UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CHESTER

The A.P.A. Referencing Style

The A.P.A. Referencing Style

An Authoritative Version of the Author-Date/Harvard System One of the two approved referencing styles for the University College Chester

Noting references Examples of standard List of References formats Printed documents Books Parts of study packs Periodical/journal articles Audio-visual media Electronic media Citing references in the text Secondary citations Specific parts of a source Quotations Quotations from classical works and the Bible Arranging the List of References

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Revised ed., March 2004

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

The A.P.A. style has been designated the main referencing style to be used at University College Chester. It is a precise version of the author-date system, which is sometimes also called the Harvard system, and it can be used for both wordprocessed and hand-written assignments. The examples given in this handout are suitable for word-processed assignments. Titles of books and journals, although not of individual chapters and articles, are given in italics. This is known as the Published version of the style. If you are writing your assignments by hand, you should underline the titles of books and journals, although not of individual chapters and articles. In other words, underline those parts of the reference that appear in italics in the examples given below. This is known as the Submitting version of the style.

Examples of standard List of References formats

(N.B. The citations in this handout were mostly invented, to make the point about the example clearly, and do not refer to real works).

Printed documents
Books The key elements are: author(s), date, title, edition (if not first), location, publisher. Example: Perkins, A. P., & Jarvis, T. W. (1998). Cattle breeding: A basic guide. (2nd ed.). Bristol: Agricultural Press. (N.B. The second and any subsequent lines of the citations should be indented, as shown). Books written by Associations or Institutions The authors of some publications are associations or institutions, not identified individuals. Use the following formula when referencing these publications: Example: National Association for One-Parent Families (1999). A guide to benefit law. London: Routledge. Books with no designated author or editor If a publication has no designated author or editor, the title becomes the main heading of the entry. When referencing these publications, use the following
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Noting references
It is good practice to record all relevant details of a reference that you plan to use as soon as you have read it. This may be done by a traditional method, such as using index cards, or electronically. EndNote, now available on all of the Colleges open-access computers, is a sophisticated package developed specially for the purpose.

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

formula: Example: Collins English dictionary (5th ed.). (1997). London: Collins. Edited books The key elements are: editor(s), editor statement, date, title, edition (if not first), location, publisher. Example: Simmons, J. L. (Ed.). (1997). Recent studies in the geology of Wales. Cardiff: Cambrian Academic Press. Chapters in edited books The key elements are: author(s), date, title of chapter, editor(s), title of book, page nos., edition (if not first), location, publisher. Example: Hughes, G. W., Lewis, C., & Matthews, I. P. (1997). The geology of Gwynedd. In J. L. Simmons (Ed.), Recent studies in the geology of Wales (pp. 3252). Cardiff: Cambrian Academic Press. (N.B. Give the surnames and initials of all authors in the heading, regardless of the number of authors of a specific work, and invert the names). Parts of study packs The key elements are: author(s), date, title of part, title of study pack, medium, edition (if not first),
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location, publisher. Example: Lake District Nature Trust (1995). The natural history of Lake Windermere. In The Lake District: A natural history. [Study Pack]. Keswick: Author. Periodical/journal articles There are two slightly different ways of referencing journal articles. The one you should choose depends on the way the pages of the journal are numbered. If there is one sequence of page numbers for a whole volume, you do not have to note the issue in which the article that you are referencing appears. If the different issues all have their own separate sequences of page numbers, you do. Volumes with a consecutive sequence of page numbers The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article, title of periodical, volume no., page nos. Example: Andrews, A. S., Cooper, D. P., Frost, S. S., Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J. N. M. (1993). A review of recent research on the physiology of the bat. Animal Research Quarterly, 33, 92-115. Volumes with separate sequences of page numbers for each issue The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article, title of periodical, volume no., issue no., page nos.

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

Example: Nicholson, R., & Wilson, J. (1998). An introduction to sign language for primary school teachers. Journal of Primary Education, 9 (3), 12-15. There are many other types of traditional printed publications. For guidance on material not covered above, consult the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001); it is available at the Learning Resources Enquiries Counters at both the Chester and Warrington campuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.

Musical recordings The key elements are: writer(s), date of copyright, title of piece of music, artist, title of album, medium, location, label, date of recording (if different from date of copyright). Example: Beethoven, L. van (1990). The moonlight sonata [Recorded by S. Richter]. On Richter plays Beethoven [CD]. London: Heritage Recordings. (1955). Again, there are numerous other types of audiovisual media. For guidance on material not covered above, consult the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001); it is available at the Learning Resources Enquiries Counters at both the Chester and Warrington campuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.

