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Day The Second Day The Third Day The Sixth Day
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The Universal Bible:

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the universal truth of the Bible

The Prehistoric Eden The Moral Covenant The Harmonious Covenant

 The Universal Bible: the universal truth of the Bible
Contents

Abstract 4
Diagrams 5
Introduction 8
1. The Six-Day Creation: the six days in Genesis 10
1.1. The First Day: the light universe and the dark universe 11
Scripture 11
Introduction 12
1.1.1 The Strong Pre-Universe 13
1.1.2. The Gravitational Pre-Universe 18
1.1.3. The Charged Pre-Universe 19
1.1.4. The Current Universe 21
1.1.5. Summary 29
1.2. The Second Day: baryonic matter and dark matter 30
Scripture 30
Introduction 31
1.2.1 The Separation between Baryonic Matter and Dark Matter 31
1.2.2. The Formation of the Inhomogeneous Structures 35
1.2.3. Summary 40
1.3. The Third Day: the star formation 41
Scripture 41
Introduction 42
1.3.1. The Star Formation under the Normal Force Fields 42
1.3.2. The Extreme Force Fields 42
1.4. Summary 44
2. The Original Humans: the sixth day in Genesis 46
Scripture 46
Introduction 46
2.1.Personality: The Social-Information Personality System 47
2.1.1. The Social Relation Type 47
2.1.2. The Information Process Type 49
2.1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness 49
2.1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network 51
2.1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context 53
2.1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating 55
2.1.3. The Big Five 56
2.2. Social Lives 57
2.2.1. The Social Lives for the Primate Social Structures 57
2.2.2. The Human Instincts and Social Lives 61
2.2.3. The Harmonious Social Life 65
2.2.3.1. Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct 66
2.2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct 66
2.2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct 69

2
 2.3. Ape Evolution 71
2.3.1. The Original Ape: the solitary ape 71
2.3.2. The First Split: the peacemaking ape 72
2.3.3. The Second Split: the loyal ape 72
2.3.4. The Third Split: the harmonious ape 73
2.3.5. The Fourth Split: the aggressive ape 75
2.4. Hominid Evolution 75
3. The Prehistoric Eden: the Garden of Eden 83
Scripture 83
Introduction 83
3.1. Supernatural Selection 84
3.2. The Garden of Eden 86
4. The Moral Covenant: the Old Testament 89
Scripture 89
4.1. The Exit from the Prehistoric Eden 91
4.2. The Abstract Morality 93
5. The Harmonious Covenant: the New Testament 96
Scripture 96
5.1 The Abstract Rebirth 97
5.2 The Transformation Principle 98
5.3. The Conversion to the Harmonious Social Life 99
5.4. The Postmodern Kingdom of God as the Harmonious Society of God 113
5.4.1. The Harmonious Society of God 113
5.4.2. Human 113
5.4.3. The Interaction 113
5.4.4. The Organism Structure of the Harmonious Society of God 114
5.4.5. The Harmonist Manifesto for the Harmonious Society of God114
5.5. The End Time 116
5.6. This Life and Afterlife 118
6. Conclusion: the universal truth and the identity 120
7. Reference 122

Email address: einsnewt@yahoo.com

Website (download all books): http://sites.google.com/site/einsnewt/
Books list: http://www.scribd.com/einsnewt

3
 Abstract
The Universal Bible is the universal truth of the Bible in science and religion. It
provides the answers to many major problems in science and religion today. On the surface,
the Bible reveals the special truth to a specific society at specific time and place, but below
the surface, the Bible reveals the universal truth. The special truth is the shadow of the
universal truth. The Universal Bible can be applied to anywhere in the universe. The
Universal Bible is divided into five periods: the six-day creation, the original humans, the
Prehistoric Eden, the Moral Covenant, and the Harmonious Covenant for the six days of the
creation in Genesis, the sixth day of the creation in Genesis, the Garden of Eden, the Old
Testament, and the New Testament, respectively, in the Bible.
The six-day creation can be explained scientifically. The first day corresponds to the
emergence of the current asymmetrical dual universe of the observable light universe with
light and the hidden dark universe without light from the simple and dark pre-universe. The
dark universe coexisting with the observable light universe later becomes dark energy
connecting with the light universe. The second day corresponds to the separation of
incompatible dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of galaxies. The third day
corresponds to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet where organisms
were developed. The fourth day, the fifth day, and the sixth day corresponds to the solar
system formation, the primitive organism formation, and the advanced organism formation,
respectively. The six-day creation provides the answers for cosmology, the unified theory,
dark energy, dark matter, the galaxy formation, and human evolution.
The original humans created on the sixth day were unique among all creatures.
The uniqueness of the original humans in the image of God is explained by human social
lives. The three basic human social lives are yin, yang, and harmony for feminine
collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious cooperation,
respectively. The harmonious social life transcends yin yang and exists only in humans.
Human social lives were derived from human evolution, including ape evolution and
hominid evolution. The prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was the harmonious society.
Through the supernatural miracle (the non-representation of the natural physical
laws), the supernatural selects the human harmonious society to survive by the
supernatural revelation of the abstractness (the non-representation of the expression of
the natural human mind). During the Upper Paleolithic Period, the supernatural revealed
the abstract bond for bonding the isolated social groups to survive the harsh environment.
The emergence of civilization by the Neolithic Revolution of the agricultural-nomad
society caused the exit from the Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of the knowledge of
civilization. God provides the abstract morality to prevent the activated dehumanized
prey-predator instinct in the civilized society, resulting in the Moral Covenant between
God and the chosen moral civilized society, Israel. God provides the abstract rebirth for
the civilized people to return to the harmonious social life and society, resulting in the
Harmonious Covenant between God and the chosen harmonious society, the Christian
church. The Postmodern Unified Society fulfills the end time prophecy for the end of
the old divided society and the beginning of the new unified society. The followers of
harmony continue to exist in afterlife. The Universal Bible provides the universal
meaning to the global human race, history, and society. In this way, the Universal Bible
can be applied to anywhere in the universe.

4
 The Diagrams for the Universal Bible
The Five Periods
the six-day creation (the six days of creation)

the original humans (the sixth day of creation)

the Upper Paleolithic Revolution

The Prehistoric Eden: the prehistoric harmonious society with

the abstract bond
the Neolithic Revolution
the civilized society

The Moral Covenant between God and The Harmonious Covenant between
Israel with the abstract morality God and the Christian church with
the abstract rebirth

The First-Day Genesis Cosmology

the 11D membrane universe (the mutltiverse background)

the 10D string universe the10D antistring universe

the positive energy 10D particle- The negative energy 10D particle-
antiparticle light universe antiparticle dark universe

quick transformation
the inflation slow stepwise slow stepwise
the deflation
transformation transformation
quick transformation
the expanding the hidden expanding the contracting the contracting hidden
observable 4D light dark > 4D universe observable 4D light dark > 4D universe
universe universe

the accelerated expanding

observable 4D universe
with dark energy

5
 PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES
PSYCHOLOGY

the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing

PERSONALITY

admission resolution socialization action openness

(sensitivity- (distinctiveness– (bonding relation– (goal– (persistence–
assertiveness) network) free relation) context) updating)

• yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang

(distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement)
• passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) intragroup interaction
• harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active

the social instincts

SOCIAL LIFE

yin passive yin active harmonious yang active yang passive

social life social life social life social life social life
(amiable) (expressive) (driver) (analytical)
bonding + nurturing + conscience instinct = dominative + systemizing +
freezing manipulative hyper friendly instinct predatory addictive
instincts instincts + detective instinct instincts instinct

SOCIAL STRUCTURES
the loose the tight collective the harmonious the tight the loose
collective society society individualistic individualistic
society society society

6
 Ape Evolution and Social Structures
orangutan-like common ancestor (loose society)
13 million years ago (Ma)

orangutan (loose society) bonobo-like common ancestor (matriarch collective)

7 Ma

gorilla (patriarch collective society)

6 Ma

human (harmonious society)

2 Ma

chimpanzee (patriarch individualistic society) bonobo (matriarch collective society)

Hominid Evolution: The Evolution of the Conscience Instinct

walking hands
bipedalism (6-2Ma)
free hands for gestural language as the hyper friendly instinct
1.8-1Ma
manipulative hands for gestural language and tool(Homo habilis)
1.5-0.3Ma
manipulative hands and spoken voice for gestural/ spoken language and tool (Homo erectus)

hyper friendly instinct detective instinct = theory of mind

conscience instinct
extra prefrontal cortex (0.2Ma)
enhanced conscience instinct (Homo sapiens)

conscience intelligence conscience will

7
 Introduction
The Bible was written to be understood and practiced by a real society, so on the
surface it reveals the special truth to a specific society at specific time and place. Below the
surface, the Bible contains the universal truth in science and religion. The special truth is
the shadow of the universal truth. The universal truth in the Bible is ahead of the
contemporary understanding, and provides the answers to the major problems in science and
religion. Standard science today, particularly physics, faces many unsolved major problems,
such as cosmology, the unified theory, dark energy, dark matter, and the galaxy formation.
Standard religion of the postmodern period with the global perspective seeks the meaning of
global human history, and searches for the universal truth of religions. The Universal Bible
is the universal truth of the Bible in science and religion to provide the answers to many
major problems in science and religion today.
The Universal Bible is divided into five periods: the six-day creation, the original
humans, the Prehistoric Eden, the Moral Covenant, and the Harmonious Covenant for the
six days of the creation in Genesis, the sixth day of the creation in Genesis, the Garden of
Eden, the Old Testament, and the New Testament, respectively, in the Bible.
The six-day creation (Chapter 1) can be explained scientifically. The first day
corresponds to the emergence of the current asymmetrical dual universe of the observable
light universe with light and the hidden dark universe without light from the simple and dark
pre-universe. The dark universe coexisting with the observable light universe later becomes
dark energy connecting with the light universe. The second day corresponds to the
separation of incompatible dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of galaxies.
The third day corresponds to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet
where organisms were developed. The fourth day, the fifth day, and the sixth day
corresponds to the solar system formation, the primitive organism formation, and the
advanced organism formation, respectively. The six-day creation provides the answers for
cosmology, the unified theory, dark energy, dark matter, the galaxy formation, and human
evolution.
The original humans (Chapter 2) created on the sixth day were unique among all
creatures. The uniqueness of the original humans in the image of God is explained by
human social lives. The three basic human social lives are yin, yang, and harmony for
feminine collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious
cooperation, respectively. The harmonious social life transcends yin yang and exists only
in humans. Human social lives were derived from human evolution, including ape
evolution and hominid evolution. The harmonious social life was evolved to adapt to the
small social group. The prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was the harmonious society.
The Prehistoric Eden (Chapter 3) explains the Garden of Eden where the prehistoric
human society interacted with the supernatural. Through the supernatural miracle (the
non-representation of the natural physical laws), the supernatural selects the human
harmonious society to survive by the supernatural revelation of the abstractness (the non-
representation of the expression of the natural human mind), including the abstract bond,
the abstract morality, and the abstract rebirth. During the Upper Paleolithic Period, the
supernatural revealed the abstract bond for bonding the isolated social groups to survive
the harsh environment. The emergence of civilization by the Neolithic Revolution of the

8
agricultural-nomad society caused the exit from the Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of
the knowledge of civilization. God provides the abstract morality to prevent the activated
dehumanized prey-predator instinct in the civilized society, resulting in the Moral
Covenant (Chapter 4) between God and the chosen moral civilized society, Israel. God
provides the abstract rebirth for the civilized people to return to the harmonious social life
and society, resulting in the Harmonious Covenant (Chapter 5) between God and the
chosen harmonious society, the Christian church. The Universal Bible provides the
universal meaning to the global human race, history, and society. In this way, the
Universal Bible can be applied to anywhere in the universe.

9
 1. The Six-Day Creation: the six days in Genesis
Verses in Genesis Chapter 1 The formation
The first day 1-5 Universe formation
The second day 6-8 Galaxy formation
The third day 9-13 Star formation
The fourth day 14-19 Solar system formation
The fifth day 20-23 Primitive organism formation
The sixth day 24-31 Advanced organism formation

The scientific sequence of the six days in the creation is the universe formation, the galaxy
formation, the star formation, the solar system formation, the primitive organism human
formation and the advanced organism formation. The cosmology model in agreement with
the interpretive description of the first three days in Genesis is called “Genesis Cosmology”.
1,2
This chapter deals with primarily Genesis Cosmology. The first three days are the days
for the divisions, corresponding to the periods for the divisions in Genesis Cosmology.

Genesis 1

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and
empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering
over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw that the
light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. God called the light "day,"
and the darkness he called "night." And there was evening, and there was morning—the
first day.

And God said, "Let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from
water." So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the
water above it. And it was so. God called the expanse "sky." And there was evening, and
there was morning—the second day.

And God said, "Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground
appear." And it was so. God called the dry ground "land," and the gathered waters he
called "seas." And God saw that it was good. Then God said, "Let the land produce
vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it,
according to their various kinds." And it was so. The land produced vegetation: plants
bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to
their kinds. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was
morning—the third day.

And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the
night, and let them serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years, and let them be
lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth." And it was so. God made two
great lights—the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night.
He also made the stars. God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth,

10
18 to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God saw that
it was good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the fourth day.

And God said, "Let the water teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth
across the expanse of the sky." So God created the great creatures of the sea and every
living and moving thing with which the water teems, according to their kinds, and every
winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. God blessed them and
said, "Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds
increase on the earth." And there was evening, and there was morning—the fifth day.

And God said, "Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock,
creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." And
it was so. God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to
their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And
God saw that it was good. Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness,
and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over
all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground." So God created man
in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and
subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living
creature that moves on the ground." Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant
on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be
yours for food. And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds of the air and all the
creatures that move on the ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give
every green plant for food." And it was so. God saw all that he had made, and it was very
good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

1.1. The First Day: the light universe and the dark universe

Scripture

In Genesis, the first day involves the emergence of the separation of light and
darkness from the formless, empty, and dark pre-universe, corresponding to the emergence
of the current asymmetrical dual universe of the observable light universe with light and the
hidden dark universe without light from the simple and dark pre-universe in Genesis
Cosmology. The light universe is the current observable universe, while the dark universe

11
coexisting with the light universe is first separated from the light universe and later
connected with the light universe as dark energy.
The original Genesis 1 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now
the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the
Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. 3 And God said, "Let there be light," and
there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the
darkness. 5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." And there was
evening, and there was morning—the first day.
The Universal Genesis 1 At the beginning of the creation of heaven and earth a, 2 when
the pre-universe was simple, darkness b was over the surface of the deep vacuum energy c,
and the Spirit of God was hovering over the cosmic fluids d. 3 And God said, "Let there
be light," and there was light in the light universe e. 4 God saw that the light was good,
and He separated the light universe from the dark universe f. 5 God called the light "day,"
and the darkness he called "night." And there was the first period.
a. The ambiguity of the Hebrew grammar brings about the alternative translation, in which "heaven
and earth" already existed as in the New JPS Translation of the Torah.
b. The pre-universe does not have light and kinetic energy, while our observable universe has light
and kinetic energy.
c. Vacuum energy is the energy below the detectable energy. Our observable universe has zero
vacuum energy, while the pre-universe has high vacuum energy.
d. The cosmic fluids are various different pre-universes.
e. The light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy.
f. Coexisting with the light universe, the dark universe without light and kinetic is first separated
from the light universe and later connected with the light universe as dark energy.

Introduction

Our observable universe is a complex universe. It has at least four force fields; the
strong, the gravitational, the electromagnetic (charged), and the weak force fields. It has at
least four different materials and energies: cosmic radiation, dark energy, dark matter, and
baryonic matter. It has numerous elementary particles, including six leptons, six quarks, and
gauge bosons. So far, there is no viable unified theory in physics to unify specifically all
these different phenomena. The cosmology model from Genesis can point out the direction
for the unified theory. The cosmology model in agreement with the interpretive description
of the first three days in Genesis is called “Genesis Cosmology”.
This chapter compares the first day in Genesis with the first period in Genesis
Cosmology. The ambiguity of the Hebrew grammar brings about the alternative translation
in which "heaven and earth" already existed in a "formless and empty" state, to which God
brings form and order 3. The existing universe before the form and order is called the “pre-
universe”. Therefore, the first day involves the emergence of the current universe from the
pre-universe that was simple as described in Genesis 1:2 as formless, empty, and dark with
the surface of the deep.
According to Genesis Cosmology as discussed later, the pre-universe is simple, dark
without light and kinetic energy, and deep with high vacuum energy. Vacuum energy is the
energy below the surface of detectable energy. The pre-universe has high vacuum energy,
while our observable universe has zero vacuum energy. Therefore, the description of the
pre-universe in Genesis is in agreement with the description of the pre-universe in Genesis
Cosmology.

12
 The following sections describe the first day Genesis Cosmology. Before the
current universe, the pre-universe is in the three different stages in chronological order: the
strong pre-universe, the gravitational pre-universe, and the charged pre-universe. The strong
pre-universe has only one force: the strong force. The gravitational pre-universe has two
forces: the strong and the gravitational forces. The charged pre-universe has three forces:
the strong, the gravitational, and the electromagnetic forces. All three forces in the pre-
universes are in their primitive forms unlike the finished forms in our observable universe.
The asymmetrical weak interaction comes from the formation of the current asymmetrical
dual universe: the observable light universe with light and the hidden dark universe without
light from the simple and dark pre-universe. Such 4-stage cosmology for our universe
explains the origin of the four force fields in our observable universe.

1.1 .1 The Strong Pre-Universe

Dual universe Object structure Space structure Force

No 11D membrane attachment space pre-strong

Many different universes can emerge from the multiverse background, which has
the simplest and most primitive structure 1, 2. As in Einstein’s static universe, the time in
the multiverse background has no beginning. Different parts of the background have
potential to undergo local inhomogeneity to develop different universes with different
object structures, space structures, and vacuum energies. The multiverse background is
the strong pre-universe. It is the homogeneous static universe, consisting of 11D (space-
time dimensional) positive energy membrane and negative energy anti-membrane,
denoted as 311 3 -11, as proposed by Mongan 4. The only force among the membranes is
the pre-strong force, s, as the predecessor of the strong force. It is from the quantized
vibration of the membranes to generate the reversible process of the absorption-emission
of the massless particles among the membranes. The pre-strong force mediates the
reversible absorption-emission in the flat space. The pre-strong force is the same for all
membranes, so it is not defined by positive or negative sign. It does not have gravity that
causes instability and singularity 5, so the initial universe remains homogeneous, flat, and
static. This initial universe provides the globally stable static background state for an
inhomogeneous eternal universe in which local regions undergo expansion-contraction 5.
All universes are governed by the two physical structures 1, 2. Different universes
are the different expressions of the same two physical structures. The two physical
structures are the space structure and the object structure.
The first part of the two physical structures is the space structure. The space
structure 1, 6, 7 consists of attachment space (denoted as 1) and detachment space (denoted
as 0). Attachment space attaches to object permanently with zero speed or reversibly at
the speed of light. Detachment space irreversibly detaches from the object at the speed of
light. Attachment space relates to rest mass, while detachment space relates to kinetic
energy. Different stages of our universe have different space structures.
All three pre-universes and the dark universe of the cosmic evolution of our universe
do not have detachment space. The cosmic origin of detachment space is the cosmic
radiation from the particle-antiparticle annihilation that is a part of the inflation as shown
later. Some objects in 4D-attachment space, denoted as 14, convert into the cosmic

13
radiation in 4D-detachment space, denoted as 04. Cosmic radiation cannot permanently
attach to a space.

some objects in 1 4 
→ the cosmic radiation in 0 4 (1)

The combination of attachment space (1) and detachment space (0) brings about
three different space structures: miscible space, binary partition space, and binary lattice
space for four-dimensional space-time as below.

combination
(1 ) attachment space + (0 ) det achment space    →
n n
(2)
(1 0) binary lattice space , miscible space , or (1) (0 ) binary partition space
n n n

Binary lattice space, (1 0)n , consists of repetitive units of alternative attachment

space and detachment space. Thus, binary lattice space consists of multiple quantized
units of attachment space separated from one another by detachment space. In miscible
space, attachment space is miscible to detachment space, and there is no separation of
attachment space and detachment space. Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of
separated continuous phases of attachment space and detachment space.
Binary lattice space consists of multiple quantized units of attachment space
separated from one another by detachment space. Binary lattice space slices an object
into multiple quantum states separated from one another by detachment space. Binary
lattice space is the space for wavefunction. In wavefunction,

n
Ψ = ∑ c φ , (3)
i i
i =1

Each individual basis element, φ i 〉, attaches to attachment space, and separates from the
adjacent basis element by detachment space. Detachment space detaches from object.
Binary lattice space with n units of four-dimensional, (0 1)n, contains n units of basis
elements.
Neither attachment space nor detachment space is zero in binary lattice space.
The measurement in the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics is essentially the
measurement of attachment space and momentum in binary lattice space: large
momentum has small non-zero attachment space, while large attachment space has low
non-zero momentum. In binary lattice space, an entity is both in constant motions as
wave for detachment space and in stationary state as a particle for attachment space,
resulting in the wave-particle duality.
Detachment space contains no object that carries information. Without
information, detachment space is outside of the realm of causality. Without causality,
distance (space) and time do not matter to detachment space, resulting in non-localizable
and non-countable space-time. The requirement for the system (binary lattice space)
containing non-localizable and non-countable detachment space is the absence of net

14
information by any change in the space-time of detachment space. All changes have to
be coordinated to result in zero net information. This coordinated non-localized binary
lattice space corresponds to nilpotent space. All changes in energy, momentum, mass,
time, space have to result in zero as defined by the generalized nilpotent Dirac equation
by B. M. Diaz and P. Rowlands 8.

.
(mk∂ / ∂t ± i∇ + jm) (± ikE ± ip + jm) exp i ( − Et + p r ) = 0 , (4)

where E, p, m, t and r are respectively energy, momentum, mass, time, space and the
symbols ± 1, ± i, ± i, ± j, ± k, ± i, ± j, ± k, are used to represent the respective units
required by the scalar, pseudoscalar, quaternion and multivariate vector groups. The
changes involve the sequential iterative path from nothing (nilpotent) through
conjugation, complexification, and dimensionalization. The non-local property of binary
lattice space for wavefunction provides the violation of Bell inequalities 9 in quantum
mechanics in terms of faster-than-light influence and indefinite property before
measurement. The non-locality in Bell inequalities does not result in net new information.
In binary lattice space, for every detachment space, there is its corresponding
adjacent attachment space. Thus, no part of the object can be irreversibly separated from
binary lattice space, and no part of a different object can be incorporated in binary lattice
space. Binary lattice space represents coherence as wavefunction. Binary lattice space is
for coherent system. Any destruction of the coherence by the addition of a different
object to the object causes the collapse of binary lattice space into miscible space. The
collapse is a phase transition from binary lattice space to miscible space. Any destruction
of the coherence by the addition of a different object to the object causes the collapse of
binary lattice space into miscible space. The collapse is a phase transition from binary
lattice space to miscible space.

(( 0 )( 1 )) n collapse

→
miscible space
(5)
binary lattice space

Another way to convert binary lattice space into miscible space is gravity.
Penrose 10 pointed out that the gravity of a small object is not strong enough to pull
different states into one location. On the other hand, the gravity of large object pulls
different quantum states into one location to become miscible space. Therefore, a small
object without outside interference is always in binary lattice space, while a large object
is never in binary lattice space.
The information in miscible space is contributed by the combination of both
attachment space and detachment space, so detachment space with information can no
longer be non-localize. Any value in miscible space is definite. All observations in terms
of measurements bring about the collapse of wavefunction, resulting in miscible space
that leads to eigenvalue as definite quantized value. Such collapse corresponds to the
appearance of eigenvalue, E, by a measurement operator, H, on a wavefunction,Ψ.

HΨ = E Ψ , (6)

15
 In miscible space, attachment space is miscible to detachment space, and there is
no separation of attachment space and detachment space. In miscible space, attachment
space contributes zero speed, while detachment space contributes the speed of light. A
massless particle, such as photon, is on detachment space continuously, and detaches from
its own space continuously. For a moving massive particle consisting of a rest massive part
and a massless part, the massive part with rest mass, m0, is in attachment space, and the
massless part with kinetic energy, K, is in detachment space. The combination of the
massive part in attachment space and massless part in detachment leads to the propagation
speed in between zero and the speed of light.
To maintain the speed of light constant for a moving particle, the time (t) in moving
particle has to be dilated, and the length (L) has to be contracted relative to the rest frame.

t = =t 1 −υ 2 / c 2 = t γ ,
0 0
L = L0 / γ , (7)

E = K + m c2 = γ m c2
0 0

where γ = 1 / 1 − υ 2 / c 2 is the Lorentz factor for time dilation and length contraction, E is
the total energy and K is the kinetic energy.
Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of separated continuous phases of
attachment space and detachment space. It is for extreme force fields under extreme
conditions such as near the absolute zero temperature or extremely high pressure. It will
be discussed later to explain extreme phenomena such as superconductivity and black
hole.
The second structure of the two physical structures is the object structure. The
object structure consists of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D particle (14
to 10), and empty object (04 to 11). Different universes and different stages of a universe can
have different expressions of the object structure. For an example, the four stages in the
evolution of our universe are the 11D membrane universe (the strong universe), the dual
10D string universe (the gravitational pre-universe), the dual 10D particle universe (the
charged pre-universe), and the dual 4D/variable D particle universe (the current universe),
involving 11D membrane, 10D string, 10D particle, and 4D/variable ≤ 10 D particle,
respectively. The transformation among the objects is through the dimensional
oscillation3 that involves the oscillation between high dimensional space-time and low
dimensional space-time. The vacuum energy of the multiverse background is about the
Planck energy. Vacuum energy decreases with decreasing dimension number. The
vacuum energy of 4D space-time is zero. With such vacuum energy differences, the local
dimensional oscillation between high and low space-time dimensions results in local
eternal expansion-contraction11, 12, 13. Eternal expansion-contraction is like harmonic
oscillator, oscillating between the Planck vacuum energy and the lower vacuum energy.
For the dimensional oscillation, contraction occurs at the end of expansion. Each
local region in the universe follows a particular path of the dimensional oscillation. Each
path is marked by particular set of force fields. The path for our universe is marked by

16
the strong force, gravity-antigravity, charged electromagnetism, and asymmetrical weak
force, corresponding to the four stages of the cosmic evolution.
The vacuum energy differences among space-time dimensions are based on the
varying speed of light. Varying speed of light has been proposed to explain the horizon
problem of cosmology 14,15. The proposal is that light traveled much faster in the distant
past to allow distant regions of the expanding universe to interact since the beginning of
the universe. Therefore, it was proposed as an alternative to cosmic inflation. J. D.
Barrow 16 proposes that the time dependent speed of light varies as some power of the
expansion scale factor a in such way that

c(t ) = c0 a n (8)

where c0 > 0 and n are constants. The increase of speed of light is continuous.
In this paper, varying dimension number (VDN) relates to quantized varying
speed of light (QVSL), where the speed of light is invariant in a constant space-time
dimension number, and the speed of light varies with varying space-time dimension
number from 4 to 11.
cD = c / α D − 4 , (9)

where c is the observed speed of light in the 4D space-time, cD is the quantized varying
speed of light in space-time dimension number, D, from 4 to 11, and α is the fine structure
constant for electromagnetism. Each dimensional space-time has a specific speed of light.
(Since from the beginning of our observable universe, the space-time dimension has always
been four, there is no observable varying speed of light in our observable universe.) The
speed of light increases with the increasing space-time dimension number D.
In special relativity, E = M 0 c 2 modified by Eq. (9) is expressed as

E = M 0 ⋅ (c 2 / α 2 ( D − 4 ) ) (10a)
= (M 0 / α 2 ( d − 4)
) ⋅c .
2
(10b)

Eq. (10a) means that a particle in the D dimensional space-time can have the
superluminal speed c / α D − 4 , which is higher than the observed speed of light c, and has the
rest mass M 0 . Eq. (10b) means that the same particle in the 4D space-time with the
observed speed of light acquires M 0 / α 2 ( d − 4 ) as the rest mass, where d = D. D in Eq. (10a)
is the space-time dimension number defining the varying speed of light. In Eq. (10b), d from
4 to 11 is “mass dimension number” defining varying mass. For example, for D = 11, Eq.
(10a) shows a superluminal particle in eleven-dimensional space-time, while Eq. (10b)
shows that the speed of light of the same particle is the observed speed of light with the
4D space-time, and the mass dimension is eleven. In other words, 11D space-time can
transform into 4D space-time with 11d mass dimension. 11D4d in Eq. (10a) becomes
4D11d in Eq. (10b) through QVSL. QVSL in terms of varying space-time dimension
number, D, brings about varying mass in terms of varying mass dimension number, d.

17
 The QVSL transformation transforms both space-time dimension number and mass
dimension number. In the QVSL transformation, the decrease in the speed of light leads to
the decrease in space-time dimension number and the increase of mass in terms of
increasing mass dimension number from 4 to 11,

cD = cD − n / α 2 n , (11a)
M 0, D , d = M 0, D − n, d + nα 2 n , (11b)
QVSL
D, d  
→ (D m n), (d ± n) (11c)

where D is the space-time dimension number from 4 to 11 and d is the mass dimension
number from 4 to 11. For example, in the QVSL transformation, a particle with 11D4d is
transformed to a particle with 4D11d. In terms of rest mass, 11D space-time has 4d with the
lowest rest mass, and 4D space-time has 11d with the highest rest mass.
Rest mass decreases with increasing space-time dimension number. The decrease
in rest mass means the increase in vacuum energy, so vacuum energy increases with
increasing space-time dimension number. The vacuum energy of 4D particle is zero,
while 11D membrane has the Planck vacuum energy. Such vacuum energies are the
alternatives for the Higgs bosons, which have not been found. The decrease in vacuum
energy is equivalent to the absorption of the Higgs boson, while the increase in vacuum
energy is equivalent to the emission of the Higgs boson.
Since the speed of light for > 4D particle is greater than the speed of light for 4D
particle, the observation of > 4D particles by 4D particles violates casualty. Thus, > 4D
particles are hidden particles with respect to 4D particles. Particles with different space-
time dimensions are transparent and oblivious to one another, and separate from one
another if possible.

1.1.2. The Gravitational Pre-Universe

Dual universe Object structure Space structure Forces

dual 10D string attachment space pre-strong, pre-gravity

In certain regions of the 11D membrane universe, the local expansion takes place
by the transformation from 11D-membrane into 10D-string. The expansion is the result
of the vacuum energy difference between 11D membrane and 10D string. With the
emergence of empty object (011), 11D membrane transforms into 10D brane (string)
warped with virtue particle as pregravity.

311 s + 011 ←→ 210 s 11 = 210 s g + (12)

where 311 is the 11D membrane, s is the pre-strong force, 011 is the 11D empty object, 210
is 10D string, 11 is one dimensional virtue particle as g, pre-gravity. Empty object
corresponds to the anti-De Sitter bulk space in the Randall-Sundrum model 17. In the
same way, the surrounding object can extend into empty object by the decomposition of
space dimension as described by Bounias and Krasnoholovets 18 , equivalent to the

18
Randall-Sundrum model. The g is in the bulk space, which is the warped space
(transverse radial space) around 210. As in the AdS/CFT duality 19, 20, 21, the pre-strong
force has 10D dimension, one dimension lower than the 11D membrane, and is the
conformal force defined on the conformal boundary of the bulk space. The pre-strong
force mediates the reversible absorption-emission process of membrane (string) units in
the flat space, while pregravity mediates the reversible condensation-decomposition
process of mass-energy in the bulk space.
Through symmetry, antistrings form 10D antibranes with anti-pregravity as 2 −10
- -
g , where g is anti-pregravity.

3 −11 s + 0 −11 ← → 2 −10 s 1−1 = 2 −10 s g − (13)

Pregravity can be attractive or repulsive to anti-pregravity. If it is attractive, the

universe remains homogeneous. If it is repulsive, n units of (210)n and n units of (2-10)n are
separated from each other.
+ −
( ( s 210 ) g ) ( g ( s 2 −10 )) n (14)
n

The universe with pregravity and anti-pregravity is the dual 10D string universe, which
leads to the evolution of our observable universe. The dual 10D string universe consists of
two parallel universes with opposite energies: 10D branes (strings) with positive energy and
10D antibranes (antistrings) with negative energy. The two universes are separated by the
bulk space, consisting of pregravity and anti-pregravity. Such dual universe separated by
bulk space appears in the ekpyrotic universe model 22, 23.

