311879) and Thomas Sutton, Scotland color photography Stanley Mazor, (1941), U.S. microprocessor John McAdam, (17561836), Scotland improved "macadam" road surface Elijah McCoy, (18431929), Canada Displacement lubricator Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, (18451916), Russia probiotics Hippolyte Mge-Mouris, (18171880), France margarine Dmitri Mendeleev, (18341907), Russia Periodic table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%) Antonio Meucci, (18081889), Italy telephone (prototype) douard Michelin, (18591940), France pneumatic tire Anthony Michell, (18701959), Australia tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless engine Artem Mikoyan, (19051970), Armenia/Russia MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich) Alexander Mikulin, (18951985), Russia Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank Mikhail Mil, (19091970), Russia Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter) Pavel Molchanov, (18931941), Russia radiosonde Jules Montenier, (18951962), U.S. modern anti-perspirant deodorant Montgolfier brothers, (17401810) and (17451799), France hot air balloon John J. Montgomery, (18581911), U.S. heavier-than-air gliders Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (18191885), Spain steam powered submarine Robert Moog, (19342005), U.S. the Moog synthesizer Roland Moreno, (19452012), France inventor of the smart card Samuel Morey, (17621843), U.S. internal combustion engine Garrett A. Morgan, (18771963), U.S. inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal. Samuel Morse, (17911872), U.S. telegraph Alexander Morozov, (19041979), Russia T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34 Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, (18491902), Russia MosinNagant rifle Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?1750), Russia Tsar Bell Vera Mukhina, (18891953), Russia welded sculpture Al-Muqaddasi, (c. 9461000), Palestine restaurant

21

Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl.11th century), Islamic Spain geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearing William Murdoch, (17541839), Scotland Gas lighting Jozef Murgas, (18641929), Slovakia inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio) Evgeny Murzin, (19141970), Russia ANS synthesizer Ban Ms brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machine Pieter van Musschenbroek, (16921761), Netherlands Leyden jar, pyrometer Eadweard Muybridge, (18301904), UK motion picture Fe del Mundo, (19112011), The Philippines medical incubator made out of bamboo for use in rural communities without electrical power

N[edit]

Alexander Nadiradze, (19141987), Georgia/Russia first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-2PM Topol) John Napier, (15501617), Scotland logarithms James Naismith, (18611939), Canadian born, USA invented basketball and American football helmet Yoshiro Nakamatsu, (1928), Japan floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meter Andrey Nartov, (16831756), Russia first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight James Nasmyth, (18081890), Scotland steam hammer Nebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) screw, screwpump Ted Nelson, (1937), USA Hypertext, Hypermedia Sergey Nepobedimiy, (1921), Russia first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry John von Neumann, (19031957), Hungary Von Neumann computer architecture Isaac Newton,(16421727), UK reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration) Joseph Nicephore Nipce, (17651833), France photography Nikolai Nikitin, (19071973), Russia prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000) Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, (18601940), Germany Nipkow disk Jun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926), Japan Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode Alfred Nobel, (18331896), Sweden dynamite Ludvig Nobel, (18311888), Sweden/Russia first successful oil tanker Emmy Noether (18821935), Germany, groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics; Noether's Theorem

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Jean-Antoine Nollet, (17001770), France Electroscope Carl Rickard Nyberg, (18581939), Sweden the blowtorch

O[edit]

Theophil Wilgodt Odhner, (18451903), Sweden/Russia the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator Paul Offit, United States, along with Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin, invented a pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine Ransom Eli Olds, (18641950), United States Assembly line Lucien Olivier, (18381883), Belgium or France / Russia Russian salad (Olivier salad) J. Robert Oppenheimer, (19041967), United States Atomic bomb Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II, (18581923) American weapon sights & mining Hans Christian rsted, (17771851), Denmark electromagnetism, aluminium Elisha Otis, (18111861), U.S. passenger elevator with safety device William Oughtred, (15751660), UK slide rule

P[edit]

Larry Page, (1973), U.S. with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engine Alexey Pajitnov, (born 1956), Russia/U.S. Tetris Julio Palmaz, (1945), Argentina balloon-expandable, stent Helge Palmcrantz, (18421880), Sweden the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun Daniel David Palmer, (18451913), Canada chiropractic Luigi Palmieri, (18071896), Italy seismometer Philip M. Parker, (1960), U.S. computer automated book authoring Alexander Parkes, (18311890), UK celluloid Charles Algernon Parsons, (18541931), British steam turbine Spede Pasanen, (19302001), Finland ski jumping sling Blaise Pascal, (16231662), France Pascal's calculator Gustaf Erik Pasch, (17881862), Sweden safety match Les Paul, (19152009), U.S. multitrack recording Nicolae Paulescu, (18691931), Romania insulin Ivan Pavlov, (18491936), Russia, classical conditioning John Pemberton, (18311888), U.S. Coca-Cola Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, (18711922), Croatia mechanical pencil Henry Perky, (18431906), U.S. shredded wheat Stephen Perry, UK (fl. 19th century) rubber band Aurel Persu, (18901977), Romania first aerodynamic car, aluminum body with wheels included under the body, 1922 Vladimir Petlyakov, (18911942), Russia heavy bomber Peter Petroff, (19192004), Bulgaria digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments Fritz Pfleumer, (18811945), Germany magnetic tape Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, (18101881), Russia early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations

23

Fyodor Pirotsky, (18451898), Russia electric tram Arthur Pitney, (18711933), United States postage meter Roy Plunkett, (1910-1994), United States Teflon Joseph Plateau, (18011883), Belgium phenakistiscope (stroboscope) Baltzar von Platen, (18981984), Sweden gas absorption refrigerator James Leonard Plimpton, (18281911), U.S. roller skates Ivan Plotnikov, (19021995), Russia kirza leather Petrache Poenaru, (17991875), Romania fountain pen Christopher Polhem, (16611751), Sweden the modern padlock Nikolai Polikarpov, (18921944), Russia Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik[disambiguation needed] (world's most produced biplane) Eugene Polley, (19152012), United States wireless remote control (with Robert Adler) Ivan Polzunov, (17281766), Russia first two-cylinder steam engine Mikhail Pomortsev, (18511916), Russia nephoscope Olivia Poole, (18891975), U.S., the Jolly Jumper baby harness Alexander Popov, (18591906), Russia lightning detector (the first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of radio Nikolay Popov, (19312008), Russia first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80) Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, (18921941), Russia Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV) Valdemar Poulsen, (18691942), Denmark magnetic wire recorder, arc converter Joseph Priestley, (17331804), UK soda water Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, (18941974), Russia/United States of America first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling Alexander Prokhorov, (19162002), Russia co-inventor of laser and maser Petro Prokopovych, (17751850), Ukraine/Russia early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, (18631944), Russia/France early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures George Pullman, (18311897), U.S. Pullman sleep wagon Michael I. Pupin, (18581935), Serbia pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator Tivadar Puskas, (18441893), Hungary telephone exchange

R[edit]

Hasan al-Rammah, (fl.1270s), Syria purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedo Harun al-Rashid, (763-809), Persia/Iran public hospital, medical school Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi (Rhazes), (865965), Persia/Iran distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide Alec Reeves, (19021971), UK Pulse-code modulation Karl von Reichenbach, (17881869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenol Ira Remsen, (18461927), U.S. saccharin Ralf Reski, (1958), Germany Moss bioreactor 1998 Josef Ressel, (17931857), Czechoslovakia ship propeller

24

Charles Francis Richter, (19001985), U.S. Richter magnitude scale Adolph Rickenbacker, (18861976), Switzerland Electric guitar Hyman George Rickover, (19001986), U.S. Nuclear submarine John Roebuck, (17181794) UK lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis Heinrich Rohrer, (19332013), Switzerland with Gerd Binnig, scanning tunneling microscope Peter I the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov), Tsar and Emperor of Russia, (1672 1725), Russia decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe) Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen, (18451923), Germany the X-ray machine Ida Rosenthal, (18861973), Belarus/Russia/United States modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William) Boris Rosing, (18691933), Russia CRT television (first TV system using CRT on the receiving side) Eugene Roshal, (1972), Russia FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver Ern Rubik, (1944), Hungary Rubik's Cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock Ernst Ruska, (19061988), Germany electron microscope

S[edit]

Alexander Sablukov, (17831857), Russia centrifugal fan erafeddin Sabuncuolu, (13851468), Turkey illustrated surgical atlas Gilles Saint-Hilaire, (1948), Canada Quasiturbine Qurbine Andrei Sakharov, (19211989), Russia invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamak Ibn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East mechanical geared astrolabe Franz San Galli, (18241908), Poland/Russia (Italian and German descent) radiator, modern central heating Alberto Santos-Dumont, (18731932), Brazil non-rigid airship and airplane Arthur William Savage, (18571938) radial tires, gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle Thomas Savery, (16501715), UK steam engine Adolphe Sax, (18141894), Belgium saxophone Bela Schick, (18771967), Hungary diphtheria test Pavel Schilling, (17861837), Estonia/Russia first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuse Masatoshi Shima, (1943), Japan microprocessor Christian Schnabel (18781936), German simplistic food cutleries Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946), Netherlands Major contributor to development of Compact Disc August Schrader, (1820?), U.S. Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire David Schwarz, (18521897), Croatia, rigid ship, later called Zeppelin Marc Seguin, (17861875), France wire-cable suspension bridge Sennacherib, (705681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) screw pump

25

Iwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. inventor of the Moviola for film editing Mark Serrurier, (190?1988), U.S. Serrurier truss for Optical telescopes Gerhard Sessler, (1931), Germany foil electret microphone, silicon microphone Guy Severin, (19262008), Russia extra-vehicular activity supporting system Leonty Shamshurenkov, (16871758), Russia first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge Ibn al-Shatir, (13041375), Syria "jewel box" device which combined a compass with a universal sundial Shen Kuo, (10311095), China improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube Murasaki Shikibu, (c. 9731025), Japan novel, psychological novel Pyotr Shilovsky, (1871 after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom gyrocar Fathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India early volley gun William Bradford Shockley, (19101989), U.S. co-inventor of transistor Henry Shrapnel, (17611842), UK Shrapnel shell ammunition Vladimir Shukhov, (18531939), Russia thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (1972), Malaysia cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in space Augustus Siebe, (17881872), Germany/UK Inventor of the standard diving dress Sir William Siemens, (18231883), Germany regenerative furnace Werner von Siemens, (18161892), Germany an electromechanical "dynamic" Al-Sijzi, (c. 9451020), Persia/Iran heliocentric astrolabe Igor Sikorsky, (18891972), Russia/U.S. first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters Kia Silverbrook, (1958), Australia Memjet printer, world's most prolific inventor Vladimir Simonov, (1935), Russia APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol Charles Simonyi, (1948), Hungary Hungarian notation Ibn Sina (Avicenna), (9731037), Persia/Iran steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blocker Isaac Singer, (18111875), U.S. sewing machine B. F. Skinner, (19041990), U.S. -- Operant conditioning chamber Nikolay Slavyanov, (18541897), Russia shielded metal arc welding Alexander Smakula, (19001983), Ukraine/Russia/U.S. anti-reflective coating Yefim Smolin, Russia table-glass (stakan granyonyi) Igor Spassky, (1926), Russia Sea Launch platform Percy Spencer, (18941970), U.S. microwave oven Elmer Ambrose Sperry, (18601930), U.S. gyroscope-guided automatic pilot

26

Ladislas Starevich, (18821965), Russia/France puppet animation, live-action/animated film Gary Starkweather, (1938), U.S. laser printer, color management Boris Stechkin, (18911969), Russia co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of Soviet heat and aircraft engines George Stephenson, (17811848), UK steam railway Simon Stevin, (15481620), Netherlands land yacht Andreas Stihl (18961973), Switzerland/Germany Electric chain saw Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (17901878), Scotland Stirling engine Aurel Stodola, (18591942), Slovakia gas turbines Aleksandr Stoletov, (18391896), Russia first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect Levi Strauss, (18291902), U.S. blue jeans John Stringfellow, (17991883), UK aerial steam carriage Almon Strowger, (18391902), U.S. automatic telephone exchange Su Song, (10201101), China first chain drive Pavel Sukhoi, (18951975), Russia Su-series fighter aircraft Simon Sunatori, (1959), Canada inventor of MagneScribe and Magic Spicer Sushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India inventor of Plastic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903986), Persia/Iran timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabe Joseph Swan, (18281914), UK Incandescent light bulb Robert Swanson, (19051994), Canada Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotives Andrei Sychra, (1773-76 1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent Russian sevenstring guitar Vladimir Syromyatnikov, (19332006), Russia Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms Le Szilrd, (18981964), Hungary/U.S. Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project