Audio-visual media
Motion pictures The key elements are: originator(s), date, title, medium, location, distributor. Example: Chesney, C. (Producer), & Gibson, M. (Director). (1993). The rules of the game [Motion picture]. Glasgow: Caledonian Film Distributors, Inc. Television broadcasts The key elements are: originator(s), precise date, title, medium, location, broadcasting company. Example: Nicholas, T. (Executive Producer). (1999, July 23). Death of a genius [Television broadcast]. Manchester: Granada Television.
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Electronic media
Electronic documents are frequently quite similar to printed documents and can be cited in similar ways. However, references to electronic documents should usually include a statement confirming the retrieval date and the source. Periodical documents Internet articles based on a print source If an article retrieved from an online publication is exactly the same as the print version, it can be

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

referenced in exactly the same way, with the addition of a medium statement, which indicates that it has been read in its electronic form. The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article, medium, title of periodical, volume no., page nos. Example: Andrews, A. S., Cooper, D. P., Frost, S. S., Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J. N .M. (1993). A review of recent research on the physiology of the bat [Electronic version]. Animal Research Quarterly, 33, 92-115. If, however, the electronic version is not exactly the same as the print version, the medium statement should be omitted and a retrieval date statement and URL included. The key elements are: author(s), date, title of article, title of periodical, volume no., page nos., retrieval date statement, URL. Example: Andrews, A. S., Cooper, D. P., Frost, S. S., Henderson, P., & Wilkinson, J. N. M. (1993). A review of recent research on the physiology of the bat. Animal Research Quarterly, 33, 92-115. Retrieved August 8, 1998, from http://arq.org/articles.html Internet-only articles Some journals are now only published on the Internet and have to be cited in a slightly different
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way. The key elements are: author(s), precise date, title of article, title of periodical, volume no., article no., retrieval date statement, URL. Example: Pritchard, D.T., & Richardson, S. (2001, April 7). Group behaviour patterns amongst the wild horses of the Camargue. Equine Behaviour Journal, 4, Article 0002b. Retrieved January 14, 2002, from http://journals.aes.org/equine/volume4/equ004000 2b.html Non-periodical documents eBooks If you have used a book in an electronic version that is an exact duplicate of the print version, you will need to add the words Electronic version in square brackets after the title. eBooks from the Colleges main eBooks supplier (netLibrary) display their bibliographical details either on the page before the eBook is opened or, when it is open, under the eBook details tab e.g. Drugs In Sport Author: Publication: Product ID: eBook ISBN: ISBN:
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Mottram, D. R. New York Taylor & Francis, 2003. 84231 0585456941 020347189X

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

Subject:

Language:

Doping in sports. Doping in Sports. Sports Medicine. Substance-Related Disorders. English

Example: A digest of railway timetable information for Central and Eastern Europe. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2002, from http://www.rui.timetables.digests/CEE/Surveys/s urvey-2002-1/ Chapters or sections in non-periodical documents The key elements are: author(s), precise date, title of chapter or section, title of document, chapter or section identifier, retrieval date statement, URL that links directly to the chapter or section. Example: Theatre Preservation Trust. (2000, June 12). Surviving Victorian theatres in the North-West of England. In Theatres of the Victorian era: A gazetteer of survivors and non-survivors (chap. 3). Retrieved from http://www.tpt.org/Gazetters/Victorian/three.html The examples given above are adapted from those given in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001); it is available at the Learning Resources Enquiries Counters at both the Chester and Warrington campuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Cares Education Centre Libraries. However, advice on the referencing of electronic documents is subject to frequent change, as the technology develops. Therefore, it is worth also consulting the American Psychological Associations website at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html for regularly
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You need to include the following information in your reference. Example: Mottram, D. R. (2003). Drugs in sport [Electronic version]. New York: Taylor & Francis. If, however, the electronic version is not a duplicate of a print version, follow the advice on stand-alone documents below. Stand-alone documents The key elements are: author(s), precise date, title, retrieval date statement, URL. Example: Hopkins, J. (2000, March 15). Castles of the Welsh Marches. Retrieved July 5, 2000, from http://www.salophist.org/guides/hopkins.html Stand-alone documents, no author identified, no date The key elements are: title, note that date is unavailable, retrieval date statement, URL.

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

updated advice on this matter.

Citing references in the text

It is very important that the brief references to works that you make in your text link accurately and unambiguously to the fuller references contained in the List of References at the end of your work. In most cases, the surname of the author(s) and the year of publication will be sufficient. However, these details will need to be amplified if there is a possibility that two or more of the works that you have cited might be confused, e.g. if two authors have the same surname. In this case, supply the initials of their forenames as well. Examples single author Jones (1993) reported that . In 1993, T. S. Jones reported that However, a subsequent study (W. H. Jones, 1996) found that . Example two authors Research by Brown and Smith (1995) . Examples three, four or five authors The first time that you cite the work - Brown, Smith, Allen and Forbes (1998) found that . If you cite the work again - The research by Brown et al. (1998) also discovered that .

Example six or more authors The research by Thomas et al. (1997) indicates that . Examples works by corporate authors The first time that you cite the work - A report by the British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC] (1998) . If you cite the work again - In the view of the BBC (1998) . Example works with no author In the early Treatise on frogs (1779) .