1.1.3. The Charged Pre-Universe

Dual Object Space structure Forces

universe structure
dual 10D particle Attachment pre-strong, pre-gravity, pre-
space electromagnetic

When the local expansion stops, through the dimensional oscillation, the contraction
begins to force the dual 10D string universe to contract to the original state, resulting in the
coalescence of the two universes. The coalescence allows the two universes to mix. The
first path of such mixing is the brane-antibrane annihilation, resulting in disappearance of
the dual universe and the return to the multiverse background. The outcome is the
completion of one oscillating cycle.
The second path allows the continuation of the dual universe in another form
without the mixing of positive energy and negative energy. Such dual universe is
possible by the emergence of the pre-charge force, the predecessor of electromagnetism
with positive and negative charges. The mixing becomes the mixing of positive charge and
negative charge instead of positive energy and negative energy, resulting in the preservation
of the dual universe with the positive energy and the negative energy. Our universe follows
the second path as described below in details.

19
 During the coalescence for the second path, the two universes coexist in the same
space-time, which is predicted by the Santilli isodual theory 24 . Antiparticle for our
positive energy universe is described by Santilli as follows, “this identity is at the foundation
of the perception that antiparticles “appear” to exist in our space, while in reality they belong
to a structurally different space coexisting within our own, thus setting the foundations of a
“multidimensional universe” coexisting in the same space of our sensory perception” (Ref.
24, p. 94). Antiparticles in the positive energy universe actually come from the coexisting
negative energy universe.
The mixing process follows the isodual hole theory that is the combination of the
Santilli isodual theory and the Dirac hole theory. In the Dirac hole theory that is not
symmetrical, the positive energy observable universe has an unobservable infinitive sea of
negative energy. A hole in the unobservable infinitive sea of negative energy is the
observable positive energy antiparticle.
In the dual 10D string universe, one universe has positive energy branes with
pregravity, and one universe has negative energy antibranes with anti-pregravity. For the
mixing of the two universes during the coalescence, a new force, the pre-charged force,
emerges to provide the additional distinction between brane and antibrane. The pre-
charged force is the predecessor of electromagnetism. Before the mixing, the positive
energy brane has positive pre-charge (e+), while the negative energy antibrane has negative
-
pre-charge (e ). During the mixing when two 10D string universes coexist, a half of positive
energy branes in the positive energy universe move to the negative energy universe, and
leave the Dirac holes in the positive energy universe. The negative energy antibranes that
move to fill the holes become positive energy antibranes with negative pre-charge in the
positive energy universe. In terms of the Dirac hole theory, the unobservable infinitive sea
of negative energy is in the negative energy universe from the perspective of the positive
energy universe before the mixing. The hole is due to the move of the negative energy
antibrane to the positive energy universe from the perspective of the positive energy
universe during the mixing, resulting in the positive energy antibrane with negative pre-
charge in the positive energy universe.
In the same way, a half of negative energy antibranes in the negative energy
universe moves to the positive energy universe, and leave the holes in the negative energy
universe. The positive energy branes that move to fill the holes become negative energy
branes with positive pre-charge in the negative energy universe. The result of the mixing is
that both positive energy universe and the negative energy universe have branes-antibranes.
The existence of the pre-charge provides the distinction between brane and antibrane in the
brane-antibrane.
At that time, the space (detachment space) for radiation has not appeared in the
universe, so the brane-antibrane annihilation does not result in radiation. The brane-
antibrane annihilation results in the replacement of the brane-antibrane as the 10D string-
antistring, (210 2-10) by the 10D particle-antiparticle (110 1-10). The 10D particles-
antiparticles have the multiple dimensional Kaluza-Klein structure with variable space
dimension number without the requirement for a fixed space dimension number for string-
antistring. After the mixing, the dual 10D particle-antiparticle universe separated by
pregravity and anti-pregravity appears as below.

20
 + _ + − + _
(( s 110 e e 1−10 s ) g ) ( g ( s 110 e e 1−10 s )) , (15)
n n

where s and e are the pre-strong force and the pre-charged force in the flat space, g is
pregravity in the bulk space, and 110 1-10 is the particle-antiparticle. The dual 10D particle
universe has particles, while the multiverse background (11D- membrane universe) has
membranes, so the multiverse background and the dual 10D particle universe are completely
transparent and oblivious to each other. The result is the free charged dual 10D particle-
antiparticle universe.
The dual 10D particle universe consists of two parallel particle-antiparticle universes
with opposite energies and the bulk space separating the two universes. There are four
space regions: the positive energy particle-antiparticle space region, the pregravity bulk
space region, the negative energy particle-antiparticle space region, and the anti-pregravity
bulk space region.
1.1.4. The Current Universe

Object structure Space structure Forces

The light 4D particle attachment space and strong, gravity,
universe detachment space electromagnetic, and weak
The dark variable D between attachment space Pre-strong, gravity, pre-
universe 4 and 10 particle electromagnetic

The formation of our current universe follows immediately after the formation of
the charged pre-universe through the asymmetrical dimensional oscillations, leading to
the asymmetrical dual universe consisting of the light universe with kinetic energy and
light and the dark universe without kinetic energy and light. Our observable universe is
the light universe, whose formation involves the immediate transformation from 10D to
4D, resulting in the inflation as shown later. The formation of the dark universe involves
the slow dimensional oscillation between 10D and 4D. The asymmetrical dual universe
is manifested as the asymmetry in the weak interaction in our observable universe as
follows.
+ + − _ + − + + − _
(( s 1 4 e w e w 1− 4 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 1≤10 e w e w 1≥ −10 s )) n (16)

where s, g, e, and w are the strong force, gravity, electromagnetism, and weak interaction,
respectively for the observable universe, and where 141-4 and 1≤101≥-10 are 4D particle-
antiparticle for the light universe and variable D particle-antiparticle for the dark universe,
respectively.
In summary, the whole process of the local dimensional oscillations leading to our
observable universe is illustrated as follows.

21
 betwwen 11D and 10 D coalescence, annihilation
membrane universe ←        → dual string universe ←        →
+ −
311 s s 3−11 ( ( s 210 ) g ) ( g ( s 2 −10 )) n
n

between 10 D and 4 D
dual 10 D particle universe ←       → dual 4 D / var ible D particle universe
+ _ + − + _ + + − _ + − + + − _
(( s 110 e e 1−10 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 110 e e 1−10 s )) n (( s 14 e w e w 1− 4 s ) g ) n ( g ( s 1≤10 e w e w 1≥ −10 s )) n

where s, e, and w are in the flat space, and g is in the bulk space. Each stage generates
one force, so the four stages produce the four different forces: the strong force, gravity,
electromagnetism, and the weak interaction, sequentially. Gravity appears in the first
dimensional oscillation between the 11 dimensional membrane and the 10 dimensional
string. The asymmetrical weak force appears in the asymmetrical second dimensional
oscillation between the ten dimensional particle and the four dimensional particle.
Charged electromagnetism appears as the force in the transition between the first and the
second dimensional oscillations. The cosmology explains the origins of the four forces.
To prevent the charged pre-universe to reverse back to the previous pre-universe, the
charge pre-universe and the current universe overlap to a certain degree as shown in the
overlapping between the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction to form the
electroweak interaction.

Four-Stage Universe Object Space Force

Universe Structure Structure
Strong Pre- single 11D membrane attachment pre-strong
Universe space
Gravitational dual 10D string attachment pre-strong, pre-
Pre-Universe space gravity
Charged Pre- dual 10D particle attachment pre-strong, pre-
Universe space gravity, pre-
electromagnetic
Current dual
Universe
light universe 4D particle attachment strong, gravity,
space and electromagnetic, and
detachment weak
space
dark universe variable D attachment pre-strong, gravity,
between 4 and space pre-electromagnetic
10 particle

The formation of the dark universe involves the slow dimensional oscillation
between 10D and 4D. The dimensional oscillation for the formation of the dark universe
involves the stepwise two-step transformation: the QVSL transformation and the varying
supersymmetry transformation. In the normal supersymmetry transformation, the
repeated application of the fermion-boson transformation carries over a boson (or

22
fermion) from one point to the same boson (or fermion) at another point at the same
mass. In the “varying supersymmetry transformation”, the repeated application of the
fermion-boson transformation carries over a boson from one point to the boson at another
point at different mass dimension number in the same space-time number. The repeated
varying supersymmetry transformation carries over a boson Bd into a fermion Fd and a
fermion Fd to a boson Bd-1, which can be expressed as follows

M d, F = M d, B α d, B , (17a)
M d − 1, B = M d, F α d, F , (17b)

where Md, B and Md, F are the masses for a boson and a fermion, respectively, d is the mass
dimension number, and α d, B or α d, F is the fine structure constant that is the ratio between
the masses of a boson and its fermionic partner. Assuming α d, B or α d, F , the relation
between the bosons in the adjacent dimensions or n dimensions apart (assuming α’s are the
same) then can be expressed as
M d, B = M d +1, B α d2+ n . (17c)
M d , B = M d + n , B α d2+n n . (17d)

Eq. (18) show that it is possible to describe mass dimensions > 4 in the following
way
F5 B5 F6 B6 F7 B7 F8 B8 F9 B9 F10 B10 F11 B11 , (18)

where the energy of B11 is the Planck energy. Each mass dimension between 4d and 11d
consists of a boson and a fermion. Eq. (19) shows a stepwise transformation that converts
a particle with d mass dimension to d ± 1 mass dimension.

stepwise varying supersymmetry

D, d ←            → D, (d ± 1) (19)

The transformation from a higher mass dimensional particle to the adjacent lower mass
dimensional particle is the fractionalization of the higher dimensional particle to the
many lower dimensional particle in such way that the number of lower dimensional
particles becomes n d-1 = n d / α 2 . The transformation from lower dimensional particles to
higher dimensional particle is a condensation. Both the fractionalization and the
condensation are stepwise. For example, a particle with 4D (space-time) 10d (mass
dimension) can transform stepwise into 4D9d particles. Since the supersymmetry
transformation involves translation, this stepwise varying supersymmetry transformation
leads to a translational fractionalization and translational condensation, resulting in
expansion and contraction.
For the formation of the dark universe from the charged pre-universe, the negative
energy universe has the 10D4d particles, which is converted eventually into 4D4d stepwise
and slowly. It involves the stepwise two-step varying transformation: first the QVSL
transformation, and then, the varying supersymmetry transformation as follows.

23
 stepwise two - step varying transform ation
QVSL (20)
(1) D, d ← → (D m 1), (d ± 1)
varying supersymme try
(2) D, d ←         → D, (d ± 1)

The repetitive stepwise two-step transformations from 10D4d to 4D4d are as follows.

The Hidden Dark Universe and the Observable Dark Universe with Dark Energy

10D4d → 9D5d → 9D4d → 8D5d → 8D4d → 7D5d → • • •• → 5D4d → 4D5d → 4D4d

a the hidden dark universe ←a dark energy ←

The dark universe consists of two periods: the hidden dark universe and the dark
energy universe. The hidden dark universe composes of the > 4D particles. As mentioned
before, particles with different space-time dimensions are transparent and oblivious to
one another, and separate from one another if possible. Thus, > 4D particles are hidden
and separated particles with respect to 4D particles in the light universe (our observable
universe). The universe with > 4D particles is the hidden dark universe. The 4D particles
transformed from hidden > 4D particles in the dark universe are observable dark energy
for the light universe, resulting in the accelerated expanding universe. The accelerated
expanding universe consists of the positive energy 4D particles-antiparticles and dark
energy that includes the negative energy 4D particles-antiparticles and the antigravity.
Since the dark universe does not have detachment space, the presence of dark energy is
not different from the presence of the non-zero vacuum energy. In terms of quintessence,
such dark energy can be considered the tracking quintessence 25 from the dark universe with
the space-time dimension as the tracker. The tracking quintessence consists of the hidden
quintessence and the observable quintessence. The hidden quintessence is from the hidden
> 4D dark universe. The observable quintessence is from the observable 4D dark universe
with 4D space-time.
For the formation of the light universe, the dimensional oscillation for the positive
energy universe transforms 10D to 4D immediately. It involves the leaping two-step
varying transformation, resulting in the light universe with kinetic energy. The first step
is the space-time dimensional oscillation through QVSL. The second step is the mass
dimensional oscillation through slicing-fusion.

leaping two − step varying transformation

QVSL
(1) D, d ← → (D m n), (d ± n) (21)
slicing - fusion
(2) D, d ←    → D, (d ± n) + (11 − d + n) DO' s

24
 The Light Universe
quick QVSL transforma tion slicing with det achment space , inf lation
10D4d            → 4D10d                 →
dark matter ( 4 D10 d + 4 D 9d + 4 D8d + 4 D 7 d + 4 D 6 d + 4 D 5d) + baryonic matter ( 4 D 4 d) + cosmic radiation
→ thermal cos mic exp ansion (the big bang )

In the charged pre-universe, the positive energy universe has 10D4d, which is
transformed into 4D10d in the first step through the QVSL transformation. The second
step of the leaping varying transformation involves the slicing-fusion of particle.
Bounias and Krasnoholovets 26 propose another explanation of the reduction of > 4 D
space-time into 4D space-time by slicing > 4D space-time into infinitely many 4D quantized
units surrounding the 4D core particle. Such slicing of > 4D space-time is like slicing 3-
space D object into 2-space D object in the way stated by Michel Bounias as follows: “You
cannot put a pot into a sheet without changing the shape of the 2-D sheet into a 3-D
dimensional packet. Only a 2-D slice of the pot could be a part of sheet”.
The slicing is by detachment space, as a part of the space structure, which consists
of attachment space (denoted as 1) and detachment space (denoted as 0) as described
earlier. Attachment space attaches to object permanently with zero speed or reversibly at
the speed of light. Detachment space irreversibly detaches from the object at the speed of
light. Attachment space relates to rest mass, while detachment space relates to kinetic
energy.
The slicing of dimensions is the slicing of mass dimensions. 4D10d particle is sliced
into seven particles: 4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d, 4D6d, 4D5d, and 4D4d equally by mass.
Baryonic matter is 4D4d, while dark matter consists of the other six types of particles
(4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d, 4D6d, and 4D5d) as described later. The mass ratio of dark
matter to baryonic matter is 6 to 1 in agreement with the observation 27 showing the
universe consists of 23% dark matter, 4% baryonic matter, and 73% dark energy.
Detachment space (0) involves in the slicing of mass dimensions. Attachment space
is denoted as 1. For example, the slicing of 4D10d particles into 4D4d particles is as
follows.

(14 + 6 )i slicing

→
( 14 )i + ∑
6
(( 04 )( 14 ))j,6
1
> 4d attachment space 4d core attachment space 6 types of 4d units (22)

The two products of the slicing are the 4d-core attachment space and 6 types of 4d
quantized units. The 4d core attachment space surrounded by 6 types of many (j) 4D4d
quantized units corresponds to the core particle surrounded by 6 types of many small 4d
particles.
Therefore, the transformation from d to d – n involves the slicing of a particle
with d mass dimension into two parts: the core particle with d – n dimension and the n
dimensions that are separable from the core particle. Such n dimensions are denoted as n
“dimensional orbitals”, which become gauge force fields as described later. The sum of
the number of mass dimensions for a particle and the number of dimensional orbitals

25
(DO’s) is equal to 11 (including gravity) for all particles with mass dimensions.
Therefore,
Fd = Fd − n + (11 − d + n) DO' s (23)

where 11 – d + n is the number of dimensional orbitals (DO’s) for Fd - n. Thus, 4D10d

particles can transformed into 4D10d, 4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d, 4D6d, 4D5d, and 4D4d core
particles, which have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 separable dimensional orbitals, respectively.
Dark matter particle, 4D10d, has only gravity, while baryonic matter particle, 4D4d, has
gravity and six other dimensional orbitals as gauge force fields as below.
The six > 4d mass dimensions (dimensional orbitals) for the gauge force fields and
the one mass dimension for gravity are as in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The seven force fields as > 4d mass dimensions (dimensional orbitals).

The dimensional orbitals of baryonic matter provide the base for the periodic table
of elementary particles to calculate accurately the masses of all 4D elementary particles,
including quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons as described later.
The lowest dimensional orbital is for electromagnetism. Baryonic matter is the
only one with the lowest dimensional orbital for electromagnetism. With higher
dimensional orbitals, dark matter does not have this lowest dimensional orbital. Without
electromagnetism, dark matter cannot emit light, and is incompatible to baryonic matter, like
the incompatibility between oil and water. The incompatibility between dark matter and
baryonic matter leads to the inhomogeneity (like emulsion), resulting in the formation of
galaxies, clusters, and superclusters as described later. Dark matter has not been found
by direct detection because of the incompatibility.
In the light universe, the inflation is the leaping varying transformation that is the
two-step inflation. The first step is to increase the rest mass as potential from higher
space-time dimension to lower space-time dimension as expressed by Eq. (24a) from Eq.
(11b).
QVSL
D, d   → (D m n), (d ± n)
V D , d = VD − n, d + n α 2 n
(24a)
ϕ = collective n' s
V (ϕ ) = V4 D10 dα − 2 ϕ ϕ ≤ 0 from − 6 to 0
where α is the fine structure constant for electromagnetism. The ratio of the potential
energies of 4D10d to that of 10D4d is 1/α12. ϕ is the scalar field for QVSL, and is equal
to collective n’s as the changes in space-time dimension number for many particles. The
increase in the change of space-time dimensions from 4D decreases the potential as the
rest mass. The region for QVSL is ϕ ≤ 0 from -6 to 0. The QVSL region is for the
conversion of the vacuum energy into the rest mass as the potential. The conversion of

26
vacuum energy into potential is equivalent to the absorption of the Higgs boson, while
the conversion of potential into vacuum energy is equivalent to the emission of the Higgs
boson.
The second step is the slicing that occurs simultaneously with the appearance of
detachment space that is the space for cosmic radiation (photon) as the particle-
antiparticle annihilation. Potential energy as massive 4D10d particles is converted into
kinetic energy as cosmic radiation and massive matter particles (from 10d to 4d). It
relates to the ratio between photon and matter in terms of the CP asymmetry between
particle and antiparticle. The slight excess particle over antiparticle results in matter
particle. The equation for the potential (V) and the scalar field (φ) is as Eq. (24b) from
Eq. (35) that expresses the ratio between photon and matter.
slicing
D, d  → D, (d − n)
(24b)
2φ
V (φ ) = V4 D10 d α , where φ ≥ 0 from 0 to 2

The ratio is α4, according to Eq. (35). The region for the slicing is φ ≥ 0 from 0 to 2. The
slicing region is for the conversion of the potential energy into the kinetic energy.
The combination of Eq. (24a) and Eq. (24b) is as Eq. (24c).

V (ϕ , φ ) = V4 D10 d (α − 2 ϕ + α 2 φ ),
(24c)
where ϕ ≤ 0 and φ ≥ 0

The graph for the two-step inflation is as Figure 2.

V
V4D10d

ϕ φ
Figure 2. the two-step inflation

At the transition (V4D10d) between the first step (QVSL) and the second step (slicing), the
scalar field reverses its sign and direction. In the first step, the universe inflates by the
decrease in vacuum energy. In the second step, the potential energy is converted into
kinetic energy as cosmic radiation. The resulting kinetic energy starts the big bang,
resulting in the expanding universe.
Toward the end of the cosmic contraction after the big crunch, the deflation
occurs as the opposite of the inflation. The kinetic energy from cosmic radiation
decreases, as the fusion occurs to eliminate detachment space, resulting in the increase of
potential energy. At the end of the fusion, the force fields except gravity disappear,
4D10d particles appear, and then the scalar field reverses its sign and direction. The
vacuum energy increases as the potential as the rest mass decreases for the appearance of

27
10D4d particles, resulting in the end of a dimensional oscillation as Figure 3 for the two-
step deflation.
V
V4D10d

ϕ φ
Figure 3. the two-step deflation
The end of the two-step deflation is 10D4d, which is followed immediately by the
dimensional oscillation to return to 4D10d as the “dimensional bounce” as shown in Figure
4, which describes the dimensional oscillation from the left to the right: the beginning
(inflation as 10D4d through 4D10d to 4D4d), the cosmic expansion-contraction, the end
(deflation as 4D4d through 4D10d to 10D4d), the beginning (inflation), the cosmic
expansion-contraction, and the end (deflation).
.
V

inflation expansion- deflation inflation expansion- deflation

time
contraction dimensional bounce contraction

Figure 4. the cyclic observable universe by the dimensional oscillation

The hidden dark universe with D > 4 and the observable universe with D = 4 are
the “parallel universes” separated from each other by the bulk space. When the slow
QVSL transformation transforms gradually 5D hidden particles in the hidden universe
into observable 4D particles, the observable 4 D particles become the dark energy for the
observable universe starting from about 5 billion years ago. At a certain time, the hidden
universe disappears, and becomes completely observable as dark energy. The maximum
connection of the two universes includes the positive energy particle-antiparticle space
region, the gravity bulk space region, the negative energy particle-antiparticle space
region, and the anti-gravity bulk space region. Through the symmetry among the space
regions, all regions expand synchronically and equally. (The symmetry is necessary for
the ultimate reversibility of all cosmic processes.) The minimum observable universe has
only one of the four space regions before the emergence of dark energy, when the light
universe and the dark universe are separated from each other by the bulk space. The
present observable universe about reaches the maximum (75%) at the observed 73% dark
energy 27, about equal to the three additional space regions to the one original space
region. The calculated result from this model at the maximum dark energy gives the
universe made up of 75% dark energy, 21.4% dark matter, and 3.6% ordinary matter.

28
 After the maximally connected universe, 4D dark energy transforms back to > 4D
particles that are not observable. The removal of dark energy in the observable universe
results in the stop of accelerated expansion and the start of contraction of the observable
universe.
The end of dark energy starts another “parallel universe period”. Both hidden
universe and observable universe contract synchronically and equally. Eventually,
gravity causes the observable universe to crush to lose all cosmic radiation, resulting in
the return to 4D10d particles under the deflation. The increase in vacuum energy allows
4D10d particles to become positive energy 10D4d particles-antiparticle. Meanwhile,
hidden > 4D particles-antiparticles in the hidden universe transform into negative energy
10D4d particles-antiparticles. The dual universe can undergo another cycle of the dual
universe with the dark and light universes. On the other hand, both universes can
undergo transformation by the reverse isodual hole theory to become dual 10D string
universe, which in turn can return to the 11D membrane universe as the multiverse
background as follows.
The First-Day Genesis Cosmology

the 11D membrane universe (the mutltiverse background)

. the 10D string universe the10D antistring universe

the positive energy 10D particle- The negative energy 10D particle-
antiparticle light universe antiparticle dark universe

quick transformation
the inflation slow stepwise slow stepwise
the deflation
transformation transformation
quick transformation
the expanding the hidden the contracting the contracting hidden
observable 4D light expanding dark > 4D observable 4D light dark > 4D universe
universe universe universe

the accelerated expanding

observable 4D universe
with dark energy
Figure 5. The First-Day Genesis Cosmology

1.1. 5. Summary

29
 The first day involves the emergence of the separation of light and darkness from the
formless, empty, dark, and deep pre-universe, corresponding to the emergence of the light
universe and the dark universe from the simple and dark pre-universe with deep vacuum
energy in Genesis Cosmology.
Different universes are the different expressions of the same twoe physical structures.
The two physical structures are the space structure and the object structure. The space
structure includes attachment space (1) and detachment space (0). The space structure
consists of the three different combinations of attachment space and detachment space,
describing three different phenomena: quantum mechanics, special relativity, and the
extreme force fields. The object structure consists of 11D membrane (311), 10D string
(210), variable D particle (1≤10), and empty object (0). The transformation among the
objects is through the dimensional oscillation that involves the oscillation between
different space-time dimensional with different vacuum energies.
There are three stages of pre-universes in chronological order: the strong pre-
universe, the gravitational pre-universe, and the charged pre-universe. The multiverse
background is the strong pre-universe with the simplest expression of the two physical
structures. Its object structure is 11D membrane and its space structure is attachment
space only. The only force is the pre-strong force without gravity. The transformation
from 11D membrane to 10D string results in the gravitational pre-universe with both pre-
strong force and pre-gravity. The repulsive pre-gravity and pre-antigravity brings about
the dual 10D string universe. The coalescence and the separation of the dual universe
result in the dual charged universe as dual 10D particle universe with the pre-strong, pre-
gravity, and pre-electromagnetic force fields.
The asymmetrical dimensional oscillations result in the asymmetrical dual
universe: the light universe with light and kinetic energy and the dark universe without
light and kinetic energy. The asymmetrical dimensional oscillation is manifested as the
asymmetrical weak force field. The light universe is our observable universe. The dark
universe is sometimes hidden, and is sometimes observable as dark energy. The
dimensional oscillation for the dark universe is the slow dimensional oscillation from
10D and 4D. The dimensional oscillation for the light universe involves the immediate
transformation from 10D to 4D and the introduction of detachment space, resulting in
light and kinetic energy.

1.2. The Second Day: baryonic matter and dark matter

Scripture

In Genesis, the second day involves the separation of waters from above and below
the expanse, corresponding to the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter from above

30
and below the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of
galaxies in Genesis Cosmology.
The original Genesis 6 And God said, "Let there be an expanse between the waters to
separate water from water." 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under
the expanse from the water above it. And it was so. 8 God called the expanse "sky." And
there was evening, and there was morning—the second day.
The Universal Genesis 6 And God said, "Let there be an interface between the matters to
separate matter from matter." 7 So God made the interface and separated baryonic matter
g
under the interface from dark matter h above it. And it was so. 8 God called the interface
"sky." And there was the second period.
g. We live in the world of baryonic matter.
h. Dark matter is incompatible to baryonic matter. It exists predominately outside of galaxies.

Introduction

The current observable universe contains dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic
matter. As mentioned in the previous section, dark energy is from the dark universe to
accelerate the expansion of the observable universe. Dark matter have different mass
dimension from the baryonic matter. We live in the world of baryonic matter.
The second day involves the separation of waters from above and below the expanse in
Genesis, corresponding to the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter from above and
below the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of galaxies in
Genesis Cosmology. The second day is the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter
for the formation of galaxies.
The following section will describe the separation of matters as the separation of
waters in Genesis. The first part will be the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter,
and the second part will be the formation of the inhomogeneous structures in our observable
universe.

1.2.1. The Separation of Baryonic Matter and Dark Matter

Dark matter has been detected only indirectly by means of its gravitational effects
astronomically. Dark matter as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) has not been
detected directly on the earth 28. The previous section proposes that the absence of the direct
detection of dark matter on the earth is due to the incompatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter, analogous to incompatible water and oil. The previous papers provide the
reasons for the incompatibility and the mass ratio (6 to 1) of dark matter to baryonic matter.
Basically, during the inflation before the big bang, dark matter, baryonic matter, cosmic
radiation, and the gauge force fields are generated. There are six types of dark matter with
the “mass dimensions’ from 5 to 10, while baryonic matter has the mass dimension of 4. As
a result, the mass ratio is 6 to 1 as observed. Without electromagnetism, dark matter
cannot emit light, and is incompatible to baryonic matter. Like oil, dark matter is
completely non-polar. The common link between baryonic matter and dark matter is the
cosmic radiation resulted from the annihilation of matter and antimatter from both baryonic
matter and dark matter. With the high concentration of cosmic radiation at the beginning of
the big bang, baryonic matter and dark matter are completely compatible. As the universe
ages and expands, the concentration of cosmic concentration decreases, resulting in the

31
increasing incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter until the incompatibility
reaches to the maximum value with low concentration of cosmic radiation.
The incompatibility is expressed in the form of the repulsive MOND (modified
Newtonian dynamics) force field. MOND 29 proposes the deviation from the Newtonian
dynamics in the low acceleration region in the outer region of a galaxy. This paper
proposes the MOND forces in the interface between the baryonic matter region and the
dark matter region 30 . In the interface, the same matter materials attract as the
conventional attractive MOND force, and the different matter materials repulse as the
repulsive MOND force between baryonic matter and dark matter.

Baryonic matter region (Newtonian

regime)
a >> a , a = a
Interface (MOND regime)
ai << a0 , ai = (aNa0)1/2

Dark matter region (Newtonian regime)

Figure 6: the interfacial region between the baryonic and the dark matter regions

In Figure 6, the inner part is the baryonic matter region, the middle part is the
interface, and the outer part is the dark matter region. The MOND forces in the interface
are the interfacial attractive force (conventional MOND force), Fi-A, among the same
matter materials and the interfacial repulsive force (repulsive MOND force), Fi-R,
between baryonic matter material and dark matter material. The interfacial repulsive
force enhances the interfacial attractive force toward the center of gravity in terms of the
interfacial acceleration, ai.
The border between the baryonic matter region and the interface is defined by the
acceleration constant, a0. The interfacial acceleration is less than a0. The enhancement
is expressed as the square root of the product of ai and a0. In the baryonic matter region,
ab is greater than a0, and is equal to normal Newtonian acceleration as Eq. (32).

a0 << ab, ab = a N in the baryonic matter region

(32)
a0 >> ai , ai = a N a0 in the int erfacial region

The interfacial attractive force in the interface with the baryonic matter region is
expressed as Eq. (43) where m is the mass of baryonic material in the interface.

32
 Ｆ i − A = ma N
ａ i２ (33)
=ｍ ,
ａ０

The comparison of the interfacial attractive force, Fi-A, and the non-existing
interfacial Newtonian attractive force, Fi-Newton in the interface is as Eqs. (34), (35), and
(36), where G is the gravitation constant, M is the mass of the baryonic material, and r the
distance between the gravitational center and the material in the infacial region.

GMm
Ｆ i− A =
r2
ａ２
=ｍ ,
ａ０ (34)
GMm
Ｆ i − Newton =
r2
= ｍa

GMa0
ai =
r (35)
GM
ai− Newron = 2 ,
r

m GMa0
Fi− A =
r (36)
mGM
Fi− Newron = ,
r2

The interfacial attractive force decays with r, while the interfacial Newtonian
force decays with r2. Therefore, in the interface when a0 >> ai, with sufficient dark matter,
the interfacial repulsive force, Fi-R, is the difference between the interfacial attractive
force and the interfacial Newtonian force as Eq. (37).

a0 >> ai , in the int erfacial region

Fi− R = Fi− A − Fi− Newton (37)
GMa0 GM
= m( − 2 )
r r

The same interfacial attractive force and the interfacial repulsive force also occur
for dark matter in the opposite direction. Thus, the repulsive MOND force filed results
in the separation of baryonic matter and dark matter.

33
 The acceleration constant, a0, represents the maximum acceleration constant for
the maximum incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter. The common
link between baryonic matter and dark matter is cosmic radiation resulted from the
annihilation of matter and antimatter from both baryonic matter and dark matter. With the
high concentration of cosmic radiation at the big bang, baryonic matter and dark matter are
completely compatible. As the universe ages and expands, the concentration of cosmic
concentration decreases, resulting in the increasing incompatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter. The incompatibility reaches maximum when the concentration of cosmic
radiation becomes is too low for the compatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter.
Therefore, for the early universe before the formation of galaxy when the concentration of
cosmic radiation is still high, the time-dependent Eq. (32) is as Eq. (38).

a N a0t
ai = for t0 ≥ t , (38)
t0

where t is the age of the universe, and t0 is the age of the universe to reach the maximum
incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter.
The distance, r0, from the center to the border of the interface is as Eq. (39).

r0 = GM/a 0 (39)

In the early universe, r0 decreases with the age of the universe as Eq. (40).

GMt 0
r0 = (40)
a 0t

The decreases in r0 leads to the increase in the interface where the interfacial forces exist.
The interfacial forces also increase with time.

a0 >> ai , in the int erfacial region

Fi− R = Fi− A − Fi− Newton (41)
GMa0t / t0 GM
= m( − 2 )
r r

To minimize the interface and the interfacial forces, the same matter materials
increasingly come together to form the matter droplets separating from the different
matter materials. The increasing formation of the matter droplets with increasing
incompatibility is similar to the increasing formation of oil droplets with increasing
incompatibility between oil and water. Since there are more dark matter materials than
baryonic matter materials, most of the matter droplets are baryonic droplets surrounded
by dark matter materials. The early universe is characterized by the increases in the size
and the number of the matter droplets due to the increasing incompatibility between
baryonic matter and dark matter.