T[edit]

Salih Tahtawi, (fl.16591660), Mughal India seamless globe and celestial globe Igor Tamm, (18951971), Russia co-developer of tokamak Taqi al-Din, (15261585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey steam turbine, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, framed sextant Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi, (c. 1187), Middle East counterweight trebuchet, mangonel Bernard Tellegen, (19001990), Netherlands pentode Edward Teller, (19082003), Hungary hydrogen bomb Nikola Tesla, (18561943), Serbia Tesla Coil, induction motor, wireless communication Lon Theremin, (18961993), Russia theremin, interlace, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device) Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, (17851870), France Arithmometer

27

Elihu Thomson, (18531937), UK, U.S. Prolific inventor, Arc lamp and many others Eric Tigerstedt, (18871925), Finland triode vacuum tube Kalman Tihanyi, (18971947), Hungary co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope Mikhail Tikhonravov, (19001974), Russia co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, (18751960), Russia feathering spectrograph Benjamin Chew Tilghman, (18211897), U.S. sandblasting Fedor Tokarev, (18711968), Russia TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 selfloading rifle Evangelista Torricelli, (16081647), Italy barometer Alfred Traeger, (18951980), Australia the pedal radio Richard Trevithick, (17711833), UK high-pressure steam engine, first full-scale steam locomotive Franc Trkman, (19031978), Slovenia electrical switches, accessories for opening windows Yuri Trutnev, (1927), Russia co-developer of the Tsar Bomb Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, (18571935), Russia spaceflight Mikhail Tsvet, (18721919), Russia chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method) Alexei Tupolev, (19252001), Russia the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet) Andrei Tupolev, (18881972), Russia turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95) Nasr al-Dn al-Ts, (12011274), Persia/Iran observatory, Tusi-couple Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts, (11351213), Persia/Iran linear astrolabe

U[edit]

Lewis Urry, (19272004), Canada long-lasting alkaline battery Vladimir Utkin, (19232000), Russia railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets)

V[edit]

Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov, (18971972), Russia first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project) Theophilus Van Kannel, (18411919), United States revolving door (1888) Viktor Vasnetsov, (18481926), Russia budenovka military hat Vladimir Veksler, (19071966), Russia synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron John Venn, (18341923), UK Venn diagram (1881) Pierre Vernier, (15801637), France vernier scale (1631) Dmitry Vinogradov, (c.1720/25 1758), Russia original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Mikhail Lomonosov) Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?2006), United States developed the first sexual assault evidence kit Alessandro Volta, (17451827), Italy battery

28

Faust Vrani, (15511617), Croatia parachute Traian Vuia, (18721950), Romania designed, built, tested the first aircraft able to take off/land independently on its own wheels in 1906. Vuia reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and was able to stay aloft for 20 Meters. Ivan Vyrodkov, (14881563-64), Russia battery tower

W[edit]

Paul Walden, (18631957), Latvia/Russia/Germany Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid) Barnes Wallis, (18871979), UK bouncing bomb Robert Watson-Watt, (18921973), Scotland microwave radar James Watt, (17361819), Scotland improved Steam engine Thomas Wedgwood, (17711805), UK first (not permanent) photograph Jonas Wenstrm, (18551893), Sweden three-phase electrical power George Westinghouse, (18461914), U.S. Air brake (rail) Charles Wheatstone, (18021875), UK concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher Eli Whitney, (17651825), U.S. the cotton gin Frank Whittle, (19071996), UK co-inventor of the jet engine Otto Wichterle, (19131989), Czechoslovakia invented modern contact lenses Paul Winchell, (19222005), U.S. the artificial heart A. Baldwin Wood, (18791956), U.S. high volume pump Granville Woods, (18561910), U.S. the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph Wright brothers, Orville (18711948) and Wilbur (18671912) U.S. powered airplane Arthur Wynne, (18621945), UK creator of crossword puzzle

Y[edit]

Pavel Yablochkov, (18471894), Russia Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp) Hidetsugu Yagi, (18861976), Japan Yagi antenna Alexander Yakovlev, (19061989), Russia Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet) Khalid ibn Yazid, (635704), Syria/Egypt potassium nitrate Yi Xing, (683727), China astronomical clock Gazi Yasargil, (1925), Turkey Microneurosurgery Arthur M. Young, (19051995), U.S. the Bell Helicopter Vladimir Yourkevitch, (18851964), Russia/France/U.S. modern ship hull design Sergei Yudin, (18911954), Russia cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations Muhammad Yunus, (1940), Bangladesh microcredit, microfinance Abu Yaqub Yusuf, (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain siege cannon Linus Yale, Jr., (18211868), U.S. cylinder lock Linus Yale, Sr., (17971858), U.S. pin tumbler lock

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Z[edit]

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), (9361013), Islamic Spain catgut surgical suture, various surgical instruments and dental devices Alexander Zalmanov, (18751965), Russia turpentine bath Ludwik azarz Zamenhof, (18591917), Russia/Poland Esperanto Ab Ishq Ibrhm al-Zarql (Arzachel), (10281087), Islamic Spain almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabe Yevgeny Zavoisky, (19071976), Russia EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy Nikolay Zelinsky, (18611953), Russia the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the world Zhang Heng, (78139), China invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere Zheng He, (13711433), China Chinese treasure ship Nikolai Zhukovsky, (18471921), Russia an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank Konrad Zuse, (19101995), Germany invented the first Computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4) Vasily Zvyozdochkin, (18761956), Russia matryoshka doll (together with Sergey Malyutin) Vladimir Zworykin, (18891982), Russia/U.S. Iconoscope, kinescope.

See also[edit]

Creativity techniques List of emerging technologies List of prolific inventors The heroic theory of invention and scientific development Timeline of historic inventions

References[edit]
1. ^ Rigden, John S.; Stuewer, Roger H. (2009). The Physical Tourist: A Science Guide for the Traveler. Birkhauser. 2. ^ Inventors and Inventions - Google Books. Books.google.ro. Retrieved 2012-10-22. 3. ^ Concept ProADVO: Invent More - Christopher Brown - Google Books. Books.google.ro. 198506-25. Retrieved 2012-10-22. 4. ^ Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004. 5. ^ "FPO IP Research & Communities". Freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved 2012-10-22. 6. ^ Parada (n.d.), George. "Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)". Achtungpanzer.com. Retrieved November 17, 2008.

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Timeline of historic inventions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article has been shortened from a longer article which misused sources. Details of the earlier versions may be found in the page's history. Please help us to rebuild the article properly. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2011) This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2011) This is a list with no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria. Please help to improve Wikipedia by ensuring that there is consensus on the inclusion and exclusion criteria on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the section contains only verifiable material. (January 2013)

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The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the most influential event of the modern era.[1] The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions. Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

History of technology
By technological eras

The Neolithic Revolution The Renaissance Revolution The Agricultural Revolution

Market Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution

Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Information Age

Digital Revolution

By historical regions

Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Byzantine Empire Medieval Europe

Medieval Islamic world

By type of technology

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History of biotechnology History of communication History of computer hardware

History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of transport History of nuclear technology

Technology timelines

Timeline of historic inventions

Complete list

Outlines

Outline of technology

Outline of prehistoric technology

v t e

Contents
[hide]

1 Prehistoric 2 1st millennium BC (BCE) o 2.1 7th century BC o 2.2 6th century BC o 2.3 5th century BC o 2.4 3rd century BC o 2.5 2nd century BC (BCE) o 2.6 1st century BC (BCE) 3 1st millennium AD (CE) o 3.1 1st century o 3.2 2nd century o 3.3 3rd century

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3.4 4th century 3.5 5th century 3.6 6th century 3.7 7th century 3.8 9th century 3.9 10th century 4 2nd millennium o 4.1 11th century o 4.2 12th century o 4.3 13th century o 4.4 14th century o 4.5 15th century o 4.6 16th century o 4.7 17th century o 4.8 18th century o 4.9 19th century 4.9.1 1800s 4.9.2 1820s 4.9.3 1870s 4.9.4 1880s o 4.10 20th century 4.10.1 1910s 4.10.2 1920s 4.10.3 1940s 4.10.4 1950s 4.10.5 1970s 4.10.6 1980s 4.10.7 1990s 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links

o o o o o o

Prehistoric[edit]
Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology Note that the dates in the Paleolithic era are approximate and refer to the earliest discovered use of an invention, and may change as new research is created and older sites are found.

1.8 million years ago: Fire and then cooking [2] 500 thousand years ago (ka): Shelter construction[3] 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia[4] 400 ka: Spears in Germany[5] 200 ka: Glue in Italy[6]

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16040 ka: Burial[7] 110 ka: Beads in Israel[8] 77 ka: Bedding in South Africa[9] 64 ka: Arrowhead in South Africa[10] 61 ka: Sewing needle in South Africa[10] 60 ka: Bow[11] 36 ka: Cloth woven from flax fiber in Georgia[12][13] 35 ka: Flute in Germany[14] 28 ka: twisted rope[15] 16 ka: Pottery in China[16] 6000 BC: Kiln in Mesopotamia[17] 5000 - 4500 BC: Lacquer in China[18] 5000 - 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China.[19][20] 3630 BC: Sericulture in China [21] 3300 BC: the Wheel[22] 3000 BC: Cuneiform in Mesopotamia[23] 3000 BC: Bronze in Mesopotamia[24] 3000 BC: Papyrus in Egypt[25][26]

1st millennium BC (BCE)[edit]

7th century BC[edit]

mid-7th century BC: Two-masted ships (foresail) by Etruscans in Italy[27]

6th century BC[edit]

With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.[28]

c. 515 BC: Crane in Ancient Greece[29]

5th century BC[edit]

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5th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Celtiberian Spain[30][31] 5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron was developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.[32][33][34][35][36] 5th century BC: Crossbow in Ancient China and Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.[37] In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the gastraphetes is 421 BC.[38][39] 5th - 3rd century BC: Cupola furnace in Ancient China, built as early as the Warring States period (403221 BC).[40] During the Han Dynasty (202 BC 220 AD), cupola furnace were used to remelt most, if not all, iron smelted in the blast furnace.[41][42] 5th - 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China between 5th - 4th century BC, appeared in the Mediterranean by the 6th century AD.[43] Before 421 BC: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl. Sicily)[38][39] c. 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)[44][45] 4086 BC: Wheelbarrow in Attica, Ancient Greece[46]

3rd century BC[edit]

An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.

Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock (possibly pound lock) in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[47][48][49] 3rd century BC: Water wheel in Hellenistic kingdoms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 220 BC)[50] 3rd - 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.[32][51] After 205 BC: Dry dock some time after Ptolemy IV (221205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[52]

2nd century BC (BCE)[edit]

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The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[53] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).

