Exp Lo Study

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“Commercial Systems for the Direct Detection of Explosives(for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Tasks)”ExploStudy, Final Report

17/2/2001

C

LAUDIO

B

RUSCHINI

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) & Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Mailing address: EPFL–DI–LAP, INF–Ecublens, CH–1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

1

Tel.: +41 21 693 3911, Fax: +41 21 693 5263E-mail:

Claudio.Bruschini@epfl.ch

, Web:

http://diwww.epfl.ch/lami/detec/

This Study has been carried out during the 2

nd

and 3

rd

quarters of 2000 on behalf of the Swiss DefenceProcurement Agency in Thun (contract No. 155368). Additional financial and logistic support has beenreceived by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

1

The author’s previous affiliation at the EPFL was with the DI

–

LAMI, which ceased its activities on the 31.8.2000. See also the“Acknowledgements”.

Commercial Systems for the Direct Detection of Explosives (for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Tasks)

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Contents:

Contents:21. Introduction:4

1.1. Properties of Explosives:5

1.1.1. Chemical Composition:61.1.2. Vapour Pressure:61.1.3. Particle Detection:71.1.4. Tagging:8

1.2. Properties of some INERT Fillers:81.3. Composition of some Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA):9

2. BULK Explosive Detection Technologies:11

2.1. X-ray Based Detection Systems:112.2. Elements of Neutron Physics and Properties:132.3. Gamma Spectroscopy Neutron Based Techniques:14

2.3.1. Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA):172.3.2. Fast Neutron Analysis (FNA):192.3.3. Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis (PFNA):192.3.4. Pulsed Fast-Thermal Neutron Analysis (PFTNA):202.3.5. Associated (Alpha) Particle – Time-of-Flight Neutron Analysis (API-TOF):202.3.6. Prompt Gamma Spectroscopy:21

3. (Commercially Available) BULK Explosive Detection Systems:22

3.1. PINS – Portable Isotopic Neutron Spectroscopy (INEEL/Perkin Elmer, ex EG&G ORTEC):233.2. PELAN – Pulsed Elemental Analysis with Neutrons (Vourvopoulos/WKU, NUMAT):253.3. NIGAS – Neutron Induced GAmma Spectrometer (Bruker Saxonia Analytik):27 3.4. NIPPS – Neutron Induced Prompt Photon Spectroscopy (WIS/Hazard Control):293.5. GIOS – Gerät zur Identifizierung Organischer Substanzen (I.U.T.):313.6. NICEB – Neutron Interrogation by the Centre d’Études du Bouchet (DGA/DCE/CEB):323.7. PNCAS – Pulse Neutron Chemical Analysis Sensor (EPPRA):333.8. SODERN:333.9. Other Prototypal Systems:333.10. Some Conclusions on BULK Explosive Detection Systems:35

4. TRACE Explosive Detection Technologies:36

4.1. Sampling:36 4.2. UXO/Landmine Characterization or Detection:37

4.2.1. Estimates and Ongoing Studies in Related Fields:384.2.2. Practical Applications:39

5. Conclusions:406. Acknowledgements:417. References:428. Websites:479. Contacts:51A1. Other Explosive/Contraband Detection Technologies:55

A1.1. Neutron Backscatter:55 A1.2. Gamma Backscatter:56 A1.3. CWA Chlorine Detection by TNA:56

Commercial Systems for the Direct Detection of Explosives (for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Tasks)

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A1.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR):57 A1.5. Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR):58

A2. Operational Aspects:60

A2.1. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Tasks:60 A2.2. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs):61 A2.3. Airport Security:62 A2.4. Search Applications:62

A3. Commercially Available TRACE Explosive Detection Systems:63

A3.1. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS):63 A3.2. Chemiluminescence (CL):64 A3.3. Electron Capture Detectors (ECD):64 A3.4. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors:65 A3.5. Thermo-Redox (TR) Detectors:65 A3.6. Field Ion Spectrometry (FIS):65 A3.7. Mass Spectrometry (MS):66 A3.8. Overview:66 A3.9. Evaluation of Equipment (for Law Enforcement Applications):68

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