34
 1.2.2 The Formation of the Inhomogeneous Structures

The Inflationary Universe scenario 31 provides possible solutions of the horizon,

flatness and formation of structure problems. In the standard inflation theory, quantum
fluctuations during the inflation are stretched exponentially so that they can become the
seeds for the formation of inhomogeneous structure such as galaxies and galaxy clusters.
This paper posits that the inhomogeneous structure comes from both quantum
fluctuations during the inflation and the repulsive MOND force between baryonic matter
and dark matter after the inflation. As mentioned in the previous section, the increasing
repulsive MOND force field with the increasing incompatibility in the early universe
results in the increase in the size and number of the matter droplets.
For the first few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang (which took place
about 13.7 billion years ago), the universe was a hot, murky mess, with no light radiating
out. Because there is no residual light from that early epoch, scientists can't observe any
traces of it. But about 400,000 years after the Big Bang, temperatures in the universe
cooled, electrons and protons joined to form neutral hydrogen as the recombination. The
inhomogeneous structure as the baryonic droplets by the incompatibility between
baryonic matter and dark matter is observed 32 as anisotropies in CMB (cosmic
microwave background).
As the universe expanded after the time of recombination, the density of cosmic
radiation decreases, and the size of the baryonic droplets increased with the increasing
incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter. The growth of the baryonic
droplet by the increasing incompatibility from the cosmic expansion coincided with the
growth of the baryonic droplet by gravitational instability from the cosmic expansion.
The pre-galactic universe consisted of the growing baryonic droplets surrounded
by the dark matter halos, which connected among one another in the form of filaments
and voids. These dark matter domains later became the dark matter halos, and the
baryonic droplets became galaxies, clusters, and superclusters.
When there were many baryonic droplets, the merger among the baryonic droplets
became another mechanism to increase the droplet size and mass. When three or more
homogeneous baryonic droplets merged together, dark matter was likely trapped in the
merged droplet (C, D, E, and F in Fig. 10). The droplet with trapped dark matter inside is
the heterogeneous baryonic droplet, while the droplet without trapped dark matter inside
is the homogeneous baryonic droplet.

A B C D E F

Fig. 10: the homogeneous baryonic droplets (A, and B), and the heterogeneous baryonic
droplets (C, D, E, and F)

In the heterogeneous droplets C, D, E, and F, dark matter was trapped in the cores of
the baryonic droplets. Because of the prevalence of dark matter, almost all baryonic

35
droplets were the heterogeneous droplets. There were the dark matter core, the baryonic
matter shell, and the dark matter halo around the baryonic droplet, resulting in two repulsive
forces as the pressures between the dark matter core and the baryonic matter shell and
between the baryonic shell and the dark matter halo. In the equilibrium state, the internal
pressure between the dark matter core and the baryonic matter shell was same as the
external pressure between the baryonic shell and the dark matter halo.
When the temperature dropped to ~ 1000°K, some hydrogen atoms in the droplet
paired up to create the primordial molecular layers. Molecular hydrogen cooled the
primordial molecular layers by emitting infrared radiation after collision with atomic
hydrogen. Eventually, the temperature of the molecular layers dropped to around 200 to
300°K, reducing the gas pressure and allowing the molecular layers to continue contracting
into gravitationally bound dense primordial molecular clouds. The diameters of the
primordial could be up to 100 light-years with the masses of up to 6 million solar masses.
Most of baryonic droplets contained thousands of the primordial molecular clouds.
The formation of the primordial molecular clouds created the gap in the baryonic
matter shell. The gap allowed the dark matter in the dark matter core to leak out,
resulting in a tunnel between the dark matter core and the external dark matter halo. The
continuous leaking of the dark matter expanded the tunnel. Consequently, the dark
matter in the dark matter core rushed out of the dark matter core, resulting in the “big
eruption”. The ejection of the dark matter from the dark matter core reduced the internal
pressure between the dark matter core and the baryonic matter shell. The external
pressure between the baryonic matter shell and the dark matter halo caused the collapse
of the baryonic droplet. The collapse of the baryonic droplet is like the collapse of a
balloon as the air (as dark matter) moves out the balloon.
The collapse of the baryonic droplet forced the head-on collisions of the
primordial molecular clouds in the baryonic matter shell. In the center of the collapsed
baryonic droplet, the head-on collisions of the primordial molecular clouds generated the
shock wave as the turbulence in the collided primordial molecular clouds. The
turbulence triggered the collapse of the core of the primordial cloud. The core
fragmented into multiple stellar embryos, in each a protostar nucleated and pulled in gas.
Without the heavy elements to dissipate heat, the mass of the primordial protostar was
500 to 1,000 solar masses at about 200°K. The primordial protostar shrank in size,
increased in density, and became the primordial massive star when nuclear fusion began
in its core. The massive primordial star formation is as follows.
combinatio n
incompatib le dark matter and baryonic matter 
→ homogeneou s baryonic droplets      →heterogene ous
the cooling eruption , collapse , and collision
baryonic droplet     → molecular clouds in baryonic matter shell             →
nuclear fusion
protostar       → massive primordial star
The intense UV radiation from the high surface temperature of the massive
primordial stars started the reionization effectively, and also triggered further star
formation. The massive primordial stars were short-lived (few million years old). The
explosion of the massive primordial stars was the massive supernova that caused
reionization and triggered star formation. The heavy elements generated during the
primordial star formation scattered throughout the space. The dissipation of heat by
heavy elements allowed the normal rather than massive star formation. With many ways
to trigger star formation, the rate of star formation increased rapidly. The big eruption

36
 that initiated the star formation started to occur about 400 million years after the big
bang, and the reionization started to occur soon after. The rate of star formation peaked
about 2 billion years after the big bang33.
Since the head-on collision of the molecular clouds took place at the center of the
collapsed baryonic droplet, the star formation started in the center of the collapsed
baryonic droplet. With other ways to trigger star formation, the star formation
propagated away from the center. The star formation started from the center from which
the star formation propagated, so the primordial galaxies appeared to be small surrounded
by the large hydrogen blobs. The surrounding large hydrogen blobs corresponds to the
observed Lyman alpha blobs of Lyman alpha (Lya) emission by hydrogen, which have
been discovered in the vicinity of galaxies at early cosmic times. The amount of
hydrogen in the blobs was also increased by the incoming abundant intergalactic
hydrogen. The repulsive dark matter halos prevented the hydrogen gas inside from
escaping from the galaxies. Dijkstra and Loeb 34 posited that the early galaxies grew
quickly by the cold accretion mode from the observed Lyman alpha blobs. The growth
by the merger of galaxies was too slow for the observed fast growth of the early galaxies.
If there was small dark matter core as in the heterogeneous baryonic droplet (C in
Figure 10), the big eruption took relatively short time to cause the collapse of the
baryonic droplet. The change in the shape of the baryonic droplet after the collapse was
relatively minor. The collapse results in elliptical shape in E0 to E7 elliptical galaxies,
whose lengths of major axes are proportional to the relative sizes of the dark matter core.
Because of the short time for the collapse of the baryonic droplet, the star formation by
the collapse occurred quickly at the center.

ejection of dark matter collapse

Most of the primordial stars merged to form the supermassive center, resulting in
the quasar galaxies. Such first quasar galaxies that occurred as early as z = 6.28 were
observed to have about the same sizes as the Milky Way35. This formation of galaxy
follows the monolithic collapse model in which baryonic gas in galaxies collapses to
form stars within a very short period, so there are small numbers of observed young stars
in elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies continue to grow slowly as the universe expands.
If the size of the dark matter core is medium (D in Fig. 10), the collapse of the
baryonic droplet caused a large change in shape, resulting in the rapidly rotating disk as
spiral galaxy. The rapidly rotating disk underwent differential rotation with the
increasing angular speeds toward the center. After few rotations, the structure consisted
of a bungle was formed and the attached spiral arms as spiral galaxy as Fig. 11.

ejection of dark matter collapse

differential rotation

37
 Fig. 11: the formation of spiral galaxy

The spiral galaxy took longer time to erupt and collapse than the elliptical galaxy,
so the star formation was later than elliptical galaxy. Because of the large size of the dark
matter core, the density of the primordial molecular clouds was lower than elliptical
galaxy, so the rate of star formation in spiral galaxy is slower than elliptical galaxy.
During the collapse of the baryonic droplet, some primordial molecular clouds moved
away to form globular clusters near the main group of the primordial molecular clouds.
Most of the primordial massive stars merged to form the supermassive center. The merge
of spiral galaxies with comparable sizes destroys the disk shape, so most spiral galaxies
are not merged galaxies.
When two dark matter cores inside far apart from each other (E in Fig. 10)
generated two openings in opposite sides of the droplet, the dark matter could eject from
both openings. The two opening is equivalent to the overlapping of two ellipses,
resulting in the thick middle part, resulting in the star formation in the thick middle part
and the formation of barred spiral galaxy. The differential rotation is similar to that of
spiral galaxy as Fig. 12.

ejection of dark matter collapse

differential rotation

Fig. 12: the formation of barred spiral galaxy

As in normal spiral galaxy, the length of the spiral arm depends on the size of the
dark matter core. The smallest dark matter core for barred spiral galaxy brings about SBa,
and the largest dark matter core brings about SBd. The stars form in the low-density
spiral arms much later than in the nucleus, so they are many young stars in the spiral arms.
In barred spiral galaxy, because of the larger dark matter core area than normal spiral
galaxy, the star formation occurred later than normal spiral galaxy, and the rate of star
formation was slower than normal spiral galaxy.
If the size of the dark matter core was large (F in Fig. 10), the eruption of the dark
matter in the dark matter core occurred easily in multiple places. The baryonic matter
shell became fragmented, resulting in irregular galaxy. The turbulence from the collapse
of the baryonic droplet was weak, and the density of the primordial molecular clouds was
low, so the rate of star formation was slow. The star formation continues in a slow rate up
to the present time.
At the end of the big eruption, vast majority of baryonic matter was primordial
free baryonic matter resided in dark matter outside of the galaxies from the big eruption.
This free baryonic matter constituted the intergalactic medium (IGM). Stellar winds,
supernova winds, and quasars provide heat and heavy elements to the IGM as ionized
baryonic atoms. The heat prevented the formation of the baryonic droplet in the IGM.

38
 Galaxies merged into new large galaxies, such as giant elliptical galaxy and cD
galaxy (z > 1-2). Similar to the transient molecular cloud formation from the ISM (inter-
stellar medium) through turbulence, the tidal debris and turbulence from the mergers
generated the numerous transient molecular regions, which located in a broad area 36.
The incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter transformed these transient
molecular regions into the stable second-generation baryonic droplets surrounded by the
dark matter halos. The baryonic droplets had much higher fraction of hydrogen
molecules, much lower fraction of dark matter, higher density, and lower temperature,
and lower entropy than the surrounding.
During this period, the acceleration constant reached to the maximum value with
the maximum incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter. The growth of
the baryonic droplets did not depend on the increasing incompatibility. The growth of
the baryonic droplets depended on the turbulences that carried IGM to the baryonic
droplets. The rapid growth of the baryonic droplets drew large amount of the
surrounding IGM inward, generating the IGM flow shown as the cooling flow. The IGM
flow induced the galaxy flow. The IGM flow and the galaxy flow moved toward the
merged galaxies, resulting in the protocluster (z ~ 0.5) with the merged galaxies as the
cluster center.
Before the protocluster stage, spirals grew normally and passively by absorbing
gas from the IGM as the universe expanded. During the protoculster stage (z ~ 0.5), the
massive IGM flow injected a large amount of gas into the spirals that joined in the galaxy
flow. Most of the injected hot gas passed through the spiral arms and settled in the
bungle parts of the spirals. Such surges of gas absorption from the IGM flow resulted in
major starbursts (z ~ 0.4) 37. Meanwhile, the nearby baryonic droplets continued to draw
the IGM, and the IGM flow and the galaxy flow continued. The results were the
formation of high-density region, where the galaxies and the baryonic droplets competed
for the IGM as the gas reservoir. Eventually, the maturity of the baryonic droplets caused
a decrease in drawing the IGM inward, resulting in the slow IGM flow. Subsequently,
the depleted gas reservoir could not support the major starbursts (z ~ 0.3). The galaxy
harassment and the mergers in this high-density region disrupted the spiral arms of
spirals, resulting in S0 galaxies with indistinct spiral arms (z ~ 0.1 – 0.25). The
transformation process of spirals into S0 galaxies started at the core first, and moved to
the outside of the core. Thus, the fraction of spirals decreases with decreasing distance
from the cluster center.
The static and slow-moving second-generation baryonic droplets turned into
dwarf elliptical galaxies and globular clusters. The fast moving second-generation
baryonic droplets formed the second-generation baryonic stream, which underwent a
differential rotation to minimize the interfacial area between the baryonic matter and dark
matter. The result is the formation of blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCD), such as NGC
2915 with very extended spiral arms. Since the star formation is steady and slow, so the
stars formed in BCD are new.
The galaxies formed during z < 0.1-0.2 are mostly metal-rich tidal dwarf galaxies
(TDG) from tidal tails torn out from interacting galaxies. In some cases, the tidal tail and
the baryonic droplet merge to generate the starbursts with higher fraction of molecule
than the TDG formed by tidal tail alone 38.

39
 When the interactions among large galaxies were mild, the mild turbulence
caused the formation of few molecular regions, which located in narrow area close to the
large galaxies. Such few molecular regions resulted in few baryonic droplets, producing
weak IGM flow and galaxy flow. The result is the formation of galaxy group, such as the
Local Group, which has fewer dwarf galaxies and lower density environment than cluster.
Clusters merged to generate tidal debris and turbulence, producing the baryonic
droplets, the ICM (intra-cluster medium) flow, and the cluster flow. The ICM flow and
the cluster flow directed toward the merger areas among clusters and particularly the rich
clusters with high numbers of galaxies. The ICM flow is shown as the warm filaments
outside of cluster 39 . The dominant structural elements in superclusters are single or
multi-branching filaments 40. The cluster flow is shown by the tendency of the major
axes of clusters to point toward neighboring clusters 41 . Eventually, the observable
expanding universe will consist of giant voids and superclusters surrounded by the dark
matter halos.
In summary, the whole observable expanding universe is as one unit of emulsion
with incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter. The five periods of
baryonic structure development are the free baryonic matter, the baryonic droplet, the
galaxy, cluster, and the supercluster periods as Fig. 10. The first-generation galaxies are
elliptical, normal spiral, barred spiral, irregular, and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. The
second-generation galaxies are giant ellipticals, cD, evolved S0, dwarf ellipticals, BCD,
and TDG. The universe now is in the early part of the supercluster period.

clusters with
baryonic the first-
the second- merge
cosmic droplets big generation merge
baryonic generation
galaxies r superclusters
matterexpansion free galaxies
baryonic eruption IGM ICM
matter
beginning pre-galactic galaxy cluster superclusters

Fig. 10: the five levels of baryonic structure in the universe

1.2.3. Summary

The second day involves the separation of waters from above and below the expanse
in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter from above
and below the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of
galaxies in Genesis Cosmology. The force involved is MOND (modified Newtonian
dynamics). It is proposed that the MOND forces in the interface between the baryonic
matter region and the dark matter region. In the interface, the same matter materials
attract as the conventional attractive MOND force, and the different matter materials
repulse as the repulsive MOND force between baryonic matter and dark matter. The
source of the repulsive MOND force field is the incompatibility between baryonic matter
and dark matter, like water and oil. The incompatibility does not allow the direct
detection of dark matter. Typically, dark matter halo surrounds baryonic galaxy. The

40
repulsive MOND force between baryonic matter and dark matter enhances the attractive
MOND force of baryonic matter in the interface toward the center of gravity of baryonic
matter. The enhancement of the low acceleration in the interface is by the acceleration
constant, a0, which defines the border of the interface and the factor of the enhancement.
The enhancement of the low gravity in the interface is by the decrease of gravity with the
distant rather than the square of distance as in the normal Newtonian gravity. The
repulsive MOND force is the difference between the attractive MOND force and the non-
existing interfacial Newtonian force. The repulsive MOND force field results in the
separation and the repulsive force between baryonic matter and dark matter.
The repulsive MOND force field explains the evolution of the inhomogeneous
baryonic structures in the universe. Both baryonic matter and dark matter are compatible
with cosmic radiation, so in the early universe, the incompatibility between baryonic
matter and dark matter increases with decreasing cosmic radiation and the increasing age
of the universe until reaching the maximum incompatibility. The repulsive MOND force
field with the increasing incompatibility results in the growth of the baryonic matter
droplets. The three periods for the baryonic structure development in the early universe
are the free baryonic matter, the baryonic droplet, and the galaxy. The transition to the
baryonic droplet generates density perturbation in the CMB. In the galaxy period, the
first-generation galaxies include elliptical, normal spiral, barred spiral, irregular, and
dwarf spheroidal galaxies.
After reaching the maximum incompatibility, the growth of the baryonic droplets
depends on the turbulence, resulting in the baryonic structure development of the cluster
and the supercluster. In the cluster period, the second-generation galaxies include
modified giant ellipticals, cD, evolved S0, dwarf elliptical, BCD, and tidal dwarf galaxies.
The whole observable expanding universe behaves as one unit of emulsion with
incompatibility between baryonic matter and dark matter through the repulsive MOND
force field.

1. 3. The Third Day: the star formation

Scripture

In Genesis, the third day involves the separation of sea and land where organisms
appeared, corresponding to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet where
organisms were developed in Genesis Cosmology.
The original Genesis 9 And God said, "Let the water under the sky be gathered to one
place, and let dry ground appear." And it was so. 10 God called the dry ground "land,"
and the gathered waters he called "seas." And God saw that it was good. 11 Then God

41
said, "Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear
fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds." And it was so. 12 The land
produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit
with seed in it according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13 And there was
evening, and there was morning—the third day.
The Universal Genesis 9 And God said, "Let baryonic matter under the sky be gathered
to one place, and let the highly dense baryonic matter appear." And it was so. 10 God
called the highly dense baryonic matter "star," and the dilute baryonic matter he called
"interstellar medium". And God saw that it was good. 11 Then God said, "Let the star
with planets produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit
with seed in it, according to their various kinds." And it was so. 12 The star with planets
produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit
with seed in it according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13 And there was
the third period.

Introduction

The third day involves the separation of sea and land where organisms appeared
in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet
where organisms were developed in Genesis Cosmology. The third day is for the
formation of stars with planets in general.
Under the normal condition, stars and planets are developed under the normal
force fields as discussed in the first section below. Under extreme condition such as near
zero absolute temperature or extremely high pressure, superconductivity and the alternative
for black hole appear under the extreme force field as discussed in the second section below.

1.3.1 The Star Formation under the Normal Force Fields

About 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe remained an enormous cloud
of hot expanding gas. When this gas had cooled to a critical threshold, neutral molecules by
the combination of electrons and hydrogen and helium nuclei started to form. It contained
slight irregularities. The pull of gravity exerted its influence to amplify the slight
irregularities, resulting in pockets of gas. As the universe expanded, pockets of gas became
more and more dense, forming proto-stars. During this period, the universe was quite dark
until about one billion years after the Big Bang, stars ignited within these pockets. Groups of
stars then became the earliest galaxies. Once the star-making machinery got going it seems
to have generated stars at a prodigious rate.
From one billion to three billion years after the big bang many galaxies resembling
spirals and elliptical galaxies started to form. Often black hole alternatives (gravastars) were
formed. The gas falling into these black hole alternatives (gravastars) became hot enough to
glow brightly before it disappeared. Such galaxies are quasars. The ultraviolet light from the
falling gas changed the gas (hydrogen and helium) from a neutral state to a nearly fully
ionized one. This was the era of reionization.
About three billion years after the big bang, the era of quasars ended. According to
current model of star formation, cores of molecular clouds become gravitationally unstable,
and begin to collapse through the influences of some turbulence. When the density and

42
temperature are high enough, deuterium fusion ignition occurs. This is the model for the
star formation under normal force fields. The formation of stars with planets allows the
formation of organism.

1.3.2. The Extreme Force Fields

Under extreme conditions such as the absolute zero temperature or extremely high
pressure, binary lattice space for a gauge force field undergoes a phase transition to
become binary partition space for the extreme force fields 3, 7.
At zero temperature or extremely high pressure, binary lattice space for a gauge
force field undergoes a quantum space phase transition to become binary partition space.
In binary partition space, detachment space and attachment space are in two separate
continuous regions as follows.

( 14 )m + ∑k (( 0 4 )( 14 ))n, k ( 14 )m + k
∑ ( 0 4 ) ( 14 )
n,k n ,k
k =1  
→ k =1
particle boson field hedge particle hedge boson field (42)
in binary lattice space in binary partition space

The force field in binary lattice space is gauge boson force field, the force field in
binary partition space is denoted as “hedge boson force field”. The detachment space in
hedge boson field is the vacuum core, while hedge bosons attached to attachment space
form the hedge boson shell. Gauge boson force field has no boundary, while the
attachment space in the binary partition space acts as the boundary for hedge boson force
field. Hedge boson field is like a bubble with core vacuum surrounded by membrane
where hedge bosons locate.
The overlapping (connection) of two hedge bosons from two different sites results
in “hedge bond”. The product is “hedge molecule”. An example of hedge molecule is
Cooper pair, consisting of two electrons linked by hedge bond. Another example is
superfluid, consisting of molecules linked by hedge bonds. Hedge bonds can be also
formed among the sites in a lattice, resulting in hedge lattice. Hedge lattice is
superconductor. Hedge boson force is incompatible to gauge boson force field. The
incompatibility of hedge boson force field and gauge boson force field manifests in the
Meissner effect, where superconductor (hedge lattice) repels external magnetism. The
energy (stiffness) of hedge boson force field can be determined by the penetration of
boson force field into hedge boson force field as expressed by the London equation for
the Meissner effect.
∇ 2 H = − λ− 2 H , (43)

where H is an external boson field and λ is the depth of the penetration of magnetism into
hedge boson shell. This equation indicates that the external boson field decays
exponentially as it penetrate into hedge boson force field.
Under extreme conditions, such as the zero temperature and extremely high
pressure, the extreme force fields as hedge boson force fields form. The formation of the

43
hedge molecule (the Cooper pair) and the hedge lattice provides the mechanism for the
phase transition to superconductivity, while the formation of hedge atom with electron-
hedge boson provides the mechanism for the phase transition to the fractional quantum
Hall effect. The formation of the hedge gluon force field provides the mechanism for the
phase transition to gravastar (the true form of black hole) from a collapsing star.
Gravastar consists of the lepton composite-hedge gluon force field core and the matter
shell. Unlike black holes, gravastars continue to appear as neutron stars and the sources
for gamma ray bursts. Neutron star is a remnant gravastar after the explosion (supernova)
of a large gravastar. A supermassive gravastar with cracks undergoes the “volcano
eruption” as gamma ray bursts.

1.4. Summary

Genesis Cosmology is the cosmology model based on the interpretive description of

the first three days in Genesis. Genesis Cosmology is based on the unified theory that
unifies various phenomena in our universe. In Genesis, the first day involves the emergence
of the separation of light and darkness from the formless, empty, dark, and deep pre-
universe, corresponding to the emergence of the light universe and the dark universe from
the simple and dark pre-universe with deep vacuum energy in Genesis Cosmology.
All universes are governed by the two physical structures. Different universes are
the different expressions of the same two physical structures. The two physical structures
are the space structure and the object structure. Relating to rest mass, attachment space
attaches to object permanently with zero speed or reversibly at the speed of light.
Relating to kinetic energy, detachment space irreversibly detaches from the object at the
speed of light. In our observable universe, the space structure consists of three different
combinations of attachment space and detachment space. The space structure consists of
the three different combinations of attachment space and detachment space, describing
three different phenomena: quantum mechanics, special relativity, and the extreme force
fields. The object structure consists of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), variable D
particle (14 to 10), and empty object (04 to 11). The space structure includes attachment
space (1) and detachment space (0). The transformation among the objects is through the
dimensional oscillation that involves the oscillation between high dimensional space-time
with high vacuum energy and low dimensional space-time with low vacuum energy. Our
observable universe with 4D space-time has zero vacuum energy.
In the beginning, the static multiverse background consists of 11D membranes
with the Planck energy vacuum energy and only the strong force field. For our universe,
gravity appears in the first dimensional oscillation between the 11 D membrane and the
10 D string. The asymmetrical weak force appears in the asymmetrical second
dimensional oscillation between the 10D particle and the 4D particle. Electromagnetism
appears as the force in the transition between the first and the second dimensional
oscillations.
The asymmetrical dimensional oscillations result in the asymmetrical dual
universe: the light universe with light and kinetic energy and the dark universe without
light and kinetic energy. The asymmetrical dimensional oscillation is manifested as the
asymmetrical weak force field. The formation of the observable light involves
detachment space that allows the immediate transformation from 10D to 4D, resulting in

44
the inflation described by the quintom model. The formation of the dark universe does
not involve detachment space. It is a gradual dimensional oscillation between 10D and
4D, resulting in sometimes hidden and sometimes observable as dark energy.
For baryonic matter, the incorporation of detachment space for baryonic matter
brings about “the dimensional orbitals” as the base for the periodic table of elementary
particles for all leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons. The differences in dimensional
orbitals result in incompatible dark matter and baryonic matter.
The second day involves the separation of waters from above and below the
expanse in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter
from above and below the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter for the
formation of galaxies in Genesis Cosmology. The MOND force exists in the interface
between dark matter and baryonic matter to separate dark and baryonic matter, resulting
in the inhomogeneous structures in the observable universe.
The third day involves the separation of sea and land where organisms appeared
in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet
where organisms were developed in Genesis Cosmology. Under the normal condition,
stars and planets are developed. Under extreme conditions, such as the zero temperature
and extremely high pressure, the extreme force fields as hedge boson force fields form.
The first three days in Genesis constitute Genesis Cosmology. Genesis Cosmology
provides the base for the unified theory of physics.

45
 2. The Original Humans: the sixth day in Genesis

Scripture

On the sixth day (Genesis 1: 24-31), God created humans as the image of God.

And God said, "Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock,
creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." And
it was so. God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to
their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And
God saw that it was good. Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our
likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the
livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground." So
God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female
he created them. God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in
number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air
and over every living creature that moves on the ground." Then God said, "I give you
every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with
seed in it. They will be yours for food. And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds
of the air and all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has the breath of
life in it—I give every green plant for food." And it was so. God saw all that he had
made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth
day. (Genesis 1:24-31)

Introduction

In the Bible, God created humans twice. The first time is in Chapter 1 of Genesis.
“So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and
female he created them. (Genesis 1:27)” The second time is in Chapter 2 of Genesis.
“The LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. Now the LORD God had
planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed. (Genesis 2:
7-8)” The original humans that God created were the original humans. The way God
created the original human was like the way God created everything else. In the second
time, the way that God created humans was special. God directly interacted with the

46
human by breathing nostrils the breath of life, and placed the human in the Garden of
Eden. The original humans became the religious humans.
This chapter deals with the original humans, and the next chapter deals with the
religious humans. In the Bible, God created the original humans in God’s own image.
No other creatures were created in God’s own image, so the original humans obviously
were unique among all creatures. The original humans were unique for the harmonious
social life. The three basic human social lives are yin, yang, and harmony for feminine
collective wellbeing, masculine individualistic achievement, and harmonious connection,
respectively. The harmonious social life transcends yin yang and exists only in humans.
The theory of human social lives is the combination of the three popular theories,
including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Big Five, and the Merrill-Reid
social style theory. The theory starts with the personality system based on the brain
structure and neurotransmitters. Human social lives are derived from the personality system
and the instincts.
Human social lives were derived from human evolution, including ape evolution
and hominid evolution. During ape evolution, the harmonious social life started to emerge.
During hominid evolution, the harmonious social life based on the conscience instinct was
fully developed. The harmonious social life was evolved to adapt to the small social
group. The prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was the harmonious society.

2.1. Personality: The Social-Information Personality System

There are many personality theories. The two popular theories are the Big Five42
and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)43 derived from Carl Jung's personality type44.
The five factors in the Big Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual
ideas, imagination, and curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather
spontaneously), extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to
be compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a
tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as
the OCEAN model of personality. MBTI includes four factors: Introvert-extrovert,
sense-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. The personality system
matches these two popular personality theories.
The proposed personality system is the social-information personality system.
The two general types of personality involve the social relation type and the information
process type. Human is a social animal, so the social relation type deals with the two
different types of social relation. The human brain also processes information, so the
information process type deals with how the human brain process information like a
computer. There are four different factors in the information process type. These four
factors correspond approximately to the four factors in MBTI. These four factors in
additional to the social type correspond the five factors in the Big Five.

2.1.1. The Social Relation Type

Social Relation Personality system Personality Type (MBTI) The Big Five
Commitment High Bonding relation (B) Agreeable (A)
Low Free relation (F)

47
 Sociability is a function of all social animals. Committed sociability is bonding
relation (denoted as B), while non-committed sociability is free relation (denoted as F).
The most famous experiment to distinguish bonding relation and free relation was done
by Insel and Winslow45. They looked at two closely related but have different social
organization: the prairie vole with strong male-female pair bonding and the montane vole,
which is promiscuous without strong bonding male-female pair bonding. They found that
oxytocin (a hormone) attaches to receptors in reward-related areas of the brain in the pair-
bonding prairie vole but not in the non-bonding montane vole. When prairie voles
intercourse, two hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, are released. If the release of these
hormones is blocked, prairie voles become like montane voles. An injection of the
hormones can invoke pair bonding without intercourse.
Oxytocin sometimes is called “cuddle chemical” that builds bonds between mates,
mother-child, and social members. Oxytocin and vasopressin are complementary in such
way that oxytocin processes reward and vasopressin processes focus attention to the
individuals for the bonding. Vasopressin is responsible for creating intense loving
memories during passionate situations. Edorphin is a social neurotransmitter that
response to touch and pleasing visual stimulus (such as smile).
According the study by Pollack46 and his colleagues, infants raised in the uncaring
environment of some Eastern European orphanages ended up with a long-lasting deficit
in oxytocin and vasopressin. The deficits in oxytocin and vasopressin persisted even
after the children were removed from the orphanages and placed with loving and stable
families, resulting in the difficulties in forming social bonds.
Bonding relates to empathy and trust. Like bonding, empathy and trust increase
with oxytocin. Before committed social bonding, empathy is required to start social
bonding. It was found that oxytocin helps empathy47 in terms of reading the mind of
others. The maintenance of bond requires trust. Trust has relaxed emotion and malleable
cognition. Thus, bonding relation (B) has relaxed emotion and malleable cognition.
Oxytocin was found by Kosfeld to increase trust 48 , and by Light to decrease blood
pressure 49 . Distrust, on the contrary, has heightened emotion and narrow cognition.
Thus, free relation (F) has heightened emotion and narrow cognition. Committed and
non-committed relation can be pleasurable, but only committed relation has trust in terms
of relaxed emotion and malleable cognition.
A genetic example of free relation is autism, which has genetic impairment in
forming social bonding. The people with autism have heightened emotion and narrow
cognition. It was found that individuals with autism have lower level of oxytocin50. A
genetic example of bonding relation is Williams Syndrome, which has genetic
impairment to process visual–spatial information for independent living, but has
unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. Individuals with
Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount of fear with non-social encounter, and
poor performance in non-social information, such as drawing.
According to Simon Baron-Cohen51, the essential difference between the female
brain and the male brain is that the average female brain favors slightly empathy, and the
average male brain favors slightly in non-social information. Instead of social contact,
the average male brain finds pleasure in systematizing non-social information. The
overlapping of the male brain and the female brain is significant.

48
 2.1.2. The Information Process Type
In the information process type, the human mind is like computer. The human
mind or computer is to process information, which can be compared with the personality
types from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality
type. The combination of the information process type and the social information type
can be compared with the Big Five personality model.
Four important functions in the information process in human mind or computer
are admission (the selection of the input data), resolution (the details of data), action (the
format of the process program), and openness (the updating of the process program). In
each of the process functions, there are two levels: high and low. These the information
process types then are compared with the personality types from Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI) derived from Carl Jung's personality type. The following table lists the
information process type and its comparison with MBTI personality types.