2nd century BC: Finery forge in Han Dynasty China, finery forges were used to make wrought iron at least by the 2nd century BC in ancient China, based on the archaeological findings of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo.[54] 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[55]

1st century BC (BCE)[edit]

1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic[56][57] 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)[58][59][60][61][62] Before 71 BC (possibly 3rd century BC[63][64][65]): Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in Eastern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient watermills)[66][67]

1st millennium AD (CE)[edit]

1st century[edit]

1st century: Buttress dam in Roman Empire[68]

2nd century[edit]

132: Seismometer in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It was a large metal urnshaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.[69][70] 2nd century: Crankshaft in Augusta Raurica, Roman Empire[71] 2nd century (or 1st century BC[72]): Lateen sail in Roman Empire[53][73][74]

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2nd3rd century: Arch-gravity dam (e.g. Puy Foradado Dam or Kasserine Dam) in Roman Empire[75][76]

3rd century[edit]

Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.[77][78][79]

3rd century: Celadon in Six Dynasties China, said to have been a widely used ceramic by the Three Kingdoms era (220265), although shards have been recovered from Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 AD) excavations in Zhejiang[80] and some historians argue that true celadon was not invented until the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960 1127).[81] Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod (Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Empire[77][78][79] Late 3rdearly 4th century: Turbine in Africa (province), Roman Empire[82][83][84] c. 300: Noria in Roman Empire[85]

4th century[edit]

4th century: Field mill in Ancient China, first mentioned in the Yezhongji, or 'Record of Affairs at the Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty' written by Lu Hui in the 4th century, describing a field mill built by two engineers, Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian.[86] 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China, in literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD[87] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals'.[88] 4th5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire[89]

5th century[edit]

5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness was developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD.[90] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477499 AD.[91] 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire[92][93]

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6th century[edit]

563: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire[94] 589: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531 591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.[95][96]

7th century[edit]

672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, was invented by Kallinikos, a Greek refugee to Constantinople, as described by Theophanes.[97] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[98] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[99] 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote was first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618907), as merchants and wholesalers desired to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[100][101][102] 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[103]

9th century[edit]

A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder was, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[104] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (618907).[105] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (9601279).[106][107][108] 9th century: Playing cards in Tang Dynasty China: The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Su E described players enjoying the "leaf game" in 868.[109][110]

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9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[111] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[111][112]

10th century[edit]

10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[113] 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty (9601279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[114]

2nd millennium[edit]
11th century[edit]

1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, which attributed the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.[115][116][117][118] In the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg independently invented the modern movable type system in Europe.[119] 11th century: Fuel coke in Song Dynasty China: By the 11th century, to avoid excessive deforestation, the Song Chinese began using coke made from bituminous coal as fuel for their metallurgic furnaces instead of charcoal derived from wood.[120][121]

12th century[edit]

1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).[117][122][123][124][125][126][127] The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[128] The familiar mariner's dry compass which used a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box was invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.[129]

13th century[edit]

1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who used an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[130] 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[131]

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13th century: Dominoes in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin written during the Yuan Dynasty (12711368).[132] Dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, and although it is unknown how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game, it is speculated that Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe.[133] 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin Dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs were used in 1221 by the Jin Dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[134] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in 13th century in China and were called "thunder-crash bombs,"[135] coined during a Jin Dynasty naval battle in 1231.[136] 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppressed the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase was used.[137]

14th century[edit]

14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Ji (13111375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.[138]

15th century[edit]

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The oldest known parachute is depicted in this anonymous Italian manuscript dated to the 1470s.[139]

1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire[139] 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[140] 1470s: Parachute (with frame) in Renaissance Italy[141] 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe on Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa[142] 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified by Luca Pacioli

16th century[edit]

1560 Floating dock in Venice, Venetian Republic[143] 1569 Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator

17th century[edit]

A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)[144][145]

1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[144][145]

18th century[edit]

1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer. 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first steam engine to pump water out of mines.[146] Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, used a piston. 1733: Stephen Hales takes measurements of blood pressure.[citation needed]

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1742: Anders Celsius develops the Centigrade temperature scale.[citation needed] 1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.

19th century[edit]
1800s[edit]

1802: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until generators)[147] 1804: Morphine in Paderborn, Germany: Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 by Friedrich Sertrner.[148] 1804: Railway steam locomotive: Richard Trevithick[149]

1820s[edit]

1822 The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe could copy symmetrical shapes and was used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent was in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[150][151] 1826: Friction Match: John Walker[152]

1870s[edit]

1876: Telephone: A patent for the telephone is granted to Alexander Graham Bell. However, others inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.[153] 1877: The first working phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison.[154] 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss was granted a patent for the first practical rebreather[155] 1878: Joseph Swan invented the light bulb in 1860, but it lasted only a few hours. Thomas Edison produced the first practical bulb and was granted a U.S. patent in 1879.

1880s[edit]

1888: Wind turbines for grid electricity invented by Charles F. Brush in 1888.

20th century[edit]

1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft takes place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed wing aircraft.

1910s[edit]

1915: The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton,[156] although the British Royal Commission on Awards recognised a South Australian named Lance de Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could be

43

easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches' complete with extensive drawings in 1912[157] 1920s[edit]

1928: Penicillin was first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley.

1940s[edit]

December 1947: The Transistor, used in almost all modern electronic products was invented in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a revolution in computers, controls, and communication.

1950s[edit]

December 20, 1951: First use of nuclear power to produce electricity for households in Arco, Idaho[158][159] 1955: The intermodal container was developed by Malcom McLean. 1957: The first PC used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610 was invented in 1957 by IBM. 1958-59: Co-creation of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

1970s[edit]

1972: A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or customized computer system that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device (a television, monitor, etc.) to display a video game. The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a machine designed for people to buy and use primarily for playing video games on a TV. As of 2007, it is estimated that video game consoles have made up 75% of the world's gaming market.[160] The first video game console is the Magnavox Odyssey. 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface, the Xerox Alto was introduced in 1973. The modern GUI was later popularized by Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.

1980s[edit]

1982: A CD-ROM (/sidirm/, an acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.[161]

44

1990s[edit]

1990: World Wide Web by a British national in Geneva, Switzerland: The World Wide Web was first proposed on March 1989 by English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium.[162] The project was publicly introduced in December 1990.[163] 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.

See also[edit]

Accelerating change List of emerging technologies List of inventors Outline of prehistoric technology

Footnotes[edit]
1. ^ See People of the Millennium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, TimeLife magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era. ^ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter ^ Earliest evidence of art found ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears ^ Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C et al. (2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006. ^ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins ^ Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-444-53821-5. ^ Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391 ^ a b Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 ^ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News. ^ Balter, M. (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126. ^ Kvavadze, E, Bar-Yosef, O, Belfer-Cohen, A, Boaretto, E, Jakeli, N, Matskevich, Z, Meshveliani, T. (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science 325 (5946): 1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. ^ 'Oldest musical instrument' found, Pallab Ghosh, BBC News, June 25, 2009. Accessed on line August 26, 2009.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10.

11. 12. 13.

14.

45
15. ^ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum)". Natural History. 111.3: 14(2) 16. ^ "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered." Associated Press. 2009-06-01 17. ^ Piotr Bienkowski; Alan Millard (15 April 2010). Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-2115-2. 18. ^ Loewe (1968), 170171. 19. ^ Deng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29212-4, p. 22. 20. ^ Miriam T. Stark (15 April 2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-40515303-4. Retrieved 5 October 2012. 21. ^ Mary Schoeser (28 May 2007). Silk. Yale University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-300-11741-7. 22. ^ Jared Diamond "The Third Chimpanzee" 23. ^ Karen Radner; Eleanor Robson (22 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-955730-1. 24. ^ Per Enghag (11 March 2008). Encyclopedia of the Elements. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 978-3527-61234-5. 25. ^ Steven Roger Fischer (4 April 2004). History of Writing. Reaktion Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-86189-1679. 26. ^ Paul Johnson (3 November 1999). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 163. ISBN 978-006-019434-5. 27. ^ Turfa, J. MacIntosh; Steinmayer, A. G. (1999): "The Earliest Foresail, on Another Etruscan Vase", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 292-296 (295) 28. ^ Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighrner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, Mnchen, p. 13 29. ^ Coulton, J. J. (1974): "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 94, pp. 119 (7, 16) 30. ^ Frankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 121 (1719) 31. ^ Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138163 (159) 32. ^ a b Wagner (2001), 7, 3637, 6468. 33. ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30. 34. ^ Gernet (1996), 69. 35. ^ Wagner (1993), 335. 36. ^ Pigott (1999), 177. 37. ^ Wagner (1993), 153, 157158. 38. ^ a b Campbell, Duncan B. (2003): Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BCAD 363, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ISBN 978-1-84176-634-8, pp. 3ff. 39. ^ a b Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006): "Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum", Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde, Vol. 3, pp. 1423 (18f.) 40. ^ Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191. 41. ^ Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6, pp. 7576. 42. ^ http://donwagner.dk/cice/cice.html Cast Iron in China and Europe retrieved 2010 Dec 10 43. ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan; Donald J. Kagay; Theresa M. Vann (1998). On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan . BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-11096-0. "Developed in China between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, it reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century CE" 44. ^ Beckmann, Martin (2002): "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius", Phoenix, Vol. 56, No. 3/4, pp. 348357 (354) 45. ^ Ruggeri, Stefania (2006): "Selinunt", Edizioni Affinit Elettive, Messina, ISBN 88-8405-079-0, p. 77 46. ^ Lewis, M. J. T. (1994): "The Origins of the Wheelbarrow", Technology and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 453475

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75. ^ James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002): "Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs", Australian Civil Engineering Transactions, Vol. CE43, pp. 3956 76. ^ Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, rjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 331339 (332) 77. ^ a b Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138163 (140, 161) 78. ^ a b Grewe, Klaus (2009): "Die Reliefdarstellung einer antiken Steinsgemaschine aus Hierapolis in Phrygien und ihre Bedeutung fr die Technikgeschichte. Internationale Konferenz 13.16. Jun i 2007 in Istanbul", in: Bachmann, Martin (ed.): Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien , Byzas, Vol. 9, Ege Yaynlar/Zero Prod. Ltd., Istanbul, ISBN 978-975-8072-23-1, pp. 429454 (429) 79. ^ a b Grewe, Klaus (2010): "La mquina romana de serrar piedras. La representacin en bajorrelieve de una sierra de piedras de la antigedad, en Hierpolis de Frigia y su relevancia para la historia tcnica (translation by Miguel Ordez)", in: Las tcnicas y las construcciones de la Ingeniera Romana , V Congreso de las Obras Pblicas Romanas, pp. 381401 80. ^ Wang (1982), 1982. 81. ^ Dewar (2002), 42. 82. ^ Wilson, Andrew (1995): "Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal WaterWheel", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 8, pp. 499510 (507f.) 83. ^ Wikander, rjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, rjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371400 (377) 84. ^ Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 117 (13) 85. ^ Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, rjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 217302 (235) 86. ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 159 160, 256257. 87. ^ Hucker (1975), 206. 88. ^ Ronan (1994), 41. 89. ^ De Rebus Bellicis (anon.), chapter XVII, text edited by Robert Ireland, in: BAR International Series 63, part 2, p. 34 90. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 28. 91. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 322. 92. ^ Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, ISBN 88-85066-66-6, p. 92 93. ^ Warren, John (1991): "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture", Muqarnas, Vol. 8, pp. 5965 (6163) 94. ^ Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jrg (1996): "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, pp. 3032 95. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123. 96. ^ Hunter (1978), 207. 97. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 607609 98. ^ Theophanes & Turtledove 1982, p. 52 99. ^ Roland 1992, p. 657; Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 608 100. ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156. 101. ^ Bowman (2000), 105. 102. ^ Gernet (1962), 80. 103. ^ Wood (1999), 49. 104. ^ Jack Kelly Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Perseus Books Group: 2005, ISBN :0465037224, 9780465037223: pp. 2-5 105. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 89, 8082. 106. ^ Needham (1987), Volume 5, Part 7, 70 73, 120124. 107. ^ Gernet (1996), 311. 108. ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 785.

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Lo, Andrew. "The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 63, No. 3 (2000): 389-406. Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.,1986 ISBN 0-52107060-0 Needham, Joseph (1962). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics. Cambridge University Press., reprinted Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.(1986) Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin. (1985). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge University Press., reprinted Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.(1986) Needham, Joseph. (1987). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press. Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0. Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32995-7. Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. Stark, Miriam T. (2005). Archaeology of Asia. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-02136. Wagner, Donald B. (1993). Iron and Steel in Ancient China: Second Impression, With Corrections. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09632-9. Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6. Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). Han Civilization. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02723-0. Wood, Nigel. (1999). Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3476-6.

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52

List of prolific inventors

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Thomas Edison was widely known as the world's most prolific inventor.[1][2] He held a total of 1,093 U.S. patents (1,084 utility patents and 9 design patents).[3] In 2003, he was passed by Japanese inventor Shunpei Yamazaki.[4] On February 26, 2008, Yamazaki was passed by Australian inventor Kia Silverbrook.[5] Silverbrook holds 4,629 U.S. utility patents as of June 25, 2013.[6] Prolific inventors with 300 or more worldwide utility patent families are shown in the following table. In many cases, this number is also the number of U.S. utility patents granted. A patent family is a set of patents filed in various countries to protect a single invention.
# of Patent Familie s # of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Inventor

Ref

Kia 4629 Silverbrook

Australi 9847 a

1958

Shunpei Yamazaki

3193

Japan

12462

1942

Paul Lapstun

1266

Australi 3138 a

19??

