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IP
From Rishika Jain
IP Addresses and Subnetting
A presentation on IP Addresses and Subnetting delivered @ NIT Hamirpur
From Kr. Rajeev Ranjan
3
IP Addressing
CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVES
3.01TCP/IP Protocol Stack 3.02IP Addressing Introduction3.03Subnetting3.04Planning IP Addressing3.05Figuring Out IP Address Components
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Two-Minute Drill
Q&A
Self Test
T
heTransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)isastandardthatincludesmanyprotocols.Itdefineshowmachinesonaninternetworkcancommunicate with each other. It was initially funded by and developed for DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Protects Agency), which is a conglomeration of U.S. military andgovernment organizations. Developed initially for the government, it was later made availabletothepublic,mainlyseenonUnixsystems.FirstspecifiedinRFC791,ithasbecomethedefacto standard for networking protocols. The Internet uses TCP/IP to carry data betweennetworks,andmostcorporationstodayuseTCP/IPfortheirnetworks.Thischapterwillprovide an overview of TCP/IP, including some of its more important protocols, as well asIP addressing.
CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE3.01
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
TohelparticulatehowdataismovedbetweendevicesrunningTCP/IP,amodelwasdevelopedthatresemblestheOSIReferenceModeldiscussedinChapter2.Table3-1comparesthetwomodels.ThefollowingsectionswillcoverthelayersoftheTCP/IPProtocolstack.
Application Layer
OnemaindifferencebetweentheOSIReferenceModelandTCP/IP’smodelisthatTCP/IPlumpstogethertheapplication,presentationandsessionlayersintoonelayer,calledtheapplicationlayer.HerearesomecommonTCP/IPapplicationsCiscodevicessupport:DNS,HTTP,SNMP,telnet,andTFTP.
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Chapter3:IP Addressing
It is VERY importantthat you understand ALL aspects of IP addressing. Therefore, spend a lot of timeon this chapter. If you don’t understand IP addressing when taking the exam, youwill have a difficult time in passing it.This Exam Watch goes for all threeexams: INTRO, ICND, and CCNA.
Transport Layer
TheTCP/IPtransportlayerisresponsibleforprovidingalogicalconnectionbetweentwodevicesandcanprovidethesetwofunctions:
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Flow control (through the use of windowing or acknowledgements)
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Reliable connections (through the use of sequence numbers andacknowledgements)Thetransportlayerpackagesapplicationlayer data into
segments
to send to a destinationdevice. The remote destination is responsiblefortakingthedatafromthesesegmentsandforwarding it to the correct application. TCP/IPhas two transport layer protocols: TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). These protocols arediscussed in the following sections.
TCP
TCP’smainresponsibilityistoprovideareliableconnection-orientedlogicalservicebetweentwodevices.Itcanalsousewindowingtoimplementflowcontrolsothatasourcedevicedoesn’toverwhelmadestinationwithtoomanysegments.
TCP Segment
TCP transmits informationbetween devices in a data unit called a segment.Table3-2showsthecomponentsofasegment.
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
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LayerOSI Reference ModelTCP/IP Protocol Stack
Layer 7ApplicationLayer 6PresentationLayer 5SessionApplicationLayer 4TransportTransportLayer 3NetworkInternetLayer 2Data LinkData LinkLayer 1PhysicalPhysical
TABLE3-1
Comparisonof the OSIReference Modeland the TCP/IPProtocol Stack
TCP/IP’s transport layer can provide for flow control and reliableconnections.Here are some examplesof applications (and their ports) that useTCP: HTTP (80), FTP (21), SMTP (25),and telnet (23).
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TABLE3-12 for ch03
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