The information process type

Information Process The information process type Personality Type

Function (MBTI)
Admission High Sensitivity (S) introvert (I)
Low assertiveness (A) extrovert (N)
Resolution High distinctness (D) sense (S)
Low Network (N) intuition (N)
Action High goal (G) thinking (T)
Low context (C) feeling (F)
Openness High Updating (U) perceiving (P)
Low Persistence (P) judging (J)

2.1.2.1. Admission: Sensitivity and Assertiveness

Information Process Personality system Personality Type (MBTI) The Big Five

Admission High Sensitivity (S) introvert (I)

Low Assertiveness (A) extrovert (N) Extrovert (E)

The admission of each set of input data can be high or low. In computer, program
is written to recognize and admit a part of each set of input data. If every detail in a set of
input data is important, the admission of data is high. In this case, under limited
computer capacity, only few sets of data can be accepted. In the human mind, the
perceived degree of harm determines the degree of admission. The high perceived degree
of harm leads to the importance of every detail in a set of data, resulting in sensitivity
(represented by S). The low perceived degree of harm leads to the importance of only
few details, resulting in assertiveness (represented by A).
The person of assertiveness has a low dose of stimulus for each encounter of
stimulation source. The person of sensitivity has high dose of stimulus for each
encounter of stimulation source. To maintain an optimal level of stimulation, the person

49
of assertiveness requires numerous sources of stimulation sources. According to H. J.
Eysenck 52, extroverts have persistently low cortical arousal and seek stimulation. The
personality of assertiveness therefore is the personality of extrovert as described in MBTI
and by Eysenck. On the other hand, the personality of sensitivity is introvert in MBTI.
Introverts have persistently high arousal and avoid stimulation.
Admission is like the gate for the entry of incoming information. It is the first
reaction to the incoming information by opening or closing the gate. It is also the last
reaction to the incoming information by closing the gate. Processing information
requires energy and space, so it is necessary to keep incoming information minimum, just
enough only for survival and reproduction. When survival and reproduction is secure,
the admission of information can be low that leads to assertive. On the other hand, when
survival and reproduction is insecure, the admission of information is high that leads to
sensitivity. Therefore, security is the condition for assertiveness, and insecurity is the
condition for sensitivity.
Personality type is an adaptation to certain conditions during evolution and during
personal development. Personality type that we were born with is an adaptation to
certain conditions by our ancestors. Personality type that we develop later in life is an
adaptation to certain condition we encounter. For human who is capable of the
integration of various events, condition can also be belief system, a central theme for the
past, the current, and the future events. In some cases, a new belief system can
completely replace an actual condition. Under different conditions (belief systems),
different behaviors appear. The behaviors resulted from normal and excessive conditions
are normal and excessive behaviors. .
Under the condition of insecurity for sensitivity, the normal behavior is association,
incorporating stimuli as a part of experience. Under extreme condition of insecurity, the
extreme behavior is freezing, a behavior of total avoidance. Under the condition of
security for assertiveness, the normal behavior is disregard, excluding input information.
Under condition of extreme security, the extreme behavior is inactivity, complete
disregard.
The personality in terms of social inhibition for a child older than 10 months can
be predicted by the behavior of the child before four months old53. Four-months-olds
who cry, fuss, or fret often in response to a novel stimulus, such as a brightly colored
mobile or a whiff of an alcohol swab, are more likely end up being socially inhibited.
This shows that a baby who has an especially low threshold for activation ends up being
introvert.
The behavior is facilitated by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters facilitate
communication between neurons (nerve cells). Different neurotransmitters enhance
different personality types. Serotonin (5-HT) enhances the assertiveness type. The effect
of serotonin is aided by drugs such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).
This drug was popularized in the book, “Listening to Prozac” by Peter D. Kramer 54. It
minimizes impulses and obsession, such as social fear shyness and eating disorders,
because it decouples association from previous association learning. If excessive amount
of serotonin is in the brain, the brain can become too selective, expressing as repetition or
inactivity. This excessive behavior of assertiveness is different from the normal behavior,
disregard.

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 Serotonin is the oldest neurotransmitter. It is the index for perceived social
security. In the study of crayfish 55, the winner in a fight between two crayfishes appears
to have a higher amount of serotonin than the loser has. The winner perceives social
security, while the loser perceived social insecurity. The loser has a quick response from
the touch of tail, while the winner does not have this quick response. In social group of
monkey, the leaders have the highest levels of serotonin reflecting the perceived security,
while those on the bottom of have the lowest levels reflecting perceived insecurity.
Assertiveness is more suitable strategy in a perceived secure environment to preserve
energy, while sensitivity is more suitable strategy in a perceived insecure environment to
enhance vigilance.
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the neurotransmitter to enhance sensitivity. Acetylcholine
provokes fear and withdrawal (freezing). Acetylcholine decreases in Alzheimer’s
dementia, so the patient with Alzheimer’s dementia has trouble in association in terms of
memory. During dream in the rapid eye movement period, there are large increase in
acetylcholine, and large decrease in serotonin. It is why there is virtually free association
during dream without inhibition. Such free association is necessary to reinforce the
learning of association during waking.
The source of Ach and 5-HT is the brain stem, the primitive part of the brain. Ach
has another source near amygdala, the center for fear. They distribute widely in the brain.

2.1.2.2. Resolution: Distinctiveness and Network

Information Personality Personality Type The Big Five

Process system (MBTI)
Resolution High Distinctness (D) sense (S) Consciousness (C)
Low Network (N) intuition (N)

When computer processes video pictures, it can have many pictures with coarse
details (low resolution) or few pictures with distinct details (high resolution). The human
brain has the same kind of trade-off. In some part of human brain such as the part for
speech, there is distinctness with high resolution, but this part of the brain cannot cover
many different areas of information at the same time. In another part of the brain, many
areas of information can be covered at the same time, but distinctness is poor. The
information process type with the high resolution is Distinctness (represented by D),
while the information process type with low resolution and high connection is Network
(represented by N).
According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of sensing (represented by
S) is a specialist, concerning with concrete details, facts, precision, single idea in depth,
and step by step method. This sensing personality matches with the distinctness type in
the information process type. According to MBTI, a person with the personality type of
intuition (N) is a generalist, concerning with whole picture, speculation, many alternative
ideas, and inventive ideas. The intuition type matches with the network type.
Resolution is the detailed processing of information, which requires energy and
space. With the same energy and space, high-resolution process can process a small picture
with lots of distinctive details, while low-resolution process can process a large picture with
few distinctive details. High-resolution process results in distinctiveness, and low resolution

51
process leads to network. When the brain stores a number of pictures, Distinctiveness keeps
maximum adjacent connections in the same picture and minimum broad connections among
different pictures. Network keeps maximum broad connections among different pictures
and minimum adjacent connections in the same picture.
When the condition requires precision or single-minded approach, Distinctiveness is
needed. Some tasks, such as fine motor movement and speech, require a series of
distinctive space-time. When specific precise information is needed, the behavior is focus
by inhibiting or disconnecting all other possible interference from other sources. Focus
involves a specific task by a series of distinctive and small neural assembly. In multiple
tasks, Network is needed to connect various tasks at the same time.
The outer part of the brain is the cortex. The cortex consists of four lobes: the
frontal cortex (motor cortex), parietal cortex (somatosensory cortex), temporal cortex
(auditory cortex), and occipital cortex (visual cortex). The lobe other than the frontal
cortex is called posterior cortex. The primary zone of the cortex receives input from the
sense organs. The secondary zone receives input from the primary zone to integrate
information from different primary zones. The association area receives information
from the secondary zones, so it has the highest integration not only from the rest of the
cortex but also from the subcortex. The frontal cortex has the largest area for the
association area. It has the broadest connection to different parts of the brain. Therefore,
the frontal cortex is the area for the overall distinctiveness or the excessive network
involving the large areas, while the posterior cortex is the area for the specific distinctive
or the normal network involving small specific areas. Mood involves overall
distinctiveness and network, so the recognition of mood takes place in the frontal cortex.
The cortex is divided into the left cortex and the right cortex. The left cortex, which
expresses language, is the cortex for distinctness, while the right cortex, which is good in
orientation, is the cortex for network56. S. H. Woodward 57 proposed the left cortex and the
right cortex use different neuron connections. The cortical neurons are organized in
columns. Neurons are connected vertically and horizontally. Woodward proposed that left
cortex processing relies primarily on tight connections between vertical columns of neurons,
whereas right cortex processing depends on weaker and longer horizontal connections.
Vertical cortical circuitry provides distinctness, and horizontal cortical circuitry provides
network. Woodward proposed that vertical circuitry carries inhibitory signals to the right
cortex by the corpus collosum (the part dividing the right cortex and the left cortex), so the
right cortex does not rely on vertical cortical circuitry. The left brain contains greater cell
density and more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural messages. The right
brain, in contrast, contains ore areas of "associative" with white myelinated fibers for long
distant neural messages (higher integrative level)58.
A number of neurotransmitters are unequally distributed in the right and left
hemispheres. Dopamine is distributed more extensively in the left hemisphere. It was
found that rather than signaling pleasure as previously thought, dopamine may be released
by brain neurons to highlight significant stimuli 59. Significant stimuli are distinctive stimuli.
Dopamine has been implicated in the controlled of fine motor movement. The patient with
Parkinson’s disease, which is deficient in dopamine, cannot control fine motor movement.
Excessive dopamine, on the other hand, brings about unrealistically excessive focus.
The social relation affects the brain structure involving network.
The bonding relation type requires extensive social network resulting the brain structure

52
with extensive network. As discussed before by Simon Baron-Cohen, woman is more
social relation type than man, so the female brain has more network than the male brain.
It is shown in the thicker corpus collosum that connect the right brain and the left brain,
more dendritic connections between brain cells, and more evenly distributed language
centers in the brain for better communication. Therefore, for woman, the brain is wired
more for the bonding relation type and the network type, and for man, the brain is wired
more for the free relation type and the distinctiveness type.
The mental disorders involving Distinctiveness and Network deal with the
extreme presence or absence of Distinctiveness and Network. The extreme presence of
Distinctiveness involves Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
characterized by perfectionism, orderliness, adherence to rules, exercise of control,
hoarding and problems with personal relationships. The extreme absence of
Distinctiveness involves diseases, such as in Parkinson’s disease.

2.1.2.3. Action: Goal and Context

Information Personality Personality Type The Big Five

Process system (MBTI)
Action High Goal (G) thinking (T)
Low Context (C) feeling (F) Neuroticism (N)

In a computer, each information process goes through an operating system that

control the flow of information processing in terms of priority and scheduling of different
information processes. A simple operating system put all information processes in a
context from which priority and scheduling are determined. Thus, each information
process has a specific goal to reach, while each simple operating system has a context to
arrange all information processes. In terms of action for actual information output,
information process has much higher action than operating system.
In the human mind, there is also Goal (represented by G) for information process
and Context (represented by C) for operation system. Goal is action-oriented resulting in
the measurable intentional change. Context is option-oriented resulting in the context for
possible action. The evolutionary origin of Goal and Context is the first difference
between male and female animals. Male animal carries extremely high number of sperms,
while female animal carries limited number of eggs. During the mating session, the
presence of a female animal with eggs triggers the desire of action in a male animal. Such
action can result in a measurable intentional goal in terms of mating. On the other hand,
to a female animal, the presence of a male animal is merely an option for which a context
is set for possible action. Such context can be the show of strength, superiority, and
affection. The context is for possible action. A female animal has much less drive for
action, and much higher ability for the discernment for possible actions. Another
important action in Goal is problem solving in terms of removing obstacle during
courtship and mating, such as chasing off another male competitor. Context is emotion
with option, and Goal is emotion with action.
The free-bonding relation type is closely connected with the goal-context type
because the man-woman difference. For man, the combination of free relation type and
the goal type results in the thinking type (T) for MBTI. According to MBTI, The

53
thinking type (T) has characteristics of theoretical, rational, analytical, purposive, logic,
and unconcerned with people's feeling. In terms of Goal, the thinking type is essentially
the action of problem solving to remove an obstacle in terms of solving a problem. It has
a definitive goal to make a measurable intentional change. Since the goal is combined
with the free relation type, it does not concern with people’s feeling.
For woman, the combination of the context type and the bonding relation type
results in the feeling type in MBTI. According to MBTI, the feeling type (F) has
characteristics of passionate, warm, personal, artistic, and concerned with people's
feelings. In the Context, the feeling type does not have a particular propose to make a
measurable intentional change. It is merely to discern the situation. Since the context
type is combined with the bonding relation type, it concern with people’s feeling.
On average, the female human brains have a larger deep limbic system than males.
The larger deep limbic brain allows women more in touch with their feelings to prioritize
all possible options. When the brain at rest without consciously thinking of anything, men,
on average, had higher brain activity in the more ancient and primitive regions of the
limbic system, the parts that are more involved with action. Women, on average, had
more activity in the newer and more complex parts of the limbic system, which are
involved in feelings60. The hypothalamus, which is a tiny structure at the base of the
brain, regulates many basic functions, such as eating, sleeping, temperature control, and
reproduction. One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in
male brains than in female brains, in human and non-human animals.
In total Goal for nonhuman, the goals of life come from predominately biological
self, the integration of biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. It
includes hunger, thirst, and sex etc. For human, the goals of life come from not only
biological self but also autobiographic self in the form of life story. Autobiographic self
is self-knowledge as described by Nancy Cantor61 and Hazel Markus62 for cognition and
motivation. Autobiographic self is from episodic memory, which is different from
semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to one’s stored knowledge of facts, concepts,
and general principles of how the world operates. Semantic memory is the essential
memory used to live in the world. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is not essential,
and more or less serves as the map for semantic memory. It is an autobiographic store of
life experiences. The prefrontal cortex in the human brain is large. The prefrontal cortex
has a high number of connections with different parts of the brain. Consequently, the
large prefrontal cortex in human is capable to integrate the autobiographic store of life
experiences into autobiographic self in the form of the life story. Other animals do not
have such autobiographic self. All animals have biological self, the integration of
biological parts to determine the boundary of biological self. Only human has a strong
autobiographic self to determine the boundary of experiential self. Only human has both
biological self and autobiographic self.
Autobiographic self in the form of life story brings about path, meaning, and goal
of life. The path of life allows human to map the past, the present, and the future
experiences. The meaning of life lets human to know the experiential position in the
world. The goal of life permits human to prioritize life. Because of the changes in life
experiences and life expectation, the life story is in a continuous process of revision,
resulting in the continuous changes in path, meaning, and goal of life.

54
 The mental disorders involved are the extreme Goal and the extreme Context The
extreme Goal is the extreme action-oriented without stopping, resulting in manic. Manic
can lead to psychopath, seeking the unstopping thrill of action. The extreme Context is the
extreme option-oriented without any possible action, resulting in depression. Depression
can result in suicide, terminating all possible action. Both extremes are the results of
chronic stress in terms of pain and loss.

2.1.2.4. Openness: Persistence and Updating

Information Process Personality system Personality Type (MBTI) The Big Five

Openness High Updating (U) perceiving (P) Openness (O)

Low Persistence (P) judging (J)

An elaborate operating system for a computer not only schedules information

processes but also manipulate and update information from different information processes.
For the human mind, the simple operating system corresponds to emotion, while the
elaborate operating system corresponds to cognition for more elaborate manipulation and
updating. In the human brain, the part involved in the update is the prefrontal cortex.
The large size of the prefrontal cortex in human is an important difference between
human and other apes. The opposite of update is persistence which keeps the program
constant. The information process type for the low openness is persistence (represented
by P), and for the high openness is updating (represented by U).
According to MBTI, the judging type has characteristics of planned, orderly way,
settled, organized, decisive, closeness, and finishing things. The judging type matches
the Persistence type. The perceiving type has characteristics of flexible, spontaneous,
flexible, tolerant, open option, understand life rather than control it. This perceiving type
matches the Updating type.
Updating is a change in information in order to be adaptable to the current situation.
The change of information involves manipulation of several sets of information, including
old sets of information, possible new sets of information, and the final set of information.
The manipulation of several sets of information requires the involvement of the prefrontal
cortex. It involves in new combination and arrangement of information. The prefrontal
cortex has multiple components: working memory buffers and a “central executive,” the
manager that manipulates and coordinates information stored in the buffers for updating 63.
Working memory is a “blackboard memory” operating over mere seconds. The process
includes moving information into working memory, updating what is already there, and
using it to select a final updating.
The whole updating process involves both the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the
cortex. The prefrontal cortex has extensive connections to various parts of the brain.
Neuroscientist Edmund Rolls 64 found that the prefrontal cortex in a monkey had fired
strongly immediately before the monkey changed the behavior in behavior to a changing
circumstance. The prefrontal cortex allows a quick switch of strategy in behavior to a
change of circumstance. The reason for such a quick switch of strategy is that the prefrontal
cortex has ample free neuron network which provides the space to construct a new strategy
one after another free of previous experience and memory. The people with damage in the

55
prefrontal cortex cannot construct a new strategy one right after another. They tend to
construct one strategy, and stay with the same strategy over and over again even there is a
need for another strategy. They fail to select the most current strategy for their action. The
people with damage in the prefrontal cortex may also persistently follow whatever
command given to them without change. The damage in the prefrontal cortex is the
example for the extreme case of persistence.
The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that has expanded the most in primates.
The large human prefrontal cortex provides human a very large space to construct new
strategy in terms of new combination and arrangement of information. The large prefrontal
cortex in human also provides an area to construct strategy overcoming salient and concrete
experiences.
Glutamate is the neurotransmitter for long-term potent (LTP) which is necessary
for the working memory, which in turn is important for updating. Dopamine enhances
the activity of few selective neurons by inhibiting the activity all other unrelated and
unneeded neurons. Both glutamate and dopamine work together to accomplish updating.
The mental disorders involved are the extreme Persistence without Updating. The
extreme Persistence is impulsiveness without considering any possible consequences. One
of such disorders is schizophrenia. The extremes are the results of chronic anxiety in
terms of uncertainty.
2.1.3. The Big Five

The most popular model of personality is the Big Five. The five factors in the Big
Five are openness to experience (appreciation for unusual ideas, imagination, and
curiosity), conscientiousness (tendency to act dutifully rather spontaneously),
extraversion (to seek the company of others), agreeableness (tendency to be
compassionate and cooperation rather than suspicious to others), and neuroticism (a
tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily). These factors are also referred to as
the OCEAN model of personality.
Openness correlates to Updating in persistence-updating for the propensity for
adapting to changing information. Conscientiousness relates to Distinctiveness in
distinctiveness-network for the care for focusing attention. Extrovert corresponds to
Assertiveness in sensitivity-assertiveness for the easy to receive incoming information.
Agreeable corresponds to bonding relation in bonding relation-free relation in the way of
social life for the propensity to form trust for social bonding. Neuroticism corresponds to
Context in goal–context for emotion.

56
Information Personality system Personality The Big Five
Process Type (MBTI)
Admission High Sensitivity (S) introvert (I)
Low Assertiveness (A) extrovert (N) Extrovert (E)
Resolution High Distinctness (D) sense (S) Consciousness (C)
Low Network (N) intuition (N)
Action High Goal (G) thinking (T)
Low Context (C) feeling (F) Neuroticism (N)
Openness High Updating (U) perceiving (P) Openness (O)
Low Persistence (P) judging (J)
Social Relation
Commitment High Bonding relation (B) Agreeable (A)
Low Free relation (F)

2.2. The Social Lives

The human social lives are derived from the personality system and the instincts.

2.2.1. The Social Lives for the Primate Social Structures

The combination of the factors in the personality system results in the feminine
yin personality and the masculine yang personality for collective wellbeing and
individualistic achievement, respectively. The social lives are the combination of the yin-
yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup interactions among the basic social
units. The combination results in yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active,
corresponding to Amiable, Expressive, Analytical, and Drive in the popular Merrill-Reid
social style theory. The harmonious social life is the unique new human social life that
no other organisms have. The instinct for the harmonious social life (harmonious) is the
conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective
instinct, resulting in maximum eager cooperation without lie.
The social lives are derived from the personality system. The social lives for the
primate social structures consist of three parts: the yin-yang personality, the intragroup
interaction among basic social units, and the degree of openness.
(1) Yin-Yang Personality (BNC-FDG)
The feminine yin personality is the combination of the bonding relation type (B),
the network type (N), and the context type (C), while yang is the combination of the free
relation type (F), the distinctiveness type (D), and the goal type (G). For the yin
personality (BNC) type, the combination leads to “collective wellbeing”, where collective
means B and N, and wellbeing does not involve a specific action. For the masculine
yang personality (FDG) type, the combination brings about “individualistic achievement”,
where individual means F and D, and achievement involves a specific goal. Collective
wellbeing deals with mainly people, while individual achievement deals with primarily
with task. Therefore, yin represents people, while yang represents task. The society with
the yin personality is the collective society, while the society with the yang personality is
the individualistic society.

57
(2) Passive-Active Intragroup Interaction (S-A)
The social lives for primates are the combination of the yin-yang personalities and
the active-passive intragroup interactions among the basic social units (subgroups) within
a social group. The basic social units (subgroups) can be single female and her offspring,
monogamous family, polyandrous family (one-female-several-male group), polygynous
family (one-male-several-female group), and multimale-multifemale group (non-
committal male-female). The intragroup interaction among the subgroups can be passive
or active interaction, corresponding to introvert (Sensitivity) or extrovert (Assertiveness).
The passive intragroup interaction leads to a loose social group where the intragroup
interaction in not active. The active intragroup interaction leads to a tight social group.
The tight social group helps to provide protection against predators. It also helps to
protect scarce food resources. This is especially true for non-human primates when the
food is fruit. Leaf-eaters, such as colobus monkeys and langurs, tend to form smaller
loose social groupings since there is little competition for their food. The very few
nocturnal species of primates are mostly small, relatively solitary hunters. In general, a
social group under the condition of sufficiency resource and security leads typically to a
loose social group, while a social group under the condition of insufficient resource and
insecurity results typically in a tight social group.
The combination of the yin-yang personalities and the active-passive intragroup
interactions leads to yin passive, yin active, yang passive, and yang active. The loose
collective society and the tight collective society come from the yin passive and the yin
active social lives, respectively, while the loose individualistic society and the tight
individualistic society come from the yang passive and yang active social lives,
respectively. In the tight collective society, the active intragroup interaction produces the
group wellbeing that promotes care about all members of the group and the group identity
in addition to basic collective wellbeing. In the tight individualistic society, the active
intragroup interaction produces the group hierarchy that promotes individual strength and
effort as well as the submission to the leader of group in addition to basic individualistic
achievement. The tight collective society is more egalitarian than the tight individualistic
society.
In general, the tight individualistic society is under the condition of less sufficient
resource and security than the tight collective society. The reason is that the competitive
hierarchy social structure, like an army, is more suitable to overcome the difficulties in
insufficient resource and insecurity than the group wellbeing social structure. A typical
example in ape is the different social structures of chimpanzees and bonobos. Bonobos
live in the tropical rain forests with relatively sufficient food and security. Chimpanzees live
in the tropical woodland savannah around the equatorial portion of Africa. Chimpanzees
travel around 3 miles a day for food and water, whereas bonobos have hardly been noted to
travel more than 1.5 or 2 miles a day. Bonobos have the female-centered collective
society with the group wellbeing, while chimpanzees have the male-centered
individualistic society with the competitive hierarchy.
A primate society has typically more than one type of society. For example, the
society of female mouse lemurs found in the Island of Madagascar as described by Robert
Russell 65 is the tight collective society, and solitary male mouse lemurs have the loose
individualistic society. Six to twenty female mouse lemurs form a lifelong social group.
The basic lifelong unit of the social group is mother-daughter, so there are several units of

58
mother-daughter from the same neighborhood. Mother and daughter have mutual growth
relation. Mother takes care of daughter, and teaches her all skill of life. Daughter stays with
her mother. About three to ten pairs of mother-daughter form a social group. They have a
centrally located communal sleeping hollow for their daytime rest. The social group
provides lifelong warmth, stimulation, shared experiences, and warning system for
protection from the intrusion of predators. This form of social group increases greatly the
chance of survival for female mouse lemurs. The ratio of adult females to adult males
exceeds four females for every one male.
For orangutans, there are the loose collective society for single female and her
offspring and the loose individualistic society for solitary males. For chimpanzees, male
chimpanzees have the tight individualistic society, while female chimpanzees have loose
individualistic society. Female bonobos, on the other hand, have the tight collective
society, while male bonobos have the loose individualistic society. Female bonobos as a
group overpower male bonobos.
From of the perspective of acquisition instead of condition, the tight
individualistic society can acquire resource and security better than the tight collective
society, and the tight society acquire resource and security better than the loose society.
On the other hand, from the perspective of the cost for individuals in terms of energy and
time spend in intragroup interaction, the tight individualistic society is more costly than
the tight collective society, and the tight society is more costly than the loose society.
The social structure of non-human primates is the balance among condition, acquisition,
and cost.

Tight Tight Loose Loose

individualistic collective individualistic collective
Society Society society society
Condition 4 3 2 1 1 = under most abundant
resource and security
condition
Acquisition 1 2 3 4 1 = acquire most resource
and security
Cost 4 3 2 1 1 = least costly for
individuals in the
intragroup interaction

Humans, on the other hand, have tendency and capability for accumulation (greed) rather
than mere survival and reproduction, so humans allow high cost for individuals, such as
stress and anxiety.
(3) The Degree of Openness (P-U)
The additional social life is the harmonious social life for harmonious cooperation
that exists only in human that has the much larger prefrontal cortex responsible for the
high openness in terms of Persistence-Updating in the personality system. The high
openness allows the harmonious social life to transcend yin-yang and passive-active.
Consequently, the society with the harmonious social life maximizes acquisition, and
minimizes the cost for individuals in the intragroup interaction, resulting in the most
successful society. However, the harmonious social group size has to be small. The
description and the evolution of harmonious cooperation social life and harmonious
society will be discussed in details in the next sections.

59
 The social life system consists of five different combinations of the factors in the
personality system as in the following table.
The Social lives Primate for Social Structures

Social lives Primate Social Characteristics Merrill-Reid

yin (BNC ) –yang passive-active (introvert- Structures Social lives
(FDG) or harmonious extrovert) or flexible
cooperation (high Intragroup interaction
openness) among basic social units
Yin Passive the loose passive collective Amiable
collective wellbeing
society
Yang Passive the loose passive Analytical
individualistic individualistic
society achievement
Yin Active the tight active collective Expressive
collective wellbeing
society
Yang Active the tight active Driver
individualistic individualistic
society achievement
Harmonious flexible the harmonious harmonious
cooperation society cooperation

Merrill-Reid Social Style The Yin Yang Social Life

control emotion yang

analytical driver yang active

yang passive
ask tell passive active

amiable expressive
yin passive yin active

emote yin
The social life system is similar to the Merrill-Reid social style theory 66 ,
consisting of amiable, expressive, analytical, and driver social lives. According to the
Merrill-Reid theory, the four social lives are described below.
• Amiable: Place a high priority on friendships, close relationships, and cooperative
behavior. They appear to get involved in feelings and relations between people.
• Expressive: Appear communicative, warm approachable and competitive. They
involve other people with their feelings and thoughts.
• Analytical: Live life according to facts, principles, logic and consistency. Often
viewed as cold and detached but appear to be cooperative in their actions as long
as they can have some freedom to organize their own efforts.
• Driver: Give the impression that they know what they want, where they are going,
and how to get there quickly.

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 Amiable and Expressive have yin (female type) characteristic for collective
wellbeing, while Analytical and Driver have yang (male type) characteristic for
individualistic achievement. Expressive and Driver are more active in interpersonal
relations than Amiable and Driver. Merrill-Reid social lives do not include harmonious
cooperation. The amiable social life in the Merrill-Rein theory corresponds to the yin
passive social life that involves and is keenly interested in the close relationship with
people (yin) foe collective wellbeing. The expressive social life corresponds to the yin
active social life that involves in both close relationships with people in the basic social
unit and the intragroup in terms of group wellbeing in addition to basic collective
wellbeing. The analytical social life corresponds to the yang passive social life that
involves and is keenly interested in only systemizing task (yang) for individualistic
achievement. The driver social life corresponds to the yang active social life that
involves both the close relationships with people in the basic social unit and the
intragroup in terms of group hierarchy in addition to basic individualistic achievement.

2.2.2. The Human Instincts and the Yin Yang Social Lives

The social lives are derived from the human instincts. The human instincts
include the humanized instincts and the dehumanized instincts. The humanized instincts
are used originally involving human. The dehumanized instincts are used originally
involving nonhuman. It is quite common among social animals to behave differently
toward the animals of the same species and toward the animals of different species. For
examples, cannibalism and the killing among the animals of the same species are rare in
social animals even during the fighting among the animals of the same species. The
fighting among the animals of the same species for the purpose of domination is often
ritualistic without serious injury. The harms to the infant animals from the animals of the
same species are infrequent. On the other hand, as predators, animals kill preys of
different species without hesitation. As a prey, an animal makes a manipulative strategy
to escape from a predator of different species. Animals make a clear distinction between
the animals of different species and the animals of same species.
The humanized instinct consists of the female-male instincts involving human.
People possess all of the female-male instincts. The female instincts are in average
stronger in women, while the male instincts are in average stronger in men. However, the
overlap is large, so it is common for some men to have stronger female instincts, and for
some women to have stronger male instincts. The female instincts include the bonding
instinct to bond with other human and the nurturing instinct to nurture the love ones. The
male instincts include the systemizing instinct to systemizing various objects into a
system and the dominative instinct to have domination in social hierarchy.
The dehumanized instincts involving nonhuman are the prey-predator instincts.
The prey instincts include the freezing instinct to minimize the activity in the presence of
strong nonhuman predator and the manipulative instinct to play tricks to a strong
nonhuman predator for the protection of self and love ones. The predatory instincts
include the addictive instinct to have obsession in terms of task and the predatory instinct
to over-control a weak nonhuman prey.
Such prey-predator instincts are for nonhuman, but in the large complicate
civilized society where people relations are complicate, people misuse the prey-predator

61
to subhuman that is defined as human who is treated as nonhuman. In an extreme case, a
person regards all people as subhuman that activates the prey-predator instincts in the
person, resulting in mental disorders, such as depression, borderline personality disorder,
obsession, and psychopath. The prey instincts closely relate to the female instincts, while
the predatory instincts closely relate to the male instincts. The human social lives are
listed in the following table.