Thomas Edison

1084

United 2332 States

1847 1931

Printing, Digital paper, Internet, Electronics, CGI, Chemical, DNA, Lab-ona-chip, MEMS, Mechanical, VLSI Thin film transistors, Liquid crystal displays, Solar cells, Flash memory, OLED Printing, Digital paper, Internet, Electronics, CGI, VLSI Electric power, Lighting, Batteries, Phonograph, Cement,

[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

[4][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20 ][21]

[4][11][12][13][14][15][16][22][23][24]

[2][3][4][5][25][26]

53

Inventor

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

Leonard Forbes

1030

Canada 1361

1940

Gurtej Sandhu

1017

India 1703

1960

George 993 Albert Lyon Donald Weder John F. O'Connor Melvin De Groote Francis H. Richards 984

Canada NA United 1969 States United NA States United NA States United NA States

1882 1961

Telegraphy, Mining Semiconductor Memories, CCDs, Thin film processes and materials, VLSI Thin film processes and materials, VLSI, Semiconductor device fabrication Automotive, Stainless steel products

[4][10][11][12][14][27][28]

[9][10][11][21][29][30]

[4][31]

1947 Florist supplies 1864 1938 1895 1963 1850 19?? 19?? Railway draft gearing Chemical deemulsifiers Mechanical, automation

[4][9][10][11][21][32][33]

949

[4][34]

925

[2][4]

894

[2][4]

Jun Koyama 857

Japan

3099

Carleton Ellis Warren Farnworth

753

United NA States United 937

1876 1941 1954

751

Thin film transistors, Liquid crystal [35][36] displays, OLED Margarine, Polyester, Anti- [34][37] knock gasoline, Paint stripper Semiconductor [9][10][11][38][39] packaging

54

Inventor

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

States George Spector 722 United 747 States United 2042 States United 850 States 19?? Gadgets, Toys 1955 Gaming machines 1967 Semiconductor packaging Electric power, Arc lamp, 1853 Electric motors, 1937 Lightning arrester, Arc welder Signal 19?? processing, Image processing 19?? Proteins, Antibodies Printing, 19?? Electronics, VLSI, Cryptography 19?? Optical recording Railroad 19?? maintenance machines 19?? Proteins, Antibodies 19?? Proteins, Antibodies 19?? Transgenic soybeans
[9][10][40]

Jay Walker 719 Salman Akram 699

[11][16][41][42]

[9][10][11][43][44]

Elihu Thomson

696

UK NA

[2][34]

Tetsujiro Kondo William I. Wood Simon Walmsley

670

Japan

4096

[45][46]

653

United 3625 States Australi 1262 a Japan 1832

[12][13][47][48]

649

[15][16][49][50]

Hideo Ando 643 Josef Theurer Audrey Goddard Austin L. Gurney 630

[16][51][52]

Austria 4982 United 3498 States United 3476 States United 637 States

[21][53][54]

622 620

[12][13][55][56]

[12][13][57][58]

William Eby 608

[59][60]

55

Inventor

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

Jerome Lemelson

606

United NA States

Lowell Wood

606

United 973 States

Bla Barnyi Michael J. Sullivan Paul J. Godowski Artur Fischer

595

Hungar 1236 y United 1274 States United 2660 States German 3096 y United 1221 States

Toys, Industrial robots, 1923 Cordless telephones, Fax [2][21][61] 1997 machines, Videocassette recorders Mosquito laser, Nuclear 19?? [17][62][63] weapons, Geoengineerin g, Various 1907 Passive safety [64][65] in automobiles 1997 19?? Golf balls 19?? Proteins, Antibodies Fasteners, 1919 Construction toys Radio 19?? Frequency Integrated Circuits Thin film processes and 1930 materials, VLSI, 2012 Semiconductor device fabrication Thin film processes and 19?? materials, Semiconductor device fabrication
[66][67]

585 580

[12][13][68][69]

570

[70][71]

Ahmadreza 558 Rofougaran

[72][73]

Kie Y Ahn

552

United 708 States

[74][75]

Tadahiro Ohmi

540

Japan

2574

[76][77]

56

Inventor Edwin H. Land Edward Jung Henry Dreyfus Clyde C. Farmer

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

535

United 1210 States United 1868 States United 2118 States United 830 States

1909 Instant photography, 1991 Polarizing film 19?? Various 1882 1944 18?? 19?? Polymers, Synthetic fibers, Dyes Railway air brakes

[78][79]

532

[17][80][81]

524

[82][83]

513

[34][84][85]

Mark I. Gardner

511

United 583 States

Consumer electronics, 1955 Energy, Computers, Semiconductor s, Physics 19?? Cigarette packaging

[9][10][86][87]

Heinz Focke 510 Louis H. Morin

German 2892 y United 721 States Australi 1239 a

[9][88][89]

503

Tobin King 497

Ravi Arimilli

474

India 759

18?? Fasteners, [84][90] Locks, Bobbins 19?? Printing, 19?? Digital paper, [91][92] Mechanical Computer architecture, Semiconductor 1963 memory, Cache [93][94] coherence, Symmetric multiprocessin g 19?? Fungicides 1860 Electrical, HVAC, 1929 Wheels, Metal
[21][95][96]

Eberhard Ammerman 453 n Thomas E. Murray 449

German 5153 y United 462 States

[97][98]

57

Inventor

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

working, Light dimmer Rick Allen 447 Hamilton II Roderick Hyde Hongyong Zhang Akira Nakazawa John Hays Hammond, Jr. Wilhelm Brandes 435 United 826 States United 1839 States 789 1965 Various 19?? Various Thin film 19?? transistors, Liquid crystal displays 19?? Printing, Mechanical Radio control, 1888 Radio communication 1965 s, Torpedoes 19?? Fungicides
[99][100]

[101][102][17]

432

[103][104]

Japan

426

Australi 569 a United 459 States German 2857 y

[105][106]

417

[107][108]

411

[21][109][110]

Stanford Ovshinsky

400

United 1631 States

Shou-Shan Fan

390

China

1407

Batteries, Solar cells, Liquid 1922 crystal [111][112] displays, 2012 Hydrogen fuel cells, Computer data storage Carbon nanotubes and 19?? applications of [113][114] carbon nanotubes 19?? Motor vehicle transmission 19?? Various 19?? Herbicides, Pesticides,
[115][116]

Scott Wittkopp Clarence Tegreene HansJoachim

384 379 374

United 989 States United 1498 States German 2640

[117][118]

[21][119][120]

58

Inventor Santel Gisela Lorenz

# of Patent Familie s

# of Countr Live Main fields of INPADO y invention C patents d

Ref

372

German 4154 y

George Westinghous 361 e James M. Hart Garry Jackson Robert R. Schmidt

United NA States

Organic chemistry Fungicides, 19?? Organic chemistry Electric power, 1846 Electricity meter, Railway 1914 air brake, Steam engines 19?? Motor vehicle transmission 19?? Printing, Mechanical Herbicides, 19?? Fungicides, Organic chemistry Wireless 19?? communication s, Computer networks 19?? Printing, Mechanical Implantable 1952 medical devices 1960 Various 19?? Various 1959 Various

[21][121][122]

[123][124][125]

356 355

United 1160 States Australi 661 a German 2419 y

[126][127]

[128][129]

343

[130][131]

Jeyhan Karaoguz Norman Berry

336

United 1296 States Australi 518 a United 470 States United 1268 States United 1325 States United 1168 States

[132][133]

334

[134][135]

Mark Kroll 324 Mark Malamud Royce Levien Nathan Myhrvold

[136][137]

311 306 306

[138][139]

[140][141]

[142][143]

This table was last updated on June 25, 2013. The columns are defined as follows:

59

Inventor: The name of the inventor. # of Patent Families: This is the number of families of utility patents that have been issued. In many cases above, it is also the number of issued U.S. utility patents. There is a direct correspondence between the number of patent families and the number of unique patented inventions. Conversely, the total number of worldwide patents does not correspond closely to the number of inventions, as each separate invention must be filed as a separate patent in each country for which patent protection is sought. Only utility patents (or the international equivalent) are listed, as a utility patent is a patent for an invention. Not all patents are for inventions. Other patent types are: design patents for the ornamental design of an object; plant patents for plant varieties; and reissue patents, where a correction is made to an already granted patent. This list does not include patent applications (patents pending) as there is no guarantee that a patent application actually describes a novel invention until the patent is granted. # of INPADOC patents: This is the worldwide number of patents of all types (utility, design, plant, etc.) This includes patent applications, and duplication of the same patent in multiple countries, so is usually an overestimate of the total number of inventions. This data is primarily from INPADOC, an international patent collection produced and maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO). For some inventors active before computer records were available, the total number of patents is not available (NA). Country: This is the country of birth of the inventor, where known. If the country of birth is unknown, this is the country of patent filing. Lived: These are the birth and death years of the inventor, where known. Main fields of invention: These are the main areas that the inventor is or was active in.

Contents
[hide]

1 Threshold for inclusion 2 Significance of inventions 3 Various published lists 4 Popular Science (1936) 5 Time Magazine (2000) 6 USA Today (2005) 7 Cond Nast Portfolio (2007) 8 Business Insider (2011) 9 Strutpatent.com (2012) 10 Annual lists (20072011) 11 Differences between lists 12 See also 13 References

Threshold for inclusion[edit]

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As the average number of patents per inventor is around 3, some sources define prolific inventors as five times above the average (in terms of patents), leading to a threshold of 15 patents.[144] However, this table currently has an arbitrary cut-off limit for inclusion of 300 patent families. This is purely for practical reasons there are 69 inventors throughout history with more than 300 utility patent families, but tens of thousands of inventors with more than 15 patents. The threshold of 300 patents means that some famous prolific inventors such as Nikola Tesla are not included this list, as Tesla had 111 patents.[145][146]

Significance of inventions[edit]
This table is a ranking of the most prolific inventors, not necessarily the most significant inventors. The significance of inventions is often not apparent until many decades after the invention has been made. For recent inventors, it is not yet possible to determine their place in history. The common symbol for inventiveness the light bulb is a perfect example. The first incandescent light bulb was invented by British chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1802. Many subsequent inventors improved Davy's invention prior to the successful commercialization of electric lighting by Thomas Edison in 1880, 78 years later. Electric lighting continued to be developed. Edison's carbon filament light bulb was made obsolete by the tungsten filament light bulb, invented in 1904. It is this that forms the popular conception of a light bulb, though there are other major forms of lighting. The principle of fluorescent lights was known since 1845, and various inventors, including Edison and Nikola Tesla worked on them without commercial success. Various improvements were made by many other inventors, until General Electric introduced "fluorescent lumiline lamps" commercially in 1938, first available to the public at the 1939 World's Fair. LED lamps also have a long history, with the first light-emitting diode (LED) invented in 1927 by Oleg Losev. LEDs were initially of low brightness, and have been used as indicator lamps and seven-segment displays since 1968. It wasn't until the development of high efficiency blue LEDs by Shuji Nakamura in the 1980s that white LEDs for lighting applications became practical. Although higher cost than incandescent light bulbs, LEDs have higher efficiency and longer life and may finally displace light bulbs in general lighting applications. In each case, more than 50 years passed between the initial invention and commercial success in general lighting applications.

Various published lists[edit]

Rankings of prolific inventors have been published at various times. However, until the patent records were digitized, these lists were very tedious to prepare, as many thousands of patent records had to be checked manually. Even after digitization, it is still not a simple process. While the USPTO keeps statistics for annual rankings of inventions assigned to companies, it no longer publishes rankings of individual inventors. The last such list was published by the USPTO in 1998.[21] Also, patents predating 1976 have not yet been digitized in the USPTO records. This means that patents before 1976 will not be included in a USPTO search by inventor name, and the number of patents granted before 1976 must be added to current searches.

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Popular Science (1936)[edit]

In January 1936, Popular Science published a list of the "most prolific living inventors to be found in America today".[34] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 John F. O'Connor 949 2 Elihu Thomson 696 3 Carleton Ellis 648 4 Henry A. Wise Wood 434 5 John Hays Hammond Jr. 360 6 Clyde C. Farmer 344 7 Ethan I. Dodds 321 8 Edward Weston 309 Thomas Edison was not included in the list, as he died in 1931, five years earlier.

