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Unit - I1.Why bypass and coupling capacitor are used in amplifier circuits?
i.
Bypass capacitor C
E
:
The capacitor connected in parallel with the emitter resistor R 
E
is calledas the emitter bypass capacitor.
This capacitor offers a low reactance to the amplified ac signal.Therefore the emitter resistor R 
E
gets bypassed through C
E
for only theac signals.
This will increase the voltage gain of the amplifier. Moreover as C
E
actsas an open circuit for dc voltages, it does not bypass R 
E
for dc conditions.Thus, presence of C
E
does not alter the dc biasing conditions.
ii.
Input coupling capacitor :
The input coupling capacitor is used for coupling the ac input voltage V
i
to the base of the transistor.
As capacitors block dc, this capacitor helps to block any dc component present in V
i
and couples only the ac component of the input signal.iii.Out put coupling capacitor :
This capacitor couples the amplifier out put to the load resistance or tothe next stage of the amplifier. It is used for blocking the dc part and passing the ac part of the amplified signal to the load.2.Define load line.The straight line, which is drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor, is knownas load line. The word load line is used because the slope of this line is – 1 / R 
C
.Whre R 
C
is the load resistance.3.Define bandwidth.A range of frequency over which the amplifier performance is satisfactory is called its
bandwidth.
It is always placed in between the high frequency region and low frequency region.4.What is Darlington pair?The Darlington connection of two BJTs is as shown in fig. the two transistors Q
1
and Q
2
are directly connected in the Darlington connection. It is also known as Darlington pair.As seen, the collectors of the two transistors are connected together, emitter of Q
1
isconnected to the base of Q
2
and emitter of Q
2
acts as the emitter of Darlington connection.5.Classify amplifier based on coupling.
RC coupled amplifier 
Transformer coupled amplifier 
DC (direct coupled) amplifier 
6.
Compare the CE, CC and CB amplifiers.SL.No.Quantity / ParameterCECBCC1.Input terminal BaseEmitterBase2.Output terminalCollectorCollectorEmitter 3.Common terminalEmitterBaseCollector 4.Input resistance (R 
i
)MediumLowHigh5.Output Resistance (R 
o
)MediumHighLow
 
6.Current gain (A
I
)HighLess than 1High7.Voltage gain (A
V
)High HighLess than 18.ApplicationsAF voltageamplifiersLow noisePre-amplifiersBuffer amplifiers
7.
What is phase shift distortion?
If the phase shift introduced by the amplifier for different input frequencies is not proportional to frequency then phase distortion will take place. The phasedistortions are not detectable by the human ears as they are insensitive to the phase changes.
Therefore, phase shift distortion takes place due to unequal phase shifts of theinput signal at different frequencies.8.What is difference between voltage amplifier and power amplifier?Small signal amplifiers are also known as
“ Voltage amplifiers”
. This is because theseamplifiers are used primarily for voltage amplification but they are not capable of supplying alarge power to the loads such as loud speakers.The large signal amplifier (power amplifier) will increase the current sourcing andsinking capability. So at its output we get a high voltage, high current signal that means a high power signal. Thus the power amplifier is basically a
current amplifier
.9.What is crossover distortion in class B push pull amplifier?In class B push pull amplifiers the output signal gets distorted near the zero crossings.Therefore this distortion is called as the “ crossover distortion”. Due to crossover distortion theconduction angle of each transistor in the class B amplifier becomes less than 180°.10.What are the types of bias method?1.Fixed bias circuit (single base resistor biasing)2.Collector to base bias circuit
3.
Voltage divider bias (self-bias) circuit.Unit II1.What is the differential amplifier?An amplifier which amplifies the difference between the two input signals is called asdifferential amplifier.2.What is a common mode signal? State its characteristics.The output of the practical differential amplifier not only depends on the differencevoltage but also depends on the average common level of the two inputs. Such an average level of the two input signals is called common mode signal denoted as V
c
.
 
3.What is CMRR?The ability of a differential amplifier to reject a common mode signal is expressed by aratio called common mode rejection ratio denoted as CMRR.It is defined as the ratio of the differential voltage gain A
d
to common mode voltage gainA
C.
4.What is differential input impedance? How it can be decreased?It is also called as differential input resistance(R 
in
) and it is defined as the equivalentresistance between one of the inputs to ground terminal when the other input terminal isconnected to ground.R 
in
should ideally be and practically as high as possible.The various methods of realizing the high input resistance for the differential amplifier circuit are, 1) use of Darlington pair. 2) use of FET 3) use of swamping resistors.
5.
What are the applications of differential amplifiers?1.As basic building block of OP-AMP.2.As input stage of many bio-medical instruments.3.As input stage of power oscilloscope.6.What are the different configurations of a differential amplifier?The four important configurations of a differential amplifier as follows:1.Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.2.Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.3.Single input, balanced output differential amplifier.4.Single input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.7.Define tuned amplifiers.Tuned amplifier is an amplifier having a tuned circuit as load. That means in place of aload resistance, now a tuned circuit is used.The tuned amplifiers are designed for amplification of input signal, over a narrow band of signal frequencies centered about f 
r 
(resonant frequency).8.What is input bias current?Input bias current can be defined as the current flowing into each of the two inputterminals when they are biased to the same voltage level i.e., when the op-amp is balanced.9.Define PSRR.The power supply rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in input offsetvoltage due to the change in supply voltage producing it, keeping other power supply voltageconstant. It is also called power supply sensitivity.So if V
EE
is constant and due to change in V
CC
, there is change in input offset voltage thenPSRR is expressed as,For fixed V
CC
, if there is change in V
EE
causing change in input offset voltage then,
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