The Positive Negative Yin Yang Social Lives

Social life POSITIVE YIN POSITIVE YANG

Origin Humanized female-male instincts involving human
Description collective wellbeing in mostly people individual achievement in mostly task
Perceived abundant resource and security deficient resource and security
Condition
Perceived offensive mechanism for connecting defensive mechanism for survival
Mechanism people
PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE
Merrill-Reid amiable expressive analytical driver
Instinct bonding nurturing systemizing dominative
Behavior kindness nurturing discipline strength
Role friend nurturer systemizer leader
Idealized Self- loyalist peacemaker idealist hero
Image

NEGATIVE YIN NEGATIVE YANG

Origin dehumanized prey-predator instincts involving subhuman
Description Cool manipulation in mostly people obsessive over-control in mostly task
Perceived deficient resource and security abundant resource and security
Condition
Perceived defensive mechanism for protection offensive mechanism for hunting
Mechanism
PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE
Merrill-Reid amiable expressive analytical driver
Instinct freezing manipulative addiction predatory
Behavior withdraw manipulation obsession over-control
Role prey manipulator addict predator
Idealized Self- loner strategist specialist master
Image
Mental depression borderline obsession psychopath
Disorder personality
disorder

As in the table above, the positive yin social life and the positive yang social life
are derived from the humanized female instinct and male instinct, respectively. The
general description of the positive yin social life from the female instincts is collective
wellbeing in mostly people. The best perceived condition to have collective wellbeing is
abundant resource and security. It is hard to have collective wellbeing under deficient
resource and security. Under such abundant resource and security, the mechanism is the
active offensive mechanism to connect with people instead of passively connecting with

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people. The general description of the positive yang social life from the male instincts is
individual achievement in mostly task. The best perceived condition to have individual
achievement is deficient resource and security. The deficient resource and security
motivate an individual to achieve in order to survive and prosper. Under the deficient
resource and security, the mechanism is passive defensive mechanism to achieve in order
to survive and prosper.
The positive yin passive social life (amiable) involves and is keenly interested in
close relationships with people, so the instinct is the bonding instinct. The corresponding
behavior is kindness toward people. The role for the yin passive social life is friend. A
person with the role of friend can idealize (exaggerate) the role as loyalist.
The positive yin active social life (expressive) involves in both basic social unit
and intragroup. The instinct is the nurturing instinct in addition to the bonding instinct.
The nurturing instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The role for the yin active
social life is nurturer. A person with the role of nurturer can idealize in terms of
exaggeration the role as peacemaker to provide the peaceful environment for nurturing all
love ones.
The positive yang passive social life (analytical) involves and is keenly interested
in only task. The instinct is the systemizing instinct for the intrinsic human capability
and desire to make a system out of various objects. The corresponding behavior is
discipline to follow a well-developed system. The role for the yang passive social life is
systemizer. A person with the role of systemizer can idealize in terms of exaggeration
the role as idealist to have the idealistic system.
The positive yang active social life (driver) involves in the basic social unit and
intragroup. The instinct is the dominative instinct in addition to the systemizing instinct.
The dominative instinct’s involvement is active and broad. The corresponding behavior
is mental and physical strength. The role for the yang active social life is leader to
provide the best (dominating) condition to survive and prosper. A person with the role of
leader can idealize in terms of exaggeration the role as hero who will fight for survival
and prosperity.
As in the table, the negative yin social life and the negative yang social life are
derived from the dehumanized prey instinct and predatory instinct, respectively. The
general description of the negative yin social life from the prey instincts is cool
manipulation in mostly people. The perceived condition to have cool manipulation is
deficient resource and security. Under the deficient resource and security, the mechanism
is passive defensive mechanism to stay away and to manipulate in order to survive. The
general description of the negative yang social life from the predatory instincts is
obsessive over-control in mostly task. The perceived condition to have obsessive over-
control is abundant resource and security. Under such abundant resource and security,
the mechanism is the active offensive mechanism to obsess and to over-control.
The negative yin passive social life is derived from the dehumanized prey instinct
that is the freezing instinct to avoid the contact with strong subhuman predator as much
as possible. The corresponding behavior is to withdraw (coolness) involving subhuman
predator. It involves only subhuman. The role for the yin passive social life is passive
prey. A person with the role of passive prey can rationalize the role as loner to avoid
detestable people. In the extreme case, the person can regard all people as subhuman

63
predator, resulting in the destruction of the intrinsic brain structure to distinguish human
and nonhuman. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of depression.
The negative yin active social life is derived from the dehumanized prey instinct
that is the manipulative instinct in addition to the freezing instinct. The corresponding
behavior is manipulation involving subhuman predator. Manipulation can be very
deceptive as the broken wing trick that a mother bird plays to lead a predator away from
the baby birds. It is the origin of the asymmetrical warfare. It involves both subhuman
and task needed to carry on manipulation. The role for the yin active social life is
manipulator. A person with the role of manipulator can rationalize the role as strategist
to protect the person and the love ones from strong opponents. The result of the extreme
case is the mental disorder of borderline personality disorder.
People with borderline personality disorder frequently have unstable relationships,
fly into rages inappropriately, or become depressed and cannot trust the actions and
motives of other people67. In the study, directed by neuroscientist Brooks King-Casas68,
people with borderline personality disorder played a "trust" game involving sending
money and receiving money. They play the game while their brains are scanned by
functional MRI. The fMRI shows areas of activities in parts of the brain during the game.
In this study, in the normal people, a part of the brain showed activity that responded in
direct proportion to the amount of money sent and the money received. However, in
people with borderline personality disorder, that part of the brain responded only to
sending the money, not to the money received. The interpretation in term of the prey-
predator relation is that money represents resource. In a prey-predator relation, a prey
wants to protect its resource by measuring how much resource (money) that it gives away.
It does not expect any resource from a predator. There is no mutuality in the prey-
predator relation. Most of people with borderline personality disorder are women.
The negative yang passive social life is derived from the dehumanized predator
instinct that is the addictive instinct. The corresponding behavior is obsession to do a
very specific task all the time. It involves only task. The task can be an obsessive
professional task for excessive wealth or an obsessive hobby task for excessive adventure.
The role for the yin passive social life is addict. A person with the role of addict
rationalizes the role as specialist. The result of the extreme case is the mental disorder of
obsession.
The negative yang active social life is derived from the dehumanized predatory
instinct that is the predatory instinct in addition to the additive instinct. The
corresponding behavior is over-controlling of weak subhuman prey. It involves both task
and subhuman prey. The role for the yin active social life is predator to weak subhuman
prey. A person with the role of predator can rationalize the role as master who controls
an inferior person. The mental disorder in the extreme case is psychopath.
People with psychopath are very egocentric individuals with no empathy for
others, and they are incapable of feeling remorse or guilt. Psychopath is a combination of
dominant and cold interpersonal characteristics Most of people with psychopath are men.
In an fMRI study by neuroscientist Kent Kichl69, a certain part of the brain in criminal
psychopaths showed much less activity in responses to emotional charged words like
blood, sewer, hell, and rape than the normal people. It shows that psychopaths are
relatively insensitive to the cruelty involving human.

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 2.2.3. The Harmonious Social Life and Society

The yin social lives in general require long social memory of the special features
and behaviors of friends, nurturers, and the one to be nurtured. With the dominative
instinct, the yang social life produces dominance hierarchy. Yin (female) and yang (male)
are distinctively different in the gender dichotomy.
Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important
to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free
cooperation among the members of society. Cooperation is important in survival
strategies as described by Axelrod and Hamilton's evolution of cooperation70. To find
different strategies for cooperation, they devised the prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's
dilemma refers to an imaginary situation in which two individuals are imprisoned and are
accused of having cooperated to perform some crime. The two prisoners are held
separately, and attempts are made to induce each one to implicate the other. If neither one
does, both are set free. This is the cooperative strategy available to both prisoners. In
order to tempt one or both to defect, each is told that a confession implicating the other
will lead to his or her release and, as an added incentive, to a small reward. If both
confess, each one is imprisoned. But if one individual implicated the other and not vice
versa, then the implicated partner receives a harsher sentence than if each had implicated
the other.
Among all strategies, TIT FOR TAT is the best strategy. On the first move
cooperate. On each succeeding move do what your opponent did the previous move.
Thus, TIT FOR TAT was a strategy of cooperation based on reciprocity. From the
further analysis of TIT FOR TAT, four features of TIT FOR TAT emerged:

1. Never be the first to defect: indicate eager cooperate

2. Retaliate only after your partner has defected: important to detect defection
3. Be prepared to forgive after carrying out just one act of retaliation: minimum
social memory
4. Adopt this strategy only if the probability of meeting the same player again
exceeds 2/3: essentially a strategy for a small social group.

A distinctive character in TIT FOR TAT is eager cooperation as in the first

feature above. It always cooperates first. Such eager cooperation has minimum social
memory to forgive the past defection as in the third feature above. Such eager
cooperation generates a large cohesive domain, resulting in the best strategy. However, if
defection has no consequence as in a large group, TIT FOR TAT does not work as in the
fourth feature above. TIT FOR TAT works only in a small group.
In the yin and yang social lives, the high social barrier from long social memory,
dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy excludes eager cooperation in TIT FOR
TAT strategy. To carry out TIT FOR TAT strategy, the evolution of human social life
produced two additional new instincts. The two additional new instincts are the hyper
friendly instinct and the detective instinct. The hyper friendly instinct allows human to
cooperate eagerly, while the detective instinct allows human to detect defection. The
combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct brings about the
conscience instinct. The conscience instinct is the base for the harmonious social life.

65
The following sections describe the hyper friendly instinct, the detective instinct, and the
conscience instinct.
The Harmonious Social Life

Social life HARMONIOUS COOPERATION

Description maximum eager cooperation without lie: harmonious cooperation (mutual empathy and
empowerment)
Instinct hyper friendly Detective
Behavior eager cooperation theory of mind
Idealized Self-Image Harmonist

2.2.3.1. Eager Cooperation - The Hyper Friendly Instinct

Long social memory, dominance hierarchy, and gender dichotomy are important
to maintain a social structure, but they form the social barrier that hinders the free eager
cooperation among the members of society. To promote eager social cooperation, it is
necessary to minimize such social barrier. One way for the minimization is the hyper
friendly instinct. Through the hyper friendly instinct, the hyper friendly act minimizes
the social barrier. One example of the hyper friendly instinct is the frequent sexual
activities among all members of bonobo social group71. The sexual activities can be
between couples regardless of ages and genders. They do sexual contacts to greet, to
avoid social conflicts, and to reconcile after conflicts. The hyper friendly act minimizes
the social barrier, and enhances social cooperation. For an example, bonobos engage in
sexual activities before eating to avoid conflict during eating. Comparing to chimpanzees,
bonobos are much more peaceful and egalitarian because of this hyper friendly instinct.
Another example of the hyper friendly instinct is expressed in very enthusiastic greeting
from dogs. This hyper friendly instinct is inherited from wolfs that form highly
cooperative society. The domestication of dog for thousands years has enhanced the
hyper friendly instinct, resulting in the high cooperation between dog and human.
In human, the hyper friendly instinct is expressed as language. Language as an
instinct was proposed by experimental psychologist Steven Pinker 72 . The verbal
communication minimizes effectively social barrier. Human learns language quickly and
early. The human brain encourages language by rewarding language. For an example,
the extremely hyper friendly people are the people with Williams Syndrome, which has
unusually cheerful talkative demeanor and ease with strangers. They have excellent
verbal skills, superior and precocious musical ability, perfect pitch and a good memory
for names and faces. Individuals with Williams Syndrome, however, have higher amount
of fear with non-social encounter. The highly developed human language instinct
indicates the highly developed human hyper friendly instinct.

2.2.3.2. Detection – The Detective instinct

In the advanced stage of verbal communication, a verbal statement can express an

event occurred elsewhere. Since the event occurs elsewhere, a listener has to determine
if the expressed statement is a truth or a lie. The detective instinct for detecting a lie in a
verbal statement is necessary for the advanced stage of verbal communication. The
detective instinct is for subtle lie instead of conspicuous lie, which can be detected easily

66
without the new detective instinct. The neural network for the detective instinct is called
the lie detection neural network. The neural network has been described by Hiram
Brownell and Richard Griffin73 as the neural network for theory of mind. The network
consists of the left brain, the right brain, and the prefrontal cortex as follows.
The Lie Detection Neural Network

left brain right brain

expression statement 1 questionable internal alternative

statement 1 statement 1

prefrontal cortex

statement 2 questionable internal alternative

statement 2 statement 2

prefrontal cortex

repeat or conclusion

When a speaker expresses a statement, which describes an event occurred

elsewhere, the statement is registered in the right brain and the left brain. The left brain
has greater cell density and the more gray nonmyelinated fibers for short distant neural
messages, so the left brain can have a good copy of the statement consciously from the
speaker. The right brain, in contrast, has more areas of "associative" with more white
myelinated fibers for long distant neural message. In the right brain, instead of the exact
copy, the statement becomes a questionable statement waiting to be verified. The
questionable statement triggers automatically an internal alternative statement that relates
the event occurred elsewhere. The association of the original statement and the
alternative statement can be very weak. In the right brain, the questionable statement and
the alternative statement coexist. The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting
statements along with other information to determine the correct statement. The correct
statement is realized by the left brain consciously as the statement 2. The statement 2 can
undergo lie detection again or can become the conclusion.
The reverse of the lie detection neural network is the lie making neural network as
below.

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 The Lie Making Neural Network

left brain right brain

statement 1 changeable internal alternative

statement 1 statement 1

prefrontal cortex

statement 2 Changeable internal alternative

statement 2 statement 2

prefrontal cortex

expression repeat or conclusion

In the lie making network, the statement 1 appears consciously in the left brain.
The statement 1 becomes the changeable statement 1 in the right brain. The changeable
statement in the right brain triggers automatically the internal alternative statement 1.
The prefrontal cortex examines the coexisting statements in the right brain to determine
the appropriate statement, which is realized consciously in the left brain as the statement
2. The statement 2 can undergo another lie making process or be the conclusion. The
conclusion is then expressed.
The lie detection neural network is for a subtle lie, and it is not needed for a
conspicuous lie, which contradicts immediate observable evidences. Equally, a lie
making neural network is for making a subtle lie, and it is not needed for making a
conspicuous lie. Conspicuous lie can be detected and made in the left brain.
The combination of the lie detection neural network and the lie making neural
network brings about theory of mind that a person believes that the other people have the
mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes.
Automatic triggering of alternative statements in the right brain becomes the base
for holistic thinking that requires a broad and non-obvious thinking. Automatic
triggering of alternative statement in the left brain becomes the logical thinking that
requires a narrow sequential thinking. The principle of humor is that subtlety in humor
can be figured out by the right brain, not the left brain. When the subtlety is explained
completely and logically by the left brain, the humor is no longer funny.
Autism and schizophrenia are the two extremes in the detective instinct. Both of
them have problems in bonding with people as indicated by that the people who have
autism and schizophrenia are mostly men. Autism represents the inactive detective
instinct, resulting in the theory of mind impaired74. People with schizophrenia have an
overactive detective instinct. The prefrontal cortex is not able to sort out so many

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ridiculous alternative statements, so people with schizophrenia also are not capable of
subtle sensible deception. The deficiency in the detective distinct, however, can lead to
the very logical mind, while the excess in the detective distinct can lead to very creative
mind.
2.2.3.3. The Conscience Instinct

Theory of mind derived from the detective instinct is that a person believes that
the other people have the mind to lie and to detect a lie that the person makes. The
combination of the hyper friendly instinct and theory of mind derived from the detective
instinct brings about the conscience instinct that is the instinct for maximum eager
cooperation without lie that takes advantage of cooperation for selfish reason. People
feel guilty about cooperation with lie, and feel other people should feel guilty about
cooperation with lie. The conscience instinct as the self-regulation of cooperation results
in maximum eager cooperation without lie, leading to harmonious cooperation (mutual
empathy and empowerment). Mutual empathy is love, while mutual empowerment is
diligence. The result is the harmonious social life. The people with the harmonious
social life are harmonists. The society with the harmonious social life is the harmonious
society.
This harmonious social life as the innate goodness was described by Mencius, the
second most important saint in Confucianism.

Mencius said: .... Everyone has the heart of sympathy, everyone has the heart of
knowing shame, everyone has the heart of respect, and everyone has the heart of
knowing right and wrong. The heart of sympathy is a benevolent, the heart of
knowing shame is righteousness, the heart of respect is propriety, and the heart of
knowing right and wrong is wisdom. Benevolent, righteousness, propriety, and
wisdom that are not injected from outside were in us originally. Only we have not
comprehended them. Thus, we can get them through search, and we can lose
them through abandonment....” (Mengzi, chapter: human innate goodness)

Benevolent and propriety come from the hyper friendly instinct of the conscience instinct,
while righteousness and wisdom come from the detective instinct (theory of mind) of the
conscience instinct.
The summary of the social lives is as below.

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 Summary of the Social Lives
Social life Instinct Behavior Perceived Resource Realistic Idealized
And Security Role Self-Image
abundant deficient
Positive Yin Bonding kindness √ Friend loyalist
Passive
(Amiable)
Positive Yin Nurturing nurturing √ Nurturer peacemaker
Active
(Expressive)
Positive Yang Systemizing discipline √ systemizer idealist
Passive
(Analytical)
Positive Yang dominative strength √ Leader hero
Active (Driver)
Negative Yin freezing withdrawing √ Prey loner
Passive
Negative Yin manipulative manipulation √ manipulator strategist
Active
Negative Yang addictive obsession √ Addict specialist
Passive

Negative Yang predatory over-control √ Predator master

Active

Harmonious conscience initial eager √ √ harmonist harmonist

cooperation
without lie

The chart for the summary of the relationship between psychology in terms of
personality and social life and social structure is as below.

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 PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES
PSYCHOLOGY

the brain structure–neurotransmitters for socialization and information processing

PERSONALITY

admission resolution socialization action openness

(sensitivity- (distinctiveness– (bonding relation– (goal– (persistence–
assertiveness) network) free relation) context) updating)

• yin (network-bonding relation-context = collective wellbeing) and yang

(distinctiveness-free relation-goal = individualistic achievement)
• passive (sensitivity) – active (assertiveness) intragroup interaction
• harmony = high openness (updating) to transcend yin-yang and passive-active

the social instincts

SOCIAL LIFE

yin passive yin active harmonious yang active yang passive

social life social life social life social life social life
(amiable) (expressive) (driver) (analytical)
bonding + nurturing + conscience instinct = dominative + systemizing +
freezing manipulative hyper friendly instinct predatory addictive
instincts instincts + detective instinct instincts instinct

SOCIAL STRUCTURES
the loose the tight collective the harmonious the tight the loose
collective society society individualistic individualistic
society society society

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 2.3. Ape Evolution

Human social lives are derived from human evolution, including ape evolution and
hominid evolution. During ape evolution, the harmonious social life started to emerge.
During hominid evolution, the harmonious social life based on the conscience instinct fully
developed.
Early apes evolved during the Miocene epoch from 25 Ma (million years ago) to 5
Ma. Miocene warming began 21 Ma allowed tropical forests to prevail in Eurasia and
Africa. The early ancestors of apes migrated to Eurasia from Africa about 17 Ma. Apes
evolved in Eurasia. Miocene warming continued until 14 Ma, when global temperatures
took a sharp drop. As a result, some apes migrated south into tropical forests in Africa. By
8 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply once again. Consequently, apes became extinct except
in tropical forests in Southeast Asia and Africa. In Africa, the climate got even cooler and
dryer and the forest patches shrank. By the end of the Miocene, East Africa had become
mostly open grassland. About 2 Ma, a significant drying occurred in Africa.
Cooling and drying cause the change in the density and type of trees in forest and the
changes from forest to woodland, grassland, and desert. The difference between woodland
and dense forest is in the canopy. Forest trees are tall and dense enough to hide most of the
sky, while woodland trees are sparse enough for the sky to be visible and grass and brush to
grow on the ground. Grassland has tall grass with few trees. Eventually, tropical forests are
limited to a tight band around the equator. The original apes were arboreal animals in dense
forest, adapting to life in the trees in dense forest that provided both food resource and
security. Different apes evolved to adapt to the changes in environments.
The family Hominidae (great apes) includes five apes: orangutans, bonobos,
gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The most recent common ancestor of the Hominidae
lived some 13 Ma, when the ancestors of the orangutans by the analysis of DNA diverged
from the ancestors of the other four apes, which are in the subfamily Homininae. About
7 Ma, the ancestors of gorillas diverged from the ancestors of the three other apes, which
are in the tribe Hominin. About 6 Ma, the ancestors of humans diverged from the other
two apes, which are in the genus Pan. About 2 Ma, bonobos and chimpanzees diverged.
The divergences in DNA coincide with the significant changes in climate.

2.3.1. The Original Ape: the solitary ape

The original great ape existed before 13 Ma, when the warm and wet climate
allowed tropical forest to prevail in Eurasia. It was the orangutan-like common ancestor
with the best food resource and security from dense forest. The orangutan-like common
ancestor did not migrate to Africa. Apes evolved a new way of moving around in the trees –
brachiation that is arm-over-arm swinging from one branch to another. Brachiation evolved
as a way to get at fruits that were at the very tips of branches. This allows apes to get at
fruits that a monkey cannot reach. Apes have larger brains than monkeys. Gestural
communication is virtually limited to great apes.
As the orangutan-like common ancestor, current orangutan is the solitary ape that
has the loose social structure without the need of the support of tight social group. They are
currently found only in rainforests on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Orangutan is the
largest arboreal animals in forest, adapting to life in the trees in dense forest that provides

72
both food resource and security. Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes,
spending nearly all of their time in the trees. Every night they fashion sleeping nests from
branches and foliage. They are more solitary than other apes; males and females generally
come together only to mate. There is significant sexual dimorphism. Orangutans primarily
eat fruit.

2.3.2. The First Split: the peacemaking ape

The Miocene warming began 21 Ma and continued until 14 Ma, when global
temperatures took a sharp drop. About 13 Ma, the slight decrease in of tree-density in
forest by climate change caused the first split from the orangutan-like common ancestor to
produce the bonobo-like common ancestor with the second best food resource and security.
It was necessary to have the support of social group for the procurement of food and for
protection in this environment. With the support of social group, food and security posted
no serious problems without the strong need to fight for food in a social group. As a result,
as the bonobo-like common ancestor, bonobo is the peacemaking ape that has the matriarch
collective society for collective wellbeing. Bonobos are now found in the wild only in the
dense tropical forest south of the Congo River. Genetically modern bonobo is exactly as
close to modern human as modern chimpanzee.
For peacemaking, bonobo has “hyper friendliness” as shown in the frequent sexual
activities among all members of bonobo social group75. The sexual activities can be
between couples regardless of ages and genders. They do sexual contacts to greet, to
avoid social conflicts, and to reconcile after conflicts. The hyper friendly act minimizes
the social barrier, and enhances social cooperation. For an example, bonobos engage in
sexual activities before eating to avoid conflict during eating. On the other hand, De
Waal pointed out that 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos have plenty of conflicts.
There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony.
Bonobo walks upright approximately 25% of the time during ground locomotion. Its
quadrupedal ground locomotion generally is characterized by forelimb 'palm walking',
similar to orangutans and in contrast to the predominant use of knuckles as characteristic of
gorillas and the chimpanzees. Like human, bonobo has relatively small canines. These
physical characteristics and its posture, give bonobo an appearance more closely resembling
humans than that of chimpanzee.

2.3.3. The Second Split: the loyal ape

By 8 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply once again. The further decrease in tree-
density in some forests by further temperature drop caused the second split from the
bonobo-like common ancestor to produce gorilla in diverse forests in about 7 Ma. In some
regions in Africa, dense forest turned into diverse forest with various tree-densities. Gorilla
is the loyal ape that has the patriarch collective society for collective wellbeing with strong
loyalty to the dominatingly large male leader for protection.
Gorillas are the largest of the living primates. Instead of relying trees for protection,
gorillas rely on their physical sizes for protection. Relying on physical size for protection
was adaptable to diverse forests with various tree-densities. Large gorillas could not climb
trees easily, so gorillas were ground-dwelling. Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking.

73
Gorillas are shy and peaceful vegetarians. Diverging from the bonobo-like common
ancestors, early gorillas ancestors were basically the dominatingly large bonobos. Gorillas
today live in tropical or subtropical forests in different parts of Africa.
In social group, a silverback is the strong, dominant troop leader. He typically leads
a troop (group size ranges from 5 to 30) and is in the center of the troop's attention, making
all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining the movements of the group, leading the
others to feeding sites and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop.
All members of a social group are loyal to the dominatingly large silverback.

2.3.4. The Third Split: the harmonious ape

The progressive drying and cooling turned parts of forests in Africa into woodlands.
The appearance of woodland caused the third split from the bonobo-like common ancestor
to produce the bipedal human ancestor, who used free hands for the improvement in
gestural communication to survive in hospitable woodland. Early human ancestors were
basically bipedal bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable
woodland. Free hands from bipedalism allowed continuous gestural communication
during walking. The improvement in communication led eventually to the harmonious
society. Human was the harmonious ape.
Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus) 76, the oldest human skeleton discovered, lived in 4.4
Ma. Similar to other apes, Ardi's skull encased a small brain – 300 to 350 cc. Ardi’s feet
had a stout opposable big toe for climbing trees. She lived in grassy woodland with patches
of denser forest and freshwater springs. Woodland allowed increasingly amount of food
from bushes and low branches, which could be seen and reached from the ground.
Chimpanzees today move on two legs most often when feeding on the ground from
bushes and low branches. In the same way, feeding on fruits from bushes and low
branches, Ardi moved on two legs often. When chimpanzees today are under duress from
a poor fruit season, they break up into smaller foraging units that scour the environment
more thoroughly. In the same way, Ardi and the members of her social group fanned out
to find food. Individuals could communicate with one another by vocal/gestural
communication. Bipedal Ardi’s free hands allowed individuals from the searching group
to communicate continuously and precisely during walking. (Without bipedalism, apes
cannot walk and do gestural communication at the same time continuously.) Such
effective coordination by vocal/gestural communication allowed them to find food
efficiently. The effective coordination also allowed them effectively escaping from
predators.
They climbed trees mostly at night, for high branch fruits, and for safety. The
tree-density was high enough, so they had easy access to trees to escape from predators,
and did not need the rapid movement of quadrupedal locomotion, such as knuckle
walking, to escape from predators. This initial woodland habitat was quite hospitable for
early bipedal hominid. Bipedalism might possibly happen in a number of locations with
similar hospitable woodland environment. Early human ancestors were basically bipedal
bonobos whose habitat changed from hospitable forest to hospitable woodland.
Gorillas did not develop bipedalism, because instead of searching for high quality
food, such as fruits, gorillas today eat abundant low quality foods such as leaves, when
high quality is not readily available. Gorillas today do not break up into smaller foraging

74
units that scour the environment more thoroughly. As seen later, chimpanzees did not
develop bipedalism, because they needed knuckle walking to escape from predators and
for the large foraging ranges in inhospitable woodland as the initial habitat. In
inhospitable woodland, bipedal walking initially was not fast enough to escape from
predators, and initially was not efficient enough for the large foraging ranges to survive.
The continuous gestural communication allowed improved explanation gestural
communication for improving mutual understanding and the improved cooperative
gestural communication for establishing elaborate social rules. The improvement in
communication reduced conflicts by the improvement of understanding among them and
the establishment of some elaborate social rules.
The primitive gestural communication emerged first involved the primitive natural
gestures of pointing and pantomiming. Such primitive gestural communication did not
require the large expansion of the brain. What robust vocal/facial/gestural
communication needed was pleasure connecting with vocal/facial/gestural
communication. For bonobos, hyper friendliness for peacemaking is expressed by causal
sexual contact that gives them pleasure. Unlike other apes, humans, including babies,
enjoy gestural/facial/vocal communication, such as dancing, singing, and talking. The
pleasurable vocal/facial/gestural communication of early human ancestors gradually
replaced pleasurable casual sexual contact of the bonobo-like common ancestors as
pleasurable way to bond with one another. By the time of Ardi, pleasurable causal sexual
contact disappeared, and replaced by pleasurable vocal/facial/gestural communication.
Instead of group sex for peacemaking, human ancestors, like Ardi, had group dancing and
group singing for peacemaking. The disappearance of casual sexual contact allowed
human ancestors to develop monogamy for pair bonding. Communication became not
only useful but also pleasurable. Communication became frequent. Communication
became sharing information both related and unrelated physical needs. The human
ancestors, like Ardi, evolved from the merely peacemaking bonobo-like common
ancestors to the harmonious hominids as shown in the absence of large sharp canine teeth
(fangs) for fighting. Other apes, particularly males, have thick, projecting, sharp canines
that they use for displays of aggression and as weapons to defend themselves. Such
harmonious coherent social group improved its ability to find and collect food and to fend
off predators, resulting in improved chance for survival in woodland.
The human ancestors inherited good gestural communication from the bonobo-
like common ancestors as shown by Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal in “Ape Gestures
and Language Evolution” 77 . Gestural communication is virtually limited to the
Hominoidea (great apes). Chimpanzees beg other chimpanzees for food by approaching
them with open hands. Gestures seem less closely tied to specific emotions, hence they
permit greater cortical control than other forms of communication. They compared
bonobos and chimpanzees. They found that facial/vocal displays were used very
similarly by both ape species, but bonobos showed greater flexibility in gestural
communication than chimpanzees and were also the only species in which multimodal
communication (i.e., combinations of gestures and facial/vocal signals) added to
behavioral impact on the recipient. The bonobos' variable gestural repertoire and high
responsiveness to combinatorial signaling indicate that the human ancestors came from
the bonobo-like common ancestors. The development of free hands for the improvement

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of gestural communication was a natural extension of the gestural communication from
the bonobo-like common ancestors.
The connection between human communication and human cooperative
infrastructure is shown by Michael Tomasello in “Origins of Human Communication” 78
Tomasello proposes that the most fundamental aspects of uniquely human
communication are biological adaptations for cooperative social interaction. The
cooperative infrastructure in human hominid ancestors was inherited from the bonobo-
like common ancestors who were the peacemaking apes. Gestural communication by
free hands from bipedalism improved greatly such cooperative infrastructure. No other
animals develop such human-like communication.
Gestural communication served as a stepping stone for the evolution of human
symbolic communication. Gesture production in humans is so automatic that it is
relatively immune to audience effects: blind subjects gesture at equal rates as sighted
subjects to a known blind audience. Gestural communication as gestural language is the
predecessor of spoken language79. The generally right-handed dominant hominid caused
the development of the gestural language area (Broca’s area) in the left-brain that eventually
developed into the part for the spoken language later. In the study by Hickok, Bellugi and
Klima80 , the impairment for sign language patients was identical with that of speaking
patients. At the hemispheric level the neural organization of sign language is
indistinguishable from that of spoken language.

