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Factors of division in European historyFactors of division in European history
languageslanguages
 –  – the strongest indicators of national identities (without thisthe strongest indicators of national identities (without thisproblem unification of the U.S. was much easier)problem unification of the U.S. was much easier)
    
overlapping historiesoverlapping histories
(mostly regular wars) stressing differences between(mostly regular wars) stressing differences betweencountries rather than unificationcountries rather than unification--integration is mainly a reactive idea of integration is mainly a reactive idea of ending the past conflictsending the past conflicts
colonial pastcolonial past
--colonial interests drove European countries apart from onecolonial interests drove European countries apart from oneanotheranother –  – even today some countries have closer links with their formereven today some countries have closer links with their formercolonies than with other European countries, e.g.colonies than with other European countries, e.g.
the Commonwealth, la the Commonwealth, la Francophonie Francophonie 
national identitiesnational identities
religionsreligions
 
Factors of division in European historyFactors of division in European history
no single European raceno single European race
, instead, instead
European nationsEuropean nations
every European state hasevery European state hasnational minoritiesnational minorities
several European minorities are split with state border lines, eseveral European minorities are split with state border lines, e.g. Irish,.g. Irish,BasquesBasques
a large number of geographically nona large number of geographically non--European people living in EuropeEuropean people living in Europe
““frontier societies in the intermediate landsfrontier societies in the intermediate lands””: Balkans, Turkey, Cyprus,: Balkans, Turkey, Cyprus,MaltaMalta –  – always difficult to define their Europeannessalways difficult to define their Europeanness
 
Factors of division in European historyFactors of division in European history
Different political structuresDifferent political structures
in the past (empires, republics,in the past (empires, republics,dictatorships, all possible political systems). A legacy of dictatorships, all possible political systems). A legacy of monarchies in Europe is the distinction between head of statemonarchies in Europe is the distinction between head of stateand head of government (U.S. does not have such). Today:and head of government (U.S. does not have such). Today:
constitutional monarchiesconstitutional monarchies
figurehead presidents, elected or appointed, (Italy, Switzerlanfigurehead presidents, elected or appointed, (Italy, Switzerland, Germany)d, Germany)
    
dual executive or presidential/parliamentary systemdual executive or presidential/parliamentary system
 variety of political parties; different electoral systems variety of political parties; different electoral systems
 variety of administrative systems variety of administrative systems
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