Time Magazine (2000)[edit]

On December 4, 2000, Time Magazine published a list of the "top five inventors".[2] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Thomas Edison 1,093 2 Melvin De Groote 925 3 Francis H. Richards 894 4 Elihu Thomson 696 5 Jerome Lemelson 554 This list only included U.S. inventors, so omitted Canadian inventor George Albert Lyon, with 993 U.S. patents at the time of publication, Japanese inventor Shunpei Yamazaki, with 745 U.S. patents, and Bla Barnyi, with 595 German patents. Also omitted were John F. O'Connor with 949 U.S. patents, and Carleton Ellis, with 753 U.S. patents at the time of publication.

USA Today (2005)[edit]

On December 13, 2005 USA Today published a list of "the top 10 living U.S. patent holders":[9] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Shunpei Yamazaki 1,432 2 Donald Weder 1,322

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Rank Inventor 3 Kia Silverbrook 4 George Spector 5 Gurtej Sandhu 6 Warren Farnworth 7 Salman Akram 8 Mark Gardner 9 Heinz Focke 10 Joseph Straeter

U.S. Patents 810 723 576 547 527 512 508 477

This research was performed by ipIQ of Chicago (now "The Patent Board"[147]) and 1790 Analytics[148] of New Jersey. This list only considered living inventors, and thus did not include such prolific inventors as Thomas Edison, Melvin De Groote, and Elihu Thomson. This list included design patents, which are not patents for inventions.

Cond Nast Portfolio (2007)[edit]

On October 15, 2007 Cond Nast Portfolio Magazine published a list[10] of "the world's most prolific inventors alive": Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Shunpei Yamazaki 1,811 2 Kia Silverbrook 1,646 3 Donald Weder 1,350 4 George Spector 722 5 Gurtej Sandhu 674 6 Leonard Forbes 671 7 Warren Farnworth 635 8 Salman Akram 612 9 Mark Gardner 515 10 Joseph Straeter 485 This research was performed by The Patent Board,[147] a Chicago patent research and advisory firm. As with the USA Today list, the Portfolio list only considered living inventors, and thus did not include such prolific inventors as Thomas Edison. This list also included design patents, which are not patents for inventions.

Business Insider (2011)[edit]

On 6 May 2011 Business Insider published an article titled: "The Ten Greatest Inventors In The Modern Era"[4] containing the following list:

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Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 3,847 2 Shunpei Yamazaki 2,061 3 Thomas Edison 1,084 4 George Albert Lyon 993 5 Paul Lapstun 969 6 Donald Weder 951 7 John F. O'Connor 949 8 Leonard Forbes 948 9 Melvin De Groote 925 10 Francis H. Richards 894 This list included living and dead inventors, and only included granted utility patents (patents for inventions).

Strutpatent.com (2012)[edit]
Strutpatent.com publishes a list of the "Top 10 Inventors" [11] listing inventors ranked by US patents (of all types) issued since 1990: Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 4,279 2 Shunpei Yamazaki 1,664 3 Donald Weder 1,310 4 Paul Lapstun 1,098 5 Leonard Forbes 959 6 Gurtej Sandhu 727 7 Warren Farnworth 685 8 Salman Akram 653 9 Jay Walker 644 10 Chang-Hwan Hwang 634 This list included only patents granted since 1990, and includes design patents as well as utility patents.

Annual lists (20072011)[edit]

Strutpatent.com publishes weekly, monthly, and annual lists of the top ten categories, inventors and assignees of US patents since 2007. These lists include all patent types, not just patents for inventions (utility patents).

64

The top ten inventors of US patents for 2007:[12] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 502 2 Audrey Goddard 232 3 William I. Wood 232 4 Austin L. Gurney 225 5 Chang-Hwan Hwang 203 6 Paul J. Godowski 193 7 Shunpei Yamazaki 139 8 Paul Lapstun 129 9 Leonard Forbes 120 10 Victoria Smith 112 The top ten inventors of US patents for 2008:[13] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 576 2 Chang-Hwan Hwang 198 3 Audrey Goddard 168 4 Austin L. Gurney 167 5 William I. Wood 166 6 Paul J. Godowski 153 7 Shunpei Yamazaki 143 8 Paul Lapstun 137 9 Chang-Soo Lee 129 10 Victoria Smith 122 The top ten inventors of US patents for 2009:[14] Rank Inventor 1 Kia Silverbrook 2 Shunpei Yamazaki 3 Paul Lapstun 4 Bartley K. Andre 5 Daniele De Iuliis 6 Jonathan Ive 7 Matthew Rohrbach 8 Richard P. Howarth U.S. Patents 444 137 113 92 92 92 92 91

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Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 9 Duncan Robert Kerr 91 10 Leonard Forbes 91 The top ten inventors of US patents for 2010:[15] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 709 2 Paul Lapstun 191 3 Shunpei Yamazaki 162 4 Simon Walmsley 115 5 Bartley K. Andre 114 6 Matthew Rohrbach 109 7 Richard P. Howarth 108 8 Jonathan Ive 108 9 Duncan Robert Kerr 108 10 Daniel J. Coster 106 The top ten inventors of US patents for 2011:[16] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 754 2 Paul Lapstun 268 3 Shunpei Yamazaki 163 4 Hideo Ando 162 5 You Yoshioka 153 6 Scott H. Wittkopp 126 7 James M. Hart 125 8 Edward Jung 112 9 Simon Walmsley 112 10 Jay S. Walker 99 The top ten inventors of US patents for 2012:[17] Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 1 Kia Silverbrook 220 2 Edward Jung 180 3 Shunpei Yamazaki 172 4 Lowell Wood 169

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Rank Inventor U.S. Patents 5 Roderick Hyde 140 6 Bin Li 124 7 Royce Levien 122 8 Mark Malamud 119 9 Shunpei Yamazaki 118 10 John Rinaldo 117 This table omitted Rick Allen Hamilton II. The USPTO database shows Hamilton was an inventor or co-inventor of 128 US patents granted in 2012,[149] which would place Hamilton at 6th rank for 2012.

Differences between lists[edit]

Differences in patent numbers between the various lists are due to several reasons:

The lists were created on different dates. As many of the inventors in the lists are still active, the number of patents they hold are increasing. While the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the primary source for U.S. patent information, only patents issued since 1976 can be electronically searched by the inventor's name at the USPTO website.[150] For some of the listed inventors, such as Thomas Edison, all of their patents predate 1976, so other sources must be used. Often entities list the worldwide total number of patents that they hold. This is not the same as the number of inventions, as a patent in one country may be for the same invention as a patent in another country. The set of patents covering a single invention in different countries is a Patent family. The Time, USA Today and Portfolio lists show the total number of U.S. patents, including patents for designs (Design patents) as well as patents for inventions (Utility patents). The annual lists from strutpatent.com list only those patents issued in the particular year to the inventor, not all of the inventor's patents.

See also[edit]

Timeline of historic inventions List of inventors

References[edit]
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ^ Thomas Alva Edison Biography at Rutgers University ^ a b c d e f g Man-Made Marvels Time Magazine, Dec 4, 2000 ^ a b List of Edison patents ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Ten Greatest Inventors In The Modern Era Business Insider, 6 May 2011 ^ a b c The True Inventor Basson-Booyens website

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ^ a b USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook ^ US Patent Applications of Kia Silverbrook ^ a b c d e f g h i j You really can find identities of top patent holders USA Today, Dec 13, 2005 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Masters of invention Portfolio, October 15, 2007 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Strutpatent list of the top 10 inventors since 1990 ^ a b c d e f g h i List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2007 StrutPatent.com website ^ a b c d e f g h List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2008 StrutPatent.com website ^ a b c d e List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2009 StrutPatent.com website ^ a b c d e List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2010 StrutPatent.com website ^ a b c d e f g List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2011 StrutPatent.com website ^ a b c d e f List of the top ten US patent grantees for 2012 StrutPatent.com website ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Shunpei/Shumpei Yamazaki ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Shunpei/Shumpei Yamazaki ^ US Patent Applications of Shunpei Yamazaki ^ a b c d e f g h i j USPTO publication: Prolific Inventors Receiving Utility Patents 1988-1997 ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Paul Lapstun ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Paul Lapstun ^ US Patent Applications of Paul Lapstun ^ Edison's Foreign Patents ^ The Complete Thomas Alva Edison U.S. Patent Collection ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Leonard Forbes ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Leonard Forbes ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Gurtej Sandhu ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Gurtej Sandhu ^ Archived Boliven Utility Patent Search for George Albert Lyon(s) ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Donald Weder ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Donald Weder ^ a b c d e Meet the Champion Inventors Popular Science, vol 128 No 1, January 1936 ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Jun Koyama ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Jun Koyama ^ B. Zorina Khan, The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790-1920 (Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp209-210 ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Warren Farnworth ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Warren Farnworth ^ Worldwide Patent Search for George Spector ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Jay Walker ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Jay Walker ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Salman Akram ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Salman Akram ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tetsujiro Kondo ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tetsujiro Kondo ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for William I. Wood ^ Worldwide Patent Search for William I. Wood ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Simon Walmsley ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Simon Walmsley ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hideo Ando ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Hideo Ando ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Josef Theurer ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Josef Theurer ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Audrey Goddard ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Audrey Goddard ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Austin L. Gurney ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Austin L. Gurney ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for William Eby ^ Worldwide Patent Search for William Eby

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61. ^ The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention & Innovation web site, Jerome Lemelson's Patents. 62. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Lowell Wood 63. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Lowell Wood 64. ^ German Utility Patent Search for Bla Barnyi 65. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Bla Barnyi 66. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Michael Sullivan 67. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Michael J. Sullivan 68. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Paul J. Godowski 69. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Paul J. Godowski 70. ^ Reference to German patents of Artur Fischer 71. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Artur Fischer 72. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Ahmadreza Rofougaran 73. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Ahmadreza Rofougaran 74. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kie Y Ahn 75. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Kie Y Ahn 76. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tadahiro Ohmi 77. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tadahiro Ohmi 78. ^ Victor K. McElheny, Insisting on the impossible: The Life of Edwin Land (Perseus Books, 1998) 79. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Edwin H. Land 80. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Edward Jung 81. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Edward Jung 82. ^ Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation 83. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Henry Dreyfus 84. ^ a b Archived Boliven.com website 85. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Clyde C. Farmer 86. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Mark I. Gardner 87. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Mark I. Gardner 88. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Heinz Focke 89. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Heinz Focke 90. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Louis H. Morin 91. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tobin King 92. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tobin King 93. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli 94. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli 95. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Eberhard Ammermann 96. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Eberhard Ammermann 97. ^ Full patent listing for Thomas E. Murray 98. ^ Thomas E. Murray web site 99. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Rick Allen Hamilton II 100. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Rick Allen Hamilton II 101. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Roderick Hyde 102. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Roderick Hyde 103. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang 104. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang 105. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Akira Nakazawa 106. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Akira Nakazawa 107. ^ The Infography of John Hays Hammond, Jr. 108. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for John Hays Hammond 109. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Wilhelm Brandes 110. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Wilhelm Brandes 111. ^ US Patents of Stanford Ovshinsky 112. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Stanford Ovshinsky 113. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Shou-Shan Fan 114. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Shou-Shan Fan 115. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Scott Wittkopp 116. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Scott Wittkopp

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117. ^ Utility Patent Search for Clarence Tegreene 118. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Clarence Tegreene 119. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hans-Joachim Santel 120. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Hans-Joachim Santel 121. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Gisela Lorenz 122. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Gisela Lorenz 123. ^ George Westinghouse article at ideafinder.com 124. ^ Hubert, P. G. (1894). Men of achievement. Inventors. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Page 296+ 125. ^ George Westinghouse article in Encyclopaedia Britannica 126. ^ Utility Patent Search for James M. Hart 127. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for James M. Hart 128. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Garry Jackson 129. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Garry Jackson 130. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Robert R. Schmidt 131. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Robert R. Schmidt 132. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Jeyhan Karaoguz 133. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Jeyhan Karaoguz 134. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Norman Berry 135. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Norman Berry 136. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Mark W. Kroll 137. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Mark W. Kroll 138. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Mark Malamud 139. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Mark Malamud 140. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Royce Levien 141. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Royce Levien 142. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Nathan Myhrvold 143. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Nathan Myhrvold 144. ^ Prolific Inventors: Who are They and Where do They Locate? International Centre for Economic Research Working Paper No. 14/2010 145. ^ List of Nikola Tesla patents 146. ^ Jim Bieberich's Complete Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent Collection 147. ^ a b The Patent Board website 148. ^ 1790 Analytics website 149. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Rick Allen Hamilton II for 2012 150. ^ USPTO Patent Search website

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List of people considered father or mother of a field

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from People known as the father or mother of something) Jump to: navigation, search Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures. The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western societies in a field, listed by category. In most nonscience fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Contents
[hide]

1 Church 2 Games 3 Humanities 4 Military 5 Nations 6 Natural and social sciences 7 Sports 8 Technology o 8.1 Fields o 8.2 Computing o 8.3 Inventions 9 Towns, cities, and regions 10 Transport 11 See also 12 References

Church[edit]
Main article: Church Fathers

Games[edit]
Subject Miniature wargaming The modern video game Father/mother H. G. Wells[1] Nolan Bushnell Reason Publication of Little Wars. Creator of Pong and founder of Atari and

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industry 3D Gaming Modern video game Role-playing game Stealth game Video game Wargaming

John Carmack Shigeru Miyamoto[2] Gary Gygax[3] Hideo Kojima[4] Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. Charles S. Roberts[5]

Chuck E. Cheese's Creator of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises Creator of Dungeons & Dragons Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games Inventor of the First video game Designer of Tactics

Humanities[edit]
Main article: List of persons considered a founder in a Humanities field

Military[edit]
Subject Aerial warfare Father/mother Oswald Boelcke[6] Robert Oppenheimer[7] Le Szilrd[8] Enrico Fermi[9] Heinz Guderian[10][11] Reason The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft.

Atomic bomb

Blitzkrieg The West's Hydrogen Edward Teller[12] bomb Hyman G. Atomic submarine Rickover[13][14][15] and "nuclear navy" Fourth Generation William S. Lind[citation needed] Warfare

French sailing navy Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] Naval special warfare Naval tactical studies Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkrfte Phil H. Bucklew[17] Paul Hoste[18] Oswald Boelcke[19]

Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu. US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armes Navales (1697)

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Royal Air Force The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb United States Airborne United States Cavalry

Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard[20] Andrei Sakharov[21] William C. Lee[22] Kazimierz Puaski[23] John Adams[24] Commodore John Barry[25] Captain John Paul Jones[26] First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia. Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s).

United States Navy

Nations[edit]
Main articles: Father of the Nation, Mother of the Nation, and List of national founders

Natural and social sciences[edit]

Main article: List of persons considered father or mother of a scientific field

Sports[edit]
Subject American football American motocross Father/mother Walter Camp[27] Edison Dye[28] Reason Introduced motorcross to American riders. Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen. Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US.

American road racing

Cameron Argetsinger[29]

American soccer

Steve Ross[30]

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Angling Argentine football Argentine professional golf Argentine winter sports Association football Australian rules football Baseball Basketball BMX Brazilian football

Izaak Walton[31] Alexander Watson Hutton[32] Jos Jurado[33] Otto Meiling[34] Ebenezer Cobb Morley[35] Tom Wills H. C. A. Harrison Henry Chadwick[36][37][38][39] James Naismith Scot Breithaupt[40] Charles William Miller[41]

Author of The Compleat Angler.

Created basketball.

Camel Lights

Jim Downing

Canadian rodeo

O. Raymond Knight[43]

Wally Parks[44]

Drag racing

Don Garlits[45]

Eddie Hill[46]

Drifting

Kunimitsu Takahashi[47]

Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in 1985.[42] Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race. Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport.

East Coast skateboarding

Vinny Raffa (godfather)[48]

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Florida skateboarding Modern football Freestyle BMX Freestyle Motocross Funny Car

Bruce Walker (godfather)[49] Ebenezer Cobb Morley[50] Bob Haro[51][52] Mike Metzger[53] Dick Landy[54]

Godfather.[why?] Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy. Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. Credited for establishing the first baseball team. Founding father.[why?] Developed the world's first kart (1956). Founded the first running camp in Kenya Codified the sport. Called so by Dana

Ice hockey

James Creighton (ice hockey)

Import drag racing

Frank Choi[55]

James Richardson Spensley[56] Italian football William Garbutt[57]

Horace Wilson[58] Japanese baseball Hiroshi Hiraoka[59] Jogging Kart racing Kenyan running Lacrosse Mixed martial arts Jim Fixx[60] Art Ingels[61] Colm O'Connell[62] William George Beers[63][64][65][66] Bruce Lee[67]

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White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. Eugen Sandow[68] Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines.

Modern bodybuilding

Harold Zinkin[69]

Modern boxing

James Figg[70] James J. Corbett[citation needed] Jackson Haines[71] Dettmar Cramer[72] Rikidzan[73] Italo Santelli[74] Duke Kahanamoku[75] Earl W. Bascom[76] A. G. Guillemard[77] "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". Developed the aqualung jointly with mile Gagnan; popularized scuba Bascom designed and made the first onehand rigging in 1924. "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey

Modern figure skating Modern football in Japan Puroresu Modern sabre fencing Modern surfing Rodeo bareback bronc riding

Rugby union

William Webb Ellis[78]

Scuba diving

Jacques Cousteau[79]

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diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. Skateboarding Snowboarding Stock car racing Supercross Skip Engblom (godfather)[80] Tony Hawk (godfather)[81] Jake Burton Carpenter[82] Bill France, Sr.
[83][84]

Mike Goodwin[85]

Televised golf

Frank Chirkinian[86][87]

Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing Organized the first supercross race. Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting.

Technology[edit]
Fields[edit]
Subject Aerodynamics (modern) Architecture Father/mother Sir George Cayley[88][89] Imhotep[90] Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[91] Robert H. Goddard[92] Hermann Oberth[93] Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[94] Thomas Tompion[95] James Lind
[96]

Reason Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flightweight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries. Built the first pyramid

Astronautics

Aviation British watchmaking Clinical trials

Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel.

Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS

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Computing Cybernetics Genetics Modern bladesmithing Modern kinematics Modern Knifemaking Modern Linguistics

Charles Babbage[97] Norbert Wiener[98][99] Gregor Johann Mendel William F. Moran Ferdinand Freudenstein Bob Loveless Noam Chomsky Louis Daguerre[102] Nicphore Nipce[103] William Henry Fox Talbot[104] Thomas Wedgwood[105] Al-Jazari[106][107]

Salisbury in 1747 Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.

Founder of the Genetics[100] Founder of the American Bladesmith Society Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[101] Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild

Photography

Robotics

Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206.[108]

Computing[edit]
Subject C (programming language) Assembler Father/mother Dennis Ritchie Nathaniel Rochester[109] John Backus at IBM is generally credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957 although rudimental compilers(linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning & Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954. The concepts he pioneered in his Analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers. Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). Reason

Compiler

John Backus

Charles Babbage[110] Computer Konrad Zuse[111] Alan Turing[112][113]

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John von Neumann[114]

Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the storedprogram concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running.John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchat. Invented the digital computer in the 1930s Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first generalpurpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her lifetime. Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[123]

John V. Atanasoff[115] John W. Mauchly[116] J.Presper Eckert[117]

Computer program Ekranoplan Internet

Ada Lovelace[118] Rostislav Alexeev Vint Cerf[119][120]

Bob Kahn[121][122] Marcian Hoff[124] Microprocessor Masatoshi Shima[125]

Pentium Vinod Dham[126][127] microprocessor

Chuck Peddle[131] Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[132] Andr Truong Trong Thi[133] Programmable Dick Morley[citation needed] logic controller Search engine SGML Alan Emtage[134][135][136] Charles Goldfarb[137] Personal computer

The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[128] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[129] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[130] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET

Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines

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World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[138] Alan Cooper[139] Visual Basic Jon Bosak[140] XML

Inventions[edit]
Subject Air conditioning Chronograph Compact Disc Helicopter Instant noodle Japanese television Jet engine Karaoke Laser Father/mother Willis Carrier George Graham[95][142] Kees Immink[143] Igor Sikorsky[144] Momofuku Ando[145] Kenjiro Takayanagi[146][147] Frank Whittle[148][149] Daisuke Inoue[150] Charles Hard Townes The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. Reason
[141]

Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism

Alexander Lightning prediction system Stepanovich Popov Marine chronometer Mobile phone John Harrison[151]

Radio

Martin Cooper[152] Alexander Stepanovich Popov[153] Lee De Forest[154][155][156] Guglielmo The research of these pioneers led to the development [157] Marconi of the radio Jagdish Chandra Bose[158] Nikola Tesla[159] Roberto Landell de Moura [160]

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Radio (Radio broadcasting)

Reginald Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio Fessenden[citation needed] signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a David Sarnoff[citation chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. needed] Edwin H. Armstrong[citation
needed]

Radio (FM radio)

Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)

Radiotelephony Telephone

Television

Tokamak Tube structure

Reginald Fessenden[161][162] Alexander Graham See Invention of the telephone Bell[163] Philo T. Farnsworth[164] Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created Vladimir the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of [165][166] Zworykin television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. John Logie Baird[167][168] Lev Artsimovich Invented the tube structural system and first employed Fazlur Khan[169] it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.

Towns, cities, and regions[edit]

Subject Father/Mother Reason Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong.

British Columbia

James Douglas[170]

Lan Kwai Fong

Allan Zeman[171]

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Miami, Florida

Henry Flagler[172]

Builder of the Florida East Coast Railway

Transport[edit]
Subject Father/mother Reason Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. Proposed and signed the act which created the System Developed the Link Trainer

20th century American car industry

Henry Ford[173]

American Interstate Highway System

Dwight D. Eisenhower[174]

flight simulator High-performance VW industry Hot rod

Edwin Albert Link[175] Gene Berg[176] Ed Winfield[177]

Import car culture

RJ DeVera[178]

Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid1990s. Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower

Kustom Kulture

Von Dutch[179]

Monster truck

Bob Chandler[180]

Mountain bike Rock Crawling

Gary Fisher[181] Marlin Czajkowski

[182]

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possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote offroading destinations. Rotary engine Route 66 Tailfin Traffic safety Yellow school bus Felix Wankel[183][184] Cyrus Avery[185] Harley Earl[186][187][188] William Phelps Eno[189] Frank W. Cyr[190]

See also[edit]

List of inventors Father of medicare Founders of statistics Father of the House (politics)

References[edit]
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview. ^ "Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim". Reuters. 200901-15. ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. Retrieved 2005-01-03. ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. March 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-0401. ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father" ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8194 ^ J Robert Oppenheimer ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian migr scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb." ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ Chris Shimp (March 1, 2001). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". Retrieved 2009-0526. ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'" ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5., p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"

9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

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14. ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..." 15. ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8., p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'" 16. ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-60033913-7 Check |isbn= value (help). 17. ^ Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (October 29, 2002). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0. 18. ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-60033913-7 Check |isbn= value (help). 19. ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm 20. ^ http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/hugh-trenchard 21. ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 2007-03-03. 22. ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-07-12. 23. ^ Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-877864-30-7, ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8 Check |isbn= value (help). 24. ^ Hermann, Edward (2005). "George Washington to James Monroe: 1789-1825". The Presidents: The Lives and Legacies of the 43 Leaders of the United States. History. 25. ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". Retrieved 2007-06-16. 26. ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones" 27. ^ http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=88004 28. ^ http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163 29. ^ http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678 30. ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos 31. ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers. 32. ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantstico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football." 33. ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; Jos Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and Jos Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history." 34. ^ Mirodan, Seamus (February 14, 2004). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph (London). Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth." 35. ^ http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html 36. ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book." 37. ^ Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life." 38. ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."

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39. ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...." 40. ^ http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27 41. ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football . Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-041-2. 42. ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 0-87938-582-0. 43. ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 19021967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519. 44. ^ http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm 45. ^ http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1 e6j 46. ^ http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=30337&FS=NHRA 47. ^ http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Drifting&id=875478 48. ^ http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html 49. ^ http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm 50. ^ http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf 51. ^ http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html 52. ^ http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm 53. ^ http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders 54. ^ http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html 55. ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html 56. ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. Retrieved August 2007. 57. ^ http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829 58. ^ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/16820/the_social_impact_of_japanese_baseball_pg2_pg2.html?c at=9 59. ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. 60. ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent (London). 2004-02-12. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 61. ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com 62. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/aug/08/david-rudisha-colm-oconnell-kenya 63. ^ STX Lacrosse 64. ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse 65. ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse 66. ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html 67. ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text. 68. ^ http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html 69. ^ http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/ 70. ^ http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1 71. ^ Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive, accessed December 15, 2011. 72. ^ http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer 73. ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/754426-puroresu-why-i-believe-its-the-best-pro-wrestling-styleinternationally 74. ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]". 75. ^ http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html

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76. ^ Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp.77. 77. ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html 78. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWEplaque_700.jpg 79. ^ Diving Almanac article. 80. ^ http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70 81. ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html 82. ^ http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1 83. ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/JoeMenzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145 84. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YscEAAAAI BAJ&pg=1892,1191270 85. ^ http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html 86. ^ Dolch, Craig (March 4, 2011). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian who is considered "the father of televised golf" was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote." 87. ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 5, 2011). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television, Jim Nantz, CBSs longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life." 88. ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft." 89. ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". Retrieved 2009-07-26. "Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight weight, lift, drag, and thrustand their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider." 90. ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI. 91. ^ Tsiolkovskiy 92. ^ Goddard 93. ^ Oberth 94. ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7. 95. ^ a b http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/.Missing or empty |title= (help) 96. ^ Twyman, Richard (22 September 2004). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 97. ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8. 98. ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X., p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, " 99. ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4.(Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage) 100. ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9. 101. ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68g683357756307/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein 102. ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5.p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."

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103. ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5.p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicphore Nipce...." 104. ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6., p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965". 105. ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4.p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography." 106. ^ Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 9789048123452. "Other chapters of Al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007)." 107. ^ Diana Darke (2010). Syria, 2nd. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. ISBN 9781841623146. "One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics." 108. ^ Marco Ceccarelli, ed. (2009). "Al-Jazari". Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9789048123452. "Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Gzeldere 2005)." 109. ^ Pigott 1995. 110. ^ BPB Publications. My Big Book of Computers 6. Ratna Sagar. p. 7. ISBN 9788170708827. "Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers." 111. ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts 112. ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine" 113. ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004 114. ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 115. ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Retrieved 2006-07-28. 116. ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. Retrieved December 12, 2011. 117. ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. Retrieved December 12, 2011. 118. ^ Ada Lovelace 119. ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website 120. ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title. 121. ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January 122. ^ Louis Pouzin 123. ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. 124. ^ http://www.rpi.edu/about/hof/hoff.html 125. ^ "Kosaku Inagakis Home Page". Kyoto University. Retrieved 2010-04-01. 126. ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati. 127. ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com. 128. ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649. 129. ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 1121, doi:10.1109/40.216745. 130. ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992. 131. ^ Commodore History: Chuck Peddle

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132. ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010. 133. ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing, Wired Magazine 134. ^ [2] from the Eweek website 135. ^ [3] History of the Internet 136. ^ [4] History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google? 137. ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I 138. ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk 139. ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography." 140. ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS 141. ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning 142. ^ http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133 143. ^ Untitled Document 144. ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis 145. ^ http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html 146. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Retrieved 2006-12-09. 147. ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. Retrieved 200612-09. 148. ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 149. ^ Aircraft Engine 150. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html 151. ^ http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm.Missing or empty |title= (help) 152. ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 153. ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" website poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio 154. ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett.(This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today). 155. ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). RadioThe Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9., p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'" 156. ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5., p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable." 157. ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio" 158. ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), pp. 557-560. 159. ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio 160. ^ http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/artigos/what-father-landell-de-moura-used-to-do-in-is-pare-ime.pdf 161. ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7."Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[5]

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162. ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)4047, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-33400.p. 160 163. ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3., p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines." 164. ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm . Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? 165. ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". Retrieved 2008-03-03. "the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin" 166. ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". Retrieved 2008-03-03. "inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". " 167. ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". Retrieved 2009-07-26. "John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system." 168. ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". Retrieved 2009-07-26. 169. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7. 170. ^ BC Archives: Sir James Douglas 171. ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_429594.html 172. ^ Beasley, Adam H. (February 4, 2012). "Henry Flagler, his town, and the fire". Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012. 173. ^ http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/ 174. ^ Federal Highway Administration [6]. URL accessed July 21, 2006. 175. ^ http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/ 176. ^ http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html 177. ^ http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html 178. ^ http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php 179. ^ http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html 180. ^ http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html 181. ^ http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0 182. ^ http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion 183. ^ http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm 184. ^ http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/ 185. ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year." 186. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail +fin%22&source=bl&ots=0R7qHrSvev&sig=NllowJaW5UQa_SJB7MZgZOoVbWA&hl=en&ei=xTYaTZ 2WKIa4hAeOj_W3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage &q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false 187. ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. 188. ^ http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/ 189. ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [7]. URL accessed August 23, 2006. 190. ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 089789-900-8. "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehiclesone district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."

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List of people known as The Great

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) This is an incomplete list of people known as "The Great". There are many people in history whose names are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great" or the equivalent in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively and Maha in the devanagiri script (Hindi script) as in Mahatma Gandhi. In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1] The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great". The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223187 BC). Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great. As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "the Great" in his lifetime, but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "the Great". German Emperor Wilhelm I was often called "the Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Contents
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1 Rulers 2 Religious figures 3 Other 4 See also 5 Notes

Rulers[edit]
Name Abbas I of Persia (15711629) Akbar (15421605) Alain I of Albret (14401522) Alaric I (370-410) Description Shah of Iran Mughal Emperor French aristocrat King of the Visigoths, sacker of Rome King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) Mesopotamia Alexander I of Georgia (1386 King of Georgia 1446) Afonso de Albuquerque (c. 1453Portuguese general, statesman and empire builder 1515) Alfonso III of Len (c. 848-910) King of Len, Galicia and Asturias Alfred the Great (848/849-899) King of Wessex, England Antiochus III the Great (c. 241187 ruler of the Seleucid Empire BC) Ashoka the Great (c. 304232 BC) Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty Ashot I of Iberia (died 826/830) presiding prince of Caucasian Iberia (in modern Georgia) Askia Mohammad I (c. 14421538) ruler of the Songhai Empire Bolesaw I Chrobry (967-1025) first King of Poland Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed Bruno the Great (925965) in the following section) Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035) King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden Casimir III the Great (13101370) King of Poland Catherine the Great (17291796) Empress of Russia Chandragupta II (reigned 375ruler of the Gupta empire in India 413/415) Charlemagne (died 814) King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans Chulalongkorn (18531910) King of Siam (now Thailand) Chlothar II (584-629) King of Neustria and King of the Franks Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. Margrave of Meissen 1097-1157) Constantine I (c. 272-337) Roman emperor

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Name Description Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC) third king of Media Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire BC530 BC) Darius the Great (550 486 BC) third ruler of the Persian Empire Devapala (died 850) ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent Dilbertius I of Lombardia Cruel Lombardian tyrant (c. 1200-1260) Ferdinand I of Len and Castile (c. King of Len and Count of Castile 10151065) Frederick the Great (17121786) King of Prussia Genghis Khan (1162?-1227) founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire German prince who ruled Schauenburg and HolsteinGerhard III (c. 1292-1340) Rendsburg and for a while a large part of Denmark Gero (c. 900965) ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted (15941632) military leader Gwanggaeto the Great King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[3][4] the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and Hanno the Great 2nd centuries BC Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946 1002) Henry IV of France (15531610) King of France and King of Navarre Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC) King of Judea Hugh the Great (898-956) Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris Hugh Magnus of France (1007 co-King of France 1025) Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (10571101) Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. Anglo-Norman aristocrat 1123) Ivan III of Russia (14401505) Tsar of Russia John I of Portugal (13581433) King of Portugal and the Algarve John II of Aragon (13981479) King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre Justinian I (483-565) Byzantine Emperor Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819) first King of Hawai'i ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of Kanishka (died c. 127) India Kvirike III of Kakheti (10101029) King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; Kublai Khan (12151294) founder of the Yuan Dynasty

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Name Llywelyn the Great (c. 11721240) Louis I of Hungary (13261382) Mangrai the Great (12381317) Emperor Meiji (18521912) Mircea I of Wallachia (13551418) Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC) Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC 63 BC) Mubarak the Great (18401915) Mstislav I of Kiev (10761132) Naresuan (15551605) Narai (16331688) Odo the Great (died c. 735) Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912973) K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683) Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (11231186) Peter Kreimir IV of Croatia (died 1075) Peter the Great (16721725) Peter III of Aragon (12391285) Pompey (106-48 BC) Radama I (17931828) Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014) Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014 1044) Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC 1213 BC) Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298) Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (10821131) Rhodri the Great (c. 820878) Roman the Great (after 1160-1205) Saladin (c. 1138-1193) Samudragupta (c. 335375)

Description Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland Lanna, northern Thailand Emperor of Japan ruler of Wallachia ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran) ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom ruler of Kuwait Grand Prince of Kievan Rus King of Ayutthaya King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand) Duke of Aquitaine Holy Roman Emperor ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque King of Sri Lanka King of Croatia Tsar of Russia King of Aragon and King of Sicily rival of Julius Caesar in the late Roman Republic first king of greater Madagascar Chola emperor of Tamil Nadu.[5][6][7] Chola King of Tamil Nadu considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand) Count of Barcelona, Provence and various other counties King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales) Grand Prince of Kiev Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

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Name Description Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035) King of Kingdom of Navarre Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC) ruler of the Akkadian Empire Sejong the Great (13971450) Korean king[8] Shapur II (309-379) king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927) ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire Stephen III of Moldavia (1433 Prince of Moldavia (Romania) 1504) Stephen Uro IV Duan of Serbia King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks (c. 1308-1355) Taksin (17341782) King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand) Tamar of Georgia (11601223) Queen of the Georgian Empire Timur (13361405) better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty Theobald II, Count of Champagne Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of (10901151) Champagne and of Brie King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a Theodoric the Great (454-526) viceroy of the Byzantine Empire Theodosius I (347-395) Roman emperor Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC) Emperor of Armenia Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339) King of Armenia Umar (c. 586 to 590644) second caliph of the Muslim Empire Valdemar I of Denmark (1131 King of Denmark 1182) Valentinian I (364-375) Roman Emperor Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015) ruler of Kievan Rus Vytautas (c. 1350-1430) archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy William I, Count of Burgundy Count of Burgandy and Mcon (10201087) William V, Duke of Aquitaine Duke of Aquitaine,also Count of Poitou (969-1030) Xerxes I (519-465 BC) King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia) Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC) legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures[edit]

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366), hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia Albertus Magnus (1193/12061280), medieval German philosopher and theologian Anthony the Great (c. 251356), early Christian saint of Egypt

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Babai the Great (c. 551628), Assyrian church leader Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian Bruno the Great (925965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section) Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604) Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine Pope John Paul II (19202005) Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461) Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867) Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other[edit]

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also[edit]

Epithet List of monarchs by nickname List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul" Muhammad Ali Jinnah, honourably called "Quaid-e-Azam", which means "The Great Leader" in Urdu

Notes[edit]
1. ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online). 2. ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775. 3. ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8. 4. ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 08225-1908-9.

95 5. ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644653. doi:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. "The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great." 6. ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. Retrieved 26 April 2007. 7. ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. Retrieved 26 April 2007. 8. ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.

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Inventors and their inventions

Source: http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/inventions/inventors/ Who invented it? Thomas Allbutt Invention? Thermometer (medical) When? 1867 1890s 1804 (factory) 1967 1926 (demonstration of moving object televised) 1661 1921 1967 1882 1876 1908 1908

American Electrical Novelty & Flashlight (torch) Manufacturing Co. Nicholas Francois Appert Ralph Baer John Logie Baird Bank of Stockholm Frederick Banting & Charles Best Christiaan Barnard Paul Beiersdorf Alexander Graham Bell F. H. Bennett Melitta Bentz Karl Benz Charles Best & Frederick Banting Clarence Birdseye Heat-bottled food (glass container) Video games Television Banknotes Insulin Heart transplants Adhesive plaster-covered bandages Telephone Dog biscuit Coffee filter paper

Automobile, internal combustion (gasoline- 1885 (1st patent issued for powered) gas-fuelled car) Insulin Frozen food (rapid dry freezing) 1921 1923 (Birdseye Seafoods est)

98 Ladislao & Georg Biro Anthony Blatner Dr Thomas Blundell Nils Bohlin (idea) Gail Borden Thomas & William Bowler Jacques E. Brandenburger Louis and Jacques Breguet Dr David Brewster Harold P Brown & Dr E A Kennelly Edwin Beard Budding Ball point pen Fire-engine Blood transfusion Seat belts, 3 point (lap and shoulder) Condensed milk Bowler hat Cellophane Helicopter (first manned vertical lift-off) Kaleidoscope 1938 1518 1818 1959 1849 1856 (patent) 1849 1912 1907 1816 1817 (patent) 1890 1830 1979 1829 (first US patent) 1901 1819 1938 1820 1834 1960 (approved by U.S. Federal Drug Agency)

Electric chair Lawn mower

Dr John F. Burke & Ioannis V. Artificial skin Yanna William A Burt Dr Thaddeus Cahill Francois-Louis Cailler Dr Wallace Carothers Typewriter Typewriter (electric) Chocolate bar Nylon

Joseph Bienaime Caventou & Quinine Pierre Joseph Pelletier James Chalmers Min-Chueh Chang, Gregory Pincus, John Rock Postage stamp (adhesive) Birth control pill

99 Claude Chappe John P Charlton John Charnley Godtfred Kirk Christiansen Georges Claude Semaphore Postcard Artificial hip Lego Neon light 1793 1861 1972 1955 (registered trademark) 1910 1955 1843 1837 (patent) 1838 (public demonstration) 1969 1907 1943 1953 1709 1853 1769 1885 1815 c1690 1892 1920

Christopher Sydney Cockerell Hovercraft Henry Cole (suggestion) & John Calcott Horsley W. F. Cooke & Charles Wheatstone Denton Cooley Paul Cornu Jacques Cousteau Christmas card

Telegraph Artificial heart (implant, human) Helicopter (first free, piloted flight) Aqualung

Francis Crick, James Watson, DNA (structure) Rosalind Franklin Bartolommeo Cristofori George Crum Nicholas Cugnot Gottleib Daimler & Wilhelm Maybach Sir Humphrey Davy Johann Christoph Denner Sir James Dewar Earl Dickson Piano (Hammerklavier) Potato chips Motorcar Motorcycle (petrol engine) Miner's safety lamp Clarinet Vacuum flask Band-aid

100 1892 (patent for proposed engine) 1951 1899 1930 1929 1888 1810 (patent)

Rudolf Diesel Marion Donovan Heinrich Dreser & Felix Hoffman Richard Drew Philip Drinker John Dunlop Peter Durand George Eastmann

Diesel engine Diaper, disposable (nappy) Aspirin Adhesive tape, transparent (Scotch tape) Iron lung Tyre (pneumatic, with valve, for bicycle) Canned food (tin-plate canisters)

Camera (flexible roll film)Photographic film 1888 (using celluloid) 1889 Electric light bulb (incandescent filament lamp) (jointly credited with development) Phonograph (commercial) Chemotherapy Electrocardiograph Swiss Army knife Ice-block (ice-lolly, popsicle) Seaplane Ferris wheel Contact lens (glass) Electric washing machine Penicillin 1879 (public lighting demonstration in New York) 1878 (patent) 1911 1903 1891 1923 1910 1893 1887 1908 1910 (patent) 1928

Thomas Alva Edison see also Joseph Swan Paul Ehrlich Willem Einthoven Karl Elsener Frank Epperson Henri Fabre George Washington Gale Ferris Adolf Fick Alva Fisher Alexander Fleming

101 Henry Ford Benjamin Franklin Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick, James Watson Mass production assembly line Bifocal lenses DNA (structure) 1908 1784 1953 1791 (proposal) 1799 (standards adopted) 1974 1851 1947 (idea) 1862 1927 1852 1901 1874 (patent) 1926 1890 1839 1844 (patent) 1951 1899 (patent) 1960 (first implant) 1874 1847 1864

French Academy of Sciences Metric system Arthur Fry Jacob Fussell Dennis Gabor Richard Jordan Gatling Dorothy Gerber Henri Giffard King Camp Gillette Joseph Glidden (Illinois) Robert Goddard Alexandre Godefoy Charles Goodyear Betty Nesmith Graham Dr George F. Grant Wilson Greatbatch Robert Green Hanson Crockett Gregory George Fellows Harrington Post-it note Ice-cream (dairy mass-produced) Hologram (principles of holography) Machine gun Baby food (commercial) Airship Razor (disposable blade) Barbed wire Rocket, liquid fuelled (first launch) Electric hair dryer Rubber (vulcanised) Liquid paper (typing correction fluid) Golf tee (wooden) Pacemaker (artificial, implantable) Ice-cream soda Doughnut Dental drill

102 Sir John Harrington James Harrison (Australia) see also Alexander Catlin Twining (US) John Harrison William Harvey Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz Henkel et Cie (Germany) Rowland Hill Felix Hoffman & Heinrich Dreser John Calcott Horsley, suggested by Henry Cole Coenrad van Houten Walter Hunt (US) & Charles Rowley (UK) Water closet c1590

Refrigerator (simultaneously)

1850

Chronometer (marine) Blood circulation Opthalmoscope Detergent (household) Postage stamp Aspirin

1735 1610 1851 1907 1837 1899

Christmas card Cocoa Safety pin Clock (pendulum) Engine, internal combustion (gunpowderfuelled) Celluloid Laser eye surgery Brassiere Slinky Microscope (compound) Smallpox (vaccine)

1843 1828 1849

Christiaan Huygens

1657 1680 1869 1964 1914 (patent) c1945 1590 1796 (first experiments)

John Wesley Hyatt H Vernon Ingram Mary Phelps Jacob Richard James Hans Janssen Edward Jenner

103 Jean-Baptiste Jolly Whitcombe L Judson Dr John Kellogg Dr E A Kennelly & Harold P Brown Arnold Kent (idea) William Kent Jack Kilby Ray Kroc Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec Arthur Leslie Large John Lea & Williams Perrins Georges Leclenche Anton van Leeuwenhoek Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir J C R Licklider James Lind Dry-cleaning Zip fastener Cornflakes Electric chair Airbag (automobile) developed by U.S. automotive engineers Perambulator, child's (pram) Calculator (pocket) McDonald's restaurant franchise Stethoscope Electric kettle Worcester sauce Battery (dry cell) Bacteria Engine, internal combustion (coal gas fuelled) Internet Scurvy 1845 1892 1895 1890

1961 1733 1967 (patent) 1954 1816 1922 1838 1866 (patent) 1673 1859 1860 (patent) 1962 (concept) 1753 1858 1608 1865 1855

Hyman Lipman (Philadelphia) Eraser-tipped pencil (simultaneously) see also Joseph Rechendorfer Hans Lippershey Joseph Lister Johan Edvard Lundstrom Telescope Antiseptic Match (safety, phosphorous)

104 Ives W McGaffey Archibald Hector McIndoe Charles Macintosh Kirkpatrick Macmillan Carlton C. Magee George William Manby Italo Marcioni Vacuum cleaner Plastic surgery Rubber (waterproof) Bicycle (pedal) Parking meter Fire extinguisher Ice-cream cone 1869 1940s 1823 (patent) 1839 1932 (patent) 1813 1896 1903 (cone mold patented)

Guglielmo Marconi

Radio (cross-Atlantic transmission) 1901 Telegraph (wireless) first Morse code signals 1895 over 2.4 km Automobile (internal-combustion gasolinec1864 powered) 1885 1868 1866 1948 1957 (patent) 1965 1902 1762

Siegfried Marcus (experimental)

Wilhelm Maybach & Gottleib Motorcycle (petrol engine) Daimler Hippolyte Mege-Mouries Johann Gregor Mendel Georges de Mestral Harry M Meyer Jr & Paul D Parkman Morris Michtom John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich Joseph-Michel & JacquesEtienne Montgolfier Margarine Genetics Velcro

Rubella vaccine Teddy bear Sandwich

Balloon (hot air)

1783

105 Gordon Moore and Robert Norton Noyce Etienne J. Morel Giovanni Battista Morgagni Garrett Augustus Morgan Akio Morita Samuel Morse William Morton Colin Murdoch (NZ) Isaac Newton Joseph Niepce Alfred Nobel Robert Norton Noyce & Gordon Moore Elisha Graves Otis William Painter Ambrose Pare Paul D Parkman & Harry M Meyer Jr Gustave E. Pasch

Micro-processor Tourniquet Pathology Gas mask Walkman Morse code Anaesthetic Disposable syringe, Tranquiliser dart gun Reflecting Telescope Photograph (first) Dynamite Micro-processor Elevator (safety) Bottle top (metal) Artificial limbs Rubella vaccine Matches (safety) Anthrax (vaccine) Cholera (vaccine) Pasteurisation Rabies (vaccine)

1971 1674 1761 1912 1979 1837 (patent) 1844 (first message) 1846 1956 (patent) 1950s 1668 1826 1866 1971 1852 1892 (patent) 1575 (book: Works) 1965 1844 1881 1880 1864 1885

Louis Pasteur

106 Charles Pearson (idea) Pierre Joseph Pelletier & Joseph Bienaime Caventou Dr John Stith Pemberton Henry D. Perky Williams Perrins & John Lea Philips Co. Gregory Pincus, John Rock, Min-Chueh Chang John Polson Charles Gabriel Pravaz see also Alexander Wood Mary Quant Grote Reber Joseph Rechendorfer (New York) see also Hyman Lipman Regency Electronics James J Ritty John Rock, Gregory Pincus, Min- Chueh Chang Wilhelm Roentgen Erik Rotheim Subway Quinine Coca-cola Shredded wheat Worcester sauce Audio-cassette Birth control pill Cornflour Hypodermic syringe (simultaneously) Mini-skirt Radio telescope 1863 1820 1886 1893 1838 1963 1960 (approved by U.S. Federal Drug Agency) 1854 1853 1965 1937

Eraser-tipped pencil (simultaneously)

1858

Transistor radio Cash register Birth control pill X-rays Aerosol can

1954 1879 1960 (approved by U.S. Federal Drug Agency) 1895 1926 1927 (patent) 1849

Charles Rowley (UK) & Walter Safety pin Hunt (US)

107 Erno Rubik Sidney Russell Jonas Salk Rubik's cube Electric blanket Polio (vaccine) 1977 (patent) 1912 1955 (field trial results announced) 1844 1846 (patent) 1928 (patent) 1882 (patent) 1805 1892 1948 (patent) 1857 1847 1867 1979 1945 1870 1825 1850 1878 (patent) 1893 (public demonstration) 1830 (patent)

Antoine Joseph Sax Jacob Schick Henry W Seely Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner Dr Washington Sheffield William B. Shockley Isaac Merritt Singer James Smith and Sons Lucien Smith Sony Percy LeBaron Spencer James Starley George Stephenson Levi Strauss

Saxophone Razor (electric) Electric flat iron Morphine Toothpaste tube Transistor Sewing machine (domestic, production model) Cough drops Barbed wire Walkman (personal stereo tape- replayer) Microwave oven Penny Farthing bicycle Railway (first passenger steam) Blue jeans

Joseph Swan Electric light bulb (incandescent filament see also Thomas Alva Edison lamp) (jointly credited with development) Nikolai Tesla Barthlemy Thimmonier Telegraph (wireless) Sewing machine

108 L N Thompson Richard Trevithick Konstantin Tsolkovsky (theory) Earl Tupper Rollercoaster Steam locomotive Rocket (liquid-fuelled) Tupperware (company) 1884 (patent) 1804 1903 1938

Alexander Catlin Twining (US) see also James Harrison Refrigerator (simultaneously) (Australia) Johann Waaler Ruth Wakefield John Walker Frederick Walton Ezra J. Warner Lewis Edson Waterman James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick Charles Wheatstone & W.F. Cooke Frank Whittle Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel Alexander Wood see also Charles Gabriel Pravaz Orville & Wilbur Wright Paper clip Chocolate chip cookie Match (friction) Linoleum Can opener Fountain pen DNA (structure)

1850

1899 (patent) 1933 1827 1860 1858 (patent) 1884 1953

Telegraph Jet engine Metronome (pendulum)

1838 1930 (patent) 1810

Hypodermic syringe (simultaneously)

1853

Aeroplane (controlled, engine powered flight)

1903 1979

Ioannis V. Yanna & Dr John F. Artificial skin

109 Burke Eduard Zirm Corneal transplants 1906