2.3.5. The Fourth Split: the aggressive ape

Near the central Africa about 2 million years ago, the inhospitable woodland from
the further decrease in tree-density caused the fourth split from the bonobo-like common
ancestor to produce chimpanzee. Chimpanzee is the aggressive ape that has the patriarch
individualistic society with individual and group aggression to survive in inhospitable
woodland. The initial tree-density in the initial habitat of chimpanzees was the lowest
among the five apes.
Anatomical differences between chimpanzee and bonobo are slight, but in sexual
and social behaviors there are marked differences. Bonobos live in the tropical rain forests
with relatively sufficient food and security. Chimpanzees live in the tropical woodland
savannah around the equatorial portion of Africa. Chimpanzees travel around 3 miles a day
for food and water, whereas bonobos have hardly been noted to travel more than 1.5 or 2
miles a day. Individual and group aggression of male chimpanzees became the mean to
survive in such inhospitable woodland. Chimpanzees cannot abandon quadrupedal
locomotion and its speed advantages because of their large foraging ranges and
susceptibility to predation. Diverging from the bonobo-like common ancestors, early
chimpanzee ancestors were basically the aggressive bonobos whose habitat changed from
hospitable forest to inhospitable woodland.
Chimpanzees have the patriarch individualistic society with the competitive
hierarchy. Primatologist Frans de Waal described male chimpanzees in Chimpanzee
Politics81. The male chimpanzees fight to be the number one. A leader is under constant
challenge. A leader is deposed after the other male chimpanzees have formed alliance
and ganged up against the leader. In the wild, male chimpanzees are extraordinarily
hostile to males from outside of the social group. Male patrolling chimpanzees attack and

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 often kill the neighboring male chimpanzee outsider who might be traveling alone. On
the contrary, bonobo males or females prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation
with outsiders.
In summary, the decrease of tree-density of dense forest in Africa by climate
change generated the environments for ape evolution. The decrease of tree-density
decreased food resource and security for apes. The orangutan-like common ancestors
had the best food resource and security in dense forest. The bonobo-like common
ancestors compensated the decreased food resource and security from the decreased tree-
density with the support of the peacemaking social group. Gorilla compensated the
further decreased food resource and security by following dominatingly large male leader
for protection. Humans compensated the further decreased food resource and security
with improved gestural communication by free hands from bipedalism. Chimpanzees
compensated the further decreased food resource and security with individual and group
aggression of male chimpanzees. Each species of apes made its initial niche divergence
from the previous species to fit its initial environment. Each species stays the same,
continues to evolve, diverges, or becomes extinct in the subsequent environment.
The diagram and the table of ape evolution and social structures are listed below.
Ape Evolution and Social Structures
orangutan-like common ancestor (loose society)
13 million years ago (Ma) Family Hominidae

orangutan (loose society) bonobo-like common ancestor (matriarch collective)

Subfamily Homininae
7 Ma
Tribe Hominin
gorilla (patriarch collective society)
6 Ma

human (harmonious society) Genus Pan

2 Ma

chimpanzee (patriarch individualistic society) bonobo (matriarch collective society)

Ape Evolution

History Initial Habitat Characteristic Social Structure

(1 = best food resource and
security)
Orangutan the original ape dense forest/tree the solitary ape loose society
(> 13 Ma) (1)
Bonobo the first split dense forest/tree the peacemaking matriarch collective
( 13 Ma) (2) ape society
Gorilla the second split diverse forest/ground the loyal ape patriarch collective
( 7 Ma) (3) society
Human the third split (6 hospitable woodland/ground the harmonious harmonious society
Ma) (4) ape
Chimpanzee the fourth split Inhospitable woodland/tree the aggressive ape patriarch
(2 Ma) (5) individualistic society

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 2.4. Hominid Evolution

Human social lives are derived from human evolution, including ape evolution and
hominid evolution. During ape evolution, the harmonious social life started to emerge.
During hominid evolution, the harmonious social life based on the conscience instinct was
fully developed.
Human is Homo sapiens, which is the only non-extinct species of hominids.
Hominid evolution started from woodland in Africa. From 6 Ma to 2 Ma, the drier and
cooler climate progressed slowly. By around 6 Ma to 2 Ma in Africa, an apelike species
had evolved with two important traits that distinguished it from apes: (1) bipedalism and (2)
small canine teeth.
The two most complete skeletons for early hominids are Ardi and Lucy
(Australopithecus afarensis) 82. Ardi (45% complete skeleton) is estimated to be 4.4 million
years ago. (Similar to other apes, Ardi's skull encased a small brain – 300 to 350 cc.) She
lived in grassy woodland with patches of denser forest and freshwater springs. The further
decrease in temperature and rain decreased food resource and security as shown in Lucy
(40% complete skeleton) in 3.2 million years ago. (The brain size is 450-530cc.) The
environmental pressure led to the small expansion of the brain as shown in the larger brain
in Lucy than in Ardi.
After about 2.8 Ma, in East Africa east of the African Rift System, the
environment pressure came from the climate fluctuation and significant drying. During
this period, parts of forest and woodland turned to grassland. Without the protection of
forest, the bipedal hominid in the open grassland faced predators from both large dangerous
animals 83 and intense inter-group competition. The climate fluctuation and open grassland
forced hominids to evolve quickly in terms of the brain size to thrive in diverse
environments including forests, woodlands, and grassland savannas. It involved the
usage of tools and the emergence of the highly efficient cooperative harmonious society
based on the conscience instinct as the combination of hyper friendliness and theory of
mind for social cooperation. The usage of tools and the highly efficient cooperative
harmonious society allowed human to thrive in diverse environments.
With bipedalism, the walking hands turned into free hands that allowed the potential
for many usages. For the Australopithecines, the usage is gestural language to improve
communication for survival as discussed previously. The brain size was only slightly larger
than other apes.
In the next 2 million years, the Australopithecine evolved into the Homo with larger
brain than its predecessor. The next most significant gradual change of hominid evolution is
the conversion of free hands into manipulative hands with precision grip resulting in the
acquisition of tool-use and making. The most primitive stone tool-use hominid family is
Homo habilis in about 2.2-1.6 Ma. (The brain size is 750-850cc.) Because tool-use and
making required thinking and precision manipulation, the competitive advantage of the tool-
use and making resulted in the rapid expansion of the brain for tool-use and making. The
use of tools allowed hominids to hunt and butcher animals which provided the nutrients for
the brain.
Eventually, (1.9-0.1 Ma), Homo erectus had not only perfected stone tools
considerably but had also learned how to control and use fire. (Homo habilis and Homo

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erectus coexisted. The brain size is 1000-1250 cc.) The hearth for fire and the gathering for
cooperative tool manufacture promoted the development of social organization. The
competitive advantage of social organization resulted in the rapid development of spoken
language to aid gestural language in the same area of the brain. The bone structures of
Homo erectus showed signs for commanding speech. For speech, Homo erectus had a
larynx with an equivalent position to that of an 8-year-old modern child 84. Both brain-size
and the presence of the Broca's area also support the use of articulate language85.
The competitive advantage of the spoken language led to theory of mind as
mentioned before. Ardi already had vocal/facial/gestural communication as hyper
friendliness. The combination of hyper friendliness and theory of mind from theory of mind
led to the conscience instinct that is maximum eager cooperation without lie. The social life
is the harmonious social life in the harmonious society. Homo erectus was probably the first
hominid to live in small, familiar band-societies similar to modern hunter-gatherer band-
societies86.
Language alone cannot solve all social conflicts to achieve maximum eager
cooperation without lie, so it is necessary to control social conflicts by will. The social
behaviors were still affected greatly by the instincts from the old non-harmonious social
lives that hinder frequently maximum eager cooperation without lie. The competitive
advantage of the harmonious society (TIT FOR TAT strategy as the best strategy) resulted
in the expansion of the prefrontal cortex to control the non-harmonious instincts. As the
brain had tripled in size during human evolution, the prefrontal cortex had increased in
size six fold. The prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger percentage of the
brain than any other animal. Adult humans with injure in the prefrontal cortex know what
to do for socialization, but do not have the will to do for socialization. Therefore, the
conscience instinct can be divided into the conscience intelligence for the knowledge of
socialization and the conscience will to control the non-harmonious instincts to achieve
maximum eager cooperation without lie. A large part of the prefrontal cortex is for the
conscience will connecting emotion and instinct areas in the brain.
The competitive advantage of the harmonious society filtered out the less
harmonious people and social groups (trouble makers) who were marginalized or forced
to move out of the harmonious society. The remaining people with the harmonious social
life continued to evolve into even more harmonious social life, and the less harmonious
people and groups continued to be marginalized or move out. The technological and
social 87 selections generated the unusually fast evolution of the hominid brain.
Eventually, the most technologically advanced and harmonious hominid, Homo sapiens,
emerged in Africa where the harmonious society originated. This social movement
follows exactly the outcome for the TIT FOR TAT strategy as the best strategy to defeat
all other strategies. The earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia were dated to be about
200,000 years old. (The brain size is 1,350 cc.) The brain of Homo sapiens reaches the
maximum efficiency in terms of size and complexity. Any additional size and
complexity to achieve higher harmonious social life are counter-productive88, so Homo
sapiens have the maximum harmonious social life rather than the ideal harmonious social
life.
The genetic psychological reinforcement of the harmonious social life is achieved
by both the positive good feeling in practicing the harmonious social life and the negative
bad feeling in violating conscience for the harmonious social life. For the detection

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instinct in conscience, the automatic emergence of shame and uneasiness in lying is the
negative bad feeling in violating conscience. Such bad feeling of lying moves people
toward honesty. For hyper friendliness in conscience, the automatic emergence of
miserable feeling in loneliness steers people toward social connection. Psychologist John
Cacippo 89 finds that prolonged loneliness can be as harmful to health as smoking or
obesity. Since conscience involves significantly the prefrontal cortex, loneliness impairs
the performance of the prefrontal cortex, such as in logical reasoning90. Such harmful
and miserable effect of loneliness indicates the strong preference of social connection
through the harmonious connection in a social group for our primitive ancestors.
In summary, walking hands turned into free hands by bipedalism. Free hands
allowed improved gestural language that became the expression of hyper friendliness.
Such evolution took place in woodland without the requirement of additional brain
expansion for intelligence. In the highly impoverished and insecure open grassland, the
brain started to expand as free hands evolved into manipulative hands to make improved
tools. The appearance of very useful spoken language greatly accelerated the expansion
of the brain. The spoken language became the expression of theory of mind as theory of
mind that exists only in human. The combination of hyper friendliness and theory of
mind resulted in the conscience instinct. The enhanced conscience instinct came from the
expansion of the prefrontal cortex to control the non-harmonious instincts. Hominid
evolution is the evolution of the conscience instinct.
Hominid evolution as the evolution of the conscience instinct is as follows.

Hominid Evolution: The Evolution of the Conscience Instinct

walking hands (bonobo-like common ancestor)
bipedalism
free hands for gestural language as hyper friendliness
(non-Homo hominids 6-1 Ma)

manipulative hands for tool (Homo habilis 2.2-1.6 Ma)

speech for theory of mind (Homo erectus 1.9-0.1 Ma)

hyper friendliness theory of mind (detective instinct)

conscience instinct
extra prefrontal cortex

enhanced conscience instinct (Homo sapiens <0.2 Ma)

conscience intelligence conscience will

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 The prehistoric harmonious hunter-gatherer society as maximized eager for the
prehistoric primitive hunters and gatherers, social connection through the harmonious
human relation instead of the accumulation of wealth, fame, pleasure, organization, and
power was essential for human survival.
The harmonious hunter-gatherer society as maximum eager cooperation without
lie is egalitarian, democratic, and peaceful. The hunter-gatherers were averaged 6 inches
taller than agricultural peoples up to 100 years ago. Each person lived adequately.
Today, we are now as tall as we once were. The prehistoric hunter-gatherer society may
be similar to the modern Bushman in African’s Kalahari Desert as described by Marshall
Sahlins’ “The Original Affluent Society”91. The hunter-gatherer society in small groups
(about 20-35 people) adjusts its daily needs and desires with what is available to them.
The period between childbirths is four to five years by the long prolonged lactation, so
the population growth is very slow. Available food is actually fairly adequate for their
modest need without population pressure. Without material accumulation, they work
only for daily needs, so only the able-bodied work no more than 19 hours only a week,
and 40% of people do not need to work. Without clear property lines, they welcome all
visitors. They do not have to permanently stay in one social group.
A great deal of evidence suggests that the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was
much less war-like than later peoples. Archaeological studies throughout the world have
found hardly any evidence of warfare the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society. Many of
the world’s cultures have myths that refer to an earlier time when life was the balance
way of social life. In classical Greece and Rome this was known as the Golden Age; in
China it was the Age of Perfect Virtue, in India it was the Krita Yuga (Perfect Age),
while the Judeo-Christian tradition has the story of the Garden of Eden92.
The harmonious social life is the origin of the uniquely human social life. The
harmonious prehistoric society was based on the conscience instinct without external
artificial rules, identities, and desires for wealth. For Judaism, Islam, and Christianity,
the harmonious social life is the human original life created by God in the image of God.

So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male
and female he created them. (Genesis 1:27)

The harmonious social life is based on conscience for all people as described by
Paul in the Bible.

Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by
the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law,
since they show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their
consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts now accusing, now even
defending them. (Romans 2:14-15)

The goal of this command is love, which comes from a pure heart and a good
conscience and a sincere faith. (1 Timothy 1:5)

For Zen Buddhism, the harmonious social life as the original human social life is
the Buddha nature that all people have in them. Everyone can achieve the Buddha nature.

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As mentioned before, Mencius, a great Confucian teacher, described the human innate
goodness. He believed everyone could be Yao and Yu (the Chinese ancient mystic saint-
emperors).
The imitation of the prehistoric harmonious society was described by Laozi, a
founder of Daoism, as a small state with few people.

Let the states be small and people few. Have all kinds of tools, yet let no one use
them. Have the people regard death gravely and do not migrate far. Though they
might have boats and carriages, no one will ride them; through they might have
weapons, no one will display them. Have the people return to knotting cords (for
their records) and using them. They will relish their food, regard their clothing as
beautiful. Feel safe and secure in their homes. Delight in their customs.
Neighboring states might overlook one another and the sounds of chickens and dogs
might be overheard; yet the people will arrive at old age and death with no comings
and going between them. (Dao De Jing: Chapter 80)

For Laozi, there are two different ways, the Way (Dao) and the civilized way.
The Way was practiced by the prehistoric harmonious society based on the harmonious
social life with the conscience instinct. The civilized way is practiced by the civilized
society based on the non-harmonious lives with external artificial rules, identities
(names), and desires for wealth. The two different ways are described in the first chapter
of Dao De Jing.

The way can be spoken of is not the constant Way; the name can be named is not
the constant Name. The nameless is the beginning of all things; the name is the
mother of all things. Therefore, the one without constant desire will perceive its
subtleties; the one with constant desire will perceive its boundaries. These two
are the same in source but different in name. Both of them are called the mystery.
It is the mystery of mysteries. It is the gateway to all subtleties. (Dao De Jing:
Chapter 1)

In the Chapter I of Dao De Jing, the Way (the harmonious social life) includes the
constant Way, the constant Name, the nameless, and the one without constant desire. The
civilized way (the non-harmonious lives) includes the way, the name, the name, and the
one with constant desire. The Way and the civilized way come from the same source in
the mysterious and subtle human mind.

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 3. The Prehistoric Eden: the prehistoric harmonious
society

Scripture

The Prehistoric Eden explains the Garden of Eden where the prehistoric human
society interacted with the supernatural in the Chapter 2:7-8.

The Original Bible Genesis 2

7 the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. 8 Now the LORD God had
planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed.

The Universal Bible Genesis 2

7 the LORD God formed the human from the natural (hunter-gatherer) society and
breathed into human nostrils the abstract bond a, and the human became a religious being.
8 Now the LORD God had planted a religion; and there he put the human he had formed.

a. an non-representation of the expression of natural human mind

The Prehistoric Eden explains the Garden of Eden where the prehistoric human
society and human brain were evolved and chosen by the supernatural.
The Original Bible Genesis 2
7 the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. 8 Now the LORD God had
planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed.

The Universal Bible Genesis 2

7 the LORD God formed the human from the natural (hunter-gatherer) society and
breathed into human nostrils the abstract bond a, and the human became a religious being.
8 Now the LORD God had planted a religion; and there he put the human he had formed.

a. an non-representation of the expression of natural human mind

Introduction

83
 In the Bible, God created humans twice. The first time is in Chapter 1 of Genesis.
“So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and
female he created them. (Genesis 1:27)” The second time is in Chapter 2 of Genesis.
“The LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. Now the LORD God had
planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed. (Genesis 2:
7-8)” The original humans that God created were the original humans. The way God
created the original human was like the way God created everything else. In the second
time, the way that God created humans was special. God directly interacted with the
human by breathing nostrils the breath of life, and placed the human in the Garden of
Eden. The original humans became the religious humans.
The last chapter deals with the original humans, and this chapter deals with the
religious humans. The interaction between God and humans involves supernatural
selection. In supernatural selection, the supernatural selects the harmonious society as
the chosen society. Through the supernatural miracle (the non-representation of the
natural physical laws), the supernatural selects the human harmonious society to survive
by the supernatural revelation of the abstractness (the non-representation of the
expression of the natural human mind). During the Upper Paleolithic Period, the
supernatural revealed the abstract bond for bonding the isolated social groups to survive
the harsh environment in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society.

3.1. Supernatural Selection

Human as a species evolves through natural selection. In natural selection, the

nature selects the fittest species to survive by natural competition. Religion evolves
through supernatural selection. In supernatural selection, the supernatural selects human
as the chosen species, the harmonious social life as the chosen social life, and the
harmonious society as the chosen society. Through the supernatural miracle (the non-
representation of the natural physical laws), the supernatural selects the harmonious
society to survive by the supernatural revelation of the abstractness (the non-
representation of the expression of the natural human mind), including the abstract bond,
the abstract morality, and the abstract rebirth. The harmonious society is not the fittest
society under all natural conditions, so in natural selection, the harmonious society may
not survive under certain natural conditions.
In the different human societies in need, the supernatural has appeared in different
functions to preserve the harmonious society and the harmonious social life. For about
160,000 years, when the harmonious society and the harmonious social life prevailed, the
supernatural did not appear explicitly and directly in the human society. In the harsh
environment of the Upper Paleolithic Period about 40,000 years ago, the supernatural
became the supernatural bonder for the abstract bond bonding the isolated social groups
to survive the harsh environment. The abstract bond results in the Prehistoric Eden
corresponding to the Garden of Eden and Symbolic Religion. For the immoral yin-yang
civilized society, God became the supernatural authority for the abstract morality to
prevent the destructive dehumanized prey-predator instincts. The abstract morality leads
to the Moral Covenant corresponding to the Old Testament and the moral religion. For
the civilized people, God also became the supernatural liberator for the abstract rebirth to

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return to the harmonious social life. The abstract rebirth brings about the Harmonious
Covenant corresponding to the New Testament and the harmonious religion.

Supernatural Symbol Abstractness Periods The Bible Religion

supernatural bonder Abstract bond Prehistoric Eden Garden of Eden Symbolic
Supernatural authority Abstract morality Moral Covenant Old Testament Moral
Supernatural liberator Abstract rebirth Harmonious Covenant New Testament Harmonious

The abstractness will be discussed in details later.

The human brain is uniquely equipped to accept the abstractness from the
supernatural. The three reasons are that the human brain is capable of theory of mind,
autobiographic self in the form of life story, and the maintenance of the abstractness.
Only human has theory of mind, that is, a person older than about 3 or 4 years old has the
ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have
mental states that are different from one's own. Nonhumans do not have theory of mind.
Based on theory of mind, people can develop theory of supernatural mind, that is, a
person can believe in invisible living supernatural that has its own mental state that is
different from human mental state, and can directly relate to supernatural. Theory of
mind allows human to imagine supernatural.
The second unique human characteristic for the acceptance of the supernatural is
autobiographic self in the form of life story. This capacity is from episodic memory,
which is different from semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to one’s stored
knowledge of facts, concepts, and general principles of how the world operates.
Semantic memory is the essential memory used to live in the world. Episodic memory,
on the other hand, is not essential, and more or less serves as the map for semantic
memory. It is an autobiographic story of life experiences. The prefrontal cortex in the
human brain is large. The prefrontal cortex has a high number of connections with
different parts of the brain. Consequently, the large prefrontal cortex in human is capable
to integrate the autobiographic story of life experiences into autobiographic self in the
form of the life story. Other animals do not have such autobiographic self. All animals
have biological self, the integration of biological parts to determine the boundary of
biological self. Only human has a strong autobiographic self to determine the boundary
of experiential self. Only human has both biological self and autobiographic self.
Autobiographic self in the form of life story brings about path, meaning, and
purpose of life. The path of life allows human to map the past, the present, and the future
experiences. The meaning of life lets human to know the experiential position in the
world. The purpose of life permits human to prioritize life. Because of the changes in
life experiences and life expectation, the life story is in a continuous process of revision,
resulting in the continuous changes in path, meaning, and purpose of life.
The integration of experiences leaves many gaps in terms of the unusual and the
unexplainable. Since human is capable of theory of mind that allows an imaginary entity
with its own mind, autobiographic self often incorporates the supernatural to fill the gaps
in order to complete the life story in an integrate form. Autobiographic self attributes
anything unusual and unexplainable to the supernatural. The supernatural becomes the
essential part of autobiographic self.
The third unique human characteristic for the acceptance of the abstractness from
the supernatural is the maintenance of the abstractness. The maintenance of abstractness

85
comes from the prefrontal cortex that can inhibit the concrete mind. The prefrontal
cortex has a high number of interconnections both between the instinctive part and the
emotional part of the brain. As a result, the prefrontal cortex can control instinct and
emotion. When the supernatural reveals the abstractness that is outside of the expression
in the natural instincts to human, the large human prefrontal cortex is able to inhibit the
expression in the natural instincts and to add the abstractness from the supernatural into
the natural instincts on the free will. It is difficult for nonhumans to overcome the strong
expression in the natural instincts on their free will.

3.2. The Garden of Eden

The the prehistoric Symbolic Religion is the Garden of Eden. For about 160,000
years, the livestyle as the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society society remained mostly
unchanged until the Upper Palaeolithic Revolution about 40,000 years ago. The major
human social life during this period was the harmonious social life. The natural
biological instincts were adequate for the human survival.
Similarly to the Industrial and Neolithic Revolutions, the Upper Paleolithic
Revolution represents a short time span when numerous inventions appeared and cultural
changes occurred. The revolution comprised new religions, technologies, hunting
techniques, human burials, and artistic work. The Upper Paleolithic period extended
from about 40,000 to between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago.
The reasons for these changes in human behavior have been attributed to the
changes in climate during the period which encompasses a number of sudden global
temperature drops, meaning a worsening of the already bitter climate of the last ice age.
A number of sudden temperature drops reduced significantly the area for forest in Europe
and Asia. The reduction of forest reduced the food supply, usable timber, and other non-
food materials. The same climate change caused the extinction of Neanderthals, who had
survived since 200,000 years ago, and had similar intelligence as Homo sapiens. Homo
sapiens faced the same fate of extinction as Neanderthals. One distinct difference
between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals during the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is the
appearance of the new Homo sapiens’ religion, which saved Homo sapiens from
extinction.
At the time of the Upper Paleolithic Period, the supernatural was immanent
supernatural that appeared everywhere as a part of all objects in the world. Anything
unexplained or unusual was attributed to the supernatural. The society was democratic
and egalitarian, so there was no authoritative transcendental gods to be worshiped.
Everyone and everything was equally an avatar, the incarnation of the supernatural. Such
concept of immanent supernatural was prevalent before the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.
The symbols for the immanent supernatural were typically the exaggerated and
distorted representation of the real natural objects to represent the unexplained and
unusual characteristics of the immanent supernatural, so the symbols represented partly
the natural and partly the supernatural. (Symbol is the result of the exaggeration of a
specific feature of a real object.) Such symbols brought the immanent supernatural to
help people. They did not worship such symbols, because there was no concept of
worshipping anything authoritative.

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 During the harsh time in the Upper Paleolithic Period, the social group that was
preoccupied with fertility and vitality for women and men, respectively, and had strong
faith in the immanent supernatural had better chance to survive the harsh environment.
The common symbols of the immanent supernatural for fertility were the exaggerated and
distorted female figurines. In most cases, the female figurines are miniature sculptures of
well-rounded female nudes with an overemphasis of the fleshy parts of the body
(buttocks, stomach and chest). The sexual accent on the female breasts and the posterior
are assumed by many to connote signs of fertility. The head and arms are mostly absent
with the stress on the middle of the torso. Thighs tend to be exaggerated tapering into
smaller legs. The head has no face. These distorted and exaggerate form of female body
represents the immanent supernatural in a natural female body. These religious female
figurines were valuable bringing the immanent supernatural to help fertility in the sense
of bringing good luck to child birth.
Another group of religious symbols is the cave paints for the immanent
supernatural to achieve vitality. During the Upper Paleolithic Revolution, the harsh
environment prompted people to find alternate mental states to revitalize. The alternate
mental states involved hallucinatory or trance states by drugs or repetitive rhyme. The
belief in the immanent supernatural within a person made the entrance into the alternate
state easy and inevitable. The whole process was manifested in the Paleolithic cave
paintings as described by David Lewis-Williams93. In the cave paints, the animals were
mystic large strong animals or mystic animals with horns that symbolized maturation and
strength. The mystic animal pictures were conceived during the trance states. The
mystic powerful animal cave paintings were presented as evidence of spirit journeys
previously undertaken.
The difference in the religious practice during the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is
the increasingly shared religious symbols for the immanent supernatural among different
social groups. The enormous distribution of these female figurines implied a ritualistic
exchange system with the figurines playing a central role in inter-group relations 94 .
Practicing alternate states of the mind also became community rituals among different
social groups, often led by shaman inside or outside of caves. The practicing of the
alternate state of mind together promoted unity among different social groups.
The sharing of the religious symbols brought about the sharing of survival
information and resource among different social groups. The sharing could actually
improve the fertility and vitality of the groups involved, resulting in the validation of the
power of the religious symbols. The result was the rise of the female figurine and cave
painting religion. People spent much more energy and time to develop and make such
religious symbols for the immanent supernatural, resulting in rapid development and
spread in religious art and the involved skills.
In terms of theology, when human faced the possibility of extinction in the harsh
environment, God initiated the supernatural miracle by Symbolic Religion for fertility
and vitality in the forms of female figurines and cave paintings, respectively. Through
sharing religious symbols among different social groups by the hyper friendly instinct,
the religious symbols were blessed by God with the supernatural miracles. The religious
symbols really worked miraculously. Different social groups identified with the common
religious symbols, forming the social bond. The religious symbols become the abstract
bond outside of the natural mind that relies on actual concrete human interaction. In

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other words, the religious symbols instantly evoke social bond without actual concrete
human interaction. This abstract bond is revealed through the supernatural miracle.
Bounded by the blessed religious symbols, different social groups worked together to
overcome the harsh environment, avoiding extinction. After providing the way for the
abstract bond among different social groups to avoid extinction, the supernatural miracle
became increasingly unnecessary. Neanderthals never conceived of an "alternate
reality”. From the perspective of Neanderthals, Homo sapiens were delusional to believe
in the religious symbols of the immanent supernatural. Without bonding different social
groups to overcome the harsh environment, Neanderthals became extinct in about 20,000
BC when Symbolic Religion in terms of female figurines and cave painting was popular.
In the Bible, God breathed the abstract bond into Adam to form the religious
being to be placed in the Garden of Eden as the first religion as follows.

The Original Bible Genesis 2

7 the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. 8 Now the LORD God had
planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed.

The interpretive Bible Genesis 2

7 the LORD God formed the human from the natural (hunter-gatherer) society and
breathed into human nostrils the abstract bond a, and the human became a religious being.
8 Now the LORD God had planted a religion; and there he put the human he had formed.
a. a non-representation of the expression of natural human mind

Symbolic Religion in the Upper Paleolithic Revolution started the culture of

symbols and rituals to form social bonds. Later, religious symbols and rituals for social
bonds expanded to ancestors and particular landmarks, such as mountain and lake.
Without symbols and rituals, the human society as we know today cannot exist. The
abstract bond has been firmly established in the human society. Gradually, people used
symbols for reality other than social bonds. In human language, symbols are used
ubiquitously to signify reality.

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 4. The Moral Covenant: the Old Testament

Scripture

The emergence of civilization by the agricultural-nomad society caused the exit from the
Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of the knowledge of civilization as follows.

Original Genesis 3-4

2 The woman said to the serpent, "We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, 3 but
God did say, 'You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and
you must not touch it, or you will die.' “4 "You will not surely die," the serpent said to the
woman. 5 "For God knows that when you eat of it, your eyes will be opened, and you
will be like God, knowing good and evil." 6 When the woman saw that the fruit of the
tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom,
she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he
ate it. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked;
so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves.
1 Adam lay with his wife Eve, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Cain. She said,
"With the help of the LORD I have brought forth a man." 2 Later she gave birth to his
brother Abel. Now Abel kept flocks, and Cain worked the soil.

Universal Genesis 3-4

2 The woman said to the serpent, "We may accept any knowledge on the earth, 3 but God
did say, 'You must not accept the knowledge of civilization, and you must not touch it, or
you will die.' “4 "You will not surely die," the serpent said to the woman. 5 "For God
knows that when you accept the knowledge of civilization, your eyes will be opened, and
you will be like God, knowing good and evil." 6 When the woman saw that the
knowledge of civilization was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable
for gaining wisdom, she took some knowledge of civilization. She also gave some to her
husband, who was with her, and he took some. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were
opened, and they realized they could not express openly their real selves; so they made
masks, and covered themselves.
1 Adam lay with his wife Eve, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Cain. She said,
"With the help of the LORD I have brought forth a man." 2 Later she gave birth to his
brother Abel. Now Abel kept flocks in the nomad society, and Cain worked the soil in the
agricultural society.

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 Exodus, the second book in the Bible, showed a representative civilized
domination society consisting of the ruling class (Egyptians) and the slave class
(Israelites). This civilized society was very much different from the egalitarian natural
(hunter-gatherer) society. The slaves cried for help.

During that long period, the king of Egypt died. The Israelites groaned in their
slavery and cried out, and their cry for help because of their slavery went up to
God. (Exodus 2:23)

When God listened to the cry, and recruited Moses to lead the slaves to freedom,
God was the authoritative transcendental supernatural, instead of the friendly immanent
supernatural. As the society evolved from the harmonious society into the civilized
society, God evolved from the egalitarian immanent supernatural into the authoritative
transcendental supernatural.

Now Moses was tending the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the priest of Midian,
and he led the flock to the far side of the desert and came to Horeb, the mountain
of God. There the angel of the LORD appeared to him in flames of fire from
within a bush. Moses saw that though the bush was on fire it did not burn up. So
Moses thought, "I will go over and see this strange sight—why the bush does not
burn up." When the LORD saw that he had gone over to look, God called to him
from within the bush, "Moses! Moses!" And Moses said, "Here I am." "Do not
come any closer," God said. "Take off your sandals, for the place where you are
standing is holy ground." Then he said, "I am the God of your father, the God of
Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob." At this, Moses hid his face,
because he was afraid to look at God. The LORD said, "I have indeed seen the
misery of my people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their slave
drivers, and I am concerned about their suffering. So I have come down to rescue
them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a
good and spacious land, a land flowing with milk and honey—the home of the
Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. And now the cry
of the Israelites has reached me, and I have seen the way the Egyptians are
oppressing them. So now, go. I am sending you to Pharaoh to bring my people the
Israelites out of Egypt." (Exodus 3:1-10)

The ruling class, Egyptians, had a king, the king-god, equivalent to the
transcendental supernatural. God wanted to be God for the slaves who cried out for
God’s help. After struggles, Egyptians let Israelites go. God spoke to Israelites.

And God spoke all these words: "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out
of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. (Exodus 20:1-2)

God became the high ruler for Israelites. God did not return them to the
harmonious society. God led them to a place, Canaan, for civilization as a part of the
covenant between God and Israelites.

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 I also established my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, where
they lived as aliens. (Exodus 6:4)

The Israel society became the moral civilized society with God as the
authoritative transcendental supernatural. The covenant includes God’s words in the Ten
Commandments.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "Write down these words, for in accordance with
these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel." Moses was there
with the LORD forty days and forty nights without eating bread or drinking water.
And he wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant—the Ten Commandments.
(Exodus 34:27-28)

Then he took the Book of the Covenant and read it to the people. They responded,
"We will do everything the LORD has said; we will obey." (Exodus 24:7)

Under the Ten Commandments, everyone was equal. No one, including human ruler,
was greater than God’s words. God was the high ruler.

4.1. The Exit from the Prehistoric Eden

The Neolithic Revolution as the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to
the cultivated crops and domesticated animals for their subsistence was first adopted by
various independent prehistoric human societies about 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic
Revolution may be caused by climatic change from the retreat of the glaciers at the end of
the last Ice Age at about 12,000 BC. These climatic shifts prompted the migration of
many big game animals to new pasturelands in northern areas. They left a dwindling
supply of game for human hunters in areas such as the Middle East. Climatic shifts also
led to changes in the distribution and growing patterns of wild grains and other crops on
which hunters and gatherers depended. These changes forced people to systematic
cultivation of plants and domestication of animals as the supplement for the
undependable source of food by gathering and hunting. As cultivated crops and
domesticated animals improved, people depended on cultivated crops and domesticated
animals as the main food source.
The first society resulted from the Neolithic Revolution is the horticultural-
pastoral society95. Horticulture is agriculture before the invention of the plow. In simple
horticultural societies, the gardeners used their hands assisted by digging sticks.
Advanced horticultural societies used the hoe. They grew enough to support their
families and local group but not enough to produce surpluses to sell to non-agricultural
peoples.
Because horticulture required more labor, to have more children became
necessity. Women therefore had more children with shorter lactation period, and became
less available in production. In horticulture, women were still able to farm and be
productive while maintaining their reproductive roles. Gender inequality was not severe.
The main source of food supply in pastoral societies was by domestication of animals.
These societies were typically found in mountainous regions and in areas with

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insufficient rainfall to support horticultural societies. In desert areas they travel from
water hole to water hole. In mountain areas they move up and down the terrain as the
weather changes.
The increase in population in the horticultural society forced people to use more
productive method for the cultivation of crops. The method involved plow and draft
animals, resulting in the agricultural-nomad society. Plowing maintained the fertility of
the soil by turning topsoil. Agriculture could support population increases by more
intensive use of the same piece of land. Agriculture could support a much larger
population than horticulture. Farmers grew crops for sale rather than crops grown only
for household use. Market became an important part of society. Surplus food production
brought about non-food-producing professionals, such as religious or ruling elites. Large
cities emerged. It is the start of civilization whose original meaning relates to being a
citizen, who is governed by the law of one’s city, town or community.
Plowing by draft animals allowed large farm far away from home. Plow
technology, which required more upper body strength and allowed large farm far away
from home, did not allowed women to participate in plowing the fields and rearing
children at the same time. They still did much of the processing and preserving of food,
but their contribution to the household was not as valued as the work that men did
because they did not contribute economically by selling products. Gender inequality was
severe in the agricultural society.
Civilization was an irreversible process, because the large population caused by
civilization had to be supported by agriculture. The reverse to the pre-agricultural-nomad
society would have led to mass starvation. The agricultural society required to stay in
the same place, so it was more prone to the periodic local natural disaster, unlike the
hunter-gatherer society that was free to move away from local natural disaster. The
constant population pressure and the periodic natural disasters caused the deficient
resource and security. The hunter-gatherers were averaged 6 inches taller than
agricultural peoples up to 100 years ago. Today, we are now as tall as we once were.
The life expectancy in the agricultural-nomad society was actually shorter than in the
hunter-gatherer society.
Because one of the rules for TIT FOR TAT is the probability of meeting the same
player again exceeds 2/3, the large size social group does not allow TIT FOR TAT
strategy for the harmonious society. TIT FOR TAT is essentially a strategy for a small
social group, like the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society. The agricultural society with
large size social group and deficient resource and security forced the society moving
away from the original harmonious society that had small social group and adequate
resource and security.
A sign of immorality in the agricultural-nomad society is warfare. Cultural
anthropologist, Raymond C. Kelly 96 believes that warfare originated very late in human
evolution. Archaeological evidence points to a commencement of warfare that postdates
the development of agriculture. This strongly implies that earlier hunter-gatherer societies
were warless and that the Paleolithic was a time of universal peace. One example is
Japan where the agricultural society was established very late. In Japan, intensive
agriculture came in with migrants from the mainland about 2,300 years ago.
Archaeologists have excavated some 5,000 skeletons that predate the intrusion, and of
those only ten show signs of violent death. In contrast, out of about 1,000 post-migration

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excavated skeletons, more than a hundred show such signs. The result was the immoral
yin-yang civilized society, deviated greatly from the harmonious society. Consequently,
humans moved out of the Garden of Eden.
In the Bible, the emergence of civilization by the agricultural-nomad society
caused the exit from the Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of the knowledge of
civilization. The power struggle in an enormous dominant hierarchical group in
civilization deviated greatly from the human nature consisting of love and diligence in a
small egalitarian social group.
The emergence of civilization by the agricultural-nomad society caused the exit
from the Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of the knowledge of civilization as follows.

Original Genesis 3-4

2 The woman said to the serpent, "We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, 3 but
God did say, 'You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and
you must not touch it, or you will die.' “4 "You will not surely die," the serpent said to the
woman. 5 "For God knows that when you eat of it, your eyes will be opened, and you
will be like God, knowing good and evil." 6 When the woman saw that the fruit of the
tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom,
she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he
ate it. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked;
so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves.
1 Adam lay with his wife Eve, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Cain. She said,
"With the help of the LORD I have brought forth a man." 2 Later she gave birth to his
brother Abel. Now Abel kept flocks, and Cain worked the soil.

Universal Genesis 3-4

2 The woman said to the serpent, "We may accept any knowledge on the earth, 3 but God
did say, 'You must not accept the knowledge of civilization, and you must not touch it, or
you will die.' “4 "You will not surely die," the serpent said to the woman. 5 "For God
knows that when you accept the knowledge of civilization, your eyes will be opened, and
you will be like God, knowing good and evil." 6 When the woman saw that the
knowledge of civilization was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable
for gaining wisdom, she took some knowledge of civilization. She also gave some to her
husband, who was with her, and he took some. 7 Then the eyes of both of them were
opened, and they realized they could not express openly their real selves; so they made
masks, and covered themselves.
1 Adam lay with his wife Eve, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Cain. She said,
"With the help of the LORD I have brought forth a man." 2 Later she gave birth to his
brother Abel. Now Abel kept flocks in the nomad society, and Cain worked the soil in the
agricultural society.

4.2. The Abstract Morality

The Neolithic Revolution as the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to
the cultivated crops and domesticated animals for their subsistence was first adopted by
various independent prehistoric human societies about 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic

93
Revolution led to human civilization. Because one of the rules for TIT FOR TAT is the
probability of meeting the same player again exceeds 2/3, the large size social group does
not allow TIT FOR TAT strategy for the harmonious society. TIT FOR TAT is
essentially a strategy for a small social group, like the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society.
The agricultural society with large size social group and deficient resource and security
forced the society moving away from the original harmonious society that had small
social group and adequate resource and security.
The civilization resulted in the degradation of the society from the harmonious
society with the minimum social barrier into the dominative collective society with the
maximum social barrier in terms of social memory, hierarchy, and gender distinction.
Initial eager cooperation without lie in the harmonious society became domination with
force in the dominative collective society. The force easily degraded further into the
dehumanized force from the activated dehumanized prey-predator instincts, which
produced dehumanized wars and slavery system. The result was the immoral yin-yang
civilized society, deviated greatly from the harmonious society. Consequently, humans
moved out of the Garden of Eden.
When human faced the possibility of destruction in the immoral yin-yang
civilized society with the activated dehumanized prey-predator instincts, God became the
supernatural authority for the abstract morality to prevent the activation of the
dehumanized prey-predator instinct. Since humans by nature have both the humanized
instincts and the dehumanized prey-predator instincts, the abstract morality as the
prevention of the activated dehumanized prey-predator instincts is abstract outside of the
expression of biological instincts. The supernatural authority rules over all human rulers
with the abstract morality. The supernatural authority becomes the “High Ruler”. The
religious civilized social groups that worship the authoritative transcendental supernatural
as the high ruler for the abstract morality are blessed by God with the supernatural
miracles.
Judaism and Islam believe in one personal God or Allah, while Confucianism
believes in one impersonal God (Heaven (Tian) or High Ruler (Shang-di)). Hinduism is
polymorphic monotheism where one God assumes many forms. The religions of the
supernatural authority for the abstract morality are blessed by the supernatural with
supernatural miracles. The immoral religions that worshiped human king as in the king-
god religions perished.
A typical example of the abstract morality is the Ten Commandments from
Exodus 20,

1. Thou Shall Have No Other Gods beside Me

2. Thou Shall Not Worship Any Graven Images
3. Thou Shall Not Take the Name of the Lord Thy God in Vain
4. Remember the Sabbath Day to Rest and Keep it Holy
5. Honor Thy Father and Thy Mother
6. Thou Shall Not Kill
7. Thou Shall Not Commit Adultery
8. Thou Shall Not Steal
9. Thou Shall Not Bear False Witness
10. Thou Shall Not Covet Anything that is Thy Neighbor's

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 The first four commandments are to accept the Lord as the supernatural authority.
The fifth commandment is to accept parents as the earthly authority. The rest of the
commandments are for the prevention of the activation of the dehumanized prey-predator
instincts, such as the addictive instinct for greed and the predatory instinct for harming
people.
In China, the prevalent and official version of God is one impersonal God with
the interchangeable names of the Heaven and the High Ruler. The worship of the Heaven
by emperors took place in the Temple of Heaven. The current Temple of Heaven was
built in 1420 A.D. According to historical records, such formal worship of the Heaven
can be traced back to 2000 BC. The emperors built the Temple of Heaven that demanded
the highest level of skills and the perfection in the art of construction. During the
worship, emperors knelled down before the Heaven like every one else.
The first three Dynasties (the Xia, Shang, and Zhou) all arose in the north in the
second millennium BC. The founders of Zhou believed that the Shang dynasty has lost
the mandate because of its gross ritual and moral failings. They received the mandate
from Heaven to rule China because of their virtue, consisting of kindness, humbleness,
and just. The founders of Zhou accepted the high ruler for the abstract morality of
morality.
Confucius was born around 551 BC in China. The Zhou dynasty had been in power
for 600 years, and was to persist until 253 BC, but the Zhou king had not been able to rule
the whole China for the last 200 years. Without a centralized power, feudal states engaged
in frequent and devastating wars among themselves. The wars among nobilities destroyed
the framework of virtue established in early Zhou. Confucius devised a moral system for
common people to claim the legitimacy of the mandate from Heaven. A person who knows
the will of Heaven becomes a superior man.

The Master said, "Without recognizing the ordinances of Heaven, it is impossible to

be a superior man.” Analects XX: 3: 1

Confucius said, "There are three things of which the superior man stands in awe. He
stands in awe of the ordinances of Heaven. He stands in awe of great men. He stands
in awe of the words of sages. “ Analects XVI: 8.1

When Confucius was in danger being killed by Huan Tui,

The Master said, 'Heaven produced the virtue that is in me. What can Huan Tui do
to me?' (Analects VII: 22)

For Confucius, the virtue of Heaven in him formed a mysterious protection over him. When
Confucius was sick, one of his students wanted to pray for him.

The Master said, 'My praying has been for a long time.' (Analects VII: 34)

By following the will of Heaven, Confucius was in continuous contact with Heaven
in a form of prayer.

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 5. The Harmonious Covenant: the New Testament

Scripture

The harmonious social identity that Jesus provides is the kingdom of God. To
enter into the kingdom of God requires the rebirth.

In reply Jesus declared, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God
unless he is born again." "How can a man be born when he is old?" Nicodemus
asked. "Surely he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb to be born!"
Jesus answered, "I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless
he is born of water and the Spirit. Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives
birth to spirit. You should not be surprised at my saying, 'You must be born
again.' (John 3:3-7)

"The time has come," he said. "The kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe
the good news!" (Mark 1:15)

According to Paul who experienced the rebirth,

I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The
life I live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave
himself for me. (Galatians 2:20)

A Jesus’ last command to his disciples is

A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must
love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love
one another. (John 13:34-35)

The ideal society according to Jesus is the return to the harmonious society through the
rebirth. Jesus found the new covenant, the Harmonious Covenant.

For this reason Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, that those who are called
may receive the promised eternal inheritance—now that he has died as a ransom
to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant. (Hebrews 9:15)

5.1. The Abstract Rebirth

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 The early harmonious society was developed and separated from the early
civilized society. The yin-yang civilized society deviates from the harmonious society,
and the major social lives of the civilized people also deviate from the harmonious social
life. The civilized social lives are likely the non-harmonious social lives, which produce
high social barrier, consisting of long social memory, dominance hierarchy, the gender
dichotomy, lie, cruelty, greed, and guilt, among people. With the innate hyper friendly
instinct for eager cooperation at the minimum social barrier, the civilized people are
uncomfortable with the high social barrier. For some people, the high social barrier is
severe enough to cause disconnection and alienation to separate the people from other
people. These disconnected and alienated people eager to return to the harmonious social
life and society where they can again connect with people. Daoism reflects such
sentiment to return to the harmonious society as the pre-civilized society.
Daoism and Confucianism developed during a chaotic violence period of Chinese
history. Confucius sought a return to an idealized moral civilized society as utopia.
Daoism sought a return to a more remote past as utopia, the pristine times before humans
had been corrupted by culture and civilization. Zhuangzi, a founder of Daoism, stated,

The humans of old dwelt in the midst of crudity and chaos; side by side with the
rest of the world, they attained simplicity and silence there. At that time the yin
and yang were harmonious and still, ghosts and spirits worked no mischief, the
four seasons kept to their proper order, the ten thousand things knew no injury,
and living creatures were free from premature death. Although humans had
knowledge, they did not use it. This was called the Perfect Unity. At this time, no
one made a move to do anything, and there was unvarying spontaneity.97

In prehistoric past, all was in harmony and all were happy, living in a simple state
of nature. Nothing and nobody died prematurely. Zhuangzi was actually correct. A great
deal of evidence suggests that the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society was much less war-
like than later peoples. Archaeological studies throughout the world have found hardly
any evidence of warfare the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society. The hunter-gatherers
were averaged 6 inches taller than agricultural peoples up to 100 years ago. Today, we
are now as tall as we once were. The life expectancy in the agricultural-nomad society
was actually shorter than in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society.
Zhuangzi explained how and why humans went downhill since those ancient,
pristine times:

The time came, however, when natural potency began to dwindle and decline, and
then Suiren and Fuxi stepped forward to take charge of the world. As a result
there was compliance, but no longer any unity. Natural potency continued to
dwindle and decline, and then Shennong and the Yellow Emperor stepped
forward to take charge of the world. As a result, there was security, but no longer
any compliance. Virtue continued to dwindle and decline, and then Yao and Shun
stepped forward to take charge of the world. They set about in various fashions to
order and transform the world, and in doing so defiled purity and shattered
simplicity. The Way was pulled apart for the sake of goodness; natural potency
was imperiled for the sake of conduct. After this, inborn nature was abandoned

97
 and minds were set free to roam, mind joining mind in understanding; there was
knowledge, but it could not bring stability to the world. After this, 'culture' was
added on, and 'breadth' drowned the mind, and after this the people began to be
confused and disordered. They had no way to revert to the true form of their
inborn nature or to return once more to the Beginning.98

It was culture that ultimately came to stand between humans and their true nature.
For the Daoism, the primitive state of nature was the high point of human development. It
was a time when humans lived in accordance with the Way and their own inborn natures.
Human development went steadily downhill since then.
The return to the harmonious society requires the transformation from the non-
harmonious social life and society into the harmonious social life and society. The
harmonious religions involved in such transformation are Christianity, Buddhism,
Daoism, and other spiritual religions. The religions involved in such transformation are
Christianity, Buddhism, Daoism, and other spiritual religions. Both Christianity and
Buddhism provide the details how the transformation takes place. The transformation
can be described in principle and practice.

5.2. The Transformation Principle

The transformation is the transformation from the non-harmonious social life into
the harmonious social life. The transformation involves the extinction of the non-
harmonious social life and the rebirth into the harmonious social life as follows.
the social life level
the non-harmonious social life → the extinction of the non-harmonious social life → the
rebirth into the harmonious social life
On the conscious level, the social life is expressed as autobiographic self.
Autobiographic self in a person is the life story of self with goal and meaning of life. In
the yin-yang civilized society, it becomes the civilized autographic self through the non-
harmonious social lives. The transformation from the non-harmonious social life into the
harmonious social life is the transformation from the civilized autobiographic self into the
harmonious autobiographic self. The transformation involves first the realization of the
futility of the civilized autobiographic self in terms of the eventual appearance of the
harmonious social life, so the civilized autobiographic self is actually the no civilized
autobiographic self or simply the no-self. However, because self naturally is too
important to be replaced, no-self is abstractness, non-representation for the expression of
the natural detective instinct. The supernatural miracle reveals the abstract no-self as the
alternative to the civilized autobiographic self.
For Buddhism, the abstract no-self is the impermanent and imperfect illusive-self
absent of reality and independence. For Christianity, the abstract the abstract no-self is
the perishable sinful self. The abstract no-self is followed by the abstract self-ending that
leads to the abstract rebirth to form the harmonious autobiographic self as below.
the conscious (autobiographic self) level
1. the formation of the civilized autobiographic self
the non-harmonious social life → the civilized autobiographic self
2. the transformation of the civilized autobiographic self

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 the civilized autobiographic self → the abstract no civilized autobiographic self
(the abstract no-self) → the abstract no civilized autobiographic self-ending (the
abstract no self-ending) → the abstract rebirth into the harmonious autobiographic
self = the harmonious social life

The supernatural sent the liberators to liberate the civilized people from the
bondage of the civilized autobiographic self, and to return to the harmonious society
through the abstract rebirth. The harmonious religions include Christianity, Buddhism,
Daoism, and other spiritual religions.
For Christianity, the no-self is the perishable sinful self (flesh), the self-ending is
to die on the cross with Christ, and the rebirth is to resurrect with Christ into the
Kingdom of God. For Buddhism, the no-self is the impermanent and imperfect illusive-
self and the self-ending is Nirvana that extinguishes the flame of life. Rebirth in the
Buddhist context relates to reincarnation. For Buddhism, the abstract rebirth into the
harmonious social life corresponds to the way of Bodhisattva that is a person who has
achieved enlightenment has chosen to remain in this world to help those who are
suffering, instead of going on to Nirvana. Therefore, for Buddhism, the abstract rebirth
into the harmonious social life is the Bodhisattva Way rather than reincarnation. For Zen
Buddhism, Nirvana and the Bodhisattva Way correspond to the Insight (dun wu) into the
futility of the civilized nature and one’s own original nature (Buddha nature), the
harmonious social life. Zen Buddhism is essentially the combination of the original
Buddhism and Daoism. It has simplicity and spontaneity from Daoism, and discipline and
the basic framework from Buddhism. For Daoism, no-self is no civilized self. It does
not have a specific self-ending. The rebirth corresponds to the return to the nature away
from the civilization.

5.3. The Conversion to the Harmonious Social Life

The civilized society is dominated by the non-harmonious evolutionary societies

(the collective and the individualistic societies) that support civilization. Essentially,
every civilized human grows up predominately for the non-harmonious fitness (collective
wellbeing and individualistic achievement). For the individuals grown up in the non-
harmonious civilized society dominated by the non-harmonious social lives, the
conversion to the harmonious social life involves the three-stage conversion: the
harmonious relationship, the harmonious mind, and the harmonious adaptation.
The most suitable identity for the harmonious relationship is the kingdom of God
from Christianity. The kingdom of God represents the kingdom of the harmonious
relationship based on love. A Jesus’ last command to his disciples is love.

A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must
love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love
one another. (John 13:34-35)

The kingdom of God requires the “self-ending” of the non-harmonious social lives and
the “rebirth” into the harmonious social life. In the Christian terminology, the rebirth into
the kingdom of God is “justification” (to make just).

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 The most suitable identity for the harmonious mind is the fourfold harmonious
mind from Buddhism. The harmonious mind is achieved by practicing meditation
diligently. The last advice and words from Buddha is “All things are perishable. Strive
with earnestness (vayadhamma sankhdra appamddena sampadetha).” The harmonious
mind also requires the “self-ending” of the non-harmonious social lives and the “rebirth”
into the harmonious social mind. In the Christian terminology, the rebirth into the
harmonious mind is “sanctification” (to make sacred).
The most suitable identity for the harmonious adaptation to the world (non-
harmonious civilization) is water from Daoism. To Laozi, the adaptation of the
harmonious social life to the world is like the adaptation of water to its environment.

The best are like water. Water benefits all things and does not compete with
them. It flows to the lowest level that people disdain. In this it comes near to the
Way. (Dao De Jing Chapter 8)

The three-stage conversion constitutes the seven-step conversion is as follows.

The Seven-Step Conversion:

The harmonious relationship: justification
1. the harmonious relationship identity: the kingdom of God
2. the self-ending
3. the rebirth
The harmonious relationship identity that Jesus provides is the kingdom of God.
To enter the kingdom of God requires the self-ending of the non-harmonious social lives,
which can cause disharmony. The self-ending involves first the confession of
disharmony sin and then the repentance from disharmony sin. The rebirth into the
spiritual harmonious society is through the acceptance of the salvation by Jesus whose
forgiveness of disharmony sin allows the repentant person to have complete harmonious
life.
The harmonious mind: sanctification
4. the harmonious mind identity: the fourfold harmonious mind (the calm mind, the
clear mind, the loving-kindness mind, and the no-self mind)
5. the self-ending
6. the rebirth
The starting of sanctification as the rebirth into the harmonious mind is
justification as the rebirth into the harmonious relationship. The harmonious mind
identity is the fourfold harmonious mind, consisting of the calm mind, the clear mind, the
loving-kindness mind, and the no-self mind to transform from the non-harmonious social
lives into the harmonious social life. The meditation through the fourfold harmonious
mind produces the sudden realization of the non-existence (self-ending) of the non-
harmonious autobiographic self and the reappearance (rebirth) of the original human
nature with the innate goodness as the harmonious social life.
The harmonious adaptation: adaptation:
7. the harmonious adaptation identity: water
The harmonious adaptation identity of the harmonious social life to the world
(non-harmonious civilization) is non-competitive water.

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The Seven-Step Conversion:
the harmonious relationship: justification
Step 1: the harmonious relationship identity
The harmonious relationship identity that Jesus provides is the kingdom of God.
To enter into the kingdom of God requires the rebirth.

In reply Jesus declared, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God
unless he is born again." "How can a man be born when he is old?" Nicodemus
asked. "Surely he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb to be born!"
Jesus answered, "I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless
he is born of water and the Spirit. Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives
birth to spirit. You should not be surprised at my saying, 'You must be born
again.' (John 3:3-7)

To Jesus, the kingdom is not of this world as the civilized society.

Jesus said, "My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight
to prevent my arrest by the Jews. But now my kingdom is from another place."
(John 18:36)

To Jesus, the kingdom of God is not political, and the state of the Roman Emperor
was separated from the kingdom of God, as described by Jesus.

Then he said to them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is
God's." (Matthew 22:21)

The kingdom of God is within a person as the harmonious social life.

Once, having been asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come,
Jesus replied, "The kingdom of God does not come with your careful observation,
nor will people say, 'Here it is,' or 'There it is,' because the kingdom of God is
within you." (Luke 17:20-21)

According to Jesus, the kingdom of God does not belong to the kingdom of
civilization as described in the parable of mustard seed and bush.

Again he said, "What shall we say the kingdom of God is like, or what parable
shall we use to describe it? It is like a mustard seed, which is the smallest seed
you plant in the ground. Yet when planted, it grows and becomes the largest of all
garden plants, with such big branches that the birds of the air can perch in its
shade." (Mark 4:30-32)

The kingdom of God starts small like a mustard seed, and it becomes a modest mustard
bush. According to the rabbinical law, a mustard plant was forbidden in a household
garden because it was fast spreading and would tend to invade the veggies. Mustard is a

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common, fast-spreading plant, which grows to about four feet in height. Garden
symbolizes artificial civilization, while mustard represents a plant unlike the normal
plants in the artificial civilized garden. The kingdom of God as the kingdom of mustard
bush is small and ubiquitous unlike normal civilized plants, but the kingdom of God
grows in the civilized garden.
The kingdom of God consists of small groups of people.

"Do not be afraid, little flock, for your Father has been pleased to give you the
kingdom. (Luke 12:32)

The civilized society has the propensity to accumulate. The kingdom of God as
the harmonious society does not have the propensity to accumulate.

Jesus looked at him and said, "How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of
God!” (Luke 18:24)
Looking at his disciples, he said: "Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the
kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20)
But Jesus called the children to him and said, "Let the little children come to me,
and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to such as these. (Luke
18:16)

Therefore, the kingdom of God consists of ubiquitous small groups of people

unlike the kingdom of civilization and without accumulation and grandiosity. The
kingdom of God corresponds to the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society consisting of
ubiquitous small groups of people unlike civilization and without accumulation and
grandiosity.
The small group of people led by Jesus followed Jesus’ command.

A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must
love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love
one another. (John 13:34-35)

With love from God, the kingdom of God is harmonious as in the prehistoric kingdom of
God. Finally, the people in the kingdom of God follow the will of God as Jesus said,

"Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter the kingdom of heaven,
but only he who does the will of my Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 7:21)

The will of God is the harmonious society.

The same aspiration to return to the prehistoric harmonious society is expressed in
Daoism. In Daoism, the harmonious relationship identity is the “small state”. Laozi
describes the small group society as following.

Let the states be small and people few. Have all kinds of tools, yet let no one use
them. Have the people regard death gravely and do not migrate far. Though they
might have boats and carriages, no one will ride them; through they might have

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 weapons, no one will display them. Have the people return to knotting cords (for
their records) and using them. They will relish their food, regard their clothing as
beautiful. Feel safe and secure in their homes. Delight in their customs.
Neighboring states might overlook one another and the sounds of chickens and dogs
might be overheard; yet the people will arrive at old age and death with no comings
and going between them. (Dao De Jing: Chapter 80)

This small state has no ambition to become big and grandiose. The people are plain and
content.
Step 2: the self-ending
The complete harmonious life requires the end of the non-harmonious social lives to
have the complete cessation of disharmony sin and disconnection. The end of the non-
harmonious social lives involves first the confession of disharmony sin and then the
repentance from the disharmonious sin. Disharmony sin is defined as disharmony against
fellow humans as described by Paul in Romans 1:29-32.

They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed and depravity.
They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit and malice. They are gossips,
slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant and boastful; they invent ways of doing
evil; they disobey their parents; they are senseless, faithless, heartless, ruthless.
Although they know God's righteous decree that those who do such things
deserve death, they not only continue to do these very things but also approve of
those who practice them. (Romans 1:29-32)

It is impossible for civilized individuals under the domination of the non-harmonious

social lives to avoid all disharmony sins described by Paul. It is not surprising that all
civilized humans are not righteous.

There is no one righteous, not even one. (Romans 3:10)

For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. (Romans 3:23)

The confession of disharmony sin is followed by the repentance from disharmony

sin. According to Jesus,

"The time has come," he said. "The kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe
the good news!" (Mark 1:15)

Also, according to Peter,

Repent, then, and turn to God, so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of
refreshing may come from the Lord, (Acts 3:19)

Step 3: the rebirth

The rebirth into the spiritual harmonious relationship requires complete
harmonious life. Because of disharmony sin, humans cannot achieve complete
harmonious life. Through the salvation by the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross,

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disharmony sin can be forgiven. The repentant people who accept the salvation can
claim complete harmonious life for the rebirth into the spiritual harmonious society. The
acceptance of Jesus is the end of self.

I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me.
(Galatians 2:20a)

An individual accepts the salvation to become just (righteous) as complete harmonious life
which allows the rebirth with Jesus into the harmonious society, the God’s family. “This
righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. (Romans
3:22)”. “That if you confess with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," and believe in your heart that
God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. (Romans 10:9)”. “Consequently, you are
no longer foreigners and aliens, but fellow citizens with God's people and members of
God's household. (Ephesians 2:19)” “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, one is a new
creation; the old has gone, the new has come! (2 Corinthians 5:17).”
Jesus represents “the last Adam, a life-giving spirit (1 Corinthians 15:45)” to
bring back the original harmonious society of the Garden of Eden. Jesus found the new
covenant.

For this reason Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, that those who are called
may receive the promised eternal inheritance—now that he has died as a ransom
to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant. (Hebrews 9:15)

It is a tremendous life-changing experience to liberate from disharmony sin and

disconnection, and to enter into the warm, loving, and egalitarian harmonious society, which
is build by Jesus to fill with love. A Jesus’ last command to his disciples is

A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must
love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love
one another. (John 13:34-35)

According to Paul, Christians in the church are interconnected as the body of

Christ as he stated,” Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is a part of it.
(1 Corinthians 12:27)” In terms of organization, the church in small group unit is
essentially similar to the pre-historic hunter-gatherer harmonious society.
the harmonious mind: sanctification:
Step 4: the harmonious mind identity: the fourfold harmonious mind (the calm
mind, the clear mind, the loving-kindness mind and the no-self mind) for
sanctification
The starting of sanctification as the rebirth into the harmonious social mind is
justification as the rebirth into the harmonious relationship. The harmonious mind (social
life) identity is the fourfold harmonious mind, consisting of the calm mind, the clear mind,
the loving-kindness mind, and the no-self mind to transform from the non-harmonious
mind into the harmonious mind.
They correspond to faith, wisdom, love, and perishable flesh, respectively, in
Christianity, and right concentration, right mindfulness, loving-kindness, and emptiness,

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respectively, in Buddhism. For neuroscience, the calm mind and the clear mind relate to the
prefrontal cortex to control non-conscience instincts, and the loving-kindness and the no-self
relate to the hyper friendly instinct and the detective instinct, respectively, in the conscience
instinct.

Fourfold Calm mind Clear mind loving-kindness no-self

harmonious mind mind
Christianity Faith Wisdom Love perishable flesh
Buddhism right right mindfulness Loving-kindness Emptiness
concentration
Neuroscience prefrontal cortex Hyper friendly detective
instinct instinct
Purposes control non-conscience instincts enhance conscience instinct
stress reduction anxiety reduction Hyper friendly = love detection of the
relaxation and emotional stability and kindness no-self
integrity and objectivity

As mentioned before, the evolution of the conscience instinct required the

expansion of the prefrontal cortex to control the old instincts from the non-harmonious
social life. As the brain had tripled in size during human evolution, the prefrontal cortex
had increased in size six fold. The prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger
percentage of the brain than any other animal. Thus, the prefrontal cortex serves as
executive function for the transformation from the non-harmonious social life into the
harmonious social life. The prefrontal cortex has a high number of interconnections
between both drives and instincts in the brainstem's Reticular Activating System and
emotion in the limbic system. As a result, the prefrontal cortex can control pleasure, pain,
anger, rage, panic, aggression, fight-flight-freeze responses, and basic sexual responses.
A neurological principle in sanctification is to strengthen the neural connection between
the prefrontal cortex and drive, instinct, emotion, and cognition in the brain. One
indication of the importance of the prefrontal cortex in sanctification is the increased
thickness of areas in prefrontal regions of the cerebral cortex associated with the long-
term meditation practice of Buddhist monks99.
the calm mind: right concentration
The calm mind is mainly for stress reduction. The calm mind is based on the
prefrontal cortex and the harmonious cooperation among senses, feelings, and thoughts in
the mind of person. A calm focus that is produced in the prefrontal cortex cooperates
harmoniously with senses, feeling, and thoughts in the mind of a person. In other words,
the calm mind is through the prefrontal cortex that concentrates non-judgmentally at one
point or task. Distractive emotion is pushed gently aside. Through the prefrontal cortex,
the calm mind trains the mind to focus calmly and objectively. Objectivity relates to the
perception without distortion by personal emotion and instinct. Eventually, the calm
mind disperses and reduces the persistently high emotion due to stress. The calm mind is
faith from Christianity and right concentration from the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path
(right view, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right
concentration, and right mindfulness).
The calm mind is strengthened by meditation and prayer. The meditation for the
calm mind is the concentrative meditation. In terms of meditation, the non-verbal

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method includes concentrating on the breath, movement (walking, Sufi dancing, yoga, Qi
Gong, and Tai Chi), and mantra.
The verbal method involves prayer. In prayer, the close relation with God as a
close friend establishes the personal harmonious cooperation within the mind of the
person who prays. The personal harmonious cooperation within the mind establishes the
calm mind. One of the prayer methods for the calm mind is the centering prayer100 to
center at a sacred word. The faith in harmonious cooperation with God during prayer
allows calm and objective perception.
During meditation, the brain’s activity alters significantly, as mapped by a device
called an electroencephalograph (EEG). The most well-known brain waves evident
during many kinds of meditation are called alpha waves. When the brain moves into an
alpha wave state, many physiological changes occur, such as the parasympathetic half of
the autonomic nervous system. This results in lowered blood pressure and heart rate, a
reduction in stress hormones and slowed metabolism. If meditation is practiced regularly,
these beneficial changes become relatively permanent.
The opposition to the calm mind is ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder). The common symptom is a persistent pattern of impulsiveness and inattention,
with a component of hyperactivity. Typically, ADHD is a developmental disorder. In
one study, the region with the greatest average delay is the middle of the prefrontal
cortex101, lagged a full five years in development occurred in elementary school aged
ADHD patients. The drug, Ritalin, for ADHD stimulates activity in the prefrontal cortex.
The prefrontal cortex is important for the calm mind that requires concentration through
the prefrontal cortex.
One of the symptoms for ADHD is the failure to follow instruction because of the
deficiency in the prefrontal cortex. For adult, following instruction is important part of
morality, so the calm mind as concentration is important to resist temptation as
distraction from the right moral path. Alcohol is forbidden because alcohol also
depresses the activity of the sophisticated prefrontal cortex, resulting in lowering the
resistance against temptation. Therefore, the calm mind is for both relaxation and
integrity through the prefrontal cortex.
the clear mind: right mindfulness
The clear mind is mainly for anxiety reduction. The clear mind is based on the
prefrontal cortex and the harmonious cooperation among senses, feelings, and thoughts in
the mind of person. A clear awareness that is produced in the prefrontal cortex
cooperates harmoniously with senses, feeling, and thoughts in the mind of a person. In
other words, the clear mind is through the prefrontal cortex that is aware clearly and non-
judgmentally of specific sense, feeling, or thought. Distractive awareness is pushed
gently aside. Through the prefrontal cortex, the clear mind trains the mind to aware
clearly and objectively. Objectivity relates to the perception without distortion by
personal emotion and instinct. Eventually, the clear mind disperses and reduces the
persistently high emotion due to anxiety. The clear mind is right mindfulness from the
Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path and wisdom from Christianity.
The meditation for the clear mind is called mindfulness or insight meditation.
The meditators pay close attention to sensations and thoughts as they come and go each
passing moment but refraining from judging or acting on those objects, thoughts and

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feelings. The basic principle is labeling information. When the scan of self becomes
difficult, it is necessary to return to the calm mind step.
The prayer for labeling emotion is the mindfulness prayer to talk to God freely
because of the personal harmonious cooperation with the Spirit. Guided by the
spontaneous Spirit, the prayer is a free association private talk with God. The scan of self
is through confession, thanksgiving, and supplication for thoughts and feelings of guilt,
happiness, and stress-anxiety, respectively. Basically, it is a free association private talk
to God about self, as Paul states.

In the same way, the Spirit helps us in our weakness. We do not know what we
ought to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groans that words
cannot express. And he who searches our hearts knows the mind of the Spirit,
because the Spirit intercedes for the saints in accordance with God's will.
(Romans 8:26-27)

The clear harmonious communication with God during prayer allows clear and objective
perception.
The study by Matthew D. Lieberman 102 showed that while the emotion part
(amygdala) of the brain was less active when an individual labeled the negative feeling,
the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was more active. The individuals trained in the
scan of self by the mindfulness meditation have higher activity in the right ventrolateral
prefrontal cortex and lower activity in the emotional part of the brain than the individual
without the training in the mindfulness meditation. Unlabeled emotional information can
lead to stress-anxiety, so labeling information reduces stress-anxiety. Labeling
information corresponds to the mindfulness prayer or meditation.
A person experienced in the clear mind meditation or prayer can experience all
things objectively, particularly during meditation or prayer, because the perception of all
things involves the prefrontal cortex. It can overcome instinctive reflexes, such as startle
and habituation. Paul Eckman observed and measured the ability of a seasoned
meditation practitioner to suppress the startle reflex while meditating. Loud sounds went
off out of view and failed to startle this individual while doing his mindfulness (open)
meditation, but not during his concentrative (fixed point) meditation. He has found that
in general meditators don't get as shocked as nonmeditators to such unpredictable loud
sounds103. Similarly, the people with clear mind can handle shocking, unpleasant, and
difficult social encounters objectively, because they are experienced in the control of
emotion by the prefrontal cortex. In this way, they are able to stay in the middle-way,
not psychological extreme. Therefore, the clear mind is for both emotional stability and
objectivity through the prefrontal cortex.
the loving-kindness mind:
Loving-kindness toward all people is derived from the activation of the hyper
friendly instinct of the conscience instinct. The loving-kindness is the foundation of
morality. The loving-kindness mind can be practice during meditation (the Buddhist non-
referential compassion meditation 104 ) or prayer. Typical sacred verses for the loving-
kindness mind from Christianity are

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 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes
in him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)
Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is
not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs.
Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always
trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. (1 Corinthians 13:4-8)

For Buddhism, typical verses are from the Karaniya Metta Sutta (Hymn of Universal Love).

Let none deceive or decry his fellow anywhere; let none wish others harm in
resentment or in hate. Just as with her own life, a mother shields from hurt her own
son, her only child, let all-embracing thoughts for all beings be yours.
Cultivate an all-embracing mind of love for all throughout the universe in all its
height, depth and breadth — Love that is untroubled and beyond hatred or enmity.
As you stand, walk, sit or lie, so as long as you are awake, pursue this awareness
with your might: It is deemed the Divine State here and now.
the no-self mind:
The no-self as no non-harmonious autobiographic self is basically derived from
the non-existence of non-harmonious autobiographic self with respect to the harmonious
social life that was the normal social life in the prehistoric time before the civilization.
The realization of the no-self as no non-harmonious autobiographic self is derived from
the activation of the detective instinct of the conscience instinct. The non-harmonious
autobiographic self becomes questionable. The no non-harmonious autobiographic self
along with the questionable non-harmonious autobiographic self is in the right brain. The
prefrontal cortex chooses the no non-harmonious autobiographic self to represent the
non-harmonious autobiographic self.
For Christians, the abstract no-self is the perishable sinful self. For Christianity,
“all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. (Romans 3:23), and “the wages of sin
is death. (Romans 6:23a)” The self-ending is equivalent to the complete surrendering
self to God for the salvation.
For Buddhism, the abstract no-self is impermanent and imperfect illusive-self
absent of reality and independence. The illusive civilized life is source of disconnection
and suffering. For Buddhism, the self-ending is to extinct the illusive no-self.
Step 5: the self-ending Nirvana
For Christianity, the no-self is the perishable sinful self (flesh), the self-ending is
to die on the cross with Christ, and the rebirth is to resurrect with Christ into the kingdom
of God. For Buddhism, the no-self is the impermanent and imperfect illusive- self and
the self-ending is Nirvana that extinguishes the flame of life. Rebirth in the Buddhist
context relates to reincarnation. For Buddhism, the rebirth into the harmonious mind
corresponds to the way of Bodhisattva that is a person who has achieved enlightenment
has chosen to remain in this world to help those who are suffering, instead of going on to
Nirvana. Therefore, for Buddhism, the harmonious mind is the Bodhisattva Way rather
than reincarnation. For Zen Buddhism, Nirvana and the Bodhisattva Way correspond to
the Insight (dun wu) into the futility of the civilized nature and one’s own original nature
(Buddha nature), the harmonious social life.

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 To reach the Insight as the transformation from the non-harmonious social life
into the harmonious social life, it is necessary to have all four minds in the fourfold
harmonious mind involving the conscience instinct and the prefrontal cortex. When the
combined fourfold harmonious mind reaches certain critical point unconsciously, the
Insight occurs suddenly. The critical point is how a person feels comfortable enough
unconsciously to change the social life. The Insight consists of the sudden realization of
the non-existence (self-ending) of the non-harmonious autobiographic self and the
reappearance (rebirth) of the original human nature with the innate goodness. The Insight
is sudden because the mind is mostly unconscious. Since the non-harmonious social life
and the harmonious social life always appear and disappear, the Insight is a process rather
a fixed point.
For Christianity, the Insight is the spiritual Insight into the ultimate relationship
between Christ and the perishable flesh from the civilized world. In the Insight for Paul
in the Bible, all things are rubbish.
What is more, I consider everything a loss compared to the surpassing greatness
of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider
them rubbish, that I may gain Christ. (Philippians 3:8)
For Buddha, all things are perishable. The last advice and words from Buddha is

All things are perishable. Strive with earnestness. (vayadhamma sankhdra

appamddena sampadetha)

To prehistoric hunters and gatherers who had very little material accumulation, it
was not difficult to regard all things as rubbish and perishable. More important than all
things, the harmonious social life was the best prehistoric survival strategy, the TIT FOR
TAT with maximum eager cooperation without lie.
The Insight consists of the self-ending and the rebirth. The self-ending is through
the extinguishment of the abstract no-self. The self-ending is Nirvana in Buddhism and
the death of self on the cross in Christianity. In the meditation or prayer practice, the
self-ending comes from the combination of the no-self mind with any one of the three
minds, the calm mind, the clear mind, and the loving-kindness mind. During such
practice, self disappears. Occasionally, the self-ending comes suddenly outside of
meditation and prayer. After experiential self-ending, there is a sense of letting go of
self. The emotion, due to autobiographic self, loses its emotional impact as if the
emotional memory of the self-identity fades away.
Neurologically, the self-ending is the deliberate inhibition of biological self that
determines the boundary of biological self in space and time. The self-ending is observed
by the brain activity in meditation and prayer examined by neurologist, Andrew
Newberg105. When the meditation by the Tibetan Buddhist monks and the prayer by
Franciscan nuns reached to the “peak”, he found increase in activity in the prefrontal lobe
and marked decrease in activity in the parietal lobes. The prefrontal lobe is for mental
concentration. The parietal lobe is for the orientation of self in space, determining where
the self ends and where the external space begins. The decrease in activity in the parietal
lobes means the loss of self. At the peak, people have a loss of the sense of self and
frequently experience a sense of no space and time. Therefore, the brain activity
observed by Newberg corresponds to the self-ending of the biological self, which for a

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meditator is the self-ending of autobiographic self. Thus, the self-ending of
autobiographic self has a real brain experience of self-ending, allowing the brain to end
or minimize the non-harmonious autobiographic self.
Step 6: the rebirth: the Bodhisattva Way
Without self, one can feel oneness with the universe in the sense of completely
harmonious cooperation with the universe without self. The self-ending leads to the rebirth
into the harmonious social life, the human original social life. The harmonious social life is
friendlier toward all people, calmer, more contented, more attentive, and more moral than
the non-harmonious social lives.
The result of sanctification is the harmonious social life with maximum
tranquility and contentment. After sanctification, a person with the harmonious social
life and compassion in the harmonious society and in the world is described by Paul in
the Bible.

Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; cling to what is good. Be devoted to one
another in brotherly love. Honor one another above yourselves. Never be lacking
in zeal, but keep your spiritual fervor, serving the Lord. Be joyful in hope, patient
in affliction, faithful in prayer. Share with God's people who are in need. Practice
hospitality. Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse. Rejoice with
those who rejoice; mourn with those who mourn. Live in harmony with one
another. Do not be proud, but be willing to associate with people of low position.
Do not be conceited. Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is
right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at
peace with everyone. (Romans 12:9-18)

The Harmonious Adaptation: Adaptation

Step 7: the harmonious adaptation: adaptation

The Harmonious Adaptation: Adaptation

Christianity Daoism
The harmonious adaptation identity The harmonious adaptation identity
The cross Water

The world as non-harmonious civilization consists of the collective and the

individualistic societies. Both societies work well and consistently as large social groups
in the world. There is a competition between these two societies to determine the most
suitable dominant society for civilization. The harmonious society, however, does not
work well and consistently as a large social group to support civilization. The
harmonious society is simply not a suitable dominant society for the world, so
realistically there should not be competition between the harmonious society and the
world.
The harmonious adaptation identity of the harmonious social life to the world is
non-competitive water from Daoism.

The best are like water. Water benefits all things and does not compete with
them. It flows to the lowest level that people disdain. In this it comes near to the

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 Way. In their dwellings, they love the earth. In their hearts, they love what is
profound. In their friendship, they love humanity. In their words, they love
sincerity. In government, they love good order. In business, they love ability. In
their actions, they love timeliness. It is because they do not compete that there is
no resentment. (Dao De Jing Chapter 8)

To Laozi, the adaptation of the harmonious social life to the world (non-
harmonious civilization) is like the adaptation of water to its environment. Water does
not compete with its environment in terms of what form to exist. The harmonious social
life simply survives whatever form that the world allows it to exist as long as there is a
place for the harmonious social life that is different from the social lives of the world.
Therefore, the harmonious social life does not mind to exist in the place that the world
dislikes. The motivation for the harmonious society to exist is mutual empathy and
empowerment, instead of winning. It is like water that benefits the world. Water is close
to the Way. The ways to benefit the world is to have down-to-earth living place,
thoughtful mind, loving relationship, trustworthy words, orderly government, capable
business, and timely action. In the long run, the world appreciates the non-competing
harmonious society. Without competing with the world, the harmonious society as
Christianity, Buddhism, and Daoism actually survives and thrives in the world.
Laozi further described the leadership in the social life. It is also like water, soft
and yielding.

Nothing in the world is as soft and yielding as water, yet nothing can better
overcome the hard and strong, for they can neither control nor do away with it.
The soft overcomes the hard. The yielding overcomes the strong. Every person
knows this, but no one can practice it. Therefore the sage declares: One who
accepts the humiliation of the nation may be the priest at the altar. One who
accepts the misfortunes of the nation is the Empire's Sovereign. True words are
often paradoxical. (Dao De Jing Chapter 78)

For Daoism, a leader of the Way accepts the humiliation and the misfortunes of
the nation. For Christianity, the symbol of the humiliation and the misfortunes is the
cross, and paradoxically, through the cross Jesus reaches priesthood and kinghood. The
harmonious adaptation identity of the kingdom of God to the world is the cross that
accepts the humiliation and the misfortunes of the world rather than the domination of the
world. In the way, paradoxically, the kingdom of God as the harmonious society
survives and thrives in the world.
The summary of the seven-step conversion to the harmonious social life is as
below.

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 The Seven-Step Conversion to the Harmonious Social Life
The Harmonious Relationship: Justification
Christianity 禅宗 (Zen Buddhism)
1 The harmonious relationship identity
The kingdom of God
2 The self-ending
3 The rebirth into the harmonious relationship
The Harmonious Mind: Sanctification
4 The harmonious mind identity 和谐四心
the fourfold harmonious mind 镇定心, 清晰心, 仁慈心, 无我心
the calm mind, the clear mind, the loving- (正定 right concentration, 正念 right mindfulness, 仁慈
kindness mind, the no-self mind (faith, wisdom, loving-kindness, 无 emptiness)
love, and perishable flesh)
5 the self-ending 灭我
the non-harmonious autobiographic self-ending 一刹那间妄念俱灭
6 the rebirth into the harmonious social mind 重生
顿见真如本性
The Harmonious Adaptation: Adaptation
7 Christianity Daoism
The harmonious adaptation identity The harmonious adaptation identity
The cross Water

The Diagrams for the Universal Bible

The Five Periods

the six-day creation (the six days of creation)

the original humans (the sixth day of creation)

the Upper Paleolithic Revolution

The Prehistoric Eden: the prehistoric harmonious society with

the abstract bond
the Neolithic Revolution
the civilized society

The Moral Covenant between God and The Harmonious Covenant between
Israel with the abstract morality God and the Christian church with
the abstract rebirth

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 5.4. The Postmodern Kingdom of God as the Harmonious Society of God

5.4.1. The Harmonious Society of God

The Postmodern Revolution with the global mass telecommunication allows the
harmonious society to have a global perspective. The blessed Postmodern Kingdom of
God is the harmonious society of God. The three obvious elements in the harmonious
society of God are human, God, the interaction between human and God.

5.4.2. Human

The human social lives and society were evolved through natural selection. The
two old human social lives are yin and yang, corresponding to female and male
psychological characteristics of advanced sexual organisms, corresponding to collective
wellbeing, and yang stands for individualistic achievement.
Because of the high social barriers for the yin and the yang social lives, eager and
free cooperation among individuals is not easy. Eager cooperation among human
individuals is possible because the new human social life is harmony. Harmony in terms
of harmonious cooperation is the unique new human social life that no other organisms
have. In terms of evolution, the departure from other apes is bipedalism, which is the
oldest of all hominid characteristics.
With bipedalism, the walking hands turned into free hands for enhancing gestural
language. Language reduced the social barriers from the old human yin-yang social lives,
resulting in the hyper friendly instinct to facilitate eager cooperation, which had
evolutionary competitive advantage. In terms of human evolution, the human brain grew
larger rapidly to accommodate language and socialization skill. The prefrontal cortex grew
even faster to control the old human social lives. The result is the harmonious social life
with the conscience instinct that is the combination of the hyper friendly instinct and the
detective instinct for detecting lie associating with elaborate language, resulting in eager
cooperation without lie. The society from the harmonious social life is the harmonious
society as manifested in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer society.
The harmonious society follows the social behaviors in Humanist Manifesto III 106
that describe what human should be.
• Life’s fulfillment emerges from individual participation in the service of humane ideals.
• Humans are social by nature and find meaning in relationships.
• Working to benefit society maximizes individual happiness.

5.4.3. The Interaction

The supernatural is known only through the interaction of the supernatural and the
human society. Beyond the interaction, the seeking for the understanding of the
supernatural is unnecessary. Jesus said, “But seek first his kingdom and his
righteousness (Matthew 6:33a).”
The interaction is through supernatural selection. In supernatural selection, the
supernatural selects human as the chosen species, the harmonious social life as the chosen
social life, and the harmonious society as the chosen society. Through the supernatural

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miracle (the non-representation of the natural physical laws), the supernatural selects the
human harmonious society to survive by the divine revelation of the abstractness (the
non-representation of the expression of the natural human mind), including the abstract
bond, the abstract morality, and the abstract rebirth.
During the Upper Paleolithic Period, the supernatural revealed the abstract bond
for bonding the isolated social groups to survive the harsh environment in the prehistoric
hunter-gatherer society. Without the abstract bond (symbolized by female figurines and
cave paintings), human would have become extinct like Neanderthals. The prehistoric
hunter-gatherer society with the abstract bond is the prehistoric harmonious society of
God.
The harmonious social life essentially follows essentially TIT FOR TAT, the best
strategy for the game of prisoner's dilemma. TIT FOR TAT works in small social group.
The harmonious social life as TIT FOR TAT does not work in a large social group. The
enlargement of social group by civilization from the Neolithic Revolution caused the
deviation from the harmonious social life and society.
The ideal human social behaviors as described in Humanist Manifesto III do not
work well the large civilized social group. To prevent the activated dehumanized prey-
predator instinct in the civilized society, the moral religion as the transitional harmonious
society of God was established in the Old Testament with the abstract morality through
the supernatural miracle. Jesus Christ initiated the harmonious society of God with the
abstract rebirth.

5.4.4. The Organism Structure of the Harmonious Society of God

The basic unit of social group in the harmonious society is a small social group
less than about 35 people, because the harmonious cooperation works the best in a small
social group. The structure of the harmonious society is like organism consisting of
single cell or multiple cells. Single cell structure is like house church that exists as one
small group of people unconnected to other group. Multiple cell structure is the
harmonious society consisting of many small groups as the basic units. There are
connections among cell groups. There are joint activities among cell groups, but the cell
group activity is the essential activity to keep harmonious cooperation as reality, because
the harmonious cooperation works well in a small social group.

5.4.5. The Harmonist Manifesto for the Harmonious Society of God

The harmonious society of God is interpreted by human evolution, human

history, and psychology to describe the whole human society in the past, the present, and
the future. The prehistoric harmonious society of God was the Garden of Eden, which is
the prehistoric harmonious society of God. It existed as the prehistoric harmonious
hunter-gatherer society. The fall of the prehistoric harmonious society of God resulted
from the emergence of civilization that deviated from the harmonious society. The
transitional harmonious society of God was the moral religion as Judaism where God was
the high ruler. The moral religion maintained high morality in immoral civilization.
Jesus Christ initiated the harmonious society of God through the sacrifice and the
resurrection. The decline of the harmonious society of God later resulted from the rise of

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the state religion. The decline of the state religion resulted in the return of the
harmonious society of God. The return and the future harmonious society of God is the
harmonious society of God on earth in the three-branch Unified Society consisting of the
collective society, the individualistic society, and the harmonious society for collective
wellbeing, individualistic achievement, and harmonious cooperation, respectively. The
Harmonist Manifesto is as follows.
1. the name:
The harmonious society of God is the harmonious society of God on earth. Jesus
Christ is the head.
2. the context
The harmonious society of God is the harmonious society in the Unified Society
consisting of the collective society, the individualistic society, and the harmonious
society for collective wellbeing, individualistic achievement, and harmonious
cooperation, respectively. The non-harmonious world consists of the collective
society and the individualistic society.
3. the origin:
The origin of the harmonious society of God is the interaction between God and
humans. The interaction between humans and God is supernatural selection.
Through the supernatural miracle (the non-representation of the natural physical
laws), God selects the harmonious society as the chosen society by the divine
revelation of the abstractness (the non-representation of the expression of the
natural human mind), including the abstract bond, the abstract morality, and the
abstract rebirth. The abstract rebirth leads to the harmonious society of God.
4. the admission:
Unlike the non-harmonious world, the harmonious society of God has the
minimum social barrier among God and all people. The minimum social barrier
was achieved by the sacrifice of Jesus Christ for all people on the cross to break
down the high social barrier of the non-harmonious world. Everyone who accepts
the salvation of Jesus Christ can be admitted to the harmonious society of God
through the confession of disharmony sins, the repentance from disharmony sins,
and the acceptance of the salvation. Because of the unique salvation through
Jesus Christ to minimize the social barrier among God and all people, the
salvation of Jesus Christ is the path to establish the harmonious relationship in the
harmonious society of God.
5. the missions:
The first mission is to establish the harmonious relationship among God and all
people. The second mission is to learn and practice the harmonious mind as
sanctification from all sources. The third mission is to establish the harmonious
adaptation that is to benefit without competing with the non-harmonious world
and other religious traditions.
6. the structure
The social structure is the organism structure consisting of single cell group or
multiple cell groups, which are small social groups. Harmonious cooperation
works well in a small social group.

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 The simple foundation for the harmonious society of God is love as described by
Paul in the Bible.

If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a
resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom
all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but
have not love, I am nothing. If I give all I possess to the poor and surrender my body
to the flames, but have not love, I gain nothing. Love is patient, love is kind. It does
not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not
easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but
rejoices with the truth. 7It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always
perseveres. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where
there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away.
For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10but when perfection comes, the
imperfect disappears. When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I
reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now we
see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in
part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. And now these three remain:
faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love (1 Corinthians 13)

When we start to know fully, we start to know that love is greater than the differences in
religious faiths and religious hopes. The New Testament of the Bible tears down the
separation between the Jewish and the Gentile (non-Jewish) religious traditions, and
builds the kingdom of God based on Jesus Christ. Similarly, the Postmodern Period tears
down the separation between the Christian and the non-Christian religious traditions, and
builds the harmonious society of God based on Jesus Christ.

5.5. The End Time

In human society, different interactions among different entities result in different

products. There are two possible interactions: the elimination interaction and the
combination interaction. In the elimination interaction, the result is the elimination of
entities by the other entities. In the combination interaction, the result is the interlocking
product as the combination of the interacting entities balancing each other. The dualism of
good and evil represents the elimination interaction, resulting in the elimination of evil by
good as the ultimate product. The dualism of yin and yang represents the combination
interaction, resulting in the interlocking product with both yin and yang balancing each other.
There are proper places for the elimination interaction and the combination
interaction. In divided society, including the divided international society, where nations
fight against and eliminate each other, the concept of the elimination interaction prevails to
reflect the fighting for survival in divided society. In unified society where social groups
depend on each other, the concept of the combination interaction prevails to reflect the
existing peaceful co-existent entities in unified society. Historically, in Europe and the
Middle East for the West, many nations fought and eliminated each other as the divided
society, so the concept of the elimination interaction prevailed to reflect the divided society
in Europe and the Middle East. In China, India, and the Far East for the East, there was the

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reality of unified society, so the concept of the combination interaction prevailed to reflect
the unified society in China, India, and the Far East.
In India, the key to the unified society is connection among all things. In India, the
different social classes were interlocked into the caste system through reincarnation.
Millions of gods are simply connected together by reincarnations, families, and theories.
India today with many different languages is held together by the concept of the unified
society. For thousands years, Indians have connected all things together, so the divided
society is unthinkable and foreign. In China, the key to unified society is one nation (the
Middle Kingdom). The strong sense of one nation allows China to overcome divisions and
absorb invading people and ideas into the Middle Kingdom.
Now the East meets the West. The question now is what the postmodern society is,
divided society or unified society. If the postmodern society is divided society, the
elimination interaction prevails. If the postmodern society is unified society, the
combination interaction prevails. Since the end of the Cold War, all major powers in the
world have become increasingly interdependent in trades, goals, and many parts of life
through increasingly ubiquitous global communication. For major powers in the world, the
postmodern society is unified society. Therefore, in the postmodern society, the
combination interaction prevails to reflect the Postmodern Unified Society.
In the traditional West as divided society, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have the
prophecies about the end time, while in the East as unified society, Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, and Daoism do not have the end time. Without fighting for survival,
Hinduism and Buddhism believe in cycles of destruction and creation. Confucianism and
Daoism believe the past, the present, and the future are connected continuously in the sense
that learning passes from generations to generations. In the prophecies of the West with the
fighting for survival, the ultimate result of the end time is the emergence of unified society
by the ultimate victory of good over evil in divided society. By the definition of divided
society, there is eternal fighting for survival without ultimate victory until the end of divided
society. Therefore, the end time reflects divided society, and the end of prevailing divided
society is the beginning of prevailing unified society.
The Postmodern Unified Society fulfills the end time prophecies of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam. The end time is the end time of divided society as the divided
society of the West, so the end time is social-cultural-economic rather than physical-
religious as traditionally expected. It is similar to Jesus’ kingdom of God that is social-
spiritual rather than political as traditionally expected.
In the Bible, the unified society was described by Prophet Isaiah (in the 8th-century
BC) as the unified society without the fighting for survival after the end time.
“See, I will create new heavens and a new earth. The former things will not be
remembered, nor will they come to mind…The wolf and the lamb will feed together,
and the lion will eat straw like the ox, and dust will be the serpent’s food. They will
neither harm nor destroy on my entire holy mountain,” says the LORD. (Isaiah 65:
17-25)
They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation will not take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore.
(Isaiah 2:4)

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Prophet John (in the first-century AD) described the new earth as the unified society where
all nations co-exist peacefully without separation after the end time.

Then I saw “a new heaven and a new earth,” for the first heaven and the first earth
had passed away, and there was no longer any sea. I saw the Holy City… The city
does not need the sun or the moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light,
and the Lamb is its lamp. The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the
earth will bring their splendor into it. On no day will its gates ever be shut, for there
will be no night there. The glory and honor of the nations will be brought into it.
(Revelation 21:1-26)

5.6. This Life and Afterlife

In religions, many aspects of doctrines in afterlife are the projection of this life in
terms of idealized forms of this-life. In reality, it is not easy to project this life into
afterlife. When Jesus was asked about marriage in afterlife in terms of resurrection after
dead,

Jesus replied, “You are in error because you do not know the Scriptures or the power
of God. At the resurrection people will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they
will be like the angels in heaven.” (Matthew 22:29-30)

To Jesus, marriage of this life cannot be projected into afterlife.

Similarly, the living body and the living society of this life cannot be easily
projected into afterlife. In this life, there are living physical body and living society, but
in afterlife, there is no living physical body and living society that are the origin of
happiness and suffering that we know in life. Happiness is the encouragement to enhance
the fitness in living body and living society, while suffering is the warning about the
disorder that can hurt living body and living society. There is nothing intrinsic about
happiness and suffering. The differences between happiness and suffering are in small
molecules (good and bad taste and odor), temperatures (comfort and pain), air pressures
(music and noise), wavelengths (pleasant and unpleasant color), symmetry (beauty and
ugliness), reproduction (attraction and rejection), and social support (love and loneliness).
All happiness and suffering must be measured by living body and living society.
Heaven and hell in afterlife associate with happiness and suffering, but without
living body and living society in afterlife, happiness and suffering that we know in this
life do not exist in afterlife. Without happiness and suffering that we know in this life,
how can we define heaven and hell in afterlife?
Since afterlife cannot be projected easily from this life, it is possible to read the
religious doctrine of afterlife as the idealized this-life to teach the followers how to
behave in this life. The reincarnation based on karma that teaches the followers to take
the moral consequences seriously for the future life after afterlife really teaches the
followers to take the moral consequences seriously for this life. The religious teaching of
heaven and hell for afterlife based on how a person behaves is really the religious
teaching of heaven and hell in this life based on how a person behaves. Happiness and

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suffering in afterlife are really happiness and suffering in this life. Heaven and hell in
afterlife are really heaven and hell in this life.
Does afterlife have happiness and suffering that we know? This life is limited, so
happiness and suffering are needed to extend this life as long as long as possible in terms
of survival and reproduction. Afterlife is eternal, so there is no need for happiness and
suffering to extend eternal life. There is no dualism of happiness and suffering in
afterlife in terms of life itself. However, if there is a purpose in afterlife, happiness is the
encouragement to enhance this purpose, while suffering is the warning about the disorder
that hurts this purpose.
What is the afterlife purpose that we know? In natural selection in the biological
evolution, fitness enhances biological survival. In supernatural selection, the
supernatural selects human as the chosen species, the harmonious social life as the chosen
social life, and the harmonious society as the chosen society. Harmony is the purpose of
the supernatural. Human in afterlife is dependent on the supernatural, so happiness in
afterlife associates with harmony, while suffering in afterlife associates with disharmony.
Whoever believes in harmony and behaves accordingly continues to exist in afterlife as
described in the Bible,

Then the angel showed me the river of the water of life, as clear as crystal,
flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb down the middle of the great
street of the city… They will see his face, and his name will be on their foreheads.
There will be no more night. They will not need the light of a lamp or the light of
the sun, for the Lord God will give them light. And they will reign for ever and
ever. (Revelation 22:1-5)

The verses show that the human existences in afterlife are dependent on the harmony (the
Lamb).
Whoever does not believe in harmony and hurts harmony ceases to exist in
afterlife as described in the Bible,

For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing; they have no
further reward, and even their name is forgotten. (Ecclesiastes 9:5)

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 6. Conclusion: the universal truth and the identity
The main purpose of life in organism is the survival and reproduction of identity.
Identity is, inevitably, necessary for humans. Being a book for people and society, the
Bible has the identity. Therefore, the believers in the Bible follow both the universal truth
and the identity as the Universal Bible and the Identity Bible. Scientists, on the other
hand, follow the universal truth without explicit identity, although science may have
implicit identity as paradigm in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”107 by Thomas
Kuhn. The Bible is not a scientific book. The Identity Bible is necessary and inevitable.
The identity in the Bible includes the supernatural identity, the human identity,
and the social identity. The supernatural identity is the giver of the universal truth. The
human identity and the social identity are the selected people and the selected societies by
God to be the keepers of the universal truth. Almost all important selected people in the
Bible have faults, and all selected social groups have defects. There is no glorification of
the selected people and selected groups. There is no glorification of the selected identity.
For the Old Testament, the universal truth is the abstract morality free of the immorality
of the activated dehumanized prey-predator instinct. The selected people by God are the
keepers of the moral laws. For the New Testament, the universal truth is the abstract
rebirth into the harmonious society with minimum social barrier. The selected people by
God are the keepers of the harmonious society with minimum social barrier. The
universal truth is within us. Everyone can be a keeper of the universal truth. No one
person or social group can inherit and own the selected identity without the universal
truth. The universal truth defines the identity in the Bible.
In the Bible, the natural identity of humans can be seen in the universal truth of
the six-day creation for cosmology and the original humans for human evolution. The six-
day creation can be explained scientifically. The first day corresponds to the emergence of
the current asymmetrical dual universe of the observable light universe with light and the
hidden dark universe without light from the simple and dark pre-universe. The dark
universe coexisting with the observable light universe later becomes dark energy connecting
with the light universe. The second day corresponds to the separation of incompatible dark
matter and baryonic matter for the formation of galaxies. The third day corresponds to the
separation of interstellar medium and star with planet where organisms were developed. The
fourth day, the fifth day, and the sixth day corresponds to the solar system formation, the
primitive organism formation, and the advanced organism formation, respectively. The six-
day creation provides the answers for cosmology, the unified theory, dark energy, dark
matter, the galaxy formation, and human evolution. The uniqueness of the original humans
in the image of God is explained by human social lives. The three basic human social
lives are yin, yang, and harmony for feminine collective wellbeing, masculine
individualistic achievement, and harmonious cooperation, respectively. The harmonious
social life transcends yin yang and exists only in humans. Human social lives were
derived from human evolution, including ape evolution and hominid evolution. The
harmonious social life was evolved to adapt to the small social group. The prehistoric
hunter-gatherer society was the harmonious society.
In the Bible, the religious identity of humans can be seen in the universal truth of
the Prehistoric Eden, the Moral Covenant, and the Harmonious Covenant. The Prehistoric
Eden explains the Garden of Eden where the prehistoric human society interacted with the

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supernatural. Through the supernatural miracle (the non-representation of the natural
physical laws), the supernatural selects the human harmonious society to survive by the
supernatural revelation of the abstractness (the non-representation of the expression of
the natural human mind). During the Upper Paleolithic Period, the supernatural revealed
the abstract bond for bonding the isolated social groups to survive the harsh environment.
The emergence of civilization by the Neolithic Revolution of the agricultural-nomad
society caused the exit from the Garden of Eden by taking the fruit of the knowledge of
civilization. God provides the abstract morality to prevent the activated dehumanized
prey-predator instinct in the civilized society, resulting in the Moral Covenant between
God and the chosen moral civilized society, Israel. God provides the abstract rebirth for
the civilized people to return to the harmonious social life and society, resulting in the
Harmonious Covenant between God and the chosen harmonious society, the Christian
church. The Postmodern Unified Society fulfills the end time prophecy for the end of
the old divided society and the beginning of the new unified society. The followers of
harmony continue to exist in afterlife. The Universal Bible provides the universal
meaning to the global human race, history, and society. In this way, the Universal Bible
can be applied to anywhere in the universe.

121
 7. Reference
Email address: einsnewt@yahoo.com
Website (download all books): http://sites.google.com/site/einsnewt/
Books list: http://www.scribd.com/einsnewt

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