Secondary citations
There may be occasions when you wish to refer to work that you have read about in another source. In such a situation, you should include only the secondary source (the one you have read) in the reference list. In the text, however, you should name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. Example: It appears from research undertaken by James and Woodrow (as cited by Broadbent, 1998) . According to the A.P.A. rules, there is no necessity to give the date of the primary source (the one you have not read). However, this information is frequently useful and there is no reason not to include it if it is available. If in doubt on this matter, consult your tutors about their preferences.
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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

Specific parts of a source It is sometimes useful to cite a specific page or chapter of a source at the appropriate point in your text, to help someone reading your work to locate the precise reference. This is particularly the case when you are referencing a specific part of a long book. If you choose to do this, you should abbreviate the words page and chapter, as shown below. (If in doubt on this matter, consult your tutors about their preferences). Examples: It is clear from research undertaken by Adams and Wood (1998, p. 235) . Robinson (1997, chap. 33) argues that . N.B. You should always give specific page references for quotations, unless you are quoting from certain classical, poetic or dramatic works or the Bible. (See below for more detailed advice on these topics). Works of unknown date Not all works give a date of publication. When this is the case for relatively recent publications, cite the authors name in your text, followed by a comma and n.d. (meaning no date). Example: According to Evans, n.d. . In the case of very old works, however, a date of
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publication would be inapplicable. If you wish to cite a work by an ancient Greek or Roman writer, for example, cite the year of the translation you are using, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you are using, followed by version. If the original date of publication of a more recent classic text is known, both this date and that of the edition you are using should be cited. According to the A.P.A. rules, entries for major ancient classical works are not required in the reference list; the version used only needs to be specified in the first citation in your text. However, this rule, although appropriate for non-specialists, may be inadequate for work in Classical or Religious Studies, where more details of the editions used may be thought necessary. If in doubt on this matter, consult your tutors about their preferences. In most cases, references to classical works or to the Bible are likely to include quotations. Further advice on this topic is therefore included in the following section. Quotations Material quoted directly from another authors work should normally be reproduced word for word. If you wish to omit part of the original material, use three spaced ellipsis points () to indicate the omission. If you wish to add a few words to the quotation, to help explain or clarify a point, use square brackets to indicate the addition. You
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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

should always give specific page references for quotations, unless you are quoting from certain classical, poetic or dramatic works or the Bible. Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be incorporated into your text and enclosed in double quotation marks. Example: Moseleys two visits in April and November 1844 supply the fullest account of the early College (Bradbury, 1975, p. 101). Longer quotations (40 words or more) should be presented in a freestanding block, without quotation marks. The block should be indented by 5 spaces from the left margin and the entire quotation should be double-spaced. Example: Matters came to a head early in 1890. [Principal] Allen put views he had apparently stated openly into a letter in which he expressed himself out of harmony with the governing body and dissatisfied with the existing educational system. In his report for 1899, he had added to his current and

repeated protests the complaint that the curriculum was all examinations. (Bradbury, 1975, p. 172)

Quotations from classical works and the Bible Classical, poetic and dramatic works, as well as the Bible, are usually divided into parts (e.g. books, chapters, verses, cantos, acts, scenes, lines) that are numbered systematically across all editions. It is more helpful to use these numbers, rather than page numbers, to specify the source of a quotation and the A.P.A. rules say that you should do so. This is particularly important if you are referring to a part of the Bible, when you should also specify the version you are using. Example: As St. Paul says, Love is patient; love is kind and envies no one (1 Cor. 13.4 (New English Bible)). The A.P.A. rules do not specify any changes to their general guidance for quotations from poetry or poetic drama. However, common sense indicates that all such quotations that are more than one line in length should be presented in free-standing blocks, whatever the precise word length.

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The A.P.A. Referencing Style

Example: Such a relationship is clearly depicted in Shakespeares King Lear (1608/1952): Lear. Darkness and devils! Saddle my horses; call my train together. Degenerate bastard! Ill not trouble thee: Yet have I left a daughter. You strike my people, and your disorderd rabble Make servants of their betters. (I. 4. 260-5).

Edinburgh: Midlothian Press. Ellison, A. (1972). Agriculture for everyman. London: Faber & Faber. As with the previous sections, more detailed information on these conventions can be found in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001); it is available at the Learning Resources Enquiries Counters at both the Chester and Warrington campuses and at the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Cares Education Centre Libraries.

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Arranging the List of References

The list of references should be listed alphabetically, by the surname and initials of the first-named author, then by the date of the work. The following list gives examples of how to deal with the main additions to this general rule. Ellis, T. H. (1974). Recollections of a sheep farmer. London: Macmillan. Ellis, T. H. (1979a). Further recollections of a sheep farmer. London: Macmillan. Ellis, T. H. (1979b). Sheep may safely graze. Harlow: Longman. Ellis, T. H., Harris, T. C., & Brown, A. (1967). The encyclopaedia of sheep. London: Routledge. Ellis, T. H., & Smith, M. T. (1966). Sheep of the South Downs. Brighton: Falmer Press. Ellis, T. H., Smith, M. T., & Wilson, D. (1965). The nature of wool. London: Chapman & Hall. Ellis, W. A. (1973). Farming on the Scottish